The nature of individual differences in inhibited temperament and risk for psychiatric disease: A review and meta-analysis

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 127-128, Issue , 2015, Pages 23-45

  Clauss, J A ^a   Avery, S N ^a   Blackford, J U ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Anxious temperament; Behavioral inhibition; Neuroimaging; Serotonin; Social anxiety disorder

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BRAIN; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; MENTAL DISORDERS; META ANALYSIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK; TEMPERAMENT;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MENTAL DISORDERS; RISK; TEMPERAMENT;

EID: 84937758042     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: 18735118     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.001     Document Type: Review

References (258)

1. Admon R., Milad M.R., Hendler T. A causal model of post-traumatic stress disorder: disentangling predisposed from acquired neural abnormalities. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2013, 17:337-347. 10.1016/j.tics.2013.05.005.
2. Aggleton J.P., Burton M.J., Passingham R.E. Cortical and subcortical afferents to the amygdala of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Brain Res. 1980, 190:347-368.
3. Alheid G.F., Heimer L. New perspectives in basal forebrain organization of special relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders: the striatopallidal, amygdaloid, and corticopetal components of substantia innominata. Neuroscience 1988, 27:1-39.
4. Alvarez R.P., Chen G., Bodurka J., Kaplan R., Grillon C. Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity. Neuroimage 2011, 55:389-400.
5. Amunts K., Kedo O., Kindler M., Pieperhoff P., Mohlberg H., Shah N.J., Habel U., Schneider F., Zilles K. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human amygdala, hippocampal region and entorhinal cortex: intersubject variability and probability maps. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 2005, 210:343-352. 10.1007/s00429-005-0025-5.
6. Arbelle S., Benjamin J., Golin M., Kremer I., Belmaker R.H., Ebstein R.P. Relation of shyness in grade school children to the genotype for the long form of the serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphism. Am. J. Psychiatry 2003, 160:671-676.
7. Aron E.N., Aron A. Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1997, 73:345-368.
8. Asendorpf J.B. The malleability of behavioral inhibition: a study of individual developmental functions. Dev. Psychol. 1994, 30:912-919.
9. Avery S.N., Clauss J.A., Winder D.G., Woodward N., Heckers S., Blackford J.U. BNST neurocircuitry in humans. Neuroimage 2014, 91:311-323. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.017.
10. Bachevalier J., Machado C.J., Kazama A. Behavioral outcomes of late-onset or early-onset orbital frontal cortex (areas 11/13) lesions in rhesus monkeys: Orbital frontal lesions alter behavioral adaptation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2011, 1239:71-86. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06211.x.
11. Barbas H. Specialized elements of orbitofrontal cortex in primates. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2007, 1121:10-32. 10.1196/annals.1401.015.
12. Bar-Haim Y., Fox N.A., Benson B., Guyer A.E., Williams A., Nelson E.E., Perez-Edgar K., Pine D.S., Ernst M. Neural correlates of reward processing in adolescents with a history of inhibited temperament. Psychol. Sci. 2009, 20:1009-1018.
13. Barreto R.A., Walker F.R., Dunkley P.R., Day T.A., Smith D.W. Fluoxetine prevents development of an early stress-related molecular signature in the rat infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex. Implications for depression?. BMC Neurosci. 2012, 13:125.
14. Barros-Loscertales A., Meseguer V., Sanjuan A., Belloch V., Parcet M.A., Torrubia R., Avila C. Behavioral inhibition system activity is associated with increased amygdala and hippocampal gray matter volume: a voxel-based morphometry study. Neuroimage 2006, 33:1011-1015.
15. Battaglia M., Ogliari A., Zanoni A., Citterio A., Pozzoli U., Giorda R., Maffei C., Marino C., Article O. Influence of the serotonin transporter promoter gene and shyness on children's cerebral responses to facial expressions. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62:85-94.
16. Bernstein D.P., Fink L., Handelsman L., Foote J., Lovejoy M., Wenzel K., Sapareto E., Ruggiero J. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am. J. Psychiatry 1994, 151:1132-1136.
17. Bethea C.L., Streicher J.M., Coleman K., Pau F.K.-Y., Moessner R., Cameron J.L. Anxious behavior and fenfluramine-induced prolactin secretion in young rhesus macaques with different alleles of the serotonin reuptake transporter polymorphism (5HTTLPR). Behav. Genet. 2004, 34:295-307. 10.1023/B:BEGE.0000017873.61607.be.
18. Biederman J., Hirshfeld-Becker D.R., Rosenbaum J.F., Herot C., Friedman D., Snidman N., Kagan J., Faraone S.V. Further evidence of association between behavioral inhibition and social anxiety in children. Am. J. Psychiatry 2001, 158:1673-1679.
19. Biederman J., Rosenbaum J.F., Bolduc-Murphy E.A., Faraone S.V., Chaloff J., Hirshfeld D.R., Kagan J. A 3-year follow-up of children with and without behavioral inhibition. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 1993, 32:814-821.
20. Birn R.M., Shackman A.J., Oler J.A., Williams L.E., McFarlin D.R., Rogers G.M., Shelton S.E., Alexander A.L., Pine D.S., Slattery M.J., Davidson R.J., Fox A.S., Kalin N.H. Evolutionarily-conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety. Mol. Psychiatry 2014, 19:915-922.
21. Biro P.A., Post J.R. Rapid depletion of genotypes with fast growth and bold personality traits from harvested fish populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:2919-2922.
22. Bishop G., Spence S.H., McDonald C. Can parents and teachers provide a reliable and valid report of behavioral inhibition?. Child Dev. 2003, 74:1899-1917.
23. Biswal B.B., Mennes M., Zuo X.-N., Gohel S., Kelly C., Smith S.M., Beckmann C.F., Adelstein J.S., Buckner R.L., Colcombe S., Dogonowski A.-M., Ernst M., Fair D., Hampson M., Hoptman M.J., Hyde J.S., Kiviniemi V.J., Kotter R., Li S.-J., Lin C.-P., Lowe M.J., Mackay C., Madden D.J., Madsen K.H., Margulies D.S., Mayberg H.S., McMahon K., Monk C.S., Mostofsky S.H., Nagel B.J., Pekar J.J., Peltier S.J., Petersen S.E., Riedl V., Rombouts S.A.R.B., Rypma B., Schlaggar B.L., Schmidt S., Seidler R.D., Siegle G.J., Sorg C., Teng G.-J., Veijola J., Villringer A., Walter M., Wang L., Weng X.-C., Whitfield-Gabrieli S., Williamson P., Windischberger C., Zang Y.-F., Zhang H.-Y., Castellanos F.X., Milham M.P. Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:4734-4739. 10.1073/pnas.0911855107.
24. Blackford J.U., Allen A.H., Cowan R.L., Avery S.N. Amygdala and hippocampus fail to habituate to faces in individuals with an inhibited temperament. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2013, 8:143-150. 10.1093/scan/nsr078.
25. Blackford J.U., Avery S.N., Cowan R.L., Shelton R.C., Zald D.H. Sustained amygdala response to both novel and newly familiar faces characterizes inhibited temperament. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2011, 6:621-629.
26. Blackford J.U., Avery S.N., Shelton R.C., Zald D.H. Amygdala temporal dynamics: temperamental differences in the timing of amygdala response to familiar and novel faces. BMC Neurosci. 2009, 10:145.
27. Blackford J.U., Buckholtz J.W., Avery S.N., Zald D.H. A unique role for the human amygdala in novelty detection. Neuroimage 2010, 50:1188-1193.
28. Blackford J.U., Clauss J.A. Dr. Blackford and Ms. Clauss reply. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2013, 52:319-320. 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.12.017.
29. Blackford J.U., Clauss J.A., Avery S.N., Cowan R.L., Benningfield M.M., VanDerKlok R.M. Amygdala-cingulate intrinsic connectivity is associated with degree of social inhibition. Biol. Psychol. 2014, 99:15-25. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.02.003.
30. Blackford J.U., Pine D.S. Neural substrates of childhood anxiety disorders. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 2012, 21:501-525. 10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.002.
31. Bocchio M., Capogna M. Oscillatory substrates of fear and safety. Neuron 2014, 83:753-755. 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.014.
32. Bowers M.E., Choi D.C., Ressler K.J. Neuropeptide regulation of fear and anxiety: Implications of cholecystokinin, endogenous opioids, and neuropeptide Y. Physiol. Behav. 2012, 107:699-710. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.004.
33. Breiter H.C., Etcoff N.L., Whalen P.J., Kennedy W.A., Rauch S.L., Buckner R.L., Strauss M.M., Hyman S.E., Rosen B.R. Response and habituation of the human amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron 1996, 17:875-887.
34. Buckner R.L., Krienen F.M., Yeo B.T.T. Opportunities and limitations of intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Nat. Neurosci. 2013, 16:832-837. 10.1038/nn.3423.
35. Buhle J., Silvers J., Wager T., Lopez R., Onyemekwu C., Kober H., Weber J., Ochsner K.N. Cognitive reappraisal of emotion: a meta-analysis of human neuroimaging studies. Cereb. Cortex 2015, (in press). 10.1093/cercor/bht154.
36. Burkhouse K.L., Gibb B.E., Coles M.E., Knopik V.S., McGeary J.E. Serotonin transporter genotype moderates the link between children's reports of overprotective parenting and their behavioral inhibition. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 2011, 39:783-790. 10.1007/s10802-011-9526-2.
37. Calkins S.D., Fox N.A., Marshall T.R. Behavioral and physiological antecedents of inhibited and uninhibited behavior. Child Dev. 1996, 67:523-540.
38. Canli T., Lesch K.P. Long story short: the serotonin transporter in emotion regulation and social cognition. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:1103-1109.
39. Carmichael S.T., Price J.L. Limbic connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 1995, 363:615-641.
40. Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Newman D.L., Silva P.A. Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders: longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1996, 53:1033-1039.
41. Caspi A., Sugden K., Moffitt T.E., Taylor A., Craig I.W., Harrington H., McClay J., Mill J., Martin J., Braithwaite A., Poulton R. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003, 301:386-389. 10.1126/science.1083968.
42. Caulfield M.D., Servatius R.J. Focusing on the possible role of the cerebellum in anxiety disorders. New Insights into Anxiety Disorders 2013, F. Durbano (Ed.).
43. Cavanagh J.F., Shackman A.J. Frontal midline theta reflects anxiety and cognitive control: meta-analytic evidence. J. Physiol. Paris 2014, 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.04.003.
44. Cavigelli S.A., McClintock M.K. Fear of novelty in infant rats predicts adult corticosterone dynamics and an early death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100:16131-16136.
45. Chareyron L.J., Lavenex P.B., Amaral D.G., Lavenex P. Postnatal development of the amygdala: a stereological study in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 2012, 520:1965-1984. 10.1002/cne.23023.
46. Chronis-Tuscano A., Degnan K.A., Pine D.S., Perez-Edgar K., Henderson H.A., Diaz Y., Raggi V.L., Fox N.A. Stable early maternal report of behavioral inhibition predicts lifetime social anxiety disorder in adolescence. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2009, 48:928-935. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181ae09df.
47. Clauss J.A., Avery S.N., VanDerKlok R.M., Rogers B.P., Cowan R.L., Benningfield M.M., Blackford J.U. Neurocircuitry underlying risk and resilience to social anxiety disorder. Depress. Anxiety 2014, 10.1002/da.22265.
48. Clauss J.A., Blackford J.U. Behavioral inhibition and risk for developing social anxiety disorder: a meta-analytic study. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2012, 51:1066-1075.
49. Clauss J.A., Cowan R.L., Blackford J.U. Expectation and temperament moderate amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex responses to fear faces. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2011, 11:13-21. 10.3758/s13415-010-0007-9.
50. Clauss J.A., Seay A.L., VanDerKlok R.M., Avery S., Cao A., Cowan R.L., Benningfield M.M., Blackford J.U. Structural and functional bases of inhibited temperament. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2014, 10.1093/scan/nsu019.
51. Clinton S.M., Stead J.D.H., Miller S., Watson S.J., Akil H. Developmental underpinnings of differences in rodent novelty-seeking and emotional reactivity: developmental underpinnings of emotionality. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2011, 34:994-1005. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07811.x.
52. Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet 2013, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62129-1.
53. Davidson R.J., Fox N.A. Frontal brain asymmetry predicts infants' response to maternal separation. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 1989, 98:127-131.
54. Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H., Shelton S. Lateralized response to diazepam predicts temperamental style in rhesus monkeys. Behav. Neurosci. 1993, 107:1106-1110.
55. Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E. Lateralized effects of diazepam on frontal brain electric asymmetries in rhesus monkeys. Biol. Psychiatry 1992, 32:438-451.
56. Davies P.T., Cicchetti D., Hentges R.F., Sturge-Apple M.L. The genetic precursors and the advantageous and disadvantageous sequelae of inhibited temperament: an evolutionary perspective. Dev. Psychol. 2013, 49:2285-2300. 10.1037/a0032312.
57. Davis M. The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1992, 15:353-375.
58. Davis M., Walker D.L., Lee Y. Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 1997, 352:1675-1687.
59. Davis M., Whalen P.J. The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Mol. Psychiatry 2001, 6:13-34.
60. Degnan K.A., Almas A.N., Fox N.A. Temperament and the environment in the etiology of childhood anxiety: temperament, anxiety, and environment. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2010, 51:497-517. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02228.x.
61. Dierssen M., Gratacòs M., Sahún I., Martín M., Gallego X., Amador-Arjona A., Martínez de Lagrán M., Murtra P., Martí E., Pujana M.A., Ferrer I., Dalfó E., Martínez-Cué C., Flórez J., Torres-Peraza J.F., Alberch J., Maldonado R., Fillat C., Estivill X. Transgenic mice overexpressing the full-length neurotrophin receptor TrkC exhibit increased catecholaminergic neuron density in specific brain areas and increased anxiety-like behavior and panic reaction. Neurobiol. Dis. 2006, 24:403-418. 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.07.015.
62. Di Martino A., Scheres A., Margulies D.S., Kelly A.M.C., Uddin L.Q., Shehzad Z., Biswal B., Walters J.R., Castellanos F.X., Milham M.P. Functional connectivity of human striatum: a resting state fMRI study. Cereb. Cortex 2008, 18:2735-2747. 10.1093/cercor/bhn041.
63. Ebstein R.P., Novick O., Umansky R., Priel B., Osher Y., Blaine D., Bennett E.R., Nemanov L., Katz M., Belmaker R.H. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking. Nat. Genet. 1996, 12:78-80.
64. Edmiston E.K., Blackford J.U. Childhood maltreatment and response to novel face stimuli presented during functional magnetic resonance imaging in adults. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 2013, 212:36-42. 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.11.009.
65. Eickhoff S.B., Laird A.R., Grefkes C., Wang L.E., Zilles K., Fox P.T. Coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging data: a random-effects approach based on empirical estimates of spatial uncertainty. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2009, 30:2907-2926. 10.1002/hbm.20718.
66. Elliott R., Dolan R.J., Frith C.D. Dissociable functions in the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from human neuroimaging studies. Cereb. Cortex 2000, 10:308-317.
67. Ernst M., Fudge J.L. A developmental neurobiological model of motivated behavior: anatomy, connectivity and ontogeny of the triadic nodes. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2009, 33:367-382. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.009.
68. Ernst M., Pine D.S., Hardin M. Triadic model of the neurobiology of motivated behavior in adolescence. Psychol. Med. 2006, 36:299-312. 10.1017/S0033291705005891.
69. Essex M.J., Klein M.H., Slattery M.J., Goldsmith H.H., Kalin N.H. Early risk factors and developmental pathways to chronic high inhibition and social anxiety disorder in adolescence. Am. J. Psychiatry 2010, 167:40-46.
70. Flavin S.A., Winder D.G. Noradrenergic control of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in stress and reward. Neuropharmacology 2013, 70:324-330. 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.013.
71. Fox A.S., Kalin N.H. A translational neuroscience approach to understanding the development of social anxiety disorder and its pathophysiology. Am. J. Psychiatry 2014, 171:1162-1173.
72. Fox A.S., Oler J.A., Shelton S.E., Nanda S.A., Davidson R.J., Roseboom P.H., Kalin N.H. Central amygdala nucleus (Ce) gene expression linked to increased trait-like Ce metabolism and anxious temperament in young primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109:18108-18113. 10.1073/pnas.1206723109.
73. Fox A.S., Shelton S.E., Oakes T.R., Converse A.K., Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H. Orbitofrontal cortex lesions alter anxiety-related activity in the primate bed nucleus of stria terminalis. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:7023-7027. 10.1523/jneurosci.5952-09.2010.
74. Fox A.S., Shelton S.E., Oakes T.R., Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H. Trait-like brain activity during adolescence predicts anxious temperament in primates. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e2570. 10.1371/journal.pone.0002570.
75. Fox N.A. Factors contributing to the emergence of anxiety among behaviorally inhibited children: the role of attention. New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev. 2010, 2010:33-49. 10.1002/cd.261.
76. Fox N.A., Henderson H.A., Marshall P.J., Nichols K.E., Ghera M.M. Behavioral inhibition: linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2005, 56:235-262. 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141532.
77. Fox N.A., Henderson H.A., Rubin K.H., Calkins S.D., Schmidt L.A. Continuity and discontinuity of behavioral inhibition and exuberance: psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life. Child Dev. 2001, 72:1-21.
78. Fox N.A., Nichols K.E., Henderson H.A., Rubin K., Schmidt L., Hamer D., Ernst M., Pine D.S. Evidence for a gene-environment interaction in predicting behavioral inhibition in middle childhood. Psychol. Sci. 2005, 16:921-926.
79. Frank D.W., Dewitt M., Hudgens-Haney M., Schaeffer D.J., Ball B.H., Schwarz N.F., Hussein A.A., Smart L.M., Sabatinelli D. Emotion regulation: quantitative meta-analysis of functional activation and deactivation. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2014, 45:202-211. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.010.
80. Freese J.L., Amaral D.G. Neuroanatomy of the primate amygdala. The Human Amygdala 2009, 3-42. The Guilford Press, New York, NY. P.J. Whalen, E.A. Phelps (Eds.).
81. Garcia-Coll C., Kagan J., Reznick J.S. Behavioral inhibition in young children. Child Dev. 1984, 55:1005-1019.
82. Gest S.D. Behavioral inhibition: stability and associations with adaptation from childhood to early adulthood. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1997, 72:467-475.
83. Ghashghaei H.T., Hilgetag C.C., Barbas H. Sequence of information processing for emotions based on the anatomic dialogue between prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Neuroimage 2007, 34:905-923.
84. Gladstone G.L., Parker G.B. Is behavioral inhibition a risk factor for depression?. J. Affect. Disord. 2006, 95:85-94.
85. Gladstone G.L., Parker G.B., Mitchell P.B., Wilhelm K.A., Malhi G.S. Relationship between self-reported childhood behavioral inhibition and lifetime anxiety disorders in a clinical sample. Depress. Anxiety 2005, 22:103-113.
86. Gladstone G., Parker G. Measuring a behaviorally inhibited temperament style: Development and initial validation of new self-report measures. Psychiatry Res. 2005, 135:133-143. 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.03.005.
87. Gogtay N., Giedd J.N., Lusk L., Hayashi K.M., Greenstein D., Vaituzis A.C., Nugent T.F., Herman D.H., Clasen L.S., Toga A.W., Rapoport J.L., Thompson P.M. Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:8174-8179.
88. Goldberg J.O., Schmidt L.A. Shyness, sociability, and social dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2001, 48:343-349.
89. Gosling S.D., John O.P. Personality dimensions in nonhuman animals: a cross-species review. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 1999, 8:69-75. 10.1111/1467-8721.00017.
90. Gray J.A. The neuropsychology of anxiety - an inquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Behav. Brain Sci. 1982, 5:469-484.
91. Grupe D.W., Nitschke J.B. Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2013, 14:488-501. 10.1038/nrn3524.
92. Guyer A.E., Benson B., Choate V.R., Bar-Haim Y., Perez-Edgar K., Jarcho J.M., Pine D.S., Ernst M., Fox N.A., Nelson E.E. Lasting associations between early-childhood temperament and late-adolescent reward-circuitry response to peer feedback. Dev. Psychopathol. 2014, 26:229-243. 10.1017/S0954579413000941.
93. Guyer A.E., Nelson E.E., Perez-Edgar K., Hardin M.G., Roberson-Nay R., Monk C.S., Bjork J.M., Henderson H.A., Pine D.S., Fox N.A., Ernst M. Striatal functional alteration in adolescents characterized by early childhood behavioral inhibition. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:6399-6405. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0666-06.2006.
94. Haaker J., Lonsdorf T.B., Raczka K.A., Mechias M.-L., Gartmann N., Kalisch R. Higher anxiety and larger amygdala volumes in carriers of a TMEM132D risk variant for panic disorder. Transl. Psychiatry 2014, 4:e357. 10.1038/tp.2014.1.
95. Haber S.N. The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2003, 26:317-330. 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.10.003.
96. Haber S.N., Knutson B. The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 35:4-26.
97. Hardee J.E., Benson B.E., Bar-Haim Y., Mogg K., Bradley B.P., Chen G., Britton J.C., Ernst M., Fox N.A., Pine D.S., Pérez-Edgar K. Patterns of neural connectivity during an attention bias task moderates associations between early childhood temperament and internalizing symptoms in young adulthood. Biol. Psychiatry 2013, 74:273-279. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.036.
98. Hayden E.R., Dougherty L.R., Maloney B., Durbin C.E., Olino T.M., Nurnberger J.I., Lahiri D.K., Klein D.N. Temperamental fearfulness in childhood and the serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphism: a multimethod association study. Psychiatr. Genet. 2007, 17:135-142.
99. Heilig M., McLeod S., Brot M., Heinrichs S.C., Menzaghi F., Koob G.F., Britton K.T. Anxiolytic-like action of neuropeptide Y: mediation by Y1 receptors in amygdala, and dissociation from food intake effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993, 8:357-363.
100. Heinz A., Braus D.F., Smolka M.N., Wrase J., Puls I., Hermann D., Klein S., Grusser S.M., Flor H., Schumann G., Mann K., Buchel C. Amygdala-prefrontal coupling depends on a genetic variation of the serotonin transporter. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:20-21.
101. Helfinstein S.M., Benson B., Perez-Edgar K., Bar-Haim Y., Detloff A., Pine D.S., Fox N.A., Ernst M. Striatal responses to negative monetary outcomes differ between temperamentally inhibited and non-inhibited adolescents. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:479-485. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.015.
102. Henderson H.A. Electrophysiological correlates of cognitive control and the regulation of shyness in children. Dev. Neuropsychol. 2010, 35:177-193. 10.1080/87565640903526538.
103. Henderson H.A., Pine D.S., Fox N.A. Behavioral inhibition and developmental risk: a dual-processing perspective. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014, 10.1038/npp.2014.189.
104. Herman J.P., Ostrander M.M., Mueller N.K., Figueiredo H. Limbic system mechanisms of stress regulation: hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 29:1201-1213. 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.006.
105. Hettema J.M., Sun C., Chen X., Kendler K.S. Genetic association study between RGS2 and anxiety-related phenotypes. Psychiatr. Genet. 2013, 23:92. 10.1097/YPG.0b013e32835d70b3.
106. Hill S.Y., Tessner K., Wang S.H., Carter H., McDermott M. Temperament at 5 years of age predicts amygdala and orbitofrontal volume in the right hemisphere in adolescence. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 2010, 182:14-21. 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.11.006.
107. Hirshfeld-Becker D.R. Familial and temperamental risk factors for social anxiety disorder. New Dir. Child Adolesc. Dev. 2010, 2010:51-65. 10.1002/cd.262.
108. Hirshfeld-Becker D.R., Biederman J., Calltharp S., Rosenbaum E.D., Faraone S.V., Rosenbaum J.F. Behavioral inhibition and disinhibition as hypothesized precursors to psychopathology: implications for pediatric bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2003, 53:985-999.
109. Hirshfeld-Becker D.R., Biederman J., Faraone S.V., Violette H., Wrightsman J., Rosenbaum J.F. Temperamental correlates of disruptive behavior disorders in young children: preliminary findings. Biol. Psychiatry 2002, 51:563-574.
110. Hirshfeld-Becker D.R., Biederman J., Henin A., Faraone S.V., Micco J.A., van Grondelle A., Henry B., Rosenbaum J.F. Clinical outcomes of laboratory-observed preschool behavioral disinhibition at five-year follow-up. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 62:565-572.
111. Hirshfeld D.R., Rosenbaum J.F., Biederman J., Bolduc E.A., Faraone S.V., Snidman N., Reznick J.S., Kagan J. Stable behavioral-inhibition and its association with anxiety disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 1992, 31:103-111.
112. Hofmann S.G., Bitran S. Sensory-processing sensitivity in social anxiety disorder: relationship to harm avoidance and diagnostic subtypes. J. Anxiety Disord. 2007, 21:944-954. 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.003.
113. Honey C.J., Sporns O., Cammoun L., Gigandet X., Thiran J.-P., Meuli R., Hagmann P. Predicting human resting-state functional connectivity from structural connectivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:2035-2040.
114. Iidaka T., Matsumoto A., Ozaki N., Suzuki T., Iwata N., Yamamoto Y., Okada T., Sadato N. Volume of left amygdala subregion predicted temperamental trait of harm avoidance in female young subjects. A voxel-based morphometry study. Brain Res. 2006, 1125:85-93. 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.09.015.
115. Izquierdo A., Murray E.A. Combined unilateral lesions of the amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex impair affective processing in rhesus monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 2004, 91:2023-2039. 10.1152/jn.00968.2003.
116. Jarcho J.M., Fox N.A., Pine D.S., Etkin A., Leibenluft E., Shechner T., Ernst M. The neural correlates of emotion-based cognitive control in adults with early childhood behavioral inhibition. Biol. Psychol. 2013, 92:306-314. 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.09.008.
117. Jarcho J.M., Fox N.A., Pine D.S., Leibenluft E., Shechner T., Degnan K.A., Perez-Edgar K., Ernst M. Enduring influence of early temperament on neural mechanisms mediating attention-emotion conflict in adults. Depress. Anxiety 2014, 31:53-62. 10.1002/da.22140.
118. Jarrard L.E. On the use of ibotenic acid to lesion selectively different components of the hippocampal formation. J. Neurosci. Methods 1989, 29:251-259.
119. Jetha M.K., Goldberg J.O., Schmidt L.A. Temperament and its relation to social functioning in schizophrenia. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2013, 59:254-263. 10.1177/0020764011433639.
120. Jiao X., Beck K.D., Pang K.C.H., Servatius R.J. Animal models of anxiety vulnerability - the Wistar Kyoto rat. Different Views on Anxiety Disorders 2011, InTech, Rijeka. S. Selek (Ed.).
121. Jiao X., Pang K.C.H., Beck K.D., Minor T.R., Servatius R.J. Avoidance preservation during extinction training in Wistar-Kyoto rats: an interaction of innate vulnerability and stressor intensity. Behav. Brain Res. 2011, 221:98-107. 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.029.
122. Jorm A.F., Prior M., Sanson A., Smart D., Zhang Y., Easteal S. Association of a functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene with anxiety-related temperament and behavior problems in children: a longitudinal study from infancy to the mid-teens. Mol. Psychiatry 2000, 5:542-547.
123. Kagan J., Moss H.A. Birth to Maturity: A Study in Psychological Development 1962, Wiley, London.
124. Kagan J., Reznick J.S., Clarke C., Snidman N., Garcia-Coll C. Behavioral inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Dev. 1984, 55:2212-2225.
125. Kagan J., Reznick J.S., Snidman N. The physiology and psychology of behavioral inhibition in children. Child Dev. 1987, 58:1459-1473.
126. Kagan J., Reznick J.S., Snidman N. Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science 1988, 240:167-171.
127. Kagan J., Reznick J.S., Snidman N., Gibbons J., Johnson M.O. Childhood derivatives of inhibition and lack of inhibition to the unfamiliar. Child Dev. 1988, 59:1580-1589.
128. Kagan J., Snidman N. Infant predictors of inhibited and uninhibited profiles. Psychol. Sci. 1991, 2:40-44. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00094.x.
129. Kagan J., Snidman N. The Long Shadow of Temperament 2004, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
130. Kagan J., Snidman N., Arcus D. Childhood derivatives of high and low reactivity in infancy. Child Dev. 1998, 69:1483-1493.
131. Kagan J., Snidman N., Kahn V., Towsley S., Steinberg L., Fox N.A. The preservation of two infant temperaments into adolescence. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 2007, 1-75.
132. Kalin N.H. Nonhuman primate studies of fear, anxiety, and temperament and the role of benzodiazepine receptors and GABA systems. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2003, 64:41-44.
133. Kalin N.H., Larson C., Shelton S.E., Davidson R.J. Asymmetric frontal brain activity, cortisol, and behavior associated with fearful temperament in rhesus monkeys. Behav. Neurosci. 1998, 112:286-292.
134. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E. Defensive behaviors in infant rhesus monkeys: environmental cues and neurochemical regulation. Science 1989, 243:1718-1721.
135. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E. The regulation of defensive behaviors in rhesus monkeys. Anxiety, Depression, and Emotion, Series in Affective Science 2000, 50-68. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. R.J. Davidson (Ed.).
136. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E. Nonhuman primate models to study anxiety, emotion regulation, and psychopathology. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2003, 1008:189-200.
137. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., Barksdale C.M. Opiate modulation of separation-induced distress in non-human primates. Brain Res. 1988, 440:285-292.
138. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., Davidson R.J. Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone levels are elevated in monkeys with patterns of brain activity associated with fearful temperament. Biol. Psychiatry 2000, 47:579-585.
139. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., Davidson R.J. The role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in mediating fear and anxiety in the primate. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:5506-5515. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0292-04.2004.
140. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., Davidson R.J. Role of the primate orbitofrontal cortex in mediating anxious temperament. Biol. Psychiatry 2007, 62:1134-1139. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.004.
141. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., Davidson R.J., Kelley A.E. The primate amygdala mediates acute fear but not the behavioral and physiological components of anxious temperament. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:2067-2074.
142. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., Fox A.S., Oakes T.R., Davidson R.J. Brain regions associated with the expression and contextual regulation of anxiety in primates. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 58:796-804. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.021.
143. Kang H.J., Schuman E.M. Neurotrophin-induced modulation of synaptic transmission in the adult hippocampus. J. Physiol. 1995, 89:11-22.
144. Karg K., Burmeister M., Shedden K., Sen S. The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: evidence of genetic moderation. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2011, 68:444-454. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.189.
145. Kehoe P., Blass E.M. Opioid-mediation of separation distress in 10-day-old rats: reversal of stress with maternal stimuli. Dev. Psychobiol. 1986, 19:385-398.
146. Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Merikangas K.R., Walters E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62:593-602.
147. Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demler O., Walters E.E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2005, 62:617-627.
148. Kluger A.N., Siegfried Z., Ebstein R.P. A meta-analysis of the association between DRD4 polymorphism and novelty seeking. Mol. Psychiatry 2002, 7:712-717.
149. Knight R.T. Contribution of human hippocampal region to novelty detection. Nature 1996, 383:256-259.
150. Koob G.F., Volkow N.D. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 35:217-238.
151. Korte S.M., Koolhaas J.M., Wingfield J.C., McEwen B.S. The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2005, 29:3-38. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.08.009.
152. Kringelbach M. The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Prog. Neurobiol. 2004, 72:341-372. 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.006.
153. Lahat A., Hong M., Fox N.A. Behavioural inhibition: is it a risk factor for anxiety?. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 2011, 23:248-257. 10.3109/09540261.2011.590468.
154. Lahat A., Lamm C., Chronis-Tuscano A., Pine D.S., Fox N.A. Early behavioral inhibition and increased error monitoring predict later social phobia symptoms in childhood. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2014, 53:447-455.
155. Lahat A., Pérez-Edgar K., Degnan K.A., Guyer A.E., Lejuez C.W., Ernst M., Pine D.S., Fox N.A. Early childhood temperament predicts substance use in young adults. Transl. Psychiatry 2012, 2:e157. 10.1038/tp.2012.87.
156. Lamm C., Walker O.L., Degnan K.A., Henderson H.A., Pine D.S., McDermott J.M., Fox N.A. Cognitive control moderates early childhood temperament in predicting social behavior in 7-year-old children: an ERP study. Dev. Sci. 2014, 17:667-681. 10.1111/desc.12158.
157. LeDoux J.E., Iwata J., Cicchetti P., Reis D.J. Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8:2517-2529.
158. Lehéricy S., Ducros M., Van De Moortele P.-F., Francois C., Thivard L., Poupon C., Swindale N., Ugurbil K., Kim D.-S. Diffusion tensor fiber tracking shows distinct corticostriatal circuits in humans. Ann. Neurol. 2004, 55:522-529. 10.1002/ana.20030.
159. Leisman G., Braun-Benjamin O., Melillo R. Cognitive-motor interactions of the basal ganglia in development. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2014, 8. 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00016.
160. Likhtik E., Popa D., Apergis-Schoute J., Fidacaro G.A., Paré D. Amygdala intercalated neurons are required for expression of fear extinction. Nature 2008, 454:642-645. 10.1038/nature07167.
161. Luck S.J., Woodman G.F., Vogel E.K. Event-related potential studies of attention. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2000, 4:432-440.
162. Machado C.J., Bachevalier J. Behavioral and hormonal reactivity to threat: effects of selective amygdala, hippocampal or orbital frontal lesions in monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33:926-941. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.04.012.
163. Machado C.J., Kazama A.M., Bachevalier J. Impact of amygdala, orbital frontal, or hippocampal lesions on threat avoidance and emotional reactivity in nonhuman primates. Emotion 2009, 9:147-163. 10.1037/a0014539.
164. Maheu F.S., Dozier M., Guyer A.E., Mandell D., Peloso E., Poeth K., Jenness J., Lau J.Y.F., Ackerman J.P., Pine D.S., Ernst M. A preliminary study of medial temporal lobe function in youths with a history of caregiver deprivation and emotional neglect. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2010, 10:34-49. 10.3758/CABN.10.1.34.
165. Marshall P.J., Reeb B.C., Fox N.A. Electrophysiological responses to auditory novelty in temperamentally different 9-month-old infants. Dev. Sci. 2009, 12:568-582. 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00808.x.
166. Marshall P.J., Stevenson-Hinde J. Behavioral inhibition, heart period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in young children. Dev. Psychobiol. 1998, 33:283-292.
167. Martínez A., Alcántara S., Borrell V., Del Río J.A., Blasi J., Otal R., Campos N., Boronat A., Barbacid M., Silos-Santiago I., Soriano E. TrkB and TrkC signaling are required for maturation and synaptogenesis of hippocampal connections. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:7336-7350.
168. McDermott J.M., Perez-Edgar K., Henderson H.A., Chronis-Tuscano A., Pine D.S., Fox N.A. A history of childhood behavioral inhibition and enhanced response monitoring in adolescence are linked to clinical anxiety. Biol. Psychiatry 2009, 65:445-448. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.043.
169. McManis M.H., Kagan J., Snidman N.C., Woodward S.A. EEG asymmetry, power, and temperament in children. Dev. Psychobiol. 2002, 41:169-177. 10.1002/dev.10053.
170. McMenamin B.W., Langeslag S.J.E., Sirbu M., Padmala S., Pessoa L. Network organization unfolds over time during periods of anxious anticipation. J. Neurosci. 2014, 34:11261-11273.
171. Meysamie A., Ghalehtaki R., Borjian A., Daneshvar-fard M., Mohammadi M.R., Saboohi F. Prevalence of behavioral inhibition among preschool aged children in Tehran, Iran. Acta Med. Iran 2014, 52:298-302.
172. Mitra R., Jadhav S., McEwen B.S., Vyas A., Chattarji S. Stress duration modulates the spatiotemporal patterns of spine formation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102:9371-9376.
173. Mueller S.C., Aouidad A., Gorodetsky E., Goldman D., Pine D.S., Ernst M. Gray matter volume in adolescent anxiety: an impact of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism?. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2013, 52:184-195.
174. Mufson E.J., Mesulam M.M., Pandya D.N. Insular interconnections with the amygdala in the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 1981, 6:1231-1248.
175. Munafò M.R., Brown S.M., Hariri A.R. Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and amygdala activation: a meta-analysis. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 63:852-857. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.016.
176. Munafò M.R., Yalcin B., Willis-Owen S.A., Flint J. Association of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene and approach-related personality traits: meta-analysis and new data. Biol. Psychiatry 2008, 63:197-206. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.006.
177. Nestor L., Hester R., Garavan H. Increased ventral striatal BOLD activity during non-drug reward anticipation in cannabis users. Neuroimage 2010, 49:1133-1143. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.07.022.
178. Nitschke J.B., Sarinopoulos I., Mackiewicz K.L., Schaefer H.S., Davidson R.J. Functional neuroanatomy of aversion and its anticipation. Neuroimage 2006, 29:106-116.
179. Ochsner K., Gross J. The cognitive control of emotion. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2005, 9:242-249. 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010.
180. Oler J.A., Fox A.S., Shackman A.J., Kalin N.H. The central nucleus of the amygdala is a critical substrate for individual differences in anxiety. Living Without an Amygdala 2015, (in press). D.G. Amaral, M.D. Bauman, R. Adolphs (Eds.).
181. Oler J.A., Fox A.S., Shelton S.E., Rogers J., Dyer T.D., Davidson R.J., Shelledy W., Oakes T.R., Blangero J., Kalin N.H. Amygdalar and hippocampal substrates of anxious temperament differ in their heritability. Nature 2010, 466:864-868. 10.1038/nature09282.
182. Oler J., Birn R., Patriat R., Fox A.S., Shelton S., Burghy C., Stodola D., Essex M., Davidson R., Kalin N.H. Evidence for coordinated functional activity within the extended amygdala of non-human and human primates. Neuroimage 2012, 61:1059-1066.
183. Paré D., Smith Y. The intercalated cell masses project to the central and medial nuclei of the amygdala in cats. Neuroscience 1993, 57:1077-1090.
184. Payne C., Machado C.J., Bliwise N.G., Bachevalier J. Maturation of the hippocampal formation and amygdala in Macaca mulatta: a volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Hippocampus 2010, 20:922-935. 10.1002/hipo.20688.
185. Pedreira C., Mormann F., Kraskov A., Cerf M., Fried I., Koch C., Quiroga R.Q. Responses of human medial temporal lobe neurons are modulated by stimulus repetition. J. Neurophysiol. 2010, 103:97-107. 10.1152/jn.91323.2008.
186. Pérez-Edgar K., Hardee J.E., Guyer A.E., Benson B.E., Nelson E.E., Gorodetsky E., Goldman D., Fox N.A., Pine D.S., Ernst M. DRD4 and striatal modulation of the link between childhood behavioral inhibition and adolescent anxiety. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2013, 10.1093/scan/nst001.
187. Pérez-Edgar K., Roberson-Nay R., Hardin M.G., Poeth K., Guyer A.E., Nelson E.E., McClure E.B., Henderson H.A., Fox N.A., Pine D.S., Ernst M. Attention alters neural responses to evocative faces in behaviorally inhibited adolescents. Neuroimage 2007, 35:1538-1546.
188. Pérez-Edgar K., Schmidt L.A., Henderson H.A., Schulkin J., Fox N.A. Salivary cortisol levels and infant temperament shape developmental trajectories in boys at risk for behavioral maladjustment. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33:916-925. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.018.
189. Perrotti L.I., Dennis T.S., Jiao X., Servatius R.J., Pang K.C.H., Beck K.D. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and δFosB in emotion-associated neural circuitry after asymptotic levels of active avoidance behavior are attained. Brain Res. Bull. 2013, 98:102-110. 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.07.004.
190. Pert C.B., Kuhar M.J., Snyder S.H. Opiate receptor: autoradiographic localization in rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1976, 73:3729-3733.
191. Phelps E. Human emotion and memory: interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2004, 14:198-202. 10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.015.
192. Pizzagalli D.A. Depression, stress, and anhedonia: toward a synthesis and integrated model. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2014, 10:393-423. 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185606.
193. Price J.L., Amaral D.G. An autoradiographic study of the projections of the central nucleus of the monkey amygdala. J. Neurosci. 1981, 1:1242-1259.
194. Qi C., Roseboom P.H., Nanda S.A., Lane J.C., Speers J.M., Kalin N.H. Anxiety-related behavioral inhibition in rats: a model to examine mechanisms underlying the risk to develop stress-related psychopathology. Genes Brain Behav. 2010, 9:974-984. 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2010.00636.x.
195. Quirk G.J., Likhtik E., Pelletier J.G., Paré D. Stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex decreases the responsiveness of central amygdala output neurons. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:8800-8807.
196. Raper J., Bachevalier J., Wallen K., Sanchez M. Neonatal amygdala lesions alter basal cortisol levels in infant rhesus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013, 38:818-829. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.004.
197. Raper J., Wallen K., Sanchez M.M., Stephens S.B.Z., Henry A., Villareal T., Bachevalier J. Sex-dependent role of the amygdala in the development of emotional and neuroendocrine reactivity to threatening stimuli in infant and juvenile rhesus monkeys. Horm. Behav. 2013, 63:646-658. 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.01.010.
198. Raper J., Wilson M., Sanchez M., Machado C.J., Bachevalier J. Pervasive alterations of emotional and neuroendocrine responses to an acute stressor after neonatal amygdala lesions in rhesus monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013, 38:1021-1035. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.008.
199. Ray R.D., Zald D.H. Anatomical insights into the interaction of emotion and cognition in the prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2012, 36:479-501. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.08.005.
200. Reeb-Sutherland B.C., Vanderwert R.E., Degnan K.A., Marshall P.J., Pérez-Edgar K., Chronis-Tuscano A., Pine D.S., Fox N.A. Attention to novelty in behaviorally inhibited adolescents moderates risk for anxiety. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 2009, 50:1365-1372.
201. Reivich M., Kuhl D., Wolf A., Greenberg J., Phelps M., Ido T., Casella V., Fowler J., Hoffman E., Alavi A., Som P., Sokoloff L. The [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man. Circ. Res. 1979, 44:127-137. 10.1161/01.RES.44.1.127.
202. Reznick J.S., Hegeman I.M., Kaufman E.R., Woods S.W., Jacobs M. Retrospective and concurrent self-report of behavioral-inhibition and their relation to adult mental-health. Dev. Psychopathol. 1992, 4:301-321.
203. Rilling J.K., Winslow J.T., O'Brien D., Gutman D.A., Hoffman J.M., Kilts C.D. Neural correlates of maternal separation in rhesus monkeys. Biol. Psychiatry 2001, 49:146-157.
204. Ripke S., Sanders A.R., Kendler K.S., Levinson D.F., Sklar P., Holmans P.A., Lin D.-Y., Duan J., Ophoff R.A., Andreassen O.A., Scolnick E., Cichon S., St.Clair D., Corvin A., Gurling H., Werge T., Rujescu D., Blackwood D.H.R., Pato C.N., Malhotra A.K., Purcell S., Dudbridge F., Neale B.M., Rossin L., Visscher P.M., Posthuma D., Ruderfer D.M., Fanous A., Stefansson H., Steinberg S., Mowry B.J., Golimbet V., De Hert M., Jönsson E.G., Bitter I., Pietiläinen O.P.H., Collier D.A., Tosato S., Agartz I., Albus M., Alexander M., Amdur R.L., Amin F., Bass N., Bergen S.E., Black D.W., Børglum A.D., Brown M.A., Bruggeman R., Buccola N.G., Byerley W.F., Cahn W., Cantor R.M., Carr V.J., Catts S.V., Choudhury K., Cloninger C.R., Cormican P., Craddock N., Danoy P.A., Datta S., de Haan L., Demontis D., Dikeos D., Djurovic S., Donnelly P., Donohoe G., Duong L., Dwyer S., Fink-Jensen A., Freedman R., Freimer N.B., Friedl M., Georgieva L., Giegling I., Gill M., Glenthøj B., Godard S., Hamshere M., Hansen M., Hansen T., Hartmann A.M., Henskens F.A., Hougaard D.M., Hultman C.M., Ingason A., Jablensky A.V., Jakobsen K.D., Jay M., Jürgens G., Kahn R.S., Keller M.C., Kenis G., Kenny E., Kim Y., Kirov G.K., Konnerth H., Konte B., Krabbendam L., Krasucki R., Lasseter V.K., Laurent C., Lawrence J., Lencz T., Lerer F.B., Liang K.-Y., Lichtenstein P., Lieberman J.A., Linszen D.H., Lönnqvist J., Loughland C.M., Maclean A.W., Maher B.S., Maier W., Mallet J., Malloy P., Mattheisen M., Mattingsdal M., McGhee K.A., McGrath J.J., McIntosh A., McLean D.E., McQuillin A., Melle I., Michie P.T., Milanova V., Morris D.W., Mors O., Mortensen P.B., Moskvina V., Muglia P., Myin-Germeys I., Nertney D.A., Nestadt G., Nielsen J., Nikolov I., Nordentoft M., Norton N., Nöthen M.M., O'Dushlaine C.T., Olincy A., Olsen L., O'Neill F.A., Ørntoft T.F., Owen M.J., Pantelis C., Papadimitriou G., Pato M.T., Peltonen L., Petursson H., Pickard B., Pimm J., Pulver A.E., Puri V., Quested D., Quinn E.M., Rasmussen H.B., Réthelyi J.M., Ribble R., Rietschel M., Riley B.P., Ruggeri M., Schall U., Schulze T.G., Schwab S.G., Scott R.J., Shi J., Sigurdsson E., Silverman J.M., Spencer C.C.A., Stefansson K., Strange A., Strengman E., Stroup T.S., Suvisaari J., Terenius L., Thirumalai S., Thygesen J.H., Timm S., Toncheva D., van den Oord E., van Os J., van Winkel R., Veldink J., Walsh D., Wang A.G., Wiersma D., Wildenauer D.B., Williams H.J., Williams N.M., Wormley B., Zammit S., Sullivan P.F., O'Donovan M.C., Daly M.J., Gejman P.V. Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nat. Genet. 2011, 43:969-976. 10.1038/ng.940.
205. Rogers J., Raveendran M., Fawcett G.L., Fox A.S., Shelton S.E., Oler J.A., Cheverud J., Muzny D.M., Gibbs R.A., Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H. CRHR1 genotypes, neural circuits and the diathesis for anxiety and depression. Mol. Psychiatry 2012, 18. 10.1038/mp.2012.152.
206. Rogers J., Shelton S.E., Shelledy W., Garcia R., Kalin N.H. Genetic influences on behavioral inhibition and anxiety in juvenile rhesus macaques. Genes Brain Behav. 2008, 7:463-469. 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2007.00381.x.
207. Roseboom P.H., Nanda S.A., Fox A.S., Oler J.A., Shackman A.J., Shelton S.E., Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H. Neuropeptide Y receptor gene expression in the primate amygdala predicts anxious temperament and brain metabolism. Biol. Psychiatry 2013, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.012.
208. Roseboom P.H., Nanda S.A., Fox A.S., Oler J.A., Shackman A.J., Shelton S.E., Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H. Neuropeptide Y receptor gene expression in the primate amygdala predicts anxious temperament and brain metabolism. Biol. Psychiatry 2014, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.012.
209. Rosenkranz J.A., Grace A.A. Cellular mechanisms of infralimbic and prelimbic prefrontal cortical inhibition and dopaminergic modulation of basolateral amygdala neurons in vivo. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:324-337.
210. Rothbart M.K. Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Dev. 1981, 52:569-578.
211. Rothbart M.K., Ahadi S.A., Evans D.E. Temperament and personality: origins and outcomes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2000, 78:122-135.
212. Roy A.K., Shehzad Z., Margulies D.S., Kelly A.M.C., Uddin L.Q., Gotimer K., Biswal B.B., Castellanos F.X., Milham M.P. Functional connectivity of the human amygdala using resting state fMRI. Neuroimage 2009, 45:614-626. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.11.030.
213. Russchen F.T., Bakst I., Amaral D.G., Price J.L. The amygdalostriatal projections in the monkey. An anterograde tracing study. Brain Res. 1985, 329:241-257.
214. Sah P., Faber E.S.L., De Armentia M.L., Power J. The amygdaloid complex: anatomy and physiology. Physiol. Rev. 2003, 83:803-834.
215. Scarpa A., Raine A., Venables P.H., Mednick S.A. The stability of inhibited/uninhibited temperament from ages 3 to 11 years in Mauritian children. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 1995, 23:607-618.
216. Schmidt L.A., Fox N.A. Patterns of cortical electrophysiology and autonomic activity in adults' shyness and sociability. Biol. Psychol. 1994, 38:183-198.
217. Schmidt L.A., Fox N.A., Rubin K.H., Hu S., Hamer D.H. Molecular genetics of shyness and aggression in preschoolers. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2002, 33:227-238.
218. Schmidt L.A., Fox N.A., Rubin K.H., Sternberg E.M., Gold P.W., Smith C.C. Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses in shy children. Dev. Psychobiol. 1997, 30:127-140.
219. Schmidt L.A., Fox N.A., Schulkin J., Gold P.W. Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of self-presentation in temperamentally shy children. Dev. Psychobiol. 1999, 35:119-135.
220. Schwartz C.E., Kunwar P.S., Greve D.N., Kagan J., Snidman N.C., Bloch R.B. A phenotype of early infancy predicts reactivity of the amygdala in male adults. Mol. Psychiatry 2012, 17:1042-1050. 10.1038/mp.2011.96.
221. Schwartz C.E., Kunwar P.S., Greve D.N., Moran L.R., Viner J.C., Covino J.M., Kagan J., Stewart S.E., Snidman N.C., Vangel M.G., Wallace S.R. Structural differences in adult orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are predicted by 4-month infant temperament. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2010, 67:78-84.
222. Schwartz C.E., Snidman N., Kagan J. Adolescent social anxiety as an outcome of inhibited temperament in childhood. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 1999, 38:1008-1015.
223. Schwartz C.E., Wright C.I., Shin L., Kagan J., Rauch S.L. Inhibited and uninhibited infants "grown up": adult amygdalar response to novelty. Science 2003, 300:1952-1953. 10.1126/science.1083703.
224. Schwartz C.E., Wright C.I., Shin L.M., Kagan J., Whalen P.J., McMullin K.G., Rauch S.L. Differential amygdalar response to novel versus newly familiar neutral faces: a functional MRI probe developed for studying inhibited temperament. Biol. Psychiatry 2003, 53:854-862.
225. Scoville W.B., Milner B. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1957, 20:11-21.
226. Sen S., Burmeister M., Ghosh D. Meta-analysis of the association between a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and anxiety-related personality traits. Am. J. Med. Genet. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2004, 127:85-89.
227. Shackman A.J., Fox A.S., Oler J.A., Shelton S.E., Davidson R.J., Kalin N.H. Neural mechanisms underlying heterogeneity in the presentation of anxious temperament. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110:6145-6150.
228. Shen K., Bezgin G., Hutchison R.M., Gati J.S., Menon R.S., Everling S., McIntosh A.R. Information processing architecture of functionally defined clusters in the macaque cortex. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:17465-17476.
229. Silberman Y., Winder D.G. Emerging role for corticotropin releasing factor signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis at the intersection of stress and reward. Front. Psychiatry 2013, 4. 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00042.
230. Smoller J.W., Acierno J.S., Rosenbaum J.F., Biederman J., Pollack M.H., Meminger S., Pava J.A., Chadwick L.H., White C., Bulzacchelli M., Slaugenhaupt S.A. Targeted genome screen of panic disorder and anxiety disorder proneness using homology to murine QTL regions. Am. J. Med. Genet. Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2001, 105:195-206.
231. Smoller J.W., Paulus M.P., Fagerness J.A., Purcell S., Yamaki L.H., Hirshfeld-Becker D.R., Biederman J., Rosenbaum J.F., Gelernter J., Stein M.B. Influence of RGS2 on anxiety-related temperament, personality, and brain function. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2008, 65:298-308.
232. Smoller J.W., Rosenbaum J.F., Biederman J., Kennedy J., Dai D., Racette S.R., Laird N.M., Kagan J., Snidman N., Hirshfeld-Becker D.R., Tsuang M.T., Sklar P.B., Slaugenhaupt S.A. Association of a genetic marker at the corticotropin-releasing hormone locus with behavioral inhibition. Biol. Psychiatry 2003, 54:1376-1381.
233. Smoller J.W., Rosenbaum J.F., Biederman J., Susswein L.S., Kennedy J., Kagan J., Snidman N., Laird N., Tsuang M.T., Faraone S.V., Schwarz A., Slaugenhaupt S.A. Genetic association analysis of behavioral inhibition using candidate loci from mouse models. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2001, 105:226-235.
234. Smoller J.W., Yamaki L.H., Fagerness J.A., Biederman J., Racette S., Laird N.M., Kagan J., Snidman N., Faraone S.V., Hirshfeld-Becker D.R., Tsuang M.T., Slaugenhaupt S.A., Rosenbaum J.F., Sklar P.B. The corticotropin-releasing hormone gene and behavioral inhibition in children at risk for panic disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 2005, 57:1485-1492.
235. Somerville L.H., Whalen P.J., Kelley W.M. Human bed nucleus of the stria terminalis indexes hypervigilant threat monitoring. Biol. Psychiatry 2010, 68:416-424.
236. Sørensen G., Lindberg C., Wörtwein G., Bolwig T.G., Woldbye D.P.D. Differential roles for neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y5 receptors in anxiety and sedation. J. Neurosci. Res. 2004, 77:723-729. 10.1002/jnr.20200.
237. Stamatakis A.M., Sparta D.R., Jennings J.H., McElligott Z.A., Decot H., Stuber G.D. Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis circuitry: implications for addiction-related behaviors. Neuropharmacology 2014, 76:320-328. 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.046.
238. Stein M.B., Yang B.-Z., Chavira D.A., Hitchcock C.A., Sung S.C., Shipon-Blum E., Gelernter J. A common genetic variant in the neurexin superfamily member CNTNAP2 is associated with increased risk for selective mutism and social anxiety-related traits. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 69:825-831. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.11.008.
239. Stjepanović D., Lorenzetti V., Yücel M., Hawi Z., Bellgrove M.A. Human amygdala volume is predicted by common DNA variation in the stathmin and serotonin transporter genes. Transl. Psychiatry 2013, 3:e283.
240. Stujenske J.M., Likhtik E., Topiwala M.A., Gordon J.A. Fear and safety engage competing patterns of theta-gamma coupling in the basolateral amygdala. Neuron 2014, 83:919-933. 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.026.
241. Thomas A., Chess S. Temperament and Development 1977, Brunner Mazel, New York, NY.
242. Tomarken A.J., Davidson R.J., Henriques J.B. Resting frontal brain asymmetry predicts affective responses to films. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1990, 59:791-801.
243. Tomarken A.J., Davidson R.J., Wheeler R.E., Doss R.C. Individual differences in anterior brain asymmetry and fundamental dimensions of emotion. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1992, 62:676-687.
244. Treadway M.T., Zald D.H. Parsing anhedonia: translational models of reward-processing deficits in psychopathology. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 2013, 22:244-249. 10.1177/0963721412474460.
245. Tye K.M., Prakash R., Kim S.Y., Fenno L.E., Grosenick L., Zarabi H., Thompson K.R., Gradinaru V., Ramakrishnan C., Deisseroth K. Amygdala circuitry mediating reversible and bidirectional control of anxiety. Nature 2011, 471:358-362.
246. Unschuld P.G., Ising M., Specht M., Erhardt A., Ripke S., Heck A., Kloiber S., Straub V., Brueckl T., Müller-Myhsok B., Holsboer F., Binder E.B. Polymorphisms in the GAD2 gene-region are associated with susceptibility for unipolar depression and with a risk factor for anxiety disorders. Am. J. Med. Genet. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 2009, 150B:1100-1109. 10.1002/ajmg.b.30938.
247. Van der Plas E.A.A., Boes A.D., Wemmie J.A., Tranel D., Nopoulos P. Amygdala volume correlates positively with fearfulness in normal healthy girls. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2010, 5:424-431. 10.1093/scan/nsq009.
248. Van Harmelen A.-L., van Tol M.-J., Demenescu L.R., van der Wee N.J.A., Veltman D.J., Aleman A., van Buchem M.A., Spinhoven P., Penninx B.W.J.H., Elzinga B.M. Enhanced amygdala reactivity to emotional faces in adults reporting childhood emotional maltreatment. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2012, 8:362-369. 10.1093/scan/nss007.
249. Vincent J.L., Patel G.H., Fox M.D., Snyder A.Z., Baker J.T., Van Essen D.C., Zempel J.M., Snyder L.H., Corbetta M., Raichle M.E. Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain. Nature 2007, 447:83-86. 10.1038/nature05758.
250. Visscher P.M., Goddard M.E., Derks E.M., Wray N.R. Evidence-based psychiatric genetics. AKA the false dichotomy between common and rare variant hypotheses. Mol. Psychiatry 2012, 17:474-485.
251. Volkow N.D., Wang G.-J., Tomasi D., Baler R.D. Unbalanced neuronal circuits in addiction. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2013, 23:639-648. 10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.002.
252. Vyas A., Mitra R., Shankaranarayana Rao B.S., Chattarji S. Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:6810-6818.
253. Walker D.L., Davis M. Role of the extended amygdala in short-duration versus sustained fear: a tribute to Dr. Lennart Heimer. Brain Struct. Funct. 2008, 213:29-42. 10.1007/s00429-008-0183-3.
254. Whalen P.J. Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 1998, 7:177-188.
255. White L.K., McDermott J.M., Degnan K.A., Henderson H.A., Fox N.A. Behavioral inhibition and anxiety: the moderating roles of inhibitory control and attention shifting. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 2011, 39:735-747. 10.1007/s10802-011-9490-x.
256. Williams L.R., Degnan K.A., Perez-Edgar K.E., Henderson H.A., Rubin K.H., Pine D.S., Steinberg L., Fox N.A. Impact of behavioral inhibition and parenting style on internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood through adolescence. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 2009, 37:1063-1075. 10.1007/s10802-009-9331-3.
257. Williams L.R., Fox N.A., Lejuez C.W., Reynolds E.K., Henderson H.A., Perez-Edgar K.E., Steinberg L., Pine D.S. Early temperament, propensity for risk-taking and adolescent substance-related problems: a prospective multi-method investigation. Addict. Behav. 2010, 35:1148-1151. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.07.005.
258. Zald D.H., Cowan R.L., Riccardi P., Baldwin R.M., Ansari M.S., Li R., Shelby E.S., Smith C.E., McHugo M., Kessler R.M. Midbrain dopamine receptor availability is inversely associated with novelty-seeking traits in humans. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:14372-14378.