Sensory-Processing Sensitivity and Its Relation to Introversion and Emotionality

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 345-368

  Aron, Elaine N ^a   Aron, Arthur ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CHILD; CHILD PARENT RELATION; EGO DEVELOPMENT; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTROVERSION; LIFE EVENT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AROUSAL; ATTENTION; CHILD OF IMPAIRED PARENTS; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTROVERSION (PSYCHOLOGY); LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 0031201042     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Aron, A., & Aron, E. (1994). Statistics for psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2. Aron, E. N. (1996). Counseling the highly sensitive person. Counseling and Human Development, 28, 1-7.
3. Asendorpf, J. B. (1989). Shyness as a final common pathway for two different kinds of inhibition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 481-492.
4. Asendorpf, J. B. (1990). Beyond social withdrawal: Shyness, unsociability, and peer avoidance. Human Development, 33, 250-259.
5. Barnes, G. (1975). Extraversion and pain. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 303-308.
6. Bekoff, M. (1977). Mammalian dispersal and the ontogeny of individual behavioral phenotypes. American Naturalist, 111, 715-732.
7. Bell, I. R. (1992). Allergens, physical irritants, depression, and shyness. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 13, 125-133.
8. Berenbaum, H., & Williams, M. (1994). Extraversion, hemispatial bias, and eyeblink rates. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 849-852.
9. Blanchard, R. J., Flannelly, K. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1986). Defensive behaviors of laboratory and wild Rattus norvegicus. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 100, 101-107.
10. Blizard, D. A. (1981). The Maudsley reactive and nonreactive strains: A North American perspective. Behavior Genetics, 11, 469-489.
11. Boice, W. T., Chesney, M., Alkon, A., Tschann, J. M., Adams, S., Chesterman, B., Cohen, F., Kaiser, P., Folkman, S., & Wara, D. (1995). Psychobiologic reactivity to stress and childhood respiratory illnesses: Results of two prospective studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 411-422.
12. Bombar, M. L. (1996). Putting biological approaches in context. International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships Bulletin, 12, 3-6.
13. Brebner, J. M. T. (1980). Reaction time in personality theory. In A. T. Welford (Ed.), Reaction times (pp. 309-320). London: Academic Press.
14. Briggs, S. R. (1988). Shyness: Introversion or neuroticism. Journal of Research in Personality, 22, 290-307.
15. Brodt, S., & Zimbardo, P. (1981). Modifying shyness-related social behavior through symptom manipulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 437-449.
16. Buchsbaum, M. A., Haier, R. J., & Johnson, J. (1983). Augmenting and reducing : Individual differences in evoked potentials. In A. Gale & J. A. Wards (Eds.), Physiological correlates of human behavior: Vol. 3. Individual differences and psychopathology (pp. 117-138). London: Academic Press.
17. Bullock, W. A., & Gilliland, K. (1993). Eysenck's arousal theory of introversion-extroversion: A converging measures investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 113-123.
18. Buss, A. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: Freeman.
19. Buss, A. (1989). Temperaments as personality traits. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart, Temperament in childhood (pp. 49-58). Chichester, England: Wiley.
20. Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. Calkins, S. D., & Fox, N. A. (1994). Individual differences in the biological aspects of temperament. In J. E. Bates & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior (pp. 199-217). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
22. Cameron, J. R. (1977). Parental treatment, children's temperament, and the risk of childhood behavioral problems: 1. Relationships between parental characteristics and changes in children's temperament over time. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 47, 568-576.
23. Campbell, D. T. (1975). Assessing the impact of planned social change. In G. M. Lyons (Ed.), Social research and public policies (pp. 3-45). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
24. Campbell, J. B. (1992). Extraversion and noise sensitivity: A replication of Dornic and Ekehammar's study. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 953-955.
25. Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.
26. Cheek, J. M. (1989). Conquering shyness: The battle anyone can win. New York: Dell.
27. Cheek, J. M., & Buss, A. H. (1981). Shyness and sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 330-339.
28. Cheek, J. M., & MacMillan, C. (1993, August). Shyness: Aesthetic orientation or social anxiety? Paper presented at the 101st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
29. Cheek, J. M., & Melchior, L. A. (1985, August). Are shy people narcissistic? Paper presented at the 93rd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles, CA.
30. Cheek, J. M., & Melchior, L. A. (1990). Shyness, self-esteem, and self-consciousness. In H. Leiternberg (Ed.), Handbook of social and evaluation anxiety (pp. 47-82). New York: Plenum.
31. Cheek, J. M., & Stahl, S. S. (1986). Shyness and verbal creativity. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 51-61.
32. Chen, X., Rubin, K., & Sun, Y. (1992). Social reputation and peer relationships in Chinese and Canadian children: A cross-cultural study. Child Development, 63, 1336-1343.
33. Cloninger, C. R. (1987). A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: A proposal. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 573-588.
34. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
35. Cooper, D. O., Schmidt, D. E., & Barrett, R. J. (1983). Strain specific cholinergic changes in response to stress: Analysis of a time-dependent avoidance variation. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 19, 457-462.
36. Crider, A., & Lunn, R. (1971). Electrodermal lability as a personality dimension. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 5, 145-150.
37. Daniels, D., & Plomin, R. (1985). Origins of individual differences in infant shyness. Developmental Psychology, 21, 118-121.
38. Deo, P., & Singh, A. (1973). Some personality correlates of learning without awareness. Behaviorometric, 3, 11-21.
39. De Pascalis, V. (1993). Hemispheric asymmetry, personality and temperament. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 825-834.
40. Duggan, E. S., & Brennan, K. A. (1994). Social avoidance and its relation to Bartholomew's adult attachment typology. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 147-153.
41. Dutton, D. G., & Aron, A. (1974). Some evidence for heightened sexual attraction under conditions of high anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 510-517.
42. Edman, G., Schalling, D., & Rissler, A. (1979). Interaction effects of extraversion and neuroticism on detection thresholds. Biological Psychology, 9, 41-47.
43. Eysenck, H. J. (1957). The dynamics of anxiety and hysteria. New York: Praeger.
44. Eysenck, H. J. (1981). A model for personality. New York: Springer- Verlag.
45. Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality (pp. 244-276). New York: Guilford Press.
46. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1968). Manual for the Eysenck Personality Inventory. San Diego, CA: EDITS.
47. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. San Diego, CA: EDITS.
48. Fine, B. J. (1972). Field-dependent introvert and neuroticism: Eysenck and Witkin united. Psychological Reports, 31, 939-956.
49. Fine, B. J. (1973). Field-dependence-independence as "sensitivity" of the nervous system: Supportive evidence with color and weight discrimination. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 37, 287-295.
50. Flor-Henry, P. (1969). Psychosis and temporal love epilepsy: A controlled investigation. Epilepsia, 10, 363-395.
51. Fox, M. L. (1972). Socioecological implications of individual differences in wolf litters: A developmental and evolutionary perspective. Behaviour, 41, 298-313.
52. Gannon, L., Banks, J., & Shelton, D. (1989). The mediating effects of psychophysiological reactivity and recovery on the relationship between environmental stress and illness. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 33, 165-175.
53. Geen, R. G. (1986). Physiological, affective, and behavioral implications of extraversion-introversion. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 265-278). New York: Plenum.
54. Geen, R. G., McCown, E. J., & Broyles, J. W. (1985). Effects of noise on sensitivity of introverts and extraverts to signals in a vigilance task. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 237-241.
55. Gilliland, K. (1980). The interactive effect of introversion-extraversion with caffeine induced arousal on verbal performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, 482-492.
56. Gilmartin, B. G. (1987). Shyness and love: Causes, consequences, and treatment. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
57. Goddard, M. E., & Beilharz, R. G. (1985). A multivariate analysis of the genetics of fearfulness in potential guide dogs. Behavior Genetics, 15, 69-89.
58. Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1217-1229.
59. Gough, H. G., & Thorne, A. (1986). Positive, negative, and balanced shyness: Self-definitions and the reactions of others. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 205-225). New York: Plenum.
60. Gray, J. A. (1981). A critique of Eysenck's theory of personality. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), A model for personality (pp. 246-276). New York: Springer.
61. Gray, J. A. (1985). Issues in the neuropsychology of anxiety. In A. H. Ruma & J. D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and disorder (pp. 5-25). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
62. Gray, J. A. (1991). The neurophysiology of temperament. In J. Strelau & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement (pp. 105-128). New York: Plenum.
63. Gunnar, M. R. (1994). Psychoendocrine studies of temperament and stress in early childhood: Expanding current models. In J. E. Bates & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior (pp. 175-198). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
64. Haier, R. J., Reynolds, C., Prager, E., Cox, S., & Buchsbaum, M. S. (1991). Flurbiprofen, caffeine and analgesia: Interaction with introversion/extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 1349-1354.
65. Haier, R. J., Robinson, D. L., Braden, W., & Williams, D. (1984). Evoked potential augmenting-reducing and personality differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 283-301.
66. Harkins, S. G., & Geen, R. G. (1975). Discriminability and criterion differences between extraverts and introverts during vigilance. Journal of Research in Personality, 9, 335-340.
67. Harley, T. A., & Matthews, G. (1992). Interactive effects of extraversion, arousal and time of day on semantic priming: Are they pre-lexical or post-lexical? Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 1021-1029.
68. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
69. Herbener, E. S., Kagan, J., & Cohen, M. (1989). Shyness and olfactory threshold. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1159-1163.
70. Higley, J. D., & Suomi, J. D. (1989). Temperamental reactivity in non-human primates. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 152-167). Chichester, England: Wiley.
71. Howarth, E. (1986). Introversion and neuroticism: A persistent relationship. Psychological Reports, 58, 389-390.
72. John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1992). The "Big Five" inventory - Versions 4a and 54 (Tech. Rep.). Berkeley, CA: Institute of Personality Assessment and Research.
73. Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's prophecy: Temperament in human nature. New York: Basic Books.
74. Kagan, J., Reznick, S., & Snidman, N. (1988, April 8). Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science, 240, 167-171.
75. Klinteberg, B. af-, Schalling, D., Edman, G., Oreland, L., & Asberg, M. (1987). Personality correlates of platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in female and male subjects. Neuropsychobiology, 18, 89-96.
76. Kochanska, G. (1993). Toward a synthesis of parental socialization and child temperament in early development of conscience. Child Development, 64, 325-347.
77. Koelega, H. S. (1992). Extraversion and vigilance performance: Thirty years of inconsistencies. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 239-258.
78. Kohn, P. M. (1987). Issues in the measurement of arousability. In J. Strelau & H. J. Eysenck, (Eds.), Personality dimensions and arousal (pp. 233-250). New York: Plenum.
79. Kohnstamm, G. A., Bates, J. E., & Rothbart, M. K. (1989). Temperament in childhood. Chichester, England: Wiley.
80. Krasnoperova, E. N., & Cheek, J. M. (1995, August). Attachment styles as subtypes of shyness. Paper presented at the 103rd Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, New York, NY.
81. Louks, J., Calsyn, D., & Lindsay, F. (1976). Personality dysfunction and lateralized deficits in cerebral functions as measured by the MMPI and Reitan-Halstead Battery. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 43, 655.
82. Lyons, D. M., Price, E. O., & Moberg, G. P. (1988). Individual differences in temperament of domestic dairy goats: Constancy and change. Animal Behavior, 36, 1323-1333.
83. MacDonald, K. (1983). Stability of individual differences in behavior in a litter of wolf cubs (Canis lupus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 97, 99-106.
84. Main, M. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of attachment organization: Recent studies, changing methodologies, and the concept of conditional strategies. Human Development, 33, 48-61.
85. Mangan, G. L., & Sturrock, R. (1988). Lability and recall. Personality and Individual Differences, 9, 519-523.
86. Matthews, G., & Amelang, M. (1993). Extraversion, arousal theory and performance: A study of individual differences in the EEG. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 347-363.
87. Matthews, G. A., & Harley, T. A. (1993). Effects of extraversion and self-report arousal on semantic priming: A connectionist approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 735-756.
88. McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
89. McGuire, I., & Turkewitz, G. (1979). Approach-withdrawal theory and the study of infant development. In M. Bortner (Ed.), Cognitive growth and development: Essays in memory of Herbert G. Birch (pp. 57-84). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
90. McRae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1993). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215.
91. Mead, M. (1963). Sex and temperament in three primitive societies. New York: Morrow. (Original work published 1935)
92. Mehrabian, A. (1976). Manual for the questionnaire measure of stimulus screening and arousability. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Los Angeles.
93. Mehrabian, A. (1991). Outline of a general emotion-based theory of temperament. In J. Strelau & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Explorations in temperament: International perspectives on theory and measurement (pp. 75-86). New York: Plenum.
94. Mehrabian, A., & O'Reilly, E. (1980). Analysis of personality measures in terms of basic dimensions of temperament. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 492-503.
95. Mishler, E. G. (1986). Research interviewing: Context and narrative. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
96. Murphy, G. (1947). Personality: A biosocial approach to origins and structure. New York: Harper.
97. Myers, I. B. (1962). Manual for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
98. Nagane, M. (1990). Development of psychological and physiological sensitivity indices to stress based on state anxiety and heart rate. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 70, 611-614.
99. Newton, T., Slade, P., Butler, N., & Murphy, P. (1992). Personality and performance on a simple visual search task. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 381-382.
100. Patterson, C. M., & Newman, J. P. (1993). Reflectivity and learning from aversive events: Toward a psychological mechanism for the syndromes of disinhibition. Psychological Review, 100, 716-736.
101. Pavlov, I. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Oxford University Press.
102. Petrie, A. (1967). Individuality in pain and suffering. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
103. Plomin, R., & Daniels, D. (1986). Genetics and shyness. In W. H. Jones, J. M. Cheek, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment (pp. 63-80). New York: Plenum.
104. Rammsayer, T., Netter, P., & Vogel, W. H. (1993). A neurochemical model underlying differences in reaction times between introverts and extraverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 701-712.
105. Reichardt, C., & Cook, T. D. (1979). Beyond qualitative versus quantitative methods. In T. D. Cook & C. S. Reichardt (Eds.), Qualitative and quantitative methods in evaluation research (pp. 7-17). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
106. Revelle, W., Amaral, P., & Turriff, S. (1976, April) Introversion/extraversion, time stress, and caffeine: The effect on verbal performance. Science, 192, 149-150.
107. Revelle, W., Humphreys, M. S., Simon, L., & Gilliland, K. (1980). The interactive effect of personality, time of day, and caffeine: A test of the arousal model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 109, 1-31.
108. Rothbart, M. K. (1989). Temperament and development. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 187-248). Chichester, England: Wiley.
109. Rothbart, M. K., Derryberry, D., & Posner, M. I. (1994). A psychobiological approach to the development of temperament. In J. E. Bates & T. D. Wachs (Eds.), Temperament: Individual differences at the interface of biology and behavior (pp. 83-116). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
110. SAS Institute. (1985). SAS user's guide: Statistics, Version 5 edition. Cory, NC: Author.
111. Satow, A. (1987). Four properties common among perceptions confirmed by a large sample of subjects: An ecological approach to mechanisms of individual differences in perception. II. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64, 507-520.
112. Scott, J. P., & Fuller, J. (1965). Genetics and the social behavior of the dog. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
113. Schalling, D. (1971). Tolerance for experimentally induced pain as related to personality. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 12, 271-281.
114. Schmidt, L. A., & Fox, N. A. (1994). Patterns of cortical electrophysiology and autonomie activity in adults' shyness and sociability. Biological Psychology, 38, 183-198.
115. Shaver, P. R., & Brennan, K. A. (1992). Attachment styles and the "Big Five" personality traits: Their connections with each other and with romantic relationship outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 536-545.
116. Shigehisa, P. M. J., Shigehisa, T., & Symons, J. R. (1973). Effects of intensity of auditory stimulation on photopic visual sensitivity in relation to personality. Japanese Psychological Research, 15, 164-172.
117. Shigehisa, T. (1974). Effect of auditory stimulation on visual tracking as functions of stimulus intensity, task complexity and personality. Japanese Psychological Research, 16, 186-196.
118. Siddle, D. A. T., Morrish, R. B., White, K. D., & Mangan, G. L. (1969). Relation of visual sensitivity to extraversion. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 3, 264-267.
119. Simmel, E. C., & Walker, D. A. (1970). Social priming for agonistic behavior in a "docile" mouse strain. American Zoologist, 10, 486-487.
120. Smith, B. D., Wilson, R. J., & Davidson, R. (1984). Electrodermal activity and extraversion: Caffeine, preparatory signal and stimulus intensity effects. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 59-65.
121. Stelmack, R. M. (1990). Biological bases of extraversion: Psychophysiological evidence. Journal of Personality, 58, 293-311.
122. Stelmack, R. M., & Campbell, K. B. (1974). Extraversion and auditory sensitivity to high and low frequency. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 38, 875-879.
123. Stelmack, R. M., & Geen, R. G. (1992). The psychophysiology of extraversion. In A. Gale & M. W. Eysenck (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences: Biological perspectives (pp. 227-254). Chichester, England: Wiley.
124. Stelmack, R. M., & Michaud-Achorn, A. (1985). Extraversion, attention, and auditory evoked response. Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 416-428.
125. Stelmack, R. M., & Wilson, K. G. (1982). Extraversion and the effects of frequency and intensity on the auditory brainstem evoked response. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 373-380.
126. Stevenson-Hinde, J., Stillwell-Barnes, R., & Zung, M. (1980). Individual differences in young rhesus monkeys: Continuity and change. Primates, 21, 61-62.
127. Strelau, J. (1983). Temperament, personality, activity. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
128. Suomi, S. J. (1983). Social development in rhesus monkeys: Consideration of individual differences. In A. Oliverio & M. Zappella (Eds.), The behavior of human infants (pp. 71-92). New York: Plenum.
129. Suomi, S. J. (1987). Genetic and maternal contributions to individual differences in rhesus monkey biobehavioral development. In N. A. Krasnegor, E. M. Blass, M. A. Hoffer, & W. P. Smotherman (Eds.), Perinatal behavioral development: A psychobiological perspective (pp. 397-419). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
130. Suomi, S. J. (1991). Uptight and laid-back monkeys: Individual differences in the response to social challenges. In S. E. Brauth, W. S. Hall, & R. J. Dooling (Eds.), Plasticity of development (pp. 27-56). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
131. Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
132. Van den Boom, D. C. (1989). Neonatal irritability and the development of attachment. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 299-318). New York: Wiley.
133. Weissbluth, M. (1989). Sleep-loss stress and temperamental difficultness: Psychobiological processes and practical considerations. In G. A. Kohnstamm, J. E. Bates, & M. K. Rothbart (Eds.), Temperament in childhood (pp. 357-376). Chichester, England: Wiley.
134. Werner, E. E. (1989, April). Children of the Garden Island. Scientific American, 106-111.
135. Wilson, D. S., Coleman, K., Clark, A. B., & Biederman, L. (1993). Shy-bold continuum in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus): An ecological study of a psychological trait. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 107, 250-260.
136. Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 590-597.
137. Zahn, T. P., Kruesi, M. J. P., Leonard, H. L., & Rapoport, J. L. (1994). Autonomic activity and reaction time in relation to extraversion and behavioral impulsivity in children and adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 751-758.
138. Ziller, R. C., & Rorer, B. A. (1985). Shyness-environment interaction: A view from the shy side through auto-photography. Journal of Personality, 53, 626-639.