Recent developments in the management of dry age-related macular degeneration

Clinical Ophthalmology

Volumn 9, Issue , 2015, Pages 563-574

  Buschini, Elisa ^a   Fea, Antonio M ^a   Lavia, Carlo A ^a   Nassisi, Marco ^a   Pignata, Giulia ^a   Zola, Marta ^a   Grignolo, Federico M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Dry AMD; Geographic atrophy; New AMD therapy

Indexed keywords

ALK 001; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; BRIMONIDINE; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; COPPER; CROCETIN; CURCUMIN; CYANOCOBALAMIN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; EMIXUSTAT; FENRETINIDE; ICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; MC 1101; MOXAVERINE; PYRIDOXINE; SILDENAFIL; TANDOSPIRONE; TOXIC SUBSTANCE; TRIMETAZIDINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN B GROUP; VITAMIN B9; ZINC;

AGE RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; CELL REGENERATION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUSEN; DRY AGE RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION; EYE INFLAMMATION; EYE PROTECTION; FAT INTAKE; GENE TARGETING; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDICAL HISTORY; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OPHTHALMOLOGIST; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHOTORECEPTOR; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; PROGNOSIS; REHABILITATION CARE; REVIEW; SMOKING; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 84929580129     PISSN: 11775467     EISSN: 11775483     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S59724     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Allikmets R, Shroyer NF, Singh N, et al. Mutation of the stargardt disease gene (ABCR) in age-related macular degeneration. Science. 1997;277(5333):1805-1807.
2. Klein R, Klein EKB, Jensen SC, Meuer SM. The five-year incidence and progression of age-related maulopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(1):7-21.
3. Zarbin MA. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122(4):598-614.
4. Donoso LA, Kim D, Frost A, Callahan A, Hageman G. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2006;51(2):137-152.
5. Penfold PL, Madigan MC, Gillies MC, Provis JM. Immunological and aetiological aspects of macular degeneration. Progr Retin Eye Res. 2001;20(3):385-414.
6. Clemons TE, Milton RC, Klein R, Seddon JM, Ferris FL III; Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk factors for the incidence of Advanced age-related macular degeneration in the age-related eye disease study (AREDS) AREDS report no. 19. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(4):533-539.
7. Blumenkranz MS, Russell SR, Robey MG, Kott-Blumenkranz R, Penneys N. Risk factors in age-related maculopathy complicated by choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmology. 1986;93(5):552-558.
8. Evans JR. Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2001;20(2):227-253.
9. The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Risk factors for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(12):1701-1708.
10. Loffler KU, Lee WR. Basal linear deposit in the human macula. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1986;224(6):493-501.
11. Curcio CA, Millican CL. Basal linear deposit and large drusen are specific for early age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117(3):329-339.
12. Sarks SH. Council Lecture. Drusen and their relationship to senile macular degeneration. Aust J Ophthalmol. 1980;8(2):117-130.
13. Munch IC, Sander B, Kessel L, et al. Heredity of small hard drusen in twins aged 20 - 46 years. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(2):833-838.
14. Mullins RF, Russell SR, Anderson DH, Hageman GS. Drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration contain proteins common to extracellular deposits associated with atherosclerosis, elastosis, amyloidosis, and dense deposit disease. FASEB J. 2000;14(7):835-846.
15. Nowak JZ. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): pathogenesis and therapy. Pharmacol Rep. 2006;58(3):353-363.
16. Klein R, Klein BE, Tomany SC, Meuer SM, Huang GH. Ten-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: The Beaver Dam eye study. Ophthalmology. 2002;109(10):1767-1779.
17. Malek G, Li CM, Guidry C, Medeiros NE, Curcio CA. Apolipoprotein B in cholesterol containing drusen and basal deposits of human eyes with age-related maculopathy. Am J Pathol. 2003;162(2):413-425.
18. Haimovici R, Gantz DL, Rumelt S, Freddo TF, Small DM. The lipid composition of drusen, Bruch’s membrane, and sclera by hot stage polarizing light microscopy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42(7):1592-1599.
19. Russell SR, Mullins RF, Schneider BL, Hageman GS. Location, substructure, and composition of basal laminar drusen compared with drusen associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000;129(2):205-214.
20. Sivaprasad S, Chong NV. The complement system and age related macular degeneration. Eye (Lond). 2006;20(8):867-872.
21. Anderson DH, Radeke MJ, Gallo NB, et al. The pivotal role of the complement system in aging and age-related macular degeneration: hypothesis re-visited. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010;29(2):95-112
22. Sarks SH. Ageing and degeneration in the macular region: A clinico-pathological study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1976;60(5):324-341.
23. Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Bindewald-Wittich A, Dolar-Szczasny J, et al; Fundus Autofluorescence in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Study Group. Correlation between the area of increased autofluorescence surrounding geographic atrophy and disease progression in patients with AMD. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(6):2648-2654.
24. Sunness JS, Gonzalez-Baron J, Bressler NM, Hawkins B, Applegate CA. The development of choroidal neovascularisation in eyes with the geographic atrophy form of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 1999;106(5):910-919.
25. Schatz H, McDonald HR. Atrophic macular degeneration. Rate of spread of geographic atrophy and visual loss. Ophthalmology. 1989;96(10):1541-1551.
26. Holz FG, Bellmann C, Margaritidis M, Schütt F, Otto TP, Völcker HE. Patterns of increased in vivo fundus autofluorescence in the junctional zone of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium associated with age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1999;237(2):145-152.
27. Velilla S, García-Medina JJ, García-Layana A, et al. Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: review and update. J Ophthalmol. 2013;2013:895147.
28. Chong EW, Kreis AJ, Wong TY, Simpson JA, Guymer RH. Alcohol consumption and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;145(4):707-715.
29. Peeters A, Magliano DJ, Stevens J, Duncan BB, Klein R, Wong TY. Changes in abdominal obesity and age-related macular degeneration: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(11):1554-1560.
30. Merle B, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF, et al. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids and the risk for age-related maculopathy: The Alienor Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(8):6004-6011.
31. Cook HL, Patel PJ, Tufail A. Age-related macular degeneration: diagnosis and management. Br Med Bull. 2008;85:127-149.
32. Hooper P, Jutai JW, Strong G, Russell-Minda E. Age-related macular degeneration and low-vision rehabilitation: a systematic review. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008;43(2):180-187.
33. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(10):1417-1436. [Erratum in Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Sep;126(9):1251].
34. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the age-related eye disease study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;309(19):2005-2015.
35. Cano M, Thimmalappula R, Fujihara M, et al. Cigarette smoking, oxidative stress, the anti-oxidant response through Nrf2 signaling, and age-related macular degeneration. Vision Res. 2010;50(7):652-664.
36. Klevering BJ. Zinc and the complement system. Antioxidants and AMD: into the mechanisms. Paper presented at: The Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology; May; 2013; Seattle, Washington.
37. Vishwanathan R, Chung M, Johnson EJ. A systematic review on zinc for the prevention and treatment of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(6):3985-3998.
38. Sin HP, Liu DT, Lam DS. Lifestyle modification, nutritional and vitamins supplements for age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91(1):6-11.
39. Chong EWT, Wong TY, Kreis AJ, Simpson JA, Guymer RH. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;335(7623):755.
40. Chong EW, Kreis AJ, Wong TY, Simpson JA, Guymer RH. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid and fish intake in the primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(6):826-833.
41. Maccarone R, Di Marco S, Bisti S. Saffron supplement maintains morphology and function after exposure to damaging light in mammalian retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49(3):1254-1261.
42. Falsini B, Piccardi M, Minnella A, et al. Influence of saffron supplementation on retinal flicker sensitivity in early age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51(12):6118-6124.
43. Mandal MN, Patlolla JM, Zheng L, et al. Curcumin protects retinal cells from light-and oxidant stress-induced cell death. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009;46(5):672-679.
44. Chang YC, Chang WC, Hung KH, et al. The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells for macular degeneration as a drug screening platform: identification of curcumin as a protective agent for retinal pigment epithelial cells against oxidative stress. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:191.
45. Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, Albert CM, Manson JE. Folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women: the women’s antioxidant and folic acid cardiovascular study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(4):335-341.
46. King RE, Kent KD, Bomser JA. Resveratrol reduces oxidation and proliferation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells via extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibition. Chem Biol Interact. 2005;151(2):143-149.
47. Nagineni CN, Raju R, Nagineni KK, et al. Resveratrol suppresses expression of VEGF by human retinal pigment epithelial cells: potential nutraceutical for age-related macular degeneration. Aging Dis. 2014;5(2):88-100.
48. Klein ML, Ferris FL III, Armstrong J, et al; AREDS Research Group. Retinal precursors and the development of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(6):1026-1031.
49. Holz FG, Strauss EC, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, van Lookeren Campagne M. Geographic atrophy: clinical features and potential therapeutic approaches. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(5):1079-1091.
50. Ambati J, Atkinson JP, Gelfand BD. Immunology of age-related macular degeneration. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:438-451.
51. Wang J, Ohno-Matsui K, Yoshida T, et al. Amyloid-beta up-regulates complement factor B in retinal pigment epithelial cells through cytokines released from recruited macrophages/microglia: another mechanism of complement activation in age-related macular degeneration. J Cell Physiol. 2009;220(1):119-128.
52. Anderson DH, Mullins RF, Hageman GS, Johnson LV. A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134(3):411-431.
53. Loeffler K, Edward D, Tso M. Immunoreactivity against tau, amyloid precursor protein, and beta-amyloid in the human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36(1):24-31.
54. Johnson LV, Leitner WP, Rivest AJ, Staples MK, Radeke MJ, Anderson DH. The Alzheimer’s A beta-peptide is deposited at sites of complement activation in pathologic deposits associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(18):11830-11835.
55. Ohno-Matsui K. Parallel findings in age-related macular degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2011;30(4):217-238.
56. Ding JD, Lin J, Mace BE, Herrmann R, Sullivan P, Bowes Rickman C. Targeting age-related macular degeneration with Alzheimer’s disease based immunotherapies: anti-amyloid-beta antibody attenuates pathologies in an age-related macular degeneration mouse model. Vision Res. 2008;48(3):339-345.
57. Ding JD, Johnson LV, Herrmann R, et al. Anti-amyloid therapy protects against retinal pigmented epithelium damage and vision loss in a model of age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(28):E279-E287.
58. Catchpole I, Germaschewski V, Hoh Kam J, et al. Systemic administration of Abeta mAb reduces retinal deposition of Abeta and activated complement C3 in age-related macular degeneration mouse model. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e65518.
59. Butovsky O, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Kunis G, et al. Glatiramer acetate fights against Alzheimer’s disease by inducing dendritic-like microglia expressing insulin-like growth factor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(31):11784-11789.
60. Landa G, Butovsky O, Shoshani J, Schwartz M, Pollack A. Weekly vaccination with Copaxone (glatiramer acetate) as a potential therapy for dry age-related macular degeneration. Curr Eye Res. 2008;33(11):1011-1013.
61. Landa G, Rosen RB, Patel A, et al. Qualitative spectral OCT/SLO analysis of drusen change in dry age-related macular degeneration patients treated with Copaxone. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2011;27(1):77-82.
62. Ratnapriya R, Chew EY. Age-related macular degeneration-clinical review and genetics update. Clin Genet. 2013;84(2):160-166.
63. Tuo J, Grob S, Zhang K, Chan CC. Genetics of immunological and inflammatory components in age-related macular degeneration. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2012;20(1):27-36.
64. Mones J. The MAHALO Phase II Results. Lampalizumab (Anti-factor D) in Patients with Geographic Atrophy. South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc; 2014.
65. Wong WT, Dresner S, Forooghian F, et al. Treatment of geographic atrophy with subconjunctival sirolimus: results of a phase I/II clinical trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(4):2941-2950.
66. Bowes Rickman C, Farsiu S, Toth CA, Klingeborn M. Dry age-related macular degeneration: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(14):ORSF68-ORSF80.
67. Combadière C, Feumi C, Raoul W, et al. CX3CR1-dependent subretinal microglia cell accumulation is associated with cardinal features of age-related macular degeneration. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:2920-2928.
68. Lutty GA, Bhutto I, Seddon J, McLeod D. Mast cell degranulation in AMD choroid. Invest Ophtalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54. [ARVO E-Abstract 3051].
69. Ebrahimi KB, Handa JT. Lipids, lipoproteins, and age-related macular degeneration. J Lipids. 2011;2011:802059.
70. Tabas I, Williams KJ, Borén J. Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications. Circulation. 2007;116(16):1832-1844.
71. Curcio CA, Johnson M, Huang JD, Rudolf M. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in retinal aging and age-related macular degeneration. J Lipid Res. 2010;51(3):451-467.
72. Gehlbach P, Li T, Hatef E. Statins for age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;3:CD006927.
73. Mata NL, Lichter JB, Vogel R, Han Y, Bui TV, Singerman LJ. Investigation of oral fenretinide for treatment of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2013;33(3):498-507.
74. Zhang K, Hopkins JJ, Heier JS, et al. Ciliary neurotrophic factor delivered by encapsulated cell intraocular implants for treatment of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(15):6241-6245.
75. Lai RK, Chun T, Hasson D, Lee S, Mehrbod F, Wheeler L. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist protects retinal function after acute retinal ischemic injury in the rat. Vis Neurosci. 2002;19(2):175-185.
76. Collier RJ, Wang Y, Smith SS, et al. Complement deposition and microglial activation in the outer retina in light-induced retinopathy: inhibition by a 5-HT1A agonist. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(11):8108-8116.
77. Cohen SY, Bourgeois H, Corbe C, et al. Randomized clinical trial France DMLA2: effect of trimetazidine on exudative and nonexudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina. 2012;32(4):834-843.
78. Pemp B, Garhofer G, Lasta M, Schmidl D, Wolzt M, Schmetterer L. The effects of moxaverine on ocular blood flow in patients with age-related macular degeneration or primary open angle glaucoma and in healthy control subjects. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(2):139-145.
79. Harris A, Kagemann L, Ehrlich R, Ehrlich Y, López CR, Purvin VA. The effect of sildenafil on ocular blood flow. Br J Opthalmol. 2008;92(4):469-473.
80. Pan CK, Heilweil G, Lanza R, Schwartz SD. Embryonic stem cells as a treatment for macular degeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13(8):1125-1133.
81. Carr AJ, Smart MJ, Ramsden CM, Powner MB, Da Cruz L, Coffey PJ. Development of human embryonic stem cell therapies for age-related macular degeneration. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(7):385-395.
82. Pearson RA, Barber AC, Rizzi M, et al. Restoration of vision after transplantation of photoreceptors. Nature. 2012;485:99-103.
83. Singh MS, Charbel Issa P, Butler R, et al. Reversal of end-stage retinal degeneration and restoration of visual function by photoreceptor transplantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(3):1101-1106.
84. Priya RR, Chew EY, Swaroop A. Genetic studies of age-related macular degeneration: lessons, challenges, and opportunities for disease management. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(12):2526-2536.
85. Gorin MB. Genetic insights into age-related macular degeneration: controversies addressing risk, causality, and therapeutics. Mol Aspects Med. 2012;33(4):467-486.
86. Yehoshua Z, de Amorim Garcia Filho CA, Nunes RP, et al. Systemic complement inhibition with eculizumab for geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration: the COMPLETE study. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(3):693-701.