Reactivation and lytic replication of EBV

Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 403-433

  Kenney, Shannon C ^a,b  

^a Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929262107     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511545313.026     Document Type: Chapter

References (312)

1. Adamson, A. L. and Kenney, S. C. (1998). Rescue of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 mutant, Z(S186A), early gene activation defect by the BRLF1 gene product. Virology, 251(1), 187-197.
2. Adamson, A. L. and Kenney, S. (1999). The Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 protein interacts physically and functionally with the histone acetylase CREB-binding protein. J. Virol., 73(8), 6551-6558.
3. Adamson, A. L. and Kenney, S. (2001). Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BZLF1 is SUMO-1 modified and dis-rupts promyelocytic leukemia bodies. J. Virol., 75(5), 2388-2399.
4. Adamson, A. L., Darr, D., Holley-Guthrie, E. et al. (2000). Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early proteins BZLF1 and BRLF1 activate the ATF2 transcription factor by increasing the levels of phos-phorylated p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases. J. Virol., 74(3), 1224-1233.
5. Adler, B., Schaadt, E., Kempkes, B., Zimber-Strobl, U., Baier, B., and Bornkamm, G. W. (2002). Control of Epstein-Barr virus reac-tivation by activated CD40 and viral latent membrane protein 1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 99(1), 437-442.
6. Ahsan, N., Kanda, T., Nagashima, K., and Takada, K. (2005). Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein LMP1 plays a critical role in virus production. J. Virol., 79, 4415-4424.
7. Ambinder, R. F., Robertson, K. D., and Tao, Q. (1999). DNA methy-lation and the Epstein-Barr virus. Semin. Cancer Biol., 9(5), 369-375.
8. Andersson, J., Skoldenberg, B., Henle, W. et al. (1987). Acyclovir treatment in infectious mononucleosis: A clinical and virolog-ical study. Infection, 15 Suppl 1, S14-S20.
9. Baumann, M., Mischak, H., Dammeier, S. et al. (1998). Acti-vation of the Epstein-Barr virus transcription factor BZLF1 by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced phospho-rylation. J. Virol., 72(10), 8105-8114.
10. Baumann, M., Feederle, R., Kremmer, E., and Hammerschmidt, W. (1999). Cellular transcription factors recruit viral replication proteins to activate the Epstein-Barr virus origin of lytic DNA replication, oriLyt. EMBO J., 18(21), 6095-6105.
11. Bell, P., Lieberman, P. M., and Maul, G. G. (2000). Lytic but not latent replication of epstein-barr virus is associated with PML and induces sequential release of nuclear domain 10 proteins. J. Virol., 74(24), 11800-11810.
12. Bellows, D. S., Howell, M., Pearson, C., Hazlewood, S. A., and Hard-wick, J. M. (2002). Epstein-Barr virus BALF1 is a BCL-2-like antagonist of the herpesvirus antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins. J. Virol., 76(5), 2469-2479.
13. Bernardi, R. and Pandol?, P. P. (2003). Role of PML and the PML-nuclear body in the control of programmed cell death. Onco-gene, 22(56), 9048-9057.
14. Bhende, P. M., Seaman, W. T., Delecluse, H. J., and Kenney, S. C. (2004). The EBV lytic switch protein, Z, preferentially binds to and activates the methylated viral genome. Nat.Genet., 36(10), 1099-1104.
15. Biggin, M., Bodescot, M., Perricaudet, M., and Farrell, P. (1987). Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in P3HR1-superinfected Raji cells. J. Virol., 61(10), 3120-3132.
16. Binne, U. K., Amon, W., and Farrell, P. J. (2002). Promoter sequences required for reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus from latency. J. Virol., 76(20), 10282-10289.
17. Borras, A. M., Strominger, J. L., and Speck, S. H. (1996). Charac-terization of the ZI domains in the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 gene promoter: Role in phorbol ester induction. J. Virol., 70(6), 3894-3901.
18. Borza, C. M. and Hutt-Fletcher, L. M. (2002). Alternate replication in B cells and epithelial cells switches tropism of Epstein-Barr virus. Nat. Med., 8(6), 594-599.
19. Boyer, J. L., Swaminathan, S., and Silverstein, S. J. (2002). The Epstein-Barr virus SM protein is functionally similar to ICP27 from herpes simplex virus in viral infections. J. Virol., 76(18), 9420-9433.
20. Boyle, S. M., Ruvolo, V., Gupta, A. K., and Swaminathan, S. (1999). Association with the cellular export receptor CRM 1 mediates function and intracellular localization of Epstein-Barr virus SM protein, a regulator of gene expression. J. Virol., 73(8), 6872-6881.
21. Bryant, H. and Farrell, P. J. (2002). Signal transduction and tran-scription factor modi?cation during reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus from latency. J. Virol., 76(20), 10290-10298.
22. Buisson, M., Manet, E., Trescol-Biemont, M. C., Gruffat, H., Durand, B., and Sergeant, A. (1989). The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early protein EB2 is a posttranscriptional activator expressed under the control of EBV transcription factors EB1 and R. J. Virol., 63(12), 5276-5284.
23. Buisson, M., Hans, F., Kusters, I., Duran, N., and Sergeant, A. (1999). The C-terminal region but not the Arg-X-Pro repeat of Epstein-Barr virus protein EB2 is required for its effect on RNA splicing and transport. J. Virol., 73(5), 4090-4100.
24. Cai, X., Schafer, A., Lu, S. et al. (2006). Epstein-Barr virus microRNAs are evolutionarily conserved and differentially expressed. PLoS Pathog. 2(3), 236-247.
25. Carey, M., Kolman, J., Katz, D. A., Gradoville, L., Barberis, L., and Miller, G. (1992). Transcriptional synergy by the Epstein-Barr virus transactivator ZEBRA. J. Virol., 66(8), 4803-4813.
26. Cayrol, C. and Flemington, E. K. (1995). Identification of cellular target genes of the Epstein-Barr virus transactivator Zta: Acti-vation of transforming growth factor beta igh3 (TGF-beta igh3) and TGF-beta 1. J. Virol., 69(7), 4206-4212.
27. Cayrol, C. and Flemington, E. (1996a). G0/G1 growth arrest medi-ated by a region encompassing the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain of the Epstein-Barr virus transactivator Zta. J. Biol. Chem., 271(50), 31799-31802.
28. Cayrol, C. and Flemington, E. K. (1996b). The Epstein-Barr virus bZIP transcription factor Zta causes G0/G1 cell cycle arrest through induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. EMBO J., 15(11), 2748-2759.
29. Chang, P. J., Chang, Y. S., and Liu, S. T. (1998). Role of Rta in the translation of bicistronic BZLF1 of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol., 72(6), 5128-5136.
30. Chang, P. J. and Liu, S. T. (2001). Function of the intercistronic region of BRLF1-BZLF1 bicistronic mRNA in translating the zta pro-tein of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol., 75(3), 1142-1151.
31. Chang, Y. N., Dong, D. L., Hayward, G. S., and Hayward, S. D. (1990). The Epstein-Barr virus Zta transactivator: A member of the bZIP family with unique DNA-binding speci?city and a dimer-ization domain that lacks the characteristic heptad leucine zipper motif. J. Virol., 64(7), 3358-3369.
32. Chatila, T., Ho, N., Liu, P. et al. (1997). The Epstein-Barr virus-induced Ca2+-/calmodulin-dependent kinase type IV/Gr promotes a Ca2(+)-dependent switch from latency to viral replication. J. Virol., 71(9), 6560-6567.
33. Chee, A. V., Lopez, P., Pandol?, P. P., and Roizman, B. (2003). Promyelocytic leukemia protein mediates interferon-based anti-herpes simplex virus 1 effects. J. Virol., 77(12), 7101-7105.
34. Chen, C. J., Deng, Z., Kim, A. Y., Blobel, G. A., and Lieberman, P. M. (2001a). Stimulation of CREB binding protein nucleosomal histone acetyltransferase activity by a class of transcriptional activators. Mol. Cell. Biol., 21(2), 476-487.
35. Chen, L., Liao, G., Fujimuro, M., Semmes, O. J., and Hayward, S. D. (2001b). Properties of two EBV Mta nuclear export sig-nal sequences. Virology, 288(1), 119-128.
36. Chen, M. R., Chang, S. J., Huang, H., and Chen, J. Y. (2000). A pro-tein kinase activity associated with Epstein-Barr virus BGLF4 phosphorylates the viral early antigen EA-D in vitro. J. Virol., 74(7), 3093-3104.
37. Chevallier-Greco, A., Gruffat, H., Manet, E., Calender, A., and Sergeant, A. (1989). The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DR enhancer contains two functionally different domains: Domain A is con-stitutive and cell speci?c, domain B is transactivated by the EBV early protein R. J. Virol., 63(2), 615-623.
38. Chi, T. and Carey, M. (1993). The ZEBRA activation domain: Mod-ular organization and mechanism of action. Mol. Cell. Biol., 13(11), 7045-7055.
39. Chi, T., Lieberman, P., Ellwood, K., and Carey, M. (1995). A general mechanism for transcriptional synergy by eukaryotic activa-tors. Nature, 377(6546), 254-257.
40. Cho, M. S., Milman, G., and Hayward, S. D. (1985). A second Epstein-Barr virus early antigen gene in BamHI fragment M encodes a 48-to 50-kilodalton nuclear protein. J. Virol., 56(3), 860-866.
41. Cohen, J. I. (1999). The biology of Epstein-Barr virus: Lessons learned from the virus and the host. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 11(4), 365-370.
42. Cohen, J. I. (2000). Epstein-Barr virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 343(7), 481-492.
43. Cohen, J. I. and Lekstrom, K. (1999). Epstein-Barr virus BARF1 pro-tein is dispensable for B-cell transformation and inhibits alpha interferon secretion from mononuclear cells. J. Virol., 73(9), 7627-7632.
44. Cook, I. D., Shanahan, F., and Farrell, P. J. (1994). Epstein-Barr virus SM protein. Virology, 205(1), 217-227.
45. Countryman, J. and Miller, G. (1985). Activation of expression of latent Epstein-Barr herpesvirus after gene transfer with a small cloned subfragment of heterogeneous viral DNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 82(12), 4085-4089.
46. Countryman, J., Jenson, H., Seibl, R., Wolf, H., and Miller, G. (1987). Polymorphic proteins encoded within BZLF1 of defective and standard Epstein-Barr viruses disrupt latency. J. Virol., 61(12), 3672-3679.
47. Cox, M. A., Leahy, J., and Hardwick, J. M. (1990). An enhancer within the divergent promoter of Epstein-Barr virus responds synergistically to the R and Z transactivators. J. Virol., 64(1), 313-321.
48. Daibata, M. and Sairenji, T. (1993). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication and expressions of EA-D (BMRF1 gene product), virus-speci?c deoxyribonuclese, and DNA polymerase in EBV-activated Akata cells. Virology, 196(2), 900-904.
49. Daibata, M., Humphreys, R. E., and Sairenji, T. (1992). Phosphory-lation of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 immediate-early gene product ZEBRA. Virology, 188(2), 916-920.
50. Daibata, M., Speck, S. H., Mulder, C., and Sairenji, T. (1994). Regu-lation of the BZLF1 promoter of Epstein-Barr virus by second messengers in anti-immunoglobulintreated B cells. Virology, 198(2), 446-454.
51. Darenkov, I. A., Marcarelli, M. A., Basadonna, G. P. et al. (1997). Reduced incidence of Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder using preemptive antiviral therapy. Transplantation, 64(6), 848-852.
52. Darr, C. D., Mauser, A., and Kenney, S. (2001). Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BRLF1 induces the lytic form of viral replication through a mechanims involving phosphatidy-linositol-3 kinase activation. J. Virol., 75(13), 6135-6142.
53. Datta, A. K. and Hood, R. E. (1981). Mechanism of inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication by phosphonoformic acid. Virology, 114(1), 52-59.
54. Datta, A. K., Colby, B. M., Shaw, J. E., and Pagano, J. S. (1980). Acy-clovir inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 77(9), 5163-5166.
55. Davie, J. R. (2003). Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate. J. Nutr., 133(7 Suppl), 2485S-2493S.
56. Deng, Z., Chen, C. J., Zerby, D., Delecluse, H. J., and Lieberman, P. M. (2001). Identification of acidic and aromatic residues in the Zta activation domain essential for Epstein-Barr virus reac-tivation. J. Virol., 75(21), 10334-10347.
57. Deng, Z., Chen, C. J., Chamberlin, M. et al. (2003). The CBP bro-modomain and nucleosome targeting are required for Zta-directed nucleosome acetylation and transcription activation. Mol. Cell. Biol., 23(8), 2633-2644.
58. Dent, P., Yacoub, A., Fisher, P. B., Hagan, M. P., and Grant, S. (2003). MAPK pathways in radiation responses. Oncogene, 22(37), 5885-5896.
59. El-Guindy, A. S., Heston, L., Endo, Y., Cho, M. S., and Miller, G. (2002). Disruption of Epstein-Barr virus latency in the absence of phosphorylation of ZEBRA by protein kinase C. J. Virol., 76(22), 11199-11208.
60. EI-Guindy, A. S. and Miller, G. (2004). Phosphorylation of Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA protein at its casein kinase 2 sites mediates its ability to repress activation of a viral lytic cycle late gene by Rta. J. Virol., 78(14):7634-7644.
61. EI-Guindy, A. S., Paek, S. Y., Countryman, J., and Miller, G. (2006). Identification of constitutive phosphorylation sites on the Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA protein. J. Biol. Chem., 281(6), 3085-3095.
62. Faggioni, A., Zompetta, C., Grimaldi, S., Barile, G., Frati, L., and Lazdins, J. (1986). Calcium modulation activates Epstein-Barr virus genome in latently infected cells. Science, 232(4757), 1554-1556.
63. Fahmi, H., Cochet, C., Hmama, Z., Opolon, P., and Joab, I. (2000). Transforming growth factor beta 1 stimulates expression of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 immediate-early gene product ZEBRA by an indirect mechanism which requires the MAPK kinase pathway. J. Virol., 74(13), 5810-5818.
64. Falk, K. I. and Ernberg, I. (1999). Demethylation of the Epstein-Barr virus origin of lytic replication and of the immediate early gene BZLF1 is DNA replication independent. Brief report. Arch. Virol., 144(11), 2219-2227.
65. Faller, D. V., Mentzer, S. J., and Perrine, S. P. (2001). Induction of the Epstein-Barr virus thymidine kinase gene with concomitant nucleoside antivirals as a therapeutic strategy for Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies. Curr. Opin. Oncol., 13(5), 360-367.
66. Fan, M. and Chambers, T. C. (2001). Role of mitogen-activated pro-tein kinases in the response of tumor cells to chemotherapy. Drug Resist. Updat., 4(4), 253-267.
67. Farina, A., Feederle, R., Raffa, S. et al. (2005). BFRF1 of Epstein-Barr virus is essential for ef?cient primary viral envelopment and egress. J. Virol., 3703-3712.
68. Farjot, G., Buisson, M., Duc Dodon, M., Gazzolo, L., Sergeant, A., and Mikaelian, I. (2000). Epstein-Barr virus EB2 protein exports unspliced RNA via a Crm-1-independent pathway. J. Virol., 74(13), 6068-6076.
69. Farmer, D. G., McDiarmid, S. V., Winston, D. et al. (2002). Effective-ness of aggressive prophylatic and preemptive therapies tar-geted against cytomegaloviral and Epstein-Barr viral disease after human intestinal transplantation. Transpl. Proc., 34(3), 948-949.
70. Farrell, P. J., Rowe, D. T., Rooney, C. M., and Kouzarides, T. (1989). Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 trans-activator speci?cally binds to a consensus AP-1 site and is related to c-fos. EMBO. J., 8(1), 127-132.
71. Faulkner, G. C., Krajewski, A. S., and Crawford, D. H. (2000). The ins and outs of EBV infection. Trends Microbiol. 8(4), 185-189.
72. Feederle, R., Kost, M., Baumann, M. et al. (2000). The Epstein-Barr virus lytic program is controlled by the co-operative functions of two transactivators. EMBO J. 19(12), 3080-3089.
73. Feng, W. H., Israel, B., Raab-Traub, N., Busson, P., and Kenney, S. C. (2002a). Chemotherapy induces lytic EBV replication and con-fers ganciclovir susceptibility to EBV-positive epithelial cell tumors. Cancer Res., 62(6), 1920-1926.
74. Feng, W. H., Westphal, E., Mauser, A. et al. (2002b). Use of aden-ovirus vectors expressing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early protein BZLF1 or BRLF1 to treat EBV-positive tumors. J. Virol., 76(21), 10951-10959.
75. Feng, W. H., Hong, G., Delecluse, H. J., and Kenney, S. C. (2004). Lytic Induction therapy for Epstein-Barr virus-positive B-cell lymphomas. J. Virol., 78(4), 1893-1902.
76. Fixman, E. D., Hayward, G. S., and Hayward, S. D. (1992). trans-acting requirements for replication of Epstein-Barr virus ori-Lyt. J. Virol., 66(8), 5030-5039.
77. Fixman, E. D., Hayward, G. S., and Hayward, S. D.(1995). Replication of Epstein-Barr virus oriLyt: Lack of a dedicated virally encoded rigin-binding protein and dependence on Zta in cotransfec-tion assays. J. Virol., 69(5), 2998-3006.
78. Flamand, L. and Menezes, J. (1996). Cyclic AMP-responsive element-dependent activation of Epstein-Barr virus zebra promoter by human herpesvirus 6. J. Virol., 70(3), 1784-1791.
79. Fleischmann, J., Kremmer, E., Greenspan, J. S., Grasser, F. A., and Niedobitek, G. (2002). Expression of viral and human dUTPase in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases. J. Med. Virol., 68(4), 568-573.
80. Flemington, E. and Speck, S. H. (1990a). Autoregulation of Epstein-Barr virus putative lytic switch gene BZLF1. J. Virol., 64(3), 1227-1232.
81. Flemington, E. and Speck, S. H. (1990b). Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 trans activator induces the promoter of a cellular cognate gene, c-fos. J. Virol., 64(9), 4549-4552.
82. Flemington, E. and Speck, S. H. (1990c). Evidence for coiled-coil dimer formation by an Epstein-Barr virus transactivator that lacks a heptad repeat of leucine residues. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 87(23), 9459-9463.
83. Flemington, E. and Speck, S. H. (1990d). Identification of phor-bol ester response elements in the promoter of Epstein-Barr virus putative lytic switch gene BZLF1. J. Virol., 64(3), 1217-1226.
84. Flemington, E. K., Goldfeld, A. E., and Speck, S. H. (1991). Ef?cient transcription of the Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early BZLF1 and BRLF1 genes requires protein synthesis. J. Virol., 65(12), 7073-7077.
85. Flemington, E. K., Borras, A. M., Lytle, J. P., and Speck, S. H. (1992). Characterization of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 pro-tein transactivation domain. J. Virol., 66(2), 922-929.
86. Flemington, E. K., Lytle, J. P., Cayrol, C., Borras, A. M., and Speck, S. H. (1994). DNA-binding-defective mutants of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic switch activator Zta transactivate with altered speci?cities. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14(5), 3041-3052.
87. Fong, I. W., Ho, J., Toy, C., Lo, B., and Fong, M. W. (2000). Value of long-term administration of acyclovir and similar agents for protecting against AIDS-related lymphoma: Case-control and historical cohort studies. Clin. Infect. Dis., 30(5), 757-761.
88. Francis, A. L., Gradoville, L., and Miller, G. (1997). Alteration of a single serine in the basic domain of the Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA protein separates its functions of transcriptional activation and disruption of latency. J. Virol., 71(4), 3054-3061.
89. Francis, A., Ragoczy, T., Gradoville, L., Heston, L., El-Guindy, A., Endo, Y., and Miller, G. (1999). Amino acid substitutions reveal distinct functions of serine 186 of the ZEBRA protein in activa-tion of early lytic cycle genes and synergy with the Epstein-Barr virus R transactivator. J. Virol., 73(6), 4543-4551.
90. Fu, Z. and Cannon, M. J. (2000). Functional analysis of the CD4(+) T-cell response to Epstein-Barr virus: T-cell-mediated activa-tion of resting B cells and induction of viral BZLF1 expression. J. Virol., 74(14), 6675-6679.
91. Fujii, K., Yokoyama, N., Kiyono, T. et al. (2000). The Epstein-Barr virus pol catalytic subunit physically interacts with the BBLF4-BSLF1-BBLF2/3 complex. J. Virol., 74(6), 2550-2557.
92. Furnari, F. B., Zacny, V., Quinlivan, E. B., Kenney, S., and Pagano, J. S. (1994). RAZ, an Epstein-Barr virus transdominant repres-sor that modulates the viral reactivation mechanism. J. Virol., 68(3), 1827-1836.
93. Furukawa, F., Matsuzaki, K., Mori, S. et al. (2003). p38 MAPK medi-ates ?brogenic signal through Smad3 phosphorylation in rat myo?broblasts. Hepatology, 38(4), 879-889.
94. Gan, Y. J., Razzouk, B. I., Su, T., and Sixbey, J. W. (2002). A defective, rearranged Epstein-Barr virus genome in EBER-negative and EBER-positive Hodgkin's disease. Am. J. Pathol., 160(3), 781-786.
95. Gao, X., Tajima, M., and Sairenji, T. (1999). Nitric oxide down-regulates Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in epithelial cell lines. Virology, 258(2), 375-381.
96. Gao, X., Ikuta, K., Tajima, M., and Sairenji, T. (2001). 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induces Epstein-Barr virus reactivation via NF-kappaB and AP-1 as regulated by pro-tein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Virology, 286(1), 91-99.
97. Gao, Z., Krithivas, A., Finan, J. E., Semmes, O. J., Zhou, S., Wang, Y., and Hayward, S. D. (1998). The Epstein-Barr virus lytic trans-activator Zta interacts with the helicase-primase replication proteins. J. Virol., 72(11), 8559-8567.
98. Gershburg, E. and Pagano, J. S. (2002). Phosphorylation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA polymerase processivity factor EA-D by the EBV-encoded protein kinase and effects of the L-riboside benzimidazole 1263W94. J. Virol., 76(3), 998-1003.
99. Glaser, G., Vogel, M., Wolf, H., and Niller, H. H. (1998). Regula-tion of the Epstein-Barr viral immediate early BRLF1 promoter through a distal NF1 site. Arch. Virol., 143(10), 1967-1983.
100. Goldfeld, A. E., Liu, P., Liu, S., Flemington, E. K., Strominger, J. L., and Speck, S. H. (1995). Cyclosporin A and FK506 block induction of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle by anti-immunoglobulin. Virology, 209(1), 225-229.
101. Gonella, R., Farina, A., Santarelli, R. et al. (2005). Characterization and intracellular localization of the Epstein-Barr virus protein BFLF2: Interactions with BFRF1 and with the nuclear lamina. J. Virol., 79, 3713-3727.
102. Gong, M. and Kieff, E. (1990). Intracellular traf?cking of two major Epstein-Barr virus glycoproteins, gp350/220 and gp110. J. Virol., 64, 1507-1516.
103. Gonzalez, C. M., Wong, E. L., Bowser, B. S., Hong, G. K., Kenney, S., and Damania, B. (2006). Identification and characterization of the Orf49 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J. Virol., 80(6), 3062-3070.
104. Grab, L. T., Kearns, M. W., Morris, A. J., and Daniel, L. W. (2004). Differential role for phospholipase D1 and phospholipase D2 in 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate-stimulated MAPK activation, Cox-2 and IL-8 expression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1636(1), 29-39.
105. Gradoville, L., Grogan, E., Taylor, N., and Miller, G. (1990). Differences in the extent of activation of Epstein-Barr virus replicative gene expression among four nonproducer cell lines stably transformed by oriP/BZLF1 plasmids. Virology, 178(2), 345-354.
106. Gradoville, L., Kwa, D., El-Guindy, A., and Miller, G. (2002). Protein kinase C-independent activation of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle. J. Virol., 76(11), 5612-5626.
107. Green, M., Reyes, J., Webber, S., and Rowe, D. (2001). The role of antiviral and immunoglobulin therapy in the prevention of Epstein-Barr virus infection and post-transplant lympho-proliferative disease following solid organ transplantation. Transpl. Infect. Dis., 3(2), 97-103.
108. Greenspan, J. S., Greenspan, D., Lennette, E. T. et al. (1985). Repli-cation of Epstein-Barr virus within the epithelial cells of oral “hairy” leukoplakia, an AIDS-associated lesion. N. Engl. J. Med., 313(25), 1564-1571.
109. Grogan, E., Jenson, H., Countryman, J., Heston, L., Gradoville, L., and Miller, G. (1987). Transfection of a rearranged viral DNA fragment, WZhet, stably converts latent Epstein-Barr viral infection to productive infection in lymphoid cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 84(5), 1332-1336.
110. Gruffat, H. and Sergeant, A. (1994). Characterization of the DNA-binding site repertoire for the Epstein-Barr virus transcription factor R. Nucl. Acids Res., 22(7), 1172-1178.
111. Gruffat, H., Manet, E., Rigolet, A., and Sergeant, A. (1990). The enhancer factor R of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a sequence-speci?c DNA binding protein. Nucl. Acids Res., 18(23), 6835-6843.
112. Gruffat, H., Duran, N., Buisson, M., Wild, F., Buckland, R., and Sergeant, A. (1992). Characterization of an R-binding site mediating the R-induced activation of the Epstein-Barr virus BMLF1 promoter. J. Virol., 66(1), 46-52.
113. Gruffat, H., Renner, O., Pich, D., and Hammerschmidt, W. (1995). Cellular proteins bind to the downstream component of the lytic origin of DNA replication of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol., 69(3), 1878-1886.
114. Gruffat, H., Batisse, J., Pich, D. et al. (2002a). Epstein-Barr virus mRNA export factor EB2 is essential for production of infec-tious virus. J. Virol., 76(19), 9635-9644.
115. Gruffat, H., Manet, E., and Sergeant, A. (2002b). MEF2-mediated recruitment of class II HDAC at the EBV immediate early gene BZLF1 links latency and chromatin remodeling. EMBO Rep., 3(2), 141-146.
116. Gutierrez, M. I., Judde, J. G., Magrath, I. T., and Bhatia, K. G. (1996). Switching viral latency to viral lysis: A novel therapeutic approach for Epstein-Barr virus-associated neoplasia. Cancer Res., 56(5), 969-972.
117. Gutsch, D. E., Holley-Guthrie, E. A., Zhang, Q. et al. (1994). The bZIP transactivator of Epstein-Barr virus, BZLF1, functionally and physically interacts with the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14(3), 1939-1948.
118. Haan, K. M., Lee, S. K., and Longnecker, R. (2001). Different func-tional domains in the cytoplasmic tail of glycoprotein gB are involved in Epstein-Barr virus induced membrane fusion. Virology, 290, 106-114.
119. Hahn, A. M., Huye, L. E., Ning, S., Webster-Cyriaque, J., and Pagano, J. S. (2005). Interferon regulatory factor 7 is negatively regu-lated by the Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early gene, BZLF1. J. Virol., 79(15), 10040-10052.
120. Hammerschmidt, W. and Sugden, B. (1988). Identification and characterization of oriLyt, a lytic origin of DNA replication of Epstein-Barr virus. Cell, 55(3), 427-433.
121. Hardwick, J. M., Lieberman, P. M., and Hayward, S. D. (1988). A new Epstein-Barr virus transactivator, R, induces expression of a cytoplasmic early antigen. J. Virol., 62(7), 2274-2284.
122. Hardwick, J. M., Tse, L., Applegren, N., Nicholas, J., and Veliuona, M. A. (1992). The Epstein-Barr virus R transactivator (Rta) con-tains a complex, potent activation domain with properties different from those of VP16. J. Virol., 66(9), 5500-5508.
123. Hayakawa, J., Depatie, C., Ohmichi, M., and Mercola, D. (2003). The activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) by DNA-damaging agents serves to promote drug resistance via acti-vatingtranscriptionfactor 2 (ATF2)-dependentenhanced DNA repair. J. Biol. Chem., 278(23), 20582-20592.
124. Henderson, S., Huen, D., Rowe, M., Dawson, C., Johnson, G., and Rickinson, A. (1993). Epstein-Barr virus-coded BHRF1 protein, a viral homologue of Bcl-2, protects human B cells from pro-grammed cell death. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 90(18), 8479-8483.
125. Herrmann, K., Frangou, P., Middeldorp, J., and Niedobitek, G. (2002). Epstein-Barr virus replication in tongue epithelial cells. J. Gen. Virol., 83(12), 2995-2998.
126. Herrold, R. E., Marchini, A., Frueling, S., and Longnecker, R. (1995). Glycoprotein 110, the Epstein-Barr virus homolog of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B, is essential for Epstein-Barr virus replication in vivo. J. Virol., 70, 2049-2054.
127. Hiriart, E., Bardouillet, L., Manet, E. et al. (2003a). A region of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) mRNA export factor EB2 containing an arginine-rich motif mediates direct binding to RNA. J. Biol. Chem., 278(39), 37790-37798.
128. Hiriart, E., Farjot, G., Gruffat, H., Nguyen, M. V., Sergeant, A., and Manet, E. (2003b). A novel nuclear export signal and a REF interaction domain both promote mRNA export by the Epstein-Barr virus EB2 protein. J. Biol. Chem., 278(1), 335-342.
129. Hislop, A. D., Annels, N. E., Gudgeon, N. H., Leese, A. M., and Rickin-son, A. B. (2002). Epitope-speci?c evolution of human CD8(+) T cell responses from primary to persistent phases of Epstein-Barr virus infection. J. Exp. Med., 195(7), 893-905.
130. Holley-Guthrie, E. A., Quinlivan, E. B., Mar, E. C., and Kenney, S. (1990). The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BMRF1 promoter for early antigen (EA-D) is regulated by the EBV transactivators, BRLF1 and BZLF1, in a cell-speci?c manner. J. Virol., 64(8), 3753-3759.
131. Hong, G. K., Kumar, P., Damania, B. et al. (2005). Epstein-Barr virus lytic infection is required for ef?cient production of the angiogenesis factor vascular endothelial growth factor in lym-phoblastoid cell lines. J. Virol., 79(22), 13984-13992.
132. Hong, G. K., Gulley, M. L., Feng, W. H., Delecluse, H. J., Holley-Guthrie, E., and Kenney, S.C. (2005). Epstein-Barr virus lytic infection contributes to lymphoproliferative disease in a SCID mouse model. J. Virol., 79(22), 13993-14003.
133. Hong, G. K., Delecluse, H.-J., Gruffat, H., Morrison, T. E., Feng, W., and Kenney, S. C. (2004). The BRRF1 early gene of Epstein-Barr virus encodes a transcription factor that enhances induction of lytic infection by BRLF1. J. Virol., 78(10), in press.
134. Hong, Y., Holley-Guthrie, E., and Kenney, S. (1997). The bZip dimerization domain of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 (Z) pro-tein mediates lymphoid-speci?c negative regulation. Virology, 229(1), 36-48.
135. Hsu, D. H., de Waal Malefyt, R., Fiorentino, D. F. et al. (1990). Expres-sion of interleukin-10 activity by Epstein-Barr virus protein BCRF1. Science, 250(4982), 830-832.
136. Huang, J., Chen, H., Hutt-Fletcher, L., Ambinder, R. F., and Hay-ward, S. D. (2003). Lytic viral replication as a contributor to the detection of Epstein-Barr virus in breast cancer. J. Virol., 77(24), 13267-13274.
137. Ikuta, K., Satoh, Y., Hoshikawa, Y., and Sairenji, T. (2000). Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in salivas and throat washings in healthy adults and children. Microbes Infect., 2(2), 115-120.
138. Inman, G. J., Binne, U. K., Parker, G. A., Farrell, P. J., and Allday, M. J. (2001). Activators of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic program con-comitantly induce apoptosis, but lytic gene expression pro-tects from cell death. J. Virol., 75(5), 2400-2410.
139. Ionescu, A. M., Schwarz, E. M., Zuscik, M. J. et al. (2003). ATF-2 cooperates with Smad3 to mediate TGF-beta effects on chon-drocyte maturation. Exp. Cell. Res., 288(1), 198-207.
140. Israel, B. F. and Kenney, S. C. (2003). Virally targeted therapies for EBV-associated malignancies. Oncogene, 22(33), 5122-5130.
141. Israele, V., Shirley, P., and Sixbey, J. W. (1991). Excretion of the Epstein-Barr virus from the genital tract of men. J. Infect. Dis., 163(6), 1341-1343.
142. Iwakiri, D. and Takada, K. (2004). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is a determinant of responsiveness to B cell antigen receptor-mediated Epstein-Barr virus activation. J. Immunol., 172(3), 1561-1566.
143. Jenkins, P. J., Binne, U. K., and Farrell, P. J. (2000). Histone acetylation and reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus from latency. J. Virol., 74(2), 710-720.
144. Jenson, H. B. (2000). Acute complications of Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis. Curr. Opin. Pediatr., 12(3), 263-268.
145. Johannsen, E., Luftig, M., Chase, M. R. et al. (2004). Proteins of puri?ed EBV. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101(46), 16286-16291.
146. Karimi, L., Crawford, D. H., Speck, S., and Nicholson, L. J. (1995). Identification of an epithelial cell differentiation responsive region within the BZLF1 promoter of the Epstein-Barr virus. J. Gen. Virol., 76(4), 759-765.
147. Kato, K., Kawaguchi, Y., Tanaka, M. et al. (2001). Epstein-Barr virus-encoded protein kinase BGLF4 mediates hyperphosphoryla-tion of cellular elongation factor 1delta (EF-1delta): EF-1delta is universally modified by conserved protein kinases of her-pesviruses in mammalian cells. J. Gen. Virol., 82(6), 1457-1463.
148. Kato, K., Yokoyama, A., Tohya, Y., Akashi, H., Nishiyama, Y., and Kawaguchi, Y. (2003). Identification of protein kinases respon-sible for phosphorylation of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear anti-gen leader protein at serine-35, which regulates its coactivator function. J. Gen. Virol., 84(12), 3381-3392.
149. Kawaguchi, Y., Kato, K., Tanaka, M., Kanamori, M., Nishiyama, Y., and Yamanashi, Y. (2003). Conserved protein kinases encoded by herpesviruses and cellular protein kinase cdc2 target the same phosphorylation site in eukaryotic elongation factor 1delta. J. Virol., 77(4), 2359-2368.
150. Kawanishi, M. (1995). Nitric oxide inhibits Epstein-Barr virus DNA replication and activation of latent EBV. Intervirology, 38(3-4), 206-213.
151. Keating, S., Prince, S., Jones, M., and Rowe, M. (2002). The lytic cycle of Epstein-Barr virus is associated with decreased expression of cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I and class II molecules. J. Virol., 76(16), 8179-8188.
152. Kenney, S., Holley-Guthrie, E., Mar, E. C., and Smith, M. (1989a). The Epstein-Barr virus BMLF1 promoter contains an enhancer element that is responsive to the BZLF1 and BRLF1 transacti-vators. J. Virol., 63(9), 3878-3883.
153. Kenney, S., Kamine, J., Holley-Guthrie, E., Lin, J. C., Mar, E. C., and Pagano, J. (1989b). The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BZLF1 immediate-early gene product differentially affects latent ver-sus productive EBV promoters. J. Virol., 63(4), 1729-1736.
154. Kenney, S., Kamine, J., Holley-Guthrie, E. et al. (1989c). The Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early gene product, BMLF1, acts in trans by a posttranscriptional mechanism which is reporter gene dependent. J. Virol., 63(9), 3870-3877.
155. Kiehl, A., and Dorsky, D. I. (1991). Cooperation of EBV DNA poly-merase and EAD(BMRF1) in vitro and colocalization in nuclei of infected cells. Virology, 184(1), 330-340.
156. Kiehl, A., and Dorsky, D. I. (1995). Bipartite DNA-binding region of the Epstein-Barr virus BMRF1 product essential for DNA polymerase accessory function. J. Virol., 69(3), 1669-1677.
157. Kouzarides, T., Packham, G., Cook, A., and Farrell, P. J. (1991). The BZLF1 protein of EBV has a coiled coil dimerisation domain without a heptad leucine repeat but with homology to the C/EBP leucine zipper. Oncogene, 6(2), 195-204.
158. Krappmann, D., Patke, A., Heissmeyer, V., and Scheidereit, C.(2001). B-cell receptor-and phorbol ester-induced NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in B cells requires novel protein kinase C's. Mol. Cell. Biol., 21(19), 6640-6650.
159. Kraus, R. J., Mirocha, S. J., Stephany, H. M., Puchalski, J. R., and Mertz, J. E. (2001). Identification of a novel element involved in regulation of the lytic switch BZLF1 gene promoter of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol., 75(2), 867-877.
160. Kraus, R. J., Perrigoue, J. G., and Mertz, J. E. (2003). ZEB negatively regulates the lytic-switch BZLF1 gene promoter of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol., 77(1), 199-207.
161. Kudoh, A., Fujita, M., Kiyono, T. et al. (2003). Reactivation of lytic replication from B cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus occurs with high S-phase cyclin-dependent kinase activ-ity while inhibiting cellular DNA replication. J. Virol., 77(2), 851-861.
162. Kudoh, A., Daikoku, T., Sugaya, Y. et al. (2004). Inhibition of S-phase cyclin-dependent kinase activity blocks expression of Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early and early genes, preventing viral lytic replication. J. Virol., 78(1), 104-115.
163. Laichalk, L. L. and Thorley-Lawson, D. A. (2005). Terminal differ-entiation into plasma cells initiates the replicative cycle of Epstein-Barr virus in vivo. J. Virol., 79(2), 1296-307
164. Lake, C. M. and Hutt-Fletcher, L. M. (2000). Epstein-Barr virus that lacks glycoprotein gN is impaired in assembly and infection. J. Virol., 74, 11162-11172.
165. Lake, C. M. and Hutt-Fletcher, L. M. (2004). The Epstein-Barr virus BFRF1 and BFLF2 proteins interact and coexpression alters their cellular localization. Virology, 320, 99-106.
166. Lau, R., Middeldorp, J., and Farrell, P. J. (1993). Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in oral hairy leukoplakia. Virology, 195(2), 463-474.
167. Le Roux, F., Sergeant, A., and Corbo, L. (1996). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EB1/Zta protein provided in trans and competent for the activation of productive cycle genes does not activate the BZLF1 gene in the EBV genome. J. Gen. Virol., 77, 501-509.
168. Li, M., Linseman, D. A., Allen, M. P. et al. (2001). Myocyte enhancer factor 2A and 2D undergo phosphorylation and caspase-mediated degradation during apoptosis of rat cerebellar gran-ule neurons. J. Neurosci., 21(17), 6544-6552.
169. Li, Q. X., Young, L. S., Niedobitek, G. et al. (1992). Epstein-Barr virus infection and replication in a human epithelial cell system. Nature, 356(6367), 347-350.
170. Li, Y., Webster-Cyriaque, J., Tomlinson, C. C., Yohe, M., and Ken-ney, S. (2004). Fatty acid synthase expression is induced by the Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BRLF1 and required for lytic viral gene expression. J. Virol., 78(8), in press.
171. Liang, C. L., Chen, J. L., Hsu, Y. P., Ou, J. T., and Chang, Y. S. (2002). Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 gene is activated by trans-forming growth factor-beta through cooperativity of Smads and c-Jun/c-Fos proteins. J. Biol.Chem., 277(26), 23345-23357.
172. Liao, G., Wu, F. Y., and Hayward, S. D. (2001). Interaction with the Epstein-Barrvirushelicasetargets Ztato DNAreplicationcom-partments. J. Virol., 75(18), 8792-8802.
173. Lieberman, P. M. and Berk, A. J. (1990). In vitro transcriptional activation, dimerization, and DNA-binding speci?city of the Epstein-Barr virus Zta protein. J. Virol., 64(6), 2560-2568.
174. Lieberman, P. M. and Berk, A. J. (1991). The Zta trans-activator pro-tein stabilizes TFIID association with promoter DNA by direct protein-protein interaction. Genes Dev., 5(12B), 2441-2454.
175. Lieberman, P. M. and Berk, A. J. (1994). A mechanism for TAFs in transcriptional activation: Activation domain enhancement of TFIID-TFIIA-promoter DNA complex formation. Genes Dev., 8(9), 995-1006.
176. Lieberman, P. M., Hardwick, J. M., and Hayward, S. D. (1989). Responsiveness of the Epstein-Barr virus NotI repeat promoter to the Z transactivator is mediated in a cell-type-speci?c man-ner by two independent signal regions. J. Virol., 63(7), 3040-3050.
177. Lieberman, P. M., Hardwick, J. M., Sample, J., Hayward, G. S., and Hayward, S. D. (1990). The zta transactivator involved in induction of lytic cycle gene expression in Epstein-Barr virus-infected lymphocytes binds to both AP-1 and ZRE sites in target promoter and enhancer regions. J. Virol., 64(3), 1143-1155.
178. Lieberman, P. M., Ozer, J., and Gursel, D. B. (1997). Requirement for transcription factor IIA (TFIIA)-TFIID recruitment by an activator depends on promoter structure and template com-petition. Mol. Cell. Biol., 17(11), 6624-6632.
179. Lin, J. C. and Machida, H. (1988). Comparison of two bromovinyl nucleoside analogs, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil and E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2-deoxyuridine, with acyclovir in inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 32(7), 1068-1072.
180. Lin, J. C., Nelson, D. J., Lambe, C. U., and Choi, E. I. (1986). Metabolic activation of 9([2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethoxy]methy1)guanine in human lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol., 60(2), 569-573.
181. Lin, J. C., DeClercq, E., and Pagano, J. S. (1987). Novel acyclic adeno-sineanalogsinhibit Epstein-Barrvirusreplication. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 31(9), 1431-1433.
182. Ling, P. D., Lednicky, J. A., Keitel, W. A. et al. (2003). The dynamics of herpesvirus and polyomavirus reactivation and shedding in healthy adults: A 14-month longitudinal study. J. Infect. Dis., 187(10), 1571-1580.
183. Littler, E., and Arrand, J. R. (1988). Characterization of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded thymidine kinase expressed in heterol-ogous eucaryotic and procaryotic systems. J. Virol., 62(10), 3892-3895.
184. Littler, E., Zeuthen, J., McBride, A. A. et al. (1986). Identification of an Epstein-Barr virus-coded thymidine kinase. EMBOJ., 5(8), 1959-1966.
185. Liu, C., Sista, N. D., and Pagano, J. S. (1996). Activation of the Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase promoter by the BRLF1 immediate-early protein is mediated through USF and E2F. J. Virol., 70(4), 2545-2555.
186. Liu, P. and Speck, S. H. (2003). Synergistic autoactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early BRLF1 promoter by Rta and Zta. Virology, 310(2), 199-206.
187. Liu, P., Liu, S., and Speck, S. H. (1998). Identification of a negative cis element within the ZII domain of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic switch BZLF1 gene promoter. J. Virol., 72(10), 8230-8239.
188. Liu, S., Borras, A. M., Liu, P., Suske, G., and Speck, S. H. (1997a). Binding of the ubiquitous cellular transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3 to the ZI domains in the Epstein-Barr virus lytic switch BZLF1 gene promoter. Virology, 228(1), 11-18.
189. Liu, S., Liu, P., Borras, A., Chatila, T., and Speck, S. H. (1997b). Cyclosporin A-sensitive induction of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic switch is mediated via a novel pathway involving a MEF2 family member. EMBO J., 16(1), 143-153.
190. Lu, J., Chen, S. Y., Chua, H. H. et al. (2000). Upregulation of tyro-sine kinase TKT by the Epstein-Barr virus transactivator Zta. J. Virol., 74(16), 7391-7399.
191. Lu, J., Chua, H. H., Chen, S. Y., Chen, J. Y., and Tsai, C. H. (2003). Reg-ulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 by Epstein-Barr virus proteins. Cancer Res., 63(1), 256-262.
192. Lucht, E., Biberfeld, P., and Linde, A. (1995). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in saliva and EBV serology of HIV-1-infected per-sons with and without hairy leukoplakia. J. Infect., 31(3), 189-194.
193. MacCallum, P., Karimi, L., and Nicholson, L. J. (1999). De?nition of the transcription factors which bind the differentiation responsive element of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 Z pro-moter in human epithelial cells. J. Gen.Virol., 80(6), 1501-1512.
194. Malouf, M. A., Chhajed, P. N., Hopkins, P., Plit, M., Turner, J., and Glanville, A. R. (2002). Anti-viral prophylaxis reduces the incidence of lymphoproliferative disease in lung transplant recipients. J. Heart Lung Transpl., 21(5), 547-554.
195. Manet, E., Gruffat, H., Trescol-Biemont, M. C. et al. (1989). Epstein-Barr virus bicistronic mRNAs generated by facultative splicing code for two transcriptional trans-activators. EMBO J., 8(6), 1819-1826.
196. Manet, E., Rigolet, A., Gruffat, H., Giot, J. F., and Sergeant, A. (1991). Domains of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transcription factor R required for dimerization, DNA binding and activation. Nucl. Acids Res., 19(10), 2661-2667.
197. Manet, E., Allera, C., Gruffat, H., Mikaelian, I., Rigolet, A., and Sergeant, A. (1993). The acidic activation domain of the Epstein-Barr virus transcription factor R interacts in vitro with both TBP and TFIIB and is cell-speci?cally potentiated by a prolinerich region. Gene Expr., 3(1), 49-59.
198. Mansouri, A., Ridgway, L. D., Korapati, A. L. et al. (2003). Sustained activation of JNK/p38 MAPK pathways in response to cisplatin leads to Fas ligand induction and cell death in ovarian carci-noma cells. J. Biol. Chem., 278(21), 19245-19256.
199. Marschall, M., Stein-Gerlach, M., Freitag, M., Kupfer, R, van den Bogaard, M., and Stamminger, T. (2002). Direct targeting of human cytomegalovirus protein kinase pUL97 by kinase inhibitors is a novel principle for antiviral therapy. J. Gen. Virol., 83(5), 1013-1023.
200. Marshall, W. L., Yim, C., Gustafson, E. et al. (1999). Epstein-Barr virus encodes a novel homolog of the bcl-2 oncogene that inhibits apoptosis and associates with Bax and Bak. J. Virol., 73(6), 5181-5185.
201. Matthews, R. P., Guthrie, C. R., Wailes, L. M., Zhao, X., Means, A. R., and McKnight, G. S. (1994). Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase types II and IV differentially regulate CREB-dependent gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14(9), 6107-6116.
202. Mauser, A., Holley-Guthrie, E., Simpson, D., Kaufmann, W., and Kenney, S. (2002a). The Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BZLF1 induces both a G(2) and a mitotic block. J. Virol. 76(19), 10030-10037.
203. Mauser, A., Holley-Guthrie, E., Zanation, A. et al. (2002b). The Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BZLF1 induces expression of E2F-1 and other proteins involved in cell cycle progression in primary keratinocytes and gastric carcinoma cells. J. Virol., 76(24), 12543-12552.
204. Mauser, A., Saito, S., Appella, E., Anderson, C. W., Seaman, W. T., and Kenney, S. (2002c). The Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BZLF1 regulates p53 function through multiple mechanisms. J. Virol., 76(24), 12503-12512.
205. McDiarmid, S. V., Jordan, S., Kim, G. S. et al. (1998). Prevention and preemptive therapy of postransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver recipients. Transplantation, 66(12), 1604-1611.
206. McKinsey, T. A., Zhang, C. L., Lu, J., and Olson, E. N. (2000). Signal-dependent nuclear export of a histone deacetylase regulates muscle differentiation. Nature, 408(6808), 106-111.
207. Meerbach, A., Holy, A., Wutzler, P., De Clercq, E., and Neyts, J. (1998). Inhibitory effects of novel nucleoside and nucleotide analogues on Epstein-Barr virus replication. Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 9(3), 275-282.
208. Mellinghoff, I., Daibata, M., Humphreys, R. E., Mulder, C., Takada, K., and Sairenji, T. (1991). Early events in Epstein-Barr virus genome expression after activation: Regulation by second mes-sengers of B cell activation. Virology, 185(2), 922-928.
209. Mentzer, S. J., Fingeroth, J., Reilly, J. J., Perrine, S. P., and Faller, D. V. (1998). Arginine butyrate-induced susceptibility to gan-ciclovir in an Epstein-Barr-virus-associated lymphoma. Blood Cells Mol. Dis., 24(2), 114-119.
210. Mentzer, S. J., Perrine, S. P., and Faller, D. V. (2001). Epstein-Barr virus post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease and virus-speci?c therapy: Pharmacological reactivation of viral target genes with arginine butyrate. Transpl. Infect. Dis., 3(3), 177-185.
211. Mettenleiter, T. C. (2002). Herpesvirus assembly and egress. J. Virol., 76(4), 1537-1547.
212. Mikaelian, I., Manet, E., and Sergeant, A. (1993). The bZIP motif of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transcription factor EB1 mediates a direct interaction with TBP. CR Acad. Sci. III, 316(12), 1424-1432.
213. Miller, C. L., Lee, J. H., Kieff, E., Burkhardt, A. L., Bolen, J. B., and Longnecker, R. (1994a). Epstein-Barr virus protein LMP2A regulates reactivation from latency by negatively regulating tyrosine kinases involved in sIg-mediated signal transduction. Infect. Agents. Dis., 3(2-3), 128-136.
214. Miller, C. L., Lee, J. H., Kieff, E., and Longnecker, R. (1994b). An inte-gral membrane protein (LMP2) blocks reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus from latency following surface immunoglobulin crosslinking. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 91(2), 772-776.
215. Miller, C. L., Burkhardt, A. L., Lee, J. H. et al. (1995). Integral mem-brane protein 2 of Epstein-Barr virus regulates reactivation from latency through dominant negative effects on protein-tyrosine kinases. Immunity, 2(2), 155-166.
216. Miyazaki, I., Cheung, R. K., and Dosch, H. M. (1993). Viral inter-leukin 10 is critical for the induction of B cell growth transfor-mation by Epstein-Barr virus. J. Exp. Med., 178(2), 439-447.
217. Montalvo, E. A., Shi, Y., Shenk, T. E., and Levine, A. J. (1991). Neg-ative regulation of the BZLF1 promoter of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol., 65(7), 3647-3655.
218. Montalvo, E. A., Cottam, M., Hill, S., and Wang, Y. J. (1995). YY1 binds to and regulates cis-acting negative elements in the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 promoter. J. Virol., 69(7), 4158-4165.
219. Moore, S. M., Cannon, J. S., Tanhehco, Y. C., Hamzeh, F. M., and Ambinder, R. F. (2001). Induction of Epstein-Barr virus kinases o sensitize tumor cells to nucleoside analogues. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 45(7), 2082-2091.
220. Morrison, T. E. and Kenney, S. C. (2004). BZLF1, an Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein, induces p65 nuclear translo-cation while inhibiting p65 transcriptional function. Virology, 328(2), 219-232.
221. Morrison, T. E., Mauser, A., Wong, A., Ting, J. P., and Kenney, S. C. (2001). Inhibition of IFN-gamma signaling by an Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein. Immunity 15(5), 787-799.
222. Morrison, T. E., Mauser, A., Klingelhutz, A., and Kenney, S. C. (2004). Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BZLF1 inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced signaling and apoptosis by downregulating tumor necrosis factor receptor 1. J. Virol., 78(1), 544-549.
223. Niedobitek, G., Agathanggelou, A., Herbst, H., Whitehead, L., Wright, D. H., and Young, L. S. (1997). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in infectious mononucleosis: Virus latency, replica-tion and phenotype of EBV-infected cells. J. Pathol., 182(2), 151-159.
224. Niedobitek, G., Agathanggelou, A., Steven, N., and Young, L. S. (2000). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in infectious mononucleosis: Detection of the virus in tonsillar B lymphocytes but not in desquamated oropharyngeal epithelial cells. Mol. Pathol., 53(1), 37-42.
225. Nonkwelo, C. B. and Long, W. K. (1993). Regulation of Epstein-Barr virus BamHI-H divergent promoter by DNA methylation. Virology, 197(1), 205-215.
226. Oertel, S. H., Ruhnke, M. S., Anagnostopoulos, I. et al. (1999). Treat-ment of Epstein-Barr virus-induced posttransplantation lym-phoproliferative disorder with foscarnet alone in an adult after simultaneous heart and renal transplantation. Transplanta-tion, 67(5), 765-767.
227. Packham, G., Economou, A., Rooney, C. M., Rowe, D. T., and Farrell, P. J. (1990). Structure and function of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 protein. J. Virol., 64(5), 2110-2116.
228. Paulson, E. J. and Speck, S. H. (1999). Differential methylation of Epstein-Barr virus latency promoters facilitates viral persis-tence in healthy seropositive individuals. J. Virol., 73(12), 9959-9968.
229. Paulson, E. J., Fingeroth, J. D., Yates, J. L., and Speck, S. H. (2002). Methylation of the EBV genome and establishment of restricted latency in low-passage EBV-infected 293 epithelial cells. Virology, 299(1), 109-121.
230. Pegtel, D. M., Middeldorp, J., and Thorley-Lawson, D. A. (2004). Epstein-Barr virus infection in ex vivo tonsil epithelial cell cul-tures of asymptomatic carriers. J. Virol., 78(22), 12613-12624.
231. Petosa, C., Morand, P., Baudin, F., Moulin, M., Artero, J. B., and Muller, C. W. (2006). Structural basis of lytic cycle activation by the Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA protein. Mol. Cell., 21(4), 565-572.
232. Pfeffer, S., Zavolan, M., Grasser, F. A. et al. (2004). Identification of virus-encoded microRNAs. Science, 304(5671), 734-736.
233. Poppers, J., Mulvey, M., Perez, C., Khoo, D., and Mohr, I. (2003). Identification of a lytic-cycle Epstein-Barr virus gene product that can regulate PKR activation. J. Virol., 77(1), 228-236.
234. Portes-Sentis, S., Sergeant, A., and Gruffat, H. (1997). A particular DNA structure is required for the function of a cis-acting com-ponent of the Epstein-Barr virus OriLyt origin of replication. Nucl. Acids Res., 25(7), 1347-1354.
235. Quinlivan, E. B., Holley-Guthrie, E. A., Norris, M., Gutsch, D., Bachenheimer, S. L., and Kenney, S. C. (1993). Direct BRLF1 binding is required for cooperative BZLF1/BRLF1 activation of the Epstein-Barr virus early promoter, BMRF1. Nucl. Acids Res., 21(14), 1999-2007.
236. Ragoczy, T. and Miller, G. (1999). Role of the Epstein-Barr virus RTA protein in activation of distinct classes of viral lytic cycle genes. J. Virol., 73(12), 9858-9866.
237. Ragoczy, T. and Miller, G. (2001). Autostimulation of the Epstein-Barr virus BRLF1 promoter is mediated through consensus Sp1 and Sp3 binding sites. J. Virol., 75(11), 5240-5251.
238. Ragoczy, T., Heston, L., and Miller, G. (1998). The Epstein-Barr virus Rta protein activates lytic cycle genes and can disrupt latency in B lymphocytes. J. Virol., 72(10), 7978-7984.
239. Resnick, L., Herbst, J. S., and Raab-Traub, N. (1990). Oral hairy leukoplakia. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 22(6 Pt 2), 1278-1282.
240. Rodriguez, A., Armstrong, M., Dwyer, D., and Flemington, E. (1999). Genetic dissection of cell growth arrest functions mediated by the Epstein-Barr virus lytic gene product, Zta. J. Virol., 73(11), 9029-9038.
241. Rodriguez, A., Jung, E. J., and Flemington, E. K. (2001a). Cell cycle analysis of Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells following treat-ment with lytic cycle-inducing agents. J. Virol., 75(10), 4482-4489.
242. Rodriguez, A., Jung, E. J., Yin, Q., Cayrol, C., and Flemington, E. K. (2001b). Role of cmyc regulation in Zta-mediated induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 and cell growth arrest. Virology, 284(2), 159-169.
243. Rooney, C., Taylor, N., Countryman, J., Jenson, H., Kolman, J., and Miller, G. (1988). Genome rearrangements activate the Epstein-Barr virus gene whose product disrupts latency. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 85(24), 9801-9805.
244. Rooney, C. M., Rowe, D. T., Ragot, T., and Farrell, P. J. (1989). The spliced BZLF1 gene of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transactivates an early EBV promoter and induces the virus productive cycle. J. Virol., 63(7), 3109-3116.
245. Rousset, F., Garcia, E., Defrance, T. et al. (1992). Interleukin 10 is a potent growth and differentiation factor for activated human B lymphocytes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 89(5), 1890-1893.
246. Roychowdhury, S., Peng, R., Baiocchi, R. A. et al. (2003). Experimen-tal treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer Res., 63(5), 965-971.
247. Ruvolo, V., Wang, E., Boyle, S., and Swaminathan, S. (1998). The Epstein-Barr virus nuclear protein SM is both a post-transcriptional inhibitor and activator of gene expression. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95(15), 8852-8857.
248. Ruvolo, V., Gupta, A. K., and Swaminathan, S. (2001). Epstein-Barr virus SM protein interacts with mRNA in vivo and mediates a gene-speci?c increase in cytoplasmic mRNA. J. Virol., 75(13), 6033-6041.
249. Ruvolo, V., Navarro, L., Sample, C. E., David, M., Sung, S., and Swaminathan, S. (2003). The Epstein-Barr virus SM protein induces STAT1 and interferon-stimulated gene expression. J. Virol., 77(6), 3690-3701.
250. Ruvolo, V., Sun, L., Howard, K. et al. (2004). Functional analysis of Epstein-Barr virus SM protein: Identification of amino acids essential for structure, transactivation, splicing inhibition, and virion production. J. Virol., 78(1), 340-352.
251. Salek-Ardakani, S., Arrand, J. R., and Mackett, M. (2002). Epstein-Barr virus encoded interleukin-10 inhibits HLA-class I, ICAM-1, and B7 expression on human monocytes: Implications for immune evasion by EBV. Virology, 304(2), 342-351.
252. Salomoni, P. and Pandol?, P. P. (2002). The role of PML in tumor suppression. Cell, 108(2), 165-170.
253. Sarisky, R. T., Gao, Z., Lieberman, P. M., Fixman, E. D., Hayward, G. S., and Hayward, S. D. (1996). A replication function associ-ated with the activation domain of the Epstein-Barr virus Zta transactivator. J. Virol., 70(12), 8340-8347.
254. Satoh, T., Hoshikawa, Y., Satoh, Y., Kurata, T., and Sairenji, T. (1999). The interaction of mitogen-activated protein kinases to Epstein-Barr virus activation in Akata cells. Virus Genes, 18(1), 57-64.
255. Schepers, A., Pich, D., and Hammerschmidt, W. (1993a). A tran-scription factor with homology to the AP-1 family links RNA transcription and DNA replication in the lytic cycle of Epstein-Barr virus. EMBO J., 12(10), 3921-3929.
256. Schepers, A., Pich, D., Mankertz, J., and Hammerschmidt, W. (1993b). Cis-acting elements in the lytic origin of DNA replica-tion of Epstein-Barr virus. J. Virol., 67(7), 4237-4245.
257. Schepers, A., Pich, D., and Hammerschmidt, W. (1996). Activation of oriLyt, the lytic origin of DNA replication of Epstein-Barr virus, by BZLF1. Virology, 220(2), 367-376.
258. Semmes, O. J., Chen, L., Sarisky, R. T., Gao, Z., Zhong, L., and Hay-ward, S. D. (1998). Mta has properties of an RNA export protein and increases cytoplasmic accumulation of Epstein-Barr virus replication gene mRNA. J. Virol., 72(12), 9526-9534.
259. Serio, T. R., Cahill, N., Prout, M. E., and Miller, G. (1998). A function-ally distinct TATA box required for late progression through the Epstein-Barr virus life cycle. J. Virol., 72(10), 8338-8343.
260. Serio, T. R., Kolman, J. L., and Miller, G. (1997). Late gene expression from the Epstein-Barr virus BcLF1 and BFRF3 promoters does not require DNA replication in cis. J. Virol., 71(11), 8726-8734.
261. Shannon-Lowe, C. D., Neuhierl, B., Baldwin, G., Rickinson, A. B., and Delecluse, H. J. (2006). Resting B cells as a transfer vehicle for Epstein-Barr virus infection of epithelial cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 103(18), 7065-7070.
262. Shen, B. and Goodman, H. M. (2004). Uridine addition after microRNA-directed cleavage. Science, 306(5698), 997.
263. Shimizu, N. and Takada, K. (1993). Analysis of the BZLF1 promoter of Epstein-Barr virus: Identification of an anti-immunoglobulin response sequence. J. Virol., 67(6), 3240-3245.
264. Shu, C. H., Chang, Y. S., Liang, C. L., Liu, S. T., Lin, C. Z., and Chang, P. (1992). Distribution of type A and type B EBV in normal indi-viduals and patients with head and neck carcinomas in Taiwan. J. Virol. Methods, 38(1), 123-130.
265. Sinclair, A. J., Brimmell, M., Shanahan, F., and Farrell, P. J. (1991). Pathways of activation of the Epstein-Barr virus productive cycle. J. Virol., 65(5), 2237-2244.
266. Sista, N. D., Pagano, J. S., Liao, W., and Kenney, S. (1993). Retinoic acid is a negative regulator of the Epstein-Barr virus protein (BZLF1) that mediates disruption of latent infection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 90(9), 3894-3898.
267. Sixbey, J. W., Lemon, S. M., and Pagano, J. S. (1986). A second site for Epstein-Barr virus shedding: The uterine cervix. Lancet, 2(8516), 1122-1124.
268. Speck, S. H., Chatila, T., and Flemington, E. (1997). Reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus: Regulation and function of the BZLF1 gene. Trends Microbiol., 5(10), 399-405.
269. Steven, N. M., Annels, N. E., Kumar, A., Leese, A. M., Kurilla, M. G., and Rickinson, A. B. (1997). Immediate early and early lytic cycle proteins are frequent targets of the Epstein-Barr virus-induced cytotoxic T cell response. J. Exp. Med., 185(9), 1605-1617.
270. Strockbine, L. D., Cohen, J. I., Farrah, T. et al. (1998). The Epstein-Barr virus BARF1 gene encodes a novel, soluble colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor. J. Virol., 72(5), 4015-4021.
271. Stuart, A. D., Stewart, J. P., Arrand, J. R., and Mackett, M. (1995). The Epstein-Barr virus encoded cytokine viral interleukin-10 enhances transformation of human B lymphocytes. Oncogene, 11(9), 1711-1719.
272. Swaminathan, S., Hesselton, R., Sullivan, J., and Kieff, E. (1993). Epstein-Barr virus recombinants with speci?cally mutated BCRF1 genes. J. Virol., 67(12), 7406-7413.
273. Swenson, J. J., Mauser, A. E., Kaufmann, W. K., and Kenney, S. C. (1999). The Epstein-Barr virus protein BRLF1 activates S phase entry through E2F1 induction. J. Virol., 73(8), 6540-6550.
274. Swenson, J. J., Holley-Guthrie, E., and Kenney, S. C. (2001). Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early protein BRLF1 interacts with CBP, promoting enhanced BRLF1 transactivation. J. Virol., 75(13), 6228-6234.
275. Szyf, M., Eliasson, L., Mann, V., Klein, G., and Razin, A. (1985). Cel-lular and viral DNA hypomethylation associated with induc-tion of Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 82(23), 8090-8094.
276. Takada, K. and Ono, Y. (1989). Synchronous and sequential activa-tion of latently infected Epstein-Barr virus genomes. J. Virol., 63(1), 445-449.
277. Takada, K., Shimizu, N., Sakuma, S., and Ono, Y. (1986). Trans activa-tion of the latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome after trans-fection of the EBV DNA fragment. J. Virol., 57(3), 1016-1022.
278. Takagi, S., Takada, K., and Sairenji, T. (1991). Formation of intranu-clear replication compartments of Epstein-Barr virus with redistribution of BZLF1 and BMRF1 gene products. Virology, 185(1), 309-315.
279. Tao, Q., Srivastava, G., Chan, A. C., Chung, L. P., Loke, S. L., and Ho, F. C. (1995). Evidence for lytic infection by Epstein-Barr virus in mucosal lymphocytes instead of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in normal individuals. J. Med. Virol., 45(1), 71-77.
280. Tarodi, B., Subramanian, T., and Chinnadurai, G. (1994). Epstein-Barr virus BHRF1 protein protects against cell death induced by DNA-damaging agents and heterologous viral infection. Virology, 201(2), 404-407.
281. Taylor, N., Countryman, J., Rooney, C., Katz, D., and Miller, G. (1989). Expression of the BZLF1 latency-disrupting gene dif-fers in standard and defective Epstein-Barr viruses. J. Virol., 63(4), 1721-1728.
282. Thomas, C., Dankesreiter, A., Wolf, H., and Schwarzmann, F. (2003). The BZLF1 promoter of Epstein-Barr virus is controlled by E box-/HI-motif-binding factors during virus latency. J. Gen. Virol., 84(4), 959-964.
283. Torre, D. and Tambini, R. (1999). Acyclovir for treatment of infec-tious mononucleosis: A meta-analysis. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 31(6), 543-547.
284. Tovey, M. G., Lenoir, G., and Begon-Lours, J. (1978). Activation of latent Epstein-Barr virus by antibody to human IgM. Nature, 276(5685), 270-272.
285. Tsurumi, T., Daikoku, T., Kurachi, R., and Nishiyama, Y. (1993). Functional interaction between Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase catalytic subunit and its accessory subunit in vitro. J. Virol., 67(12), 7648-7653.
286. Tsurumi, T., Daikoku, T., and Nishiyama, Y. (1994). Further char-acterization of the interaction between the Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase catalytic subunit and its accessory subunitwith regard to the 3?-to-5? exonucleolytic activity and stabil-ity of initiation complex at primer terminus. J. Virol., 68(5), 3354-3363.
287. Urier, G., Buisson, M., Chambard, P., and Sergeant, A. (1989). The Epstein-Barr virus early protein EBI activates transcription from different responsive elements including AP-1 binding sites. EMBO J., 8(5), 1447-1453.
288. Walling, D. M., Edmiston, S. N., Sixbey, J. W., Abdel-Hamid, M., Resnick, L., and Raab-Traub, N. (1992). Coinfection with mul-tiple strains of the Epstein-Barr virus in human immunode?-ciency virus-associated hairy leukoplakia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 89(14), 6560-6564.
289. Walling, D. M., Flaitz, C. M., Nichols, C. M., Hudnall, S. D., and Adler-Storthz, K. (2001). Persistent productive Epstein-Barr virus replication in normal epithelial cells in vivo. J. Infect. Dis., 184(12), 1499-1507.
290. Walling, D. M., Brown, A. L., Etienne, W., Keitel, W. A., and Ling, P. D. (2003a). Multiple Epstein-Barr virus infections in healthy individuals. J. Virol., 77(11), 6546-6550.
291. Walling, D. M., Flaitz, C. M., and Nichols, C. M. (2003b). Epstein-Barr virus replication in oral hairy leukoplakia: Response, per-sistence, and resistance to treatment with valacyclovir. J. Infect. Dis., 188(6), 883-890.
292. Wang, Y. C., Huang, J. M., and Montalvo, E. A. (1997). Characteri-zation of proteins binding to the ZII element in the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 promoter: Transactivation by ATF1. Virology, 227(2), 323-330.
293. Westphal, E. M., Mauser, A., Swenson, J., Davis, M. G., Talarico, C. L., and Kenney, S. C. (1999). Induction of lytic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in EBV-associated malignancies using adenovirusvectorsinvitroandinvivo. Cancer Res., 59(7), 1485-1491.
294. Westphal, E. M., Blackstock, W., Feng, W., Israel, B., and Kenney, S. C. (2000). Activation of lytic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection by radiation and sodium butyrate in vitro and in vivo: A potential method for treating EBV-positive malignancies. Cancer Res., 60(20), 5781-5788.
295. Wu, F. Y., Chen, H., Wang, S. E. et al. (2003). CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha interacts with ZTA and mediates ZTA-induced p21(CIP-1) accumulation and G(1) cell cycle arrest during the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle. J. Virol., 77(2), 1481-1500.
296. Yoshizaki, T., Sato, H., Murono, S., Pagano, J. S., and Furukawa, M. (1999). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 is induced by the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 transactivator. Clin. Exp. Metastasis, 17(5), 431-436.
297. Young, L. S., Lau, R., Rowe, M. et al. (1991). Differentiation-associated expression of the Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 transac-tivator protein in oral hairy leukoplakia. J. Virol., 65(6), 2868-2874.
298. Yuan, J., Cahir-McFarland, E., Zhao, B., and Kieff, E. (2006). Virus and cell RNAs expressed during Epstein-Barr virus replication J. Virol., 80(5), 2548-2565.
299. Zacny, V. L., Wilson, J., and Pagano, J. S. (1998). The Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early gene product, BRLF1, interacts with the retinoblastoma protein during the viral lytic cycle. J. Virol., 72(10), 8043-8051.
300. Zalani, S., Holley-Guthrie, E. A., Gutsch, D. E., and Kenney, S. C. (1992). The Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early promoter BRLF1 can be activated by the cellular Sp1 transcription factor. J. Virol., 66(12), 7282-7292.
301. Zalani, S., Holley-Guthrie, E., and Kenney, S. (1995). The Zif268 cel-lular transcription factor activates expression of the Epstein-Barr virus immediate-early BRLF1 promoter. J. Virol., 69(6), 3816-3823.
302. Zalani, S., Holley-Guthrie, E., and Kenney, S. (1996). Epstein-Barr viral latency is disrupted by the immediate-early BRLF1 pro-tein through a cell-speci?c mechanism. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 93(17), 9194-9199.
303. Zalani, S., Coppage, A., Holley-Guthrie, E., and Kenney, S. (1997). The cellular YY1 transcription factor binds a cis-acting, nega-tively regulating element in the Epstein-Barr virus BRLF1 pro-moter. J. Virol., 71(4), 3268-3274.
304. Zerby, D., Chen, C. J., Poon, E., Lee, D., Shiekhattar, R., and Lieber-man, P. M. (1999). The amino-terminal C/H1 domain of CREB binding protein mediates zta transcriptional activation of latent Epstein-Barr virus. Mol. Cell. Biol., 19(3), 1617-1626.
305. Zetterberg, H., Jansson, A., Rymo, L. et al. (2002). The Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA protein activates transcription from the early lytic F promoter by binding to a promoter-proximal AP-1-like site. J. Gen. Virol., 83(8), 2007-2014.
306. Zhang, Q., Gutsch, D., and Kenney, S. (1994). Functional and physical interaction between p53 and BZLF1: Implications for Epstein-Barr virus latency. Mol. Cell. Biol., 14(3), 1929-1938.
307. Zhang, Q., Hong, Y., Dorsky, D. et al. (1996). Functional and physi-cal interactions between the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins BZLF1 and BMRF1: Effects on EBV transcription and lytic repli-cation. J. Virol., 70(8), 5131-5142.
308. Zhang, Q., Holley-Guthrie, E., Ge, J. Q., Dorsky, D., and Kenney, S. (1997). The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA polymerase acces-sory protein, BMRF1, activates the essential downstream com-ponent of the EBV oriLyt. Virology, 230(1), 22-34.
309. Zhang, Q., Holley-Guthrie, E., Dorsky, D., and Kenney, S. (1999a). Identification of transactivator and nuclear local-ization domains in the Epstein-Barr virus DNA poly-merase accessory protein, BMRF1. J. Gen. Virol., 80(1), 69-74.
310. Zhang, Q., Wang, Y. C., and Montalvo, E. A. (1999b). Smubp-2 represses the Epstein-Barr virus lytic switch promoter. Virol-ogy, 255(1), 160-170.
311. Zimmermann, J. and Hammerschmidt, W. (1995). Structure and role of the terminal repeats of Epstein-Barr virus in pro-cessing and packaging of virion DNA. J. Virol., 69(5), 3147-3155.
312. zur Hausen, H., Oneill, F. J., Freese, U. K., and Hecker, E. (1978). Persisting oncogenic herpesvirus induced by the tumour pro-motor TPA. Nature, 272(5651), 373-375.