Psychopharmacology of atypical antipsychotic drugs: From the receptor binding profile to neuroprotection and neurogenesis

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

Volumn 69, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 243-258

  Kusumi, Ichiro ^a   Boku, Shuken ^c   Takahashi, Yoshito ^b  

^a HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b SAPPORO CITY GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Japan)

^c KOBE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

atypicality; brain derived neurotrophic factor; dopamine; glycogen synthase kinase 3 ; serotonin

Indexed keywords

2 ETHOXY 1(2H) QUINOLINECARBOXYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER; AMISULPRIDE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BLONANSERIN; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; BROMPERIDOL; BUSPIRONE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CLOCAPRAMINE; CLOSPIPRAMINE; CLOZAPINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; EMONAPRIDE; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA; HALOPERIDOL; NEUROTRANSMITTER; OLANZAPINE; PALIPERIDONE; PEROSPIRONE; PIPAMPERONE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 2C RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN 6 RECEPTOR; TANDOSPIRONE; ZIPRASIDONE; ZOTEPINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3 BETA; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR;

APOPTOSIS; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; BRAIN; DRUG EFFECTS; METABOLISM;

ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BRAIN; BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3; HUMANS; NEUROGENESIS; NEUROPROTECTION; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE; RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN;

EID: 84928548082     PISSN: 13231316     EISSN: 14401819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12242     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Klawans HL, Goetz CG, Perlik S,. Tardive dyskinesia: Review and update. Am. J. Psychiatry 1980; 137: 900-908.
2. Hippius H,. The history of clozapine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989; 99: S3-S5.
3. Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM,. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Lancet 2009; 373: 31-41.
4. Meltzer HY, Stahl SM,. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: A review. Schizophr. Bull. 1976; 2: 19-76.
5. Meltzer HY,. Long-term effects of neuroleptic drugs on the neuroendocrine system. Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 1985; 40: 59-68.
6. Bostwick JR, Guthrie SK, Ellingrod VL,. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Pharmacotherapy 2009; 29: 64-73.
7. McIntyle R, Katzman M,. The role of atypical antipsychotics in bipolar depression and anxiety disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2003; 5 (Suppl. 2): 20-35.
8. Woodward ND, Purdon SE, Meltzer HY, Zald DH,. A meta-analysis of neuropsychological change to clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005; 8: 457-472.
9. Wang C, McLnnis J, Ross-Sanchez M, Shinnick-Gallagher P, Wiley JL, Johnson KM,. Long-term behavioral and neurodegenerative effects of perinatal phencyclidine administration: Implications for schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2001; 107: 535-550.
10. Madsen TM, Kristjansen PE, Bolwig TG, Wortwein G,. Arrested neuronal proliferation and impaired hippocampal function following fractionated brain irradiation in the adult rat. Neuroscience 2003; 119: 635-642.
11. Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer HY,. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1988; 45: 789-796.
12. Meltzer HY,. Serotonergic mechanisms as targets for existing and novel antipsychotics. In:, Gross G, Geyer MA, (eds). Current Antipsychotics: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 212. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heiderberg, 2012; 87-124.
13. Meltzer HY, Matsubara S, Lee JC,. Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D1, D2, and serotonin2 pKi values. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1989; 251: 238-246.
14. Schotte A, Bonaventure P, Janssen PFM, Leysen JE,. In vitro receptor binding and in vivo receptor occupancy in rat and guinea pig brain: Risperidone compared with antipsychotics hitherto used. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 1995; 69: 399-412.
15. Schotte A, Janssen PFM, Gommeren W, et al. Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: In vitro and in vivo receptor binding. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1996; 124: 57-73.
16. Horacek J, Bubenikova-Valesova V, Kopecek M, et al. Mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotic drugs and the neurobiology of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2006; 20: 389-409.
17. Abbas AI, Hedlund PB, Huang X-P, Tran TB, Meltzer HY, Roth BL,. Amisulpride is a potent 5-HT7 antagonist: Relevance for antidepressant actions in vivo. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 205: 119-128.
18. Shapiro DA, Renock S, Arrington E, et al. Aripiprazole, a novel atypical antipsychotic drug with a unique and robust pharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 1400-1411.
19. Une T, Kurumiya S,. Pharmacological profile of blonanserin. Jpn. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2007; 10: 1263-1272.
20. 3 receptors in antipsychotic activity and cognitive functions. In:, Geyer M, Gross G, (eds). Novel Antischizophrenia Treatments: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 213. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heiderberg, 2012; 167-210.
21. Roth BL, Cragio SC, Choudhary MS, et al. Binding of typical and atypical antipsychotic agents to 5-hydroxytryptamine-6 and 5-hydroxytryptamine-7 receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994; 268: 1403-1410.
22. Schmidt AW, Lebel LA, Howard HR, Zorn SH,. Ziprasidone: A novel antipsychotic agent with a unique human receptor binding profile. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2001; 425: 197-201.
23. 2 receptor occupation by typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs in vivo. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1993; 265: 498-508.
24. 2A receptors by novel antipsychotic drug, SM-9018 and its metabolite, in rat brain. J. Neural Transm. 1998; 105: 181-191.
25. 2A receptors by sertindole in the rat brain. J. Psychiat. Neurosci. 1998; 23: 157-162.
26. Masui T, Kusumi I, Takahashi Y, Koyama T,. Effect of carbamazepine on the single oral dose pharmacokinetics of perospirone and its active metabolite. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2006; 30: 1330-1333.
27. 2 receptor antagonism. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2008; 32: 520-522.
28. Miyamoto S, Miyake N, Jarskog LF, Fleoschhacker WW, Lieberman JA,. Pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: A critical review of the pharmacology and clinical effects of current and future therapeutic agents. Mol. Psychiatry 2012; 17: 1206-1227.
29. 2 receptors induced by haloperidol in rat striatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997; 321: 163-169.
30. De Bartolomeis A, Buonaguro EF, Iasevoli F,. Serotonin-glutamate and serotonin-dopamine reciprocal interactions as putative molecular targets for novel antipsychotic treatments: From receptor heterodimers to postsynaptic scaffolding and effector proteins. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 225: 1-19.
31. Meltzer HY, Horiguchi M, Massey BW,. The role of serotonin in the NMDA receptor antagonist models of psychosis and cognitive impairment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 213: 289-305.
32. Winters BD, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ,. Implications of animal objective memory research for human amnesia. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48: 2251-2261.
33. Newman-Tancredi A,. The importance of 5-HT1A receptor agonism in antipsychotic drug action: Rationale and perspectives. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 2010; 11: 802-811.
34. McCreary AC, Jones CA,. Antipsychotic medication: The potential role of 5-HT(1A) receptor agonism. Curr. Pharma. Des. 2010; 16: 516-521.
35. Sumiyoshi T, Higuchi Y, Uehara T,. Neural basis for the ability of atypical antipsychotic drugs to improve cognition in schizophrenia. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2013; 7: 1-8.
36. Wadenberg ML,. Antagonism by 8-OH-DPAT, but not ritanserin, of catalepsy induced by SCH23390 in the rat. J. Neural Transm. 1992; 89: 49-59.
37. Kuroki T, Nagao N, Nakahata T,. Neuropharmacology of second-generation antipsychotic drugs: A validity of the serotonin-dopamine hypothesis. In:, Di Giovanni G, Di Mattero V, Esposito E, (eds). Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 172. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2008; 199-212.
38. 1A receptor agonists enhance pyramidal cell firing in prefrontal cortex through a preferential action on GABA interneurons. Cereb. Cortex 2012; 22: 1487-1497.
39. Diaz-Mataix L, Scorza M, Bortolozzi A, Toth M, Celada P, Artigas F,. Involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in prefrontal cortex in the modulation of dopaminergic activity: Role in atypical antipsychotic action. J. Neurosci. 2005; 25: 10831-10843.
40. Sumiyoshi T, Matsui M, Nohara S, et al. Enhancement of cognitive performance in schizophrenia by addition to tandospirone to neuroleptic treatment. Am. J. Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1722-1725.
41. 1A partial agonist, on cognitive function in schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Schizophr. Res. 2007; 95: 158-168.
42. Roth BL, Ciaranello RD, Meltzer HY,. Binding of typical and atypical antipsychotic agents to transiently expressed 5-HT1C receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1992; 260: 1361-1365.
43. Roth BL, Craigo SC, Choudhary MS, et al. Binding of typical and atypical antipsychotic agents to 5-hydroxytryptamine-6 and 5-hydroxytryptamine-7 receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994; 268: 1403-1410.
44. 6 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2011; 60: 201-208.
45. Gravius A, Laszy J, Pietraszek M, et al. Effects of 5-HT6 antagonists, Ro-4368554 and SB-258585, in tests used for the detection of cognitive enhancement and antipsychotic-like activity. Behav. Pharmacol. 2011; 22: 122-135.
46. Leng A, Ouagazzal A, Feldon J, Higgins GA,. Effect of the 5-HT6 receptor antagonists Ro04-6790 and Ro65-7199 on latent inhibition and prepulse inhibition in the rat: Comparison to clozapine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003; 75: 281-288.
47. Shimizu S, Mizuguchi Y, Ohno Y,. Improving the treatment of schizophrenia: Role of 5-HT receptors in modulation cognitive and extrapyramidal motor functions. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2013; 12: 861-869.
48. Pitsikas N, Zisopoulou S, Pappas I, Sakellaridis N,. The selective 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist Ro 04-6790 attenuates psychotomimetic effects of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. Behav. Brain Res. 2008; 188: 304-309.
49. Arnt J, Bang-Anderson B, Grayson B, et al. Lu AE58054, a 5-HT6 antagonist, reverses cognitive impairment induced by subchronic phencyclidine in a novel object recognition test in rats. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010; 13: 1021-1033.
50. Riemer C, Borroni E, Levet-Trafit B, et al. Influence of the 5-HT6 receptor on acetylcholine release in the cortex: Pharmacological characterization of 4-(2-bromo-6-pyrrolidin-1-ylpyridine-4-sylfonyl)phenylalanine, a potent and selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist. J. Med. Chem. 2003; 46: 1273-1276.
51. 6 receptor antagonist SB-399885 potentiates haloperidol and risperidone-induced dopamine efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex or hippocampus. Brain Res. 2007; 1134: 70-78.
52. Hedlund PB, Sutcliffe JG,. Functional, molecular and pharmacological advances in 5-HT7 receptor research. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2004; 25: 481-486.
53. Meltzer HY, Massey BW, Horiguchi M,. Serotonin receptors as targets for drugs useful to treat psychosis and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Curr. Pharma. Biotechnol. 2012; 13: 1572-1586.
54. Davis KL, Kahn RS, Ko G, Davidson M,. Dopamine in schizophrenia: A review and reconceptualization. Am. J. Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1474-1486.
55. Lynch MR,. Schizophrenia and the D1 receptor: Focus on negative symptoms. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 1992; 16: 797-832.
56. Sawaguchi T, Goldman-Rakic PS,. D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: Involvement in working memory. Science 1991; 251: 947-950.
57. Den Boer JA, van Megen HJ, Fleischhacker WW, et al. Differential effects of the D1-DA receptor antagonist SCH39166 on positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1995; 121: 317-321.
58. Seeman P,. Dopamine receptor sequences. Therapeutic levels of neuroleptics occupy D2 receptors, clozapine occupies D4. Neuropsychopharmacology 1992; 7: 261-284.
59. Kramer MS, Last B, Getson A, Reines SA,. The effects of a selective D4 dopamine receptor antagonist (L-745,870) in acutely psychotic inpatients with schizophrenia. D4 Dopamine Antagonist Group. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1997; 54: 567-572.
60. 2 receptors, yet occupy high levels of these receptors. Mol. Psychiatry 1998; 3: 123-134.
61. 2 receptor occupancy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2000; 57: 553-559.
62. Lieberman JA,. Dopamine partial agonists: A new class of antipsychotic. CNS Drugs 2004; 18: 251-267.
63. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Bonaventure P, Leysen JE,. Endogenous dopamine limits the binding of antipsychotic drugs to D3 receptors in the rat brain: A quantitative autoradiographic study. Histochem. J. 1996; 28: 791-799.
64. Gyertyan I, Saghy K,. The selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists, SB 277011-A and S33084 block haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007; 572: 171-174.
65. Millan MJ, Gressier H, Brocco M,. The dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, (+)-S 14297, blocks the cataleptic properties of haloperidol in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1997; 321: R7-R9.
66. Gross G, Wicke K, Drescher KU,. Dopamine D3 receptor antagonism-still a therapeutic option for the treatment of schizophrenia. Naunyn.-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 2013; 386: 155-166.
67. 3 agonist ropinirole in healthy males. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 194: 289-295.
68. Jeanneteau F, Funalot B, Jankovic J, et al. A functional variant of the dopamine D3 receptor is associated with risk and age-at-onset of essential tremor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006; 103: 10753-10758.
69. 3 receptor Ser9Gly polymorphism modulates prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. Biol. Psychiatry 2008; 64: 235-240.
70. Bombin I, Arango C, Mayoral M, et al. DRD3, but not COMT or DRD2, genotype affects executive functions in healthy and first-episode psychosis adolescent. Am. J. Med. Genet. 2008; 147B: 873-879.
71. Javitt DC, Zukin SR,. Recent advances in the phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1301-1308.
72. Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, et al. Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Psychotomimetic, perceptual, cognitive, and neuroendocrine responses. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1994; 51: 199-214.
73. Duncan GE, Zorn S, Lieberman JA,. Mechanisms of typical and atypical antipsychotic drug action in relation to dopamine and NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 1999; 4: 418-428.
74. Millan MJ,. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors as a target for improved antipsychotic agents: Novel insights and clinical perspectives. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179: 30-53.
75. Miyamoto S, Duncan GE, Marx CE, Lieberman JA,. Treatments for schizophrenia: A critical review of pharmacology and mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. Mol. Psychiatry 2005; 10: 79-104.
76. Zipursky RB, Lim KO, Sullivan EV, Brown BW, Pfeffer-baum A,. Widespread cerebral gray matter volume deficits in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1992; 49: 195-205.
77. Breier A, Buchanan RW, Elkashef A, Munson RC, Kirkpatrick B, Gellad F,. Brain morphology and schizophrenia. A magnetic resonance imaging study of limbic, prefrontal cortex, and caudate structures. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1992; 49: 921-926.
78. Bogerts B, Lieberman JA, Ashtari M, et al. Hippocampus-amygdala volumes and psychopathology in chronic schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 1993; 33: 236-246.
79. Schlaepfer TE, Harris GJ, Tien AY, et al. Decreased regional cortical gray matter volume in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1994; 151: 842-848.
80. Gur RE, Cowell P, Turetsky BI, et al. A follow-up magnetic resonance imaging study of schizophrenia. Relationship of neuroanatomical changes to clinical and neurobehavioral measures. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1998; 55: 145-152.
81. Pakkenberg B,. Total nerve cell number in neocortex in chronic schizophrenics and controls estimated using optical dissectors. Biol. Psychiatry 1993; 34: 768-772.
82. Akbarian S, Kim JJ, Potkin SG, et al. Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1995; 52: 258-266.
83. Benes FM, McSparren J, Bird ED, SanGiovanni JP, Vincent SL,. Deficits in small interneurons in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1991; 48: 996-1001.
84. Benes FM, Kwok EW, Vincent SL, Todtenkopf MS,. A reduction of nonpyramidal cells in sector CA2 of schizophrenics and manic depressives. Biol. Psychiatry 1998; 44: 88-97.
85. Harrison PJ,. The neuropathology of schizophrenia. A critical review of the data and their interpretation. Brain 1999; 122: 593-624.
86. Margolis RL, Chuang DM, Post RM,. Programmed cell death: Implication for neuropsychiatric disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 1994; 35: 946-956.
87. Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, et al. Neurogenesis in the adult human neurogenesis. Nat. Med. 1998; 4: 1313-1317.
88. Hetts SW,. To die or not to die: An overview of apoptosis and its role in disease. JAMA 1998; 279: 300-307.
89. Zhong LT, Kane DJ, Bredesen DE,. BCL-2 blocks glutamate toxicity in neural cell lines. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1993; 19: 353-355.
90. Lawrence MS, Ho DY, Sun GH, Steinberg GK, Sapolsky RM,. Overexpression of Bcl-2 with herpes simplex virus vectors protects CNS neurons against neurological insults in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 486-496.
91. Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ,. Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 1993; 74: 609-619.
92. Jarkskog LF, Gilmore JH, Selinger ES, Liberman JA,. Cortical Bcl-2 protein expression and apoptotic regulation in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 2000; 48: 641-650.
93. Jarkskog LF, Selinger ES, Lieberman JA, Gilmore JH,. Apoptotic proteins in the temporal cortex in schizophrenia: High Bax/Bcl-2 ratio without caspase-3 activation. Am. J. Psychiatry 2004; 161: 109-115.
94. Benes FM, Matzilevich D, Burke RE, Walsh J,. The expression of proapoptosis genes is increased in bipolar disorder, but not in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2006; 11: 241-251.
95. Galili-Mosberg R, Gil-Ad I, Weizman A, Melamed E, Offen D,. Haloperidol-induced neurotoxicity-possible implications for tardive dyskinesia. J. Neural Transm. 2000; 107: 479-490.
96. Noh JS, Kang HJ, Kim EY, et al. Haloperidol-induced neuronal apoptosis: Role of p38 and c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal protein kinase. J. Neurochem. 2000; 75: 2327-2334.
97. Gil-Ad I, Shtaif B, Shiloh R, Weizman A,. Evaluation of the neurotoxic activity of typical and atypical neuroleptics: Relevance to iatrogenic extrapyramidal symptoms. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2001; 21: 705-716.
98. Qing H, Xu H, Wei Z, Gibson K, Li XM,. The ability of atypical antipsychotic drugs vs. haloperidol to protect PC12 cells against MPP+-induced apoptosis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003; 17: 1563-1570.
99. Ukai W, Ozawa H, Tateno M, Hashimoto E, Saito T,. Neurotoxic potential of haloperidol in comparison with risperidone: Implication of Akt-mediated signal changes by haloperidol. J. Neural Transm. 2004; 111: 667-681.
100. Tan QR, Wang XZ, Wang CY, et al. Differential effects of classical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007; 17: 768-773.
101. Kim NR, Park SW, Lee JG, Kim YH,. Protective effects of olanzapine and haloperidol on serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2008; 32: 633-642.
102. He J, Xu H, Yang Y, Zhang X, Li XM,. Neuroprotective effects of olanzapine on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity are associated with an inhibition of hyperthermia and prevention of Bcl-2 decrease in rats. Brain Res. 2004; 1018: 186-192.
103. Abekawa T, Ito K, Nakagawa S, Nakato Y, Koyama T,. Olanzapine and risperidone block a high dose of methamphetamine-induced schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities and accompanied apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex. Schizophr. Res. 2008; 101: 84-94.
104. Abekawa T, Ito K, Nakagawa S, Nakato Y, Koyama T,. Effects of aripiprazole and haloperidol on progression to schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities and apoptosis in rodents. Schizophr. Res. 2011; 125: 77-87.
105. Machiyama Y,. Chronic methamphetamine intoxication model of schizophrenia in animals. Schizophr. Bull. 1992; 18: 107-113.
106. Adams JM,. Ways of dying: Multiple pathways to apoptosis. Genes Dev. 2003; 17: 2481-2495.
107. Miyashita T, Krajewski S, Krajewska M, et al. Tumor suppressor p53 is a regulator of bcl-2 and bax gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene 1994; 9: 1799-1805.
108. Riley T, Sontag E, Chen P, Levine A,. Transcription control of human p53-regulagted genes. Nat. Rev. Cell Biol. 2008; 9: 402-412.
109. Kulikov R, Boehme KA, Blattner C,. Glycogen synthase kinase-3-dependent phosphorylation of Mdm2 regulates p53 abundance. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2005; 25: 7170-7180.
110. Thotala DK, Hallahan DE, Yaziovitskaya EM,. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors protect hippocampal neurons from radiation-induced apoptosis by regulating MDM2-p53 pathway. Cell Death Differ. 2012; 19: 387-396.
111. Cross DA, Alessi DR, Cohen P, Andjelkovich M, Hemmings BA,. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B. Nature 1995; 378: 785-789.
112. Emamian ES, Hall D, Birmbaum MJ, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA,. Convergent evidence for impaired AKT1-GSK3beta signaling in schizophrenia. Nat. Genet. 2004; 36: 131-137.
113. Kozlovsky N, Amar S, Belmaker RH, Agam G,. Psychotropic drugs affect Ser9-phosphorylated GSK-3 beta protein levels in rodent frontal cortex. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006; 9: 337-342.
114. Li X, Rosborough KM, Friedman AB, Zhu W, Roth KA,. Regulation of mouse brain glycogen synthase kinase-3 by atypical antipsychotics. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007; 10: 7-19.
115. Li X, Zhu W, Roh MS, Friedman AB, Rosborough K, Jope RS,. In vivo regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) by serotonergic activity in mouse brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29: 1426-1431.
116. Polter AM, Li X,. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is an intermediate modular of serotonin neurotransmission. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2011; 4: 31.
117. Bharti S, Singh R, Chauhan SS, Hussain T, Al-Attas OS, Arya DS,. Phosphorylation of Akt/GSK-3β/eNOS amplifies 5-HT2B receptor blockade mediated anti-hypertrophic effects in rats. FEBS Lett. 2012; 586: 180-185.
118. Polter AM, Yang S, Jope RS, Li X,. Functional significance of glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulation by serotonin. Cell. Signal. 2012; 24: 265-271.
119. Nair VD, Olanow CW,. Differential modulation of Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3beta pathway regulates apoptotic and cytoprotective signaling responses. J. Biol. Chem. 2008; 283: 15469-15478.
120. Tripathi PP, Santorufo G, Brilli E, Borrelli E, Bozzi Y,. Kainic acid-induced seizures activates GSK-3β in the hippocampus of D2R-/- mice. Neuroreport 2010; 21: 846-850.
121. Kuhn HG, Dickison-Anson H, Gage FH,. Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat: Age-related decrease of neuronal progenitor proliferation. J. Neurosci. 1996; 16: 2027-2033.
122. Kee N, Sivalingam S, Boonstra R, Wojtowicz JM,. The utility of Ki-67 and BrdU as proliferative markers of adult neurogenesis. J. Neurosci. Methods 2002; 115: 97-105.
123. Reif A, Fritzen S, Finger M, et al. Neural stem cell proliferation is decreased in schizophrenia, but not in depression. Mol. Psychiatry 2006; 11: 514-522.
124. Noda Y, Yamada K, Furukawa H, Nabeshima T,. Enhancement of immobility in a forced swimming test by subacute or repeated treatment with phencyclidine: A new model of schizophrenia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1995; 116: 2531-2537.
125. Zuckerman L, Rehavi M, Nachman R, Weiner I,. Immune activation during pregnancy in rats leads to a postpubertal emergence of disrupted latent inhibition, dopaminergic hyperfunction, and altered limbic morphology in the offspring: A novel neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28: 1778-1789.
126. Teuchert-Noodt G, Dawirs RR, Hildebrandt K,. Adult treatment with methamphetamine transiently decreases dentate granule cell proliferation in the gerbil hippocampus. J. Neural Transm. 2000; 107: 133-143.
127. Liu J, Suzuki T, Seki T, Namba T, Tanimura A, Arai H,. Effects of repeated phencyclidine administration on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in rat. Synapse 2006; 60: 56-68.
128. Cardon M, Ron-Harel N, Cohen H, Lewitus GM, Schwartz M,. Dysregulation of kisspeptin and neurogenesis at adolescence link inborn immune deficits to the late onset of abnormal sensorimotor gating in congenital psychological disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 2010; 15: 415-425.
129. Marberg JE, Eisch AJ, Nestler EJ, Duman RS,. Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 2000; 20: 9104-9110.
130. Halim ND, Weickert CS, McClintock BW, Weinberger DR, Lipska BK,. Effects of chronic haloperidol and clozapine treatment on neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29: 1063-1069.
131. Wakade CG, Mahadik SP, Waller JL, Chiu FC,. Atypical neuroleptics stimulate neurogenesis in adult rat brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 2002; 69: 72-79.
132. Alvarez-Buylla A, Garcia-Verdugo JM,. Neurogenesis in the adult subventricular zone. J. Neurosci. 2002; 22: 629-634.
133. Kodama M, Fujioka T, Duman RS,. Chronic olanzapine or fluoxetine administration increases cell proliferation in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of adult rat. Biol. Psychiatry 2004; 56: 570-580.
134. Luo C, Xu H, Li XM,. Quetiapine reverses the suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis caused by repeated restraint stress. Brain Res. 2005; 1063: 32-39.
135. Maeda K, Sugino H, Hirose T, et al. Clozapine prevents a decrease in neurogenesis in mice repeatedly treated with phencyclidine. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2007; 103: 299-308.
136. Piontkewitz Y, Bernstein HG, Dobrowolny H, Bogerts B, Weiner I, Keilhoff G,. Effects of risperidone treatment in adolescence on hippocampal neurogenesis, parvalbumin expression, and vascularization following prenatal immune activation in rats. Brain Behav. Immun. 2012; 26: 353-363.
137. Wexler EM, Geschwind DH, Palmer TD,. Lithium regulates adult hippocampal progenitor development through canonical Wnt pathway activation. Mol. Psychiatry 2008; 13: 285-292.
138. Boku S, Nakagawa S, Masuda T, et al. Glucocorticoid and lithium reciprocally regulates the proliferation of adult dentate gyrus-derived neural precursor cells through GSK-3β and β-catenin/TCF pathway. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34: 805-815.
139. Masuda T, Nakagawa S, Boku S, et al. Noradrenaline increases neural precursor cells derived from adult rat dentate gyrus through beta2 receptor. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2012; 36: 44-51.
140. Jha S, Rajendran R, Fernandes KA, Vaidya VA,. 5-HT2A/2C receptor blockade regulates progenitor proliferation in the adult rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 2008; 441: 210-214.
141. Allsopp TE, Wyatt S, Paterson HF, et al. The proto-oncogene bcl-2 can selectively rescue neurotrophic-factor dependent neurons from apoptosis. Cell 1993; 73: 295-307.
142. Schabitz WR, Sommer C, Zoder W, et al. Intravenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduces infarct size and counterregulates Bax and Bcl-2 expression after temporary focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2000; 31: 2212-2217.
143. Benraiss A, Chmielnicki E, Lerner K, et al. Adenoviral brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces both neostriatal and olfactory neuronal recruitment from endogenous progenitor cells in the adult forebrain. J. Neurosci. 2001; 21: 6718-6731.
144. Lee J, Duan W, Mattson MP,. Evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in part, the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the hippocampus of adult mice. J. Neurochem. 2002; 82: 1367-1375.
145. Hetman M, Cavanaugh JE, Kimelman D, et al. Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in neuronal apoptosis induced by tropic withdrawal. J. Neurosci. 2000; 20: 2567-2574.
146. Xu H, Qing H, Lu W, et al. Quetiapine attenuates the immobilization stress-induced decrease of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 2002; 321: 65-68.
147. Bai O, Chlan-Fourney J, Bowen R, et al. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat hippocampus after treatment with antipsychotic drugs. J. Neurosci. Res. 2003; 71: 127-131.
148. Parikh V, Khan MM, Mahadik SP,. Olanzapine counteracts reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factors and TrkB receptors in rat hippocampus produced by haloperidol. Neurosci. Lett. 2004; 356: 135-139.
149. Boku S, Nakagawa S, Masuda T, et al. Valproate recovers the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the proliferation of the adult dentate gyrus-derived neural precursor cells via GSK-3β and β-catenin pathway. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2014; 723: 425-430.