Neural Integration of Taste, Smell, Oral Texture, and Visual Modalities

Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation: Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1027-1048

  Rolls, Edmund T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Complementary neuronal recordings; Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); Oral texture; Primary taste cortex; Primate brain; Taste processing; Visual modalities

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926650592     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118971758.ch46     Document Type: Chapter

References (168)

1. Amiez, C., Joseph, J. P., and Procyk, E. (2006). Reward encoding in the monkey anterior cingulate cortex. Cereb. Cortex 16: 1040-1055.
2. Baylis, L. L, and Rolls, E. T. (1991). Responses of neurons in the primate taste cortex to glutamate. Physiol. Behav. 49: 973-979.
3. Baylis, L. L., Rolls, E. T. and Baylis, G, C. (1995). Afferent connections of the orbitofrontal cortex taste area of the primate. Neuroscience 64: 801-812.
4. Beckstead, R. M., Morse, J. R. and Norgren, R. (1980). The nucleus of the solitary tract in the monkey: projections to the thalamus and brainstem nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 190: 259-282.
5. Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E. and Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward: 'liking', 'wanting', and learning. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 9: 65-73.
6. Booth, D. A. (1985). Food-conditioned eating preferences and aversions with interoceptive elements: learned appetites and satieties. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 443: 22-37.
7. Cabanac, M. (1971). Physiological role of pleasure. Science 173: 1103-1107.
8. Carmichael, S. T. and Price, J. L. (1994). Architectonic subdivision of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 346: 366-402.
9. Carmichael, S. T. and Price, J. L. (1996). Connectional networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 371: 179-207.
10. Cho, Y. K., Li, C. S. and Smith, D. V. (2002). Gustatory projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the parabrachial nuclei in the hamster. Chem. Senses 27: 81-90.
11. Critchley, H. D. (2005). Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration. J. Comp. Neurol. 493: 154-166.
12. Critchley, H. D. and Rolls, E. T. (1996a). Responses of primate taste cortex neurons to the astringent tastant tannic acid. Chem. Senses 21: 135-145.
13. Critchley, H. D. and Rolls, E. T. (1996b). Olfactory neuronal responses in the primate orbitofrontal cortex: analysis in an olfactory discrimination task. J. Neurophysiol. 75: 1659-1672.
14. Critchley, H. D. and Rolls, E. T. (1996c). Hunger and satiety modify the responses of olfactory and visual neurons in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 75: 1673-1686.
15. de Araujo, I. E. T. and Rolls, E. T. (2004). The representation in the human brain of food texture and oral fat. J. Neurosci. 24: 3086-3093.
16. de Araujo, I. E. T., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T. and Hobden, P. (2003a). The representation of umami taste in the human brain. J. Neurophysiol. 90: 313-319.
17. de Araujo, I. E. T., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T. and McGlone, F. (2003b). Human cortical responses to water in the mouth, and the effects of thirst. J. Neurophysiol. 90: 1865-1876.
18. de Araujo, I. E. T., Rolls, E. T., Kringelbach, M. L., et al. (2003c). Taste-olfactory convergence, and the representation of the pleasantness of flavour, in the human brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18: 2059-2068.
19. de Araujo, I. E. T., Rolls, E. T., Velazco, M. I., et al. (2005). Cognitive modulation of olfactory processing. Neuron 46: 671-679.
20. Deco, G. and Rolls, E. T. (2005a). Synaptic and spiking dynamics underlying reward reversal in orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 15: 15-30.
21. Deco, G. and Rolls, E. T. (2005b). Neurodynamics of biased competition and co-operation for attention: a model with spiking neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 94: 295-313.
22. Deco, G., Rolls, E. T., Albantakis, L. and Romo, R. (2013). Brain mechanisms for perceptual and reward-related decision-making. Prog. Neurobiol. 103: 194-213.
23. Desimone, R. and Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 18: 193-222.
24. Di Lorenzo, P. M. (1990). Corticofugal influence on taste responses in the parabrachial pons of the rat. Brain Res. 530: 73-84.
25. Francis, S., Rolls, E. T., Bowtell, R., et al. (1999). The representation of pleasant touch in the brain and its relationship with taste and olfactory areas. Neuroreport 10: 453-459.
26. Ge, T., Feng, J., Grabenhorst, F. and Rolls, E. T. (2012). Componential Granger causality, and its application to identifying the source and mechanisms of the top-down biased activation that controls attention to affective vs sensory processing. NeuroImage 59: 1846-1858.
27. Gilbertson, T. A. (1998). Gustatory mechanisms for the detection of fat. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8: 447-452.
28. Gilbertson, T. A., Fontenot, D. T., Liu, L., et al. (1997). Fatty acid modulation of K+ channels in taste receptor cells: gustatory cues for dietary fat. Am. J. Physiol. 272: C1203-1210.
29. Giza, B. K. and Scott, T. R. (1983). Blood glucose selectively affects taste-evoked activity in rat nucleus tractus solitarius. Physiol. Behav. 31: 643-650.
30. Giza, B. K. and Scott, T. R. (1987a). Blood glucose level affects perceived sweetness intensity in rats. Physiol. Behav. 41: 459-464.
31. Giza, B. K. and Scott, T. R. (1987b). Intravenous insulin infusions in rats decrease gustatory-evoked responses to sugars. Am. J. Physiol. 252: R994-1002.
32. Giza, B. K., Scott, T. R. and Vanderweele, D. A. (1992). Administration of satiety factors and gustatory responsiveness in the nucleus tractus solitarius of the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 28: 637-639.
33. Giza, B. K., Deems, R. O., Vanderweele, D. A. and Scott, T. R. (1993). Pancreatic glucagon suppresses gustatory responsiveness to glucose. Am. J. Physiol. 265: R1231-1237.
34. Gleen, J. F. and Erickson, R. P. (1976). Gastric modulation of gustatory afferent activity. Physiol. Behav. 16: 561-568.
35. Gottfried, J. A. 2015 Structural and functional imaging of the human olfactory system. In: Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation, 3rd Edition (Doty R. L., ed). pp. 281-308. New York: Wiley Liss.
36. Gottfried, J. A. and Zald, D. H. (2005). On the scent of human olfactory orbitofrontal cortex: meta-analysis and comparison to non-human primates. Brain Res. 50: 287-304.
37. Grabenhorst, F. and Rolls, E. T. (2008). Selective attention to affective value alters how the brain processes taste stimuli. Eur. J. Neurosci. 27: 723-729.
38. Grabenhorst, F. and Rolls, E. T. (2010). Attentional modulation of affective vs sensory processing: functional connectivity and a top-down biased activation theory of selective attention. J. Neurophysiol. 104: 1649-1660.
39. Grabenhorst, F. and Rolls, E. T. (2011). Value, pleasure, and choice in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15: 56-67.
40. Grabenhorst, F. and Rolls, E. T. (2014). The representation of oral fat texture in the human somatosensory cortex. Hum. Brain Mapp. 35: 2521-2530.
41. Grabenhorst, F., Rolls, E. T. and Bilderbeck, A. (2008a). How cognition modulates affective responses to taste and flavor: top down influences on the orbitofrontal and pregenual cingulate cortices. Cereb. Cortex 18: 1549-1559.
42. Grabenhorst, F., Rolls, E. T. and Parris, B. A. (2008b). From affective value to decision-making in the prefrontal cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 28: 1930-1939.
43. Grabenhorst, F., Rolls, E. T., Parris, B. A. and D'Souza, A. (2010). How the brain represents the reward value of fat in the mouth. Cereb. Cortex 20: 1082-1091.
44. Grabenhorst, F., Rolls, E. T., Margot, C., et al. (2007). How pleasant and unpleasant stimuli combine in different brain regions: odor mixtures. J. Neurosci. 27: 13532-13540.
45. Guest, S., Grabenhorst, F., Essick, G., et al. (2007). Human cortical representation of oral temperature. Physiol. Behav. 92: 975-984.
46. Hajnal, A., Takenouchi, K. and Norgren, R. (1999). Effect of intraduodenal lipid on parabrachial gustatory coding in awake rats. J. Neurosci. 19: 7182-7190.
47. Hetherington, M. M. (2007). Cues to overeat: psychological factors influencing overconsumption. Proc. Nutrit. Soc. 66: 113-123.
48. Hornak, J., Bramham, J., Rolls, E. T., et al. (2003). Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Brain 126: 1691-1712.
49. Ito, S., Stuphorn, V., Brown, J. W. and Schall, J. D. (2003). Performance monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex during saccade countermanding. Science 302: 120-122.
50. Kadohisa, M., Rolls, E. T. and Verhagen, J. V. (2004). Orbitofrontal cortex neuronal representation of temperature and capsaicin in the mouth. Neuroscience 127: 207-221.
51. Kadohisa, M., Rolls, E. T. and Verhagen, J. V. (2005a). The primate amygdala: neuronal representations of the viscosity, fat texture, temperature, grittiness and taste of foods. Neuroscience 132: 33-48.
52. Kadohisa, M., Rolls, E. T. and Verhagen, J. V. (2005b). Neuronal representations of stimuli in the mouth: the primate insular taste cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala. Chem. Senses 30: 401-419.
53. Kringelbach, M. L., O'Doherty, J., Rolls, E. T. and Andrews, C. (2003). Activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex to a liquid food stimulus is correlated with its subjective pleasantness. Cereb. Cortex 13: 1064-1071.
54. Li, C. S., Cho, Y. K. and Smith, D. V. (2002). Taste responses of neurons in the hamster solitary nucleus are modulated by the central nucleus of the amygdala. J. Neurophysiol. 88: 2979-2992.
55. Lundy, R. F. Jr. and Norgren, R. (2004). Activity in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and cortex generates bilateral and convergent modulation of pontine gustatory neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 91: 1143-1157.
56. Luo, Q., Ge, T., Grabenhorst, F. et al. (2013). Attention-dependent modulation of cortical taste circuits revealed by Granger causality with signal-dependent noise PLoS Comp. Biol. 9:e1003265.
57. Maruyama, Y., Pereira, E., Margolskee, R. F. et al. (2006). Umami responses in mouse taste cells indicate more than one receptor. J. Neurosci. 26: 2227-2234.
58. McCabe, C. and Rolls, E. T. (2007). Umami: a delicious flavor formed by convergence of taste and olfactory pathways in the human brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 25: 1855-1864.
59. Norgren, R. (1974). Gustatory afferents to ventral forebrain. Brain Res. 81: 285-295.
60. Norgren, R. (1976). Taste pathways to hypothalamus and amygdala. J. Comp. Neurol. 166: 17-30.
61. Norgren, R. (1990). Gustatory system. In: The Human Nervous System (Paxinos G, ed), pp. 845--861. San Diego: Academic.
62. Norgren, R. and Leonard, C. M. (1971). Taste pathways in rat brainstem. Science 173: 1136-1139.
63. Norgren, R. and Leonard, C. M. (1973). Ascending central gustatory pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 150: 217-238.
64. O'Doherty, J., Rolls, E. T., Francis, S., et al. (2001). The representation of pleasant and aversive taste in the human brain. J. Neurophysiol. 85: 1315-1321.
65. O'Doherty, J., Rolls, E. T., Francis, S., et al. (2000). Sensory-specific satiety related olfactory activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex. Neuroreport 11: 893-897.
66. O'Doherty, J. P., Deichmann, R., Critchley, H. D. and Dolan, R. J. (2002). Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron 33: 815-826.
67. Öngür, D. and Price, J. L. (2000). The organisation of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cereb. Cortex 10: 206-219.
68. Öngür, D., Ferry, A. T. and Price, J. L. (2003). Architectonic division of the human orbital and medial prefrontal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 460: 425-449.
69. Padoa-Schioppa, C. (2011). Neurobiology of economic choice: a good-based model. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 34: 333-359.
70. Padoa-Schioppa, C. and Cai, X. (2011). The orbitofrontal cortex and the computation of subjective value: consolidated concepts and new perspectives. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1239: 130-137.
71. Palomero-Gallagher, N. and Zilles, K. (2004). Isocortex. In: The Rat Nervous System (Paxinos G, ed), pp. 729-757. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
72. Passingham, R. E. P. and Wise, S. P. (2012). The Neurobiology of the Pre-frontal Cortex. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
73. Petrides, M. and Pandya, D. N. (2001). Comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis of the human and the macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and corticocortical connection patterns in the monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16: 291-310.
74. Phillips, M. L., Williams, L. M., Heining, M., et al. (2004). Differential neural responses to overt and covert presentations of facial expressions of fear and disgust. NeuroImage 21: 1484-1496.
75. Poellinger, A., Thomas, R., Lio, P., et al. (2001). Activation and habituation in olfaction - an fMRI study. NeuroImage 13: 547-560.
76. Preuss, T. M. (1995). Do rats have prefrontal cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert program reconsidered. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 7: 1-24.
77. Pritchard, T. C., Hamilton, R. B. and Norgren, R. (1989). Neural coding of gustatory information in the thalamus of Macaca mulatta. J. Neurophysiol. 61: 1-14.
78. Pritchard, T. C., Edwards, E. M., Smith, C. A., et al. (2005). Gustatory neural responses in the medial orbitofrontal cortex of the old world monkey. J. Neurosci. 25: 6047-6056.
79. Rolls, B. J. and Hetherington, M. (1989). The role of variety in eating and body weight regulation. In: Handbook of the Psychophysiology of Human Eating (Shepherd R, ed), pp. 57-84. Chichester: Wiley.
80. Rolls, B. J., Rowe, E. A. and Rolls, E. T. (1982). How sensory properties of foods affect human feeding behavior. Physiol. Behav. 29: 409-417.
81. Rolls, B. J., Rolls, E. T. and Rowe, E. A. (1983a). Body fat control and obesity. Behav. Brain Sci. 4: 744-745.
82. Rolls, B. J., Van Duijenvoorde, P. M. and Rowe, E. A. (1983b). Variety in the diet enhances intake in a meal and contributes to the development of obesity in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 31: 21-27.
83. Rolls, B. J., Van Duijvenvoorde, P. M. and Rolls, E. T. (1984). Pleasantness changes and food intake in a varied four-course meal. Appetite 5: 337-348.
84. Rolls, B. J., Rolls, E. T., Rowe, E. A. and Sweeney, K. (1981a). Sensory specific satiety in man. Physiol. Behav. 27: 137-142.
85. Rolls, B. J., Rowe, E. A., Rolls, E. T., et al. (1981b). Variety in a meal enhances food intake in man. Physiol. Behav. 26: 215-221.
86. Rolls, E. T. (1981). Central nervous mechanisms related to feeding and appetite. Br. Med. J 37: 131-134.
87. Rolls, E. T. (1997). Taste and olfactory processing in the brain and its relation to the control of eating. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 11: 263-287.
88. Rolls, E. T. (2000). Neurophysiology and functions of the primate amygdala, and the neural basis of emotion. In: The Amygdala: A Functional Analysis, Second Edition (Aggleton, J. P., ed), pp. 447-478. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
89. Rolls, E. T. (2005a). Emotion Explained. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
90. Rolls, E. T. (2005b). Taste, olfactory, and food texture processing in the brain, and the control of food intake. Physiol. Behav. 85: 45-56.
91. Rolls, E. T. (2007). Sensory processing in the brain related to the control of food intake. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 66: 96-112.
92. Rolls, E. T. (2008a). Memory, Attention, and Decision-Making: A Unifying Computational Neuroscience Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
93. Rolls, E. T. (2008b). Functions of the orbitofrontal and pregenual cingu-late cortex in taste, olfaction, appetite and emotion. Acta Physiologica Hungarica 95: 131-164.
94. Rolls, E. T. (2009a). Functional neuroimaging of umami taste: what makes umami pleasant. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 90: 803S-814S.
95. Rolls, E. T. (2009b). The anterior and midcingulate cortices and reward. In: Cingulate Neurobiology and Disease (Vogt BA, ed), pp. 191-206. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
96. Rolls, E. T. (2010a). Neural representation of fat texture in the mouth. In: Fat Detection: Taste, Texture, and Postingestive Effects (Montmayeur, J-P., Coutre, I. J., eds), pp. 197-223. Boca Raton, FL.: CRC Press.
97. Rolls, E. T. (2010b). A computational theory of episodic memory formation in the hippocampus. Behav. Brain Res. 205: 180-196.
98. Rolls, E. T. (2010c). Attractor networks. WIREs Cogn. Sci. 1: 119-134.
99. Rolls, E. T. (2011a). The neural representation of oral texture including fat texture. J. Texture Stud. 42: 137-156.
100. Rolls, E. T. (2011b). Consciousness, decision-making, and neural computation. In: Perception-Action Cycle: Models, Algorithms and Systems (V. Cutsuridis, A. Hussain, J. G. Taylor, eds), pp. 287-333. Berlin: Springer.
101. Rolls, E. T. (2011c). Taste, olfactory, and food texture reward processing in the brain and obesity. Int. J. Obesity. 35: 550-561.
102. Rolls, E. T. (2012a). Taste, olfactory, and food texture reward processing in the brain and the control of appetite. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 71: 488-501.
103. Rolls, E. T. (2012b). Mechanisms for sensing fat in food in the mouth. J. Food Sci. 77: S140-S142.
104. Rolls, E. T. (2012c). Invariant visual object and face recognition: neural and computational bases, and a model, VisNet. Front. Compu. Neurosci. 6: 35 (31-70).
105. Rolls, E. T. (2012d). Neuroculture. On the Implications of Brain Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
106. Rolls, E. T. (2014). Emotion and Decision-Making Explained. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
107. Rolls, E. T. and Rolls, B. J. (1977). Activity of neurones in sensory, hypothalamic and motor areas during feeding in the monkey. In: Food Intake and Chemical Senses (Katsuki, Y., Sato, M., Takagi, S., Oomura, Y., eds), pp. 525-549. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
108. Rolls, E. T. and Rolls, B. J. (1982). Brain mechanisms involved in feeding. In: Psychobiology of Human Food Selection (Barker LM, ed), pp. 33-62. Westport, CN: AVI Publishing Company.
109. Rolls, E. T. and Baylis, L. L. (1994). Gustatory, olfactory, and visual convergence within the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 14: 5437-5452.
110. Rolls, E. T. and Rolls J. H. (1997). Olfactory sensory-specific satiety in humans. Physiol. Behav. 61: 461-473.
111. Rolls, E. T. and Scott, T. R. (2003). Central taste anatomy and neurophysiology. In: Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation, 2nd Edition (Doty RL, ed), pp. 679-705. New York: Dekker.
112. Rolls, E. T. and Xiang, J. -Z. (2005). Reward-spatial view representations and learning in the hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 25: 6167-6174.
113. Rolls, E. T. and Grabenhorst, F. (2008). The orbitofrontal cortex and beyond: from affect to decision-making. Prog. Neurobiol. 86: 216-244.
114. Rolls, E. T., and Deco, G. (2010). The Noisy Brain: Stochastic Dynamics as a Principle of Brain Function. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
115. Rolls, E. T. and Treves, A. (2011). The neuronal encoding of information in the brain. Prog. Neurobiol. 95: 448-490.
116. Rolls, E. T., Judge, S. J. and Sanghera, M. (1977). Activity of neurones in the inferotemporal cortex of the alert monkey. Brain Res. 130: 229-238.
117. Rolls, E. T., Rolls, B. J. and Rowe, E. A. (1983c). Sensory-specific and motivation-specific satiety for the sight and taste of food and water in man. Physiol. Behav. 30: 185-192.
118. Rolls, E. T., Sienkiewicz, Z. J. and Yaxley, S. (1989). Hunger modulates the responses to gustatory stimuli of single neurons in the caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex of the macaque monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1: 53-60.
119. Rolls, E. T., Yaxley, S. and Sienkiewicz, Z. J. (1990). Gustatory responses of single neurons in the caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex of the macaque monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 64: 1055-1066.
120. Rolls, E. T., Critchley, H. D. and Treves, A. (1996a) The representation of olfactory information in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 75: 1982-1996.
121. Rolls, E. T., Verhagen, J. V. and Kadohisa, M. (2003a). Representations of the texture of food in the primate orbitofrontal cortex: neurons responding to viscosity, grittiness and capsaicin. J. Neurophysiol. 90: 3711-3724.
122. Rolls, E. T., Kringelbach, M. L. and de Araujo, I. E. T. (2003b). Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odors in the human brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18: 695-703.
123. Rolls, E. T., McCabe, C. and Redoute, J. (2008a). Expected value, reward outcome, and temporal difference error representations in a probabilistic decision task. Cereb. Cortex 18: 652-663.
124. Rolls, E. T., Grabenhorst, F. and Franco, L. (2009). Prediction of subjective affective state from brain activations. J. Neurophysiol. 101: 1294-1308.
125. Rolls, E. T., Grabenhorst, F. and Deco, G. (2010a). Decision-making, errors, and confidence in the brain. J. Neurophysiol. 104: 2359-2374.
126. Rolls, E. T., Grabenhorst, F. and Deco, G. (2010b). Choice, difficulty, and confidence in the brain. NeuroImage 53: 694-706.
127. Rolls, E. T., Grabenhorst, F. and Parris, B. A. (2010c). Neural systems underlying decisions about affective odors. J. Cog. Neurosci. 22: 1069-1082.
128. Rolls, E. T., Scott, T. R., Sienkiewicz, Z. J. and Yaxley, S. (1988). The responsiveness of neurones in the frontal opercular gustatory cortex of the macaque monkey is independent of hunger. J. Physiol. 397: 1-12.
129. Rolls, E. T., Critchley, H., Wakeman, E. A. and Mason, R. (1996b). Responses of neurons in the primate taste cortex to the glutamate ion and to inosine 5'-monophosphate. Physiol. Behav. 59: 991-1000.
130. Rolls, E. T., Critchley, H. D., Mason, R. and Wakeman, E. A. (1996c). Orbitofrontal cortex neurons: role in olfactory and visual association learning. J. Neurophysiol. 75: 1970-1981.
131. Rolls, E. T., Critchley, H. D., Browning, A. and Hernadi, I. (1998). The neurophysiology of taste and olfaction in primates, and umami flavor. Ann. N Y. Acad. Sci. 855: 426-437.
132. Rolls, E. T., Verhagen, J. V., Gabbott, P. L. and Kadohisa, M. (2008b). Taste and texture representations in the primate pregenual cingulate and medial orbitofrontal cortices. In preparation.
133. Rolls, E. T., Critchley, H. D., Verhagen, J. V. and Kadohisa, M. (2010d). The representation of information about taste and odor in the orbitofrontal cortex. Chemosens. Percept. 3: 16-33.
134. Rolls, E. T., Murzi, E., Yaxley, S., et al. (1986). Sensory-specific satiety: food-specific reduction in responsiveness of ventral forebrain neurons after feeding in the monkey. Brain Res. 368: 79-86.
135. Rolls, E. T., Critchley, H. D., Browning, A. S., et al. (1999). Responses to the sensory properties of fat of neurons in the primate orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 19: 1532-1540.
136. Rolls, E. T., Grabenhorst, F., Margot, C., et al. (2008c). Selective attention to affective value alters how the brain processes olfactory stimuli. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20: 1815-1826.
137. Rushworth, M. F., Noonan, M. P., Boorman, E. D., et al. (2011). Frontal cortex and reward-guided learning and decision-making. Neuron 70: 1054-1069.
138. Sanghera, M. K., Rolls, E. T. and Roper-Hall, A. (1979). Visual responses of neurons in the dorsolateral amygdala of the alert monkey. Exp. Neurol. 63: 610-626.
139. Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M. R., Stalnaker, T. A. and Takahashi, Y. K. (2009). A new perspective on the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in adaptive behaviour. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10: 885-892.
140. Schultz, W. (2007). Multiple dopamine functions at different time courses. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 30: 259-288.
141. Scott, T. R. and Giza, B. K. (1987). A measure of taste intensity discrimination in the rat through conditioned taste aversions. Physiol. Behav. 41: 315-320.
142. Scott, T. R. and Plata-Salaman, C. R. (1999). Taste in the monkey cortex. Physiol. Behav. 67: 489-511.
143. Scott, T. R. and Small, D. M. (2009). The role of the parabrachial nucleus in taste processing and feeding. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1170: 372-377.
144. Scott, T. R., Yaxley, S., Sienkiewicz, Z. J. and Rolls, E. T. (1986). Gustatory responses in the frontal opercular cortex of the alert cynomolgus monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 56: 876-890.
145. Scott, T. R., Karadi, Z., Oomura, Y., et al. (1993). Gustatory neural coding in the amygdala of the alert macaque monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 69: 1810-1820.
146. Simmons, W. K., Martin, A. and Barsalou, L. W. (2005). Pictures of appetizing foods activate gustatory cortices for taste and reward. Cereb. Cortex 15: 1602-1608.
147. Simmons, W. K., Avery, J. A., Barcalow, J. C., et al. (2013). Keeping the body in mind: Insula functional organization and functional connectivity integrate interoceptive, exteroceptive, and emotional awareness. Hum. Brain Mapp. 34: 2944-2958.
148. Small, D. M. (2010). Taste representation in the human insula. Brain Struct. Funct. 214: 551-561.
149. Small, D. M. and Prescott, J. (2005). Odor/taste integration and the perception of flavor. Exp. Brain Res. 166: 345-357.
150. Small, D. M. and Scott, T. R. (2009). Symposium overview: What Happens to the pontine processing? Repercussions of interspecies differences in pontine taste representation for tasting and feeding. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1170: 343-346.
151. Small, D. M., Voss, J., Mak, Y. E., et al. (2004). Experience-dependent neural integration of taste and smell in the human brain. J. Neurophysiol. 92: 1892-1903.
152. Sobel, N., Prabkakaran, V., Zhao, Z., et al. (2000). Time course of odorant-induced activation in the human primary olfactory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 537-551.
153. Thorpe, S. J., Rolls, E. T. and Maddison, S. (1983). Neuronal activity in the orbitofrontal cortex of the behaving monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 49: 93-115.
154. Verhagen, J. V., Rolls, E. T. and Kadohisa, M. (2003). Neurons in the primate orbitofrontal cortex respond to fat texture independently of viscosity. J. Neurophysiol. 90: 1514-1525.
155. Verhagen, J. V., Kadohisa, M. and Rolls, E. T. (2004). The primate insular/opercular taste cortex: neuronal representations of the viscosity, fat texture, grittiness, temperature and taste of foods. J. Neurophysiol. 92: 1685-1699.
156. Wang, G. J., Volkow, N. D., Telang, F., et al. (2004). Exposure to appetitive food stimuli markedly activates the human brain. NeuroImage 21: 1790-1797.
157. Wang, X. J. (2008). Decision making in recurrent neuronal circuits. Neuron 60: 215-234.
158. Wilson, F. A. W. and Rolls, E. T. (2005). The primate amygdala and reinforcement: a dissociation between rule-based and associatively-mediated memory revealed in amygdala neuronal activity. Neuroscience 133: 1061-1072.
159. Wise, S. P. (2008). Forward frontal fields: phylogeny and fundamental function. Trends Neurosci. 31: 599-608.
160. Yan, J. and Scott, T. R. (1996). The effect of satiety on responses of gusta-tory neurons in the amygdala of alert cynomolgus macaques. Brain Res. 740: 193-200.
161. Yaxley S, Rolls ET, Sienkiewicz ZJ (1988). The responsiveness of neurons in the insular gustatory cortex of the macaque monkey is independent of hunger. Physiol. Behav. 42: 223-229.
162. Yaxley, S., Rolls, E. T. and Sienkiewicz, Z. J. (1990). Gustatory responses of single neurons in the insula of the macaque monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 63: 689-700.
163. Yaxley, S., Rolls, E. T., Sienkiewicz, Z. J. and Scott, T. R. (1985). Satiety does not affect gustatory activity in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the alert monkey. Brain Res. 347: 85-93.
164. Zald, D. H. and Pardo, J. V. (1997). Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94: 4119-4124.
165. Zald, D. H., Hagen, M. C. and Pardo, J. V. (2002). Neural correlates of tasting concentrated quinine and sugar solutions. J. Neurophysiol. 87: 1068-1075.
166. Zald, D. H., Lee, J. T., Fluegel, K. W. and Pardo, J. V. (1998). Aversive gustatory stimulation activates limbic circuits in humans. Brain 121: 1143-1154.
167. Zatorre, R. J., Jones-Gotman, M., Evans, A. C. and Meyer, E. (1992). Functional localization of human olfactory cortex. Nature 360: 339-340.
168. Zhao, G. Q., Zhang, Y., Hoon, M. A., et al. (2003). The receptors for mammalian sweet and umami taste. Cell 115: 255-266.