World Englishes: The study of new linguistic varieties

World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-276

  Mesthrie, Rajend ^a   Bhatt, Rakesh M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84924700977     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511791321     Document Type: Book

References (575)

1. (no author): Governors and Assistants of the East India Merchants, 1603, reprint 1968. East Indian Trade. London: Gregg Press.
2. Achebe, C. 1965. English and African writer. Transition 18: 27-30.
3. Achebe, C. 1966. Things Fall Apart. London: Heinemann.
4. Achebe, C. 1969. Arrow of God. New York: First Anchor Books.
5. Achebe, C. 1975. Morning yet on Creation Day. London: Heineman.
6. Adey, A. D. 1977. South African Black English. English Usage in Southern Africa 8/1: 36-9.
7. Agnihotri, R. 1991. Acquisition of articles in learning English as a second language: A cross-cultural study. South Asian Language Review 1/2: 67-80.
8. Agnihotri, R., Khanna, A. L., and Mukherjee, A. 1988. Tense in Indian English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective. New Delhi: Bahri.
9. Alexander, N. 2000. English unassailable but unattainable: the dilemma of language policy in South African education. PRAESA Occasional Papers 3. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
10. Algeo, J. 1988. The tag question in British English: it’s different, i’n’it? English World-Wide 9/2: 171-91.
11. The Briticisms are coming! How British English is creeping into the American language. Journal of English Linguistics 23: 123-40.
12. Alleyne, M. 1980. Comparative Afro-American. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
13. Alo, M. A., and Mesthrie, R. 2004. Nigerian English: morphology and syntax. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. II, 813-27. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
14. Alsagoff, L., and Lick, H. C. 1998a. The grammar of Singapore English. In Foley, J. A. et al. (eds.), English in New Cultural Contexts: Reflections from Singapore, 127-51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. Alsagoff, L., and Lick, H. C. 1998b. The relative clause in colloquial Singapore English. World Englishes 17/2: 127-38.
16. Andersen, R. W. 1980. Creolization as the acquisition of a second language as a first language. In Valdman, A., and Highfield, A. (eds.), Theoretical Orientations in Creole Studies, 273-95. New York: Academic Press.
17. Andersen, R. W. (ed.) 1983a. Pidginization and Creolization as Language Acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
18. Andersen, R. W. 1983b. Transfer to Somewhere. In Gass, S., and Selinker, L. (eds.), Language Transfer in Language Learning: Issues in Second Language Research, 177-201, Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
19. Models, processes, principles and strategies: second language acquisition inside and outside the classroom. In Van Patten, B., and Lee, J. F. (eds.), Second Language Acquisition/Foreign Language Learning, 45-68. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
20. Andersen, R. 1988. The Power and the Word: Language, Power and Change. London: Paladin.
21. Angogo, R., and Hancock, I. 1980. English in Africa: emerging standards or diverging regionalisms. English World-Wide 1: 67-96.
22. Anttila, A. 1995. How to recognise subjects in English. In Karlsson, F., Vouti- lainen, A., Heikkila, J., and Anttila, A. (eds.), Constraint Grammar: A Language-Independent System for Parsing Unrestricted Text, 315-58. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
23. Appel, R., and Muysken, P. 1987. Language Contact and Bilingualism. London: Edward Arnold.
24. Archangeli, D. B., and Langendoen D. T. 1997. Optimality Theory: An Overview. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
25. Arends, J. 1993. Towards a gradualist model of creolization. In Byrne, F., and Holm, J. (eds.), Atlantic Meets Pacific, 371-80. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
26. Arua, A. E. 1998. Some syntactic features of Swazi English. World Englishes 17/2: 139-51.
27. Atkinson, G. F. 1911. Curry and Rice (on Forty Plates) or The Ingredients of Social Life at ‘Our’ Station in India. 5th edn. London: W. Thacker and Co.
28. Baik, M. J. and Shim R. J. 2002. Teaching World Englishes via the Internet. World Englishes 21/3: 423-30.
29. Bailey, C.-J. N., and Maroldt, K. 1977. The French lineage of English. In Meisel, J. M. (ed.), Langues en Contact - Pidgins - Creoles - Languages in Contact. Tubingen: TBL Verlag.
30. Bailey, G., and Ross, G. 1988. The shape of the superstrate: Morphosyntactic features of Ship English. English World-Wide 9: 193-212.
31. Bailey, R. W. 1991. Images of English. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
32. Bailey, R. W., and Gorlach, M. (eds.) 1982. English as a World Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
33. Bailey, R. W., and Robinson, J. L. (eds.) 1973. Varieties of Present-Day English. New York: Macmillan.
34. Baker, P. 1990. Off target? Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 5: 10719.
35. Baker, P. 1994. Review of R. Mesthrie, Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9: 168-72.
36. Baker, P. 1995. Motivation in Creole genesis. In Baker, P. (ed.), From Contact to Creole and Beyond, 3-15. London: University of Westminster Press.
37. Baker, P. 2000. Theories of creolization and the degree and nature of restructuring. In Neumann-Holzschuh, I., and Schneider E. (eds.), Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages, 41-63. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
38. Baker, P., and Corne, C. 1982. Isle de France Creole: Affinities and Origins. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
39. Bakhtin, M. M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. M. Holquist, trans. C. Emerson, and M. Holquist, Austin: University of Texas Press.
40. Bakker, P., and Muysken, P. 1995. Mixed languages and language intertwining. In Arends, J., Muysken, P., and Smith, N. (eds.), Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction, 41-52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
41. Bakker, P., and Papen R. A. 1995. Michif: a mixed language based on Cree and French. In Thomason, S. G. (ed.), Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective, 295-363. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
42. Bamgbose, A. 1971. The English language in Nigeria. In Spencer, J. (ed.), The English Language in West Africa, 35-48. London: Longman.
43. Bamgbose, A. 1992. Standard Nigerian English: issues of identification. In Kachru, B. (ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, 148-61. Urbana, IL: University of Illnois Press.
44. Bamgbose, A. 1998. Torn between the norms: Innovations in World Englishes. World Englishes 17/1: 1-14.
45. Bamgbose, A., Banjo, A., and Thomas, A. (eds.) 1997. New Englishes: A West African Perspective. Trenton: Africa World Press.
46. Bamiro, E. O. 1995. Syntactic variation in West African English. World Englishes 17/2: 189-204.
47. Bamiro, E. O. 1992. Standard Nigerian English: issues of identification. In Kachru, B. B. (ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, 148-61. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
48. Bao, Z. 2005. The aspectual system of Singapore English and the systemic substratist explanation. Journal of Linguistics 41: 237-67.
49. Bao, Z., and Wee, L. 1999. The passive in Singapore English. World Englishes 18/1: 1-11.
50. Baskaran, L. 1994. The Malaysian English mosaic. English Today 37: 27-32.
51. Baskaran, L. 2004. Malaysian English: phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 1034-46. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
52. Bates, E., and MacWhinney, B. 1987. Competition, variation and language learning. In Macwhinney B. (ed.), Mechanisms of Language Acquisition, 157-93. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.
53. Baugh, A. C., and Cable, T. 1978. A History of the English Language. 3rd edn. Englewoods Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
54. Baugh, J. 1980. A re-examination of the Black English copula. In W. Labov (ed.), Locating Language in Time and Space, 85-106. New York: Academic Press.
55. Baugh, J. 2000. Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic Pride and Racial Prejudice. New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Baumgardner, R. 1993. The indigenisation of English in Pakistan. In Baumgardner, R. (ed.), The English Language in Pakistan, 41-54. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
57. Baumgardner, R. J. and Kennedy, A. E. H. 1994. Measure for Measure: terms of measurement in Pakistani English. English World-Wide 15: 173-93.
58. Bayles, K. A., and Harris, G. A. 1982. Evaluating speech-language skills in Papago children. Journal of American Indian Education 21/2: 11-19.
59. Beccaria, G. L. 1988. Italiano Antico e Nuovo. Milan: Garzanti.
60. Bellugi, U. 1967. The acquisition of negation. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University.
61. Berg, C., Hult, F., and King, K. 2001. Shaping the climate for language shift? English in Sweden’s elite domains. World Englishes 20/3: 305-20.
62. Bernstein, Basil. 1974. Class, Codes and Control, Vol. I. London: Routledge.
63. Bhatt, R. 1995. Prescriptivism, creativity, and World Englishes. World Englishes 14/2: 247-59.
64. Bhatt, R. 1999. Verb Movement and the Syntax of Kashmiri. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
65. Bhatt, R. 2000. Optimal expressions in Indian English. English Language and Linguistics 4: 69-95.
66. Bhatt, R. 2002. Experts, dialects, and discourse. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 12/1: 74-109.
67. Bhatt, R. 2004. Indian English: syntax. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. II, 1016-30. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
68. Bhatt, R., and B. Hancin-Bhatt 2002. Structural minimality, CP and the initial state in Second Language Acquisition. Second Language Research 18/4: 348-92.
69. Bialystok, E. 1978. A theoretical model of second language learning. Language Learning 28: 69-84.
70. Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., and Finegan, E. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Ltd.
71. Bickerton, D. 1971. Inherent variability and variable rules. Foundation of Language 7: 457-92.
72. Bickerton, D. 1975. The Dynamics of a Creole Continuum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73. Bickerton, D. 1977. Pidginisation and creolisation: language acquisition and language universals. In Valdman A. (ed.), Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, 49-60. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
74. Bickerton, D. 1981. Roots of Language. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
75. Bickerton, D. 1983. Comments on A. Valdman, Creolisation and second language acquisition. In Andersen R. (ed.), Pidginisation and Creolisation as Language Acquisition, 235-40. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
76. Bierswisch, M. 1997. Universal grammar and the basic variety. Second Language Research 13/4: 348-66.
77. Blakemore, D. 2002. Relevance and Linguistic Meaning: The Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
78. Blom J. P., and Gumperz J. J. 1972. Code-switching in Norway. In Blom J. P., and Gumperz J. J. (eds.), Directions in Sociolinguistics, 407-34. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
79. Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., and Kasper, G. (eds.) 1989. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
80. Bokamba, E. G. 1992. The Africanization of English. In Kachru, B. B. (ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, 125-47. 2nd edn. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
81. Bolinger, D. 1989. Intonation and its Uses: Melody and Grammar in Discourse. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
82. Bolton, K. 2000. The sociolinguistics of Hong Kong and the space for Hong Kong English. World Englishes 19/3: 265-85.
83. Bolton, K. 2005. Chinese Englishes: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
84. Bourdieu, P. 1977. The economics of linguistic exchanges. Social Science Information 16: 645-68.
85. Bourdieu, P. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
86. Bright, W. 1968. Toward a cultural grammar. Indian Linguistics 29: 20-9.
87. Brown, A. 1988. Vowel differences between Received Pronunciation and the English of Malaysia and Singapore: which ones really matter? In Foley, J. (ed.), New Englishes: The Case of Singapore, 129-47. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
88. Brown, G., and Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89. Brown, K. 1995. World Englishes: to teach or not to teach? World Englishes 14: 233-45.
90. Brown, P., and Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
91. Bruthiaux, P. 2003. Squaring the circles: issues in modeling English worldwide. International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13/2: 159-78.
92. Brutt-Griffler, J. 2000. World English: A Study of its Development. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
93. Burns, A., and Coffin C. (eds.) 2001. Analysing English in a Global Context. London: Routledge.
94. Canagarajah, A. S. 1993. Critical ethnography of a Sri Lankan classroom: ambiguities in student opposition to reproduction through ESOL. TESOL Quarterly 27: 601-26.
95. Canagarajah, A. S. 1996. ‘Nondiscursive’ requirements in academic publishing, material resources of periphery scholars, and the politics of knowledge production. Written Communication. 13/4: 435-72.
96. Canagarajah, A. S. 1999. Resisting Linguistic Imperialism in English Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
97. Canagarajah, A. S. (ed.) 2005 Reclaiming the Local in Language Policy and Practice. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
98. Cane, G. 1994. The English language in Brunei, Darussalam. World Englishes 13/3: 351-60.
99. Carden, G., and Stewart, W. A. 1988. Binding theory, bioprogram and cre- olization: evidence from Haitian Creole. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 3: 1-67.
100. Cenoz, J., and Jessner, U. 2000. English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
101. Chadha, R. 2004. Taking the Call: An Aspirant’s Guide to Call Centres. New Delhi: Tata Macgraw-Hill.
102. Chang, J. 1987. Chinese speakers. In Swann, M., and Smith, B. (eds.), Learner English: A Teacher’s Guide to Interference and Other Problems, 224-37. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
103. Chaudenson, R. 1992. Des iles, des hommes, des langues. Paris: Harmattan.
104. Chelliah, S. 2001. Constructs of Indian English in language ‘guidebooks’. World Englishes 20: 161-78.
105. Cheng, W., and Warren, M. 2001. ‘She knows more about Hong Kong than you do, isn’t it’: Tags in Hong Kong conversational English. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 1419-39.
106. Cheshire, J. (ed.) 1991. English around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
107. Chew, P. G. L. 1995. Lectal power in Singapore English. World Englishes 14/2: 163-80.
108. Chinebuah, J. K. 1976. Grammatical deviance and first language interference. West African Journal of Modern African Languages 1: 67-78.
109. Chiti-Batelli, A. 1987 Communication Internationale et Avenir des Langues et des Parles en Europe. Nice: Presses d’Europe.
110. Choi, Y. H. 1988. Text structure of Korean speakers’ argumentative writing in English. World Englishes 7/2: 129-42.
111. Chomsky, N. 1971. Deep structure, surface structure and semantic interpretation. In Steinberg, D., and Jakobovits, L. (eds.), Semantics: An Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics and Psychology, 183-216. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
112. Chomsky, N. 1976. Conditions on Rules of Grammar, Linguistic Analysis 2/4: 303-351.
113. Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
114. Chomsky, N. 1986. Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin and Use. New York: Praeger.
115. Chomsky, N. 1995. The Minimalist Programme. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
116. Christian, D. 1991. The personal dative in Appalachian English. In Trudgill, P., and Chambers, J. K. (eds.), Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation, 11-19. London: Longman.
117. Christophersen, P. 1992. ‘Native’ models and foreign learners. English Today 31: 16-18.
118. Clahsen, H., Meisel, J., and Pienemann, M. 1983. Deutsch als Zweitsprache: der Spracherwerb auslandischer Arbeiter. Tubingen: Gunter Narr.
119. Clyne, M. 1987. Constraints on code-switching: how universal are they? Linguistics 25: 739-64.
120. Coe, N. 1987. Speakers of Spanish and Catalan. In Swann M., and Smith, B. (eds.), Learner English: A Teacher’s Guide to Interference and Other Problems, 72-89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
121. Coelho, G. 1997. Anglo-Indian English: a nativized variety of Indian English. Language in Society 26/4: 561-89.
122. Cohen, A. 2005. Strategies for learning and performing L2 speech acts. Intercultural Pragmatics 2/3: 275-301.
123. Cohen, A. and Olshtain, E. 1981. Developing a measure of sociocultural competence in the case of apologies. Language Learning 31: 11334.
124. Combrink, J. G. H. 1978. Afrikaans: its origins and development. In Lanham L. W., and Prinsloo K. P. (eds.), Language and Communication Studies in South Africa, 69-95. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
125. Comrie, B. 1989. Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. 2nd edn. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
126. Condry, I. 2000. The Social Production of Difference: Imitation and Authenticity in Japanese Rap Music. New York: Berghan Books.
127. Cook, M. J., and Sharp, M. A. 1966. Problems of Navajo speakers in learning English. Language Learning 16: 21-9.
128. Cook, V. 1999. Going beyond the native speaker in language teaching. TESOL Quarterly 33: 185-209.
129. Coovadia, I. 2002. The Wedding. New York: Picador.
130. Coppieters, R. 1987. Competence differences between native and fluent non-native speakers. Language 63: 544-73.
131. Cote, S. 1996. Grammatical and discourse properties of null arguments in English. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
132. Cowie, C. 2007. Attitudes to accent in the Indian call-centre industry. Paper presented at the 13th Annual Conference of the International Association for World Englishes, University of Regensburg, 4- 6 October.
133. Crystal, D. 1997. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Canto.
134. Crystal, D. 2001. The future of Englishes. In Burns, A., and Coffin C. (eds.), Analysing English in a Global Context, 53-64. London: Routledge.
135. Crystal, D. 2004. The Stories of English. New York: Overlook Press.
136. Darling, M. 1988. Canadian writing 1987: a review. In Metcalf, J., and Rooke, L. (eds.), The Macmillan Anthology, Vol. I, 277-96. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada.
137. Das Gupta, P. 1986. On the sociolinguistics of English in India. Indian Journal of Linguistics 13: 61-8.
138. Davies, A. 1996. Ironising the myth of linguicism. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 17/6: 485-96.
139. Davies, A. 2003. The Native Speaker: Myth and Reality. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
140. Davy, J. 2000. A conservative view of the New Englishes. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Linguistics in Southern Africa, 12-14 January 2000, University of Cape Town.
141. de Camp, D. 1971. Toward a generative analysis of a post-creole speech continuum. In Hymes, D. (ed.), Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, 349-70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
142. de Klerk, V. 2004. Expressing levels of intensity in Xhosa English. English World-Wide. 26/1: 77-96.
143. de Klerk, V. 2005. Procedural meanings of well in a corpus of Xhosa English. Journal of Pragmatics, 37/8: 1183-205.
144. Delbridge, A. 1981. The Macquarie Dictionary. Sydney: Macquarie Library.
145. Dendrinos, B. 1999. The conflictual subjectivity of the periphery ELT practitioner. In Christidis, A.-F. (ed.), ‘Strong’ and ‘Weak’ Languages in the European Union: Aspects of Linguistic Hegemonism, 711-17. Proceedings of an international conference, Thessaloniki, 26-28 March, Thessaloniki: Centre for the Greek Language.
146. Derwing, T., and Munro, M. 1997. Accent, intelligibility, and comprehensibility. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 19: 1-16.
147. Dobson E. J. 1955. Early modern standard English. Transactions of the Philological Society: 25-54.
148. Domingue, N. Z. 1975. Another Creole: Middle English. Paper presented at the 1975 International Conference on Pidgins and Creoles, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
149. D’souza, J. 1988. Interactional strategies in South Asian languages: their implications for teaching English internationally. World Englishes 7/2: 159-72.
150. D’souza, J. 1991. Speech acts in Indian English fiction. World Englishes 10/3: 307-16.
151. D’souza, J. 2001. Contextualizing range and depth in Indian English. World Englishes 20: 145-60.
152. Dulay, H., and Burt, M 1973. Should we teach children syntax? Language Learning 23: 245-58.
153. Eades, D. 1991. Communicative strategies in Aboriginal Australia. In Romaine, S. (ed.), Language in Australia, 84-93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
154. Eagleson, R. D. 1982. English in Australia and New Zealand. In Bailey, R. W., and Gorlach, M. (eds.), English as a World Language, 415-38. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
155. Edwards, J. R. 1979. Language and Disadvantage. London: Arnold.
156. Edwards, J. R. 1984. Did English murder Irish? English Today 6: 7-14.
157. Ellis, R. 1984. Classroom Second Language Development. Oxford: Pergamon.
158. Ellis, R. 1985. Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
159. Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
160. Emeneau, M. B. 1956. India as a linguistic area. Language 32: 3-16.
161. Ervin-Tripp, S. 1968. An analysis of the interaction of language, topic and listener. In Fishman, J. (ed.), Readings in the Sociology of Language, 192-211. The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted from: American Anthropologist 66: 86-102.)
162. Fairman, T. 1992. Ergo lingua mihi deficit. English Today, 29, 23-6.
163. Ferguson, C. A. 1971. Absence of copula and the notion of simplicity: a study of normal speech, baby talk, foreigner talk, and pidgins. In Hymes, D. (ed.), Pidginisation and Creolisation of Languages, 141-50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
164. Ferguson, C. A. 1977. Baby talk as a simplified register. In Snow, C., and Ferguson, C. A. (eds.), Talking to Children: Language Input and Acquisition, 219-35 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
165. Ferguson, C. A. 1982. Foreword. In Kachru, B. B. (eds.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, xii-xvii. London: Pergamon.
166. Ferguson, C., and Heath, S. B. 1981. Introduction. In Ferguson, C. A., and Heath, S. B. (eds.), Language in the USA, xxv-xxxviii. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
167. Filppula, M. 1999. The Grammar of Irish English: Language in Hibernian Style. London: Routledge.
168. Finegan, E., and Besnier, N. 1989. Language: Its Structure and Use. Orlando: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
169. Finn, P. 2004. Cape Flats English: phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 964-84. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
170. Firth, A., and Wagner, J. 1997. On Discourse, communication, and (some) fundamental concepts in SLA Research. Modern Language Journal 81: 285-300.
171. Fishman, J. 1991. Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
172. Fisiak, J. 1995. An Outline History of English, Vol I, External History. Poznan: Kantor Wydawniczy Saww.
173. Flannigan, B. 1984. Language variation among native Americans: Reflections on Lakota English. Ms.
174. Flynn, S. 1989. The role of the head-initial/head-final parameter in the acquisition of English relative clauses by Spanish and Japanese learners. In Gass, S., and J. Schachter (eds.), Linguistic Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition, 89-108. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
175. Flynn, S., and Espinal, I. 1985. Head-initial/head-final parameter in adult Chinese L2 acquisition of English. Second Language Research 1: 93-117.
176. Foley, J. (ed.) 1988. New Englishes: The Case of Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
177. Foucault, M. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge. London: Tavistock.
178. Fox, J., and Wood, R. 1968. A Concise History of the French Language. Oxford: Blackwell.
179. Fraser, B. 1999. What are discourse markers? Journal of Pragmatics 31: 931-52.
180. Friedrich, P. 2002. Teaching World Englishes in two South American countries. World Englishes 21/3: 441-4.
181. Gardner, R. C., and Lambert, W. E. 1972. Attitudes and Motivation in Second- language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
182. Gargesh, R. 2004. Indian English: phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 992-1002. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
183. Gass, S., and Varonis, E. 1984. The effect of familiarity on the comprehensibility of nonnative speech. Language Learning 34: 65-8.
184. Goffin, R. W. 1934. Some notes on Indian English. S.P.E. Tract No. 41. Oxford: Clarendon.
185. Gonzalez, A. 1983. When does an error become a feature of Philippine English. In Noss, R. B. (ed.), Varieties of English in South-East Asia, 150-72. Singapore: RELC/Singapore University Press.
186. Gorlach, M. 1988. Even More Englishes: Studies 1996-1997. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
187. Gorlach, M. 1990. Studies in the History of the English Language. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
188. Gorlach, M. 1991. Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
189. Gorlach, M. 1995. Heteronomy in International English. In Goorlach, M. More Englishes, 93-123. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
190. Gorlach, M. 1998. Even More Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
191. Gorlach, M. 2002. Still More Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
192. Gough, D. 1996. Black English in South Africa. In de Klerk, V. (ed.), Focus on South Africa, 53-77. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
193. Gough, D., and de Klerk, V. 2002. Black South African English. In R. Mesthrie, R. (ed.), Language in South Africa, 356-78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
194. Graddol, D. 1997. The Future of English. London: British Council.
195. Graddol, D. 2003. Shifting the Centre: how global English is redefining Centre- Periphery relationships. Paper presented at 15th International ASNEL Conference (Association for the Study of New English Literatures), Otto von Guericken University, Magdeburg, Germany, 28-31 May.
196. Gramley, E. 2001. The Vocabulary of World English. London: Arnold.
197. Grant, N. 1987. Swahili speakers. In Swann, M., and Smith, B. (eds.), Learner English: A Teacher’s Guide to Interference and Other Problems, 184-211. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
198. Greenberg, H. 1966. Universal Language. 2nd edn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
199. Grenoble, L. A., and Whaley, L. J. 1998. Endangered Languages: Current Issues and Future Prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
200. Grimshaw, J. 1991. Extended projection. Ms., Brandeis University.
201. Grimshaw, J. 1997. Projection, heads, and optimality. Linguistic Inquiry 28: 373-422.
202. Grimshaw, J., and Samek-Lodovici, V. 1995. Optimal Subjects. University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics (UMOP): 589-605.
203. Gumperz, J. J. 1982. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
204. Gumperz, J. J., and Wilson, R. 1971. Convergence and creolisation: a case from the Indo-Aryan/Dravidian border. In Hymes, D. (ed.), Pidginisation and Creolisation of Languages, 151-67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
205. Gupta, A. F. 1992. The pragmatic particles of Singapore Colloquial English. Journal of Pragmatics 18: 31-57.
206. Gupta, A. F. 1994. The Step-Tongue: Children’s English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
207. Gupta, V. 2003. Comdex Call Center Training Course Kit. New Delhi: Dreamtech.
208. Gut, U. B. 2004. Nigerian English: phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 813-30. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
209. Hakluyt, R. 1598-1600. The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation. London: Dent and Sons (1927 reprint).
210. Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as a Social Semiotic. London: Arnold.
211. Hancock, I., and Angogo, R. 1982. English in East Africa. In Bailey, R. W., and Gorlach, M. (eds.), English as a World Language, 306-23. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
212. Hancock, J., and Kobbah, E. 1975. Liberian English of Cape Palmas. In Dillard, J. (ed.), Perspectives on Black English, 248-71. The Hague: Mouton.
213. Hankin, N. B. 1994. Hanklyn-Janklin. New Delhi: Banyou Books.
214. Harkins, J. 2000. Structure and meaning in Australian Aboriginal English. Asian Englishes 3/2: 60-81.
215. Harris, J. 1984. Syntactic variation and dialect divergence. Journal of Linguistics 20: 303-27.
216. Harris, S. 1984. Questions as a mode of control in magistrates’ courts. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 49: 5-27.
217. Hartford, B. 1996. The relationship of New Englishes and Linguistic Theory: A cognitive-based grammar of Nepali English. In Baumgardner, R. (ed.), South Asian English: Structure, Use, Users, 88-103. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
218. Hayden, M., and Hartog, M. 1909. The Irish Dialect of English: its origins and vocabulary. Fortnightly Review 85: 775-85, 933-47.
219. Hesseling, D. 1897. Het Hollandsch in Zuid-Afrika. De Gids, 60: 138-62.
220. Heugh, K. 2002. Recovering multilingualism: recent language policy developments. In R. Mesthrie (ed.), Language in South Africa, 449-75. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
221. Hewson, L. A., and van der Riet, F. G. (eds.) 1963. The Journal of ‘Harry Hastings’, Albany Settler. Grahamstown: Grocott and Sherry.
222. Hickey R. 1995. An assessment of language contact in the development of Irish English. In Fisiak, J. (ed.), Linguistic Change under Contact Conditions, 109-30. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
223. Hickey R. (ed.) 2004a. Legacies of Colonial English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
224. Hickey R. 2004b. Development and diffusion of Irish English. In R. Hickey (ed.), Legacies of Colonial English, 82-120. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
225. Hickey R. 2004c. South-East Asian Englishes. In R. Hickey (ed.), Legacies of Colonial English, 559-85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
226. Hilles, S. 1987. Interlanguage and pro-drop parameter. Second Language Research 3/1: 33-52.
227. Hinnenkamp, V. 1984. Eye-witnessing pidginisation?: structural and socio- linguistic aspects of German and Turkish foreigner talk. York Papers in Linguistics 11: 153-66.
228. Ho, M. L., and Platt, J. T. 1993. The Dynamics of a Contact Continuum. Oxford: Clarendon.
229. Hoffman, C. 2000. The spread of English and the growth of multilingualism with English in Europe. In Cenoz, J., and Jessner, U. (eds.), English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language, 1-21. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
230. Holm, J. 1988. Pidgins and Creoles: Theory and Structure, Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
231. Holm, J. 2000. Semi-creolization: problems in the development of theory. In Neumann-Holzschuh, I., and Schneider, E. W. (eds.), Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages, 19-40. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
232. Honey, J. 1997. Language Is Power: The Story of Standard English and its Enemies. London: Faber and Faber.
233. Hornberger, N. H. 1996. Language and education. In McKay, S. L., and Horn- berger, N. H. (eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, 49-73. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
234. Hosali, P. 2000. Butler English: Form and Function. Delhi: B. R. Publishing.
235. Huang, C.-T. J. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15: 531-74.
236. Huber, M. 2004. Ghanaian English: phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 842-65. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
237. Huber, M., and Dako, K. 2004. Ghanaian English: morphology and syntax. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. II, 854-65. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
238. Huddleston, R., and G. K. Pullum 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
239. Hudson, R. A. 1975. The meaning of questions. Language 51: 1-31.
240. Huebner, T. 1983. A Longitudinal Analysis of the Acquisition of English. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma.
241. Hyams, N. M. 1986. Language Acquisition and the Theory of Parmeters. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
242. Hyde, B. 2002. Japan’s emblematic English. English Today 18/3: 12-20.
243. Hyltenstam, K. 1984. The use of typological markedness conditions as predictors in second language acquisition: the case of pronominal copies in relative clauses. In Andersen, R. (ed.), Second Languages: A Cross- Linguistic Perspective, 39-58. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
244. Hymes, D. 1971. Introduction to Section III. In Hymes, D. (ed.), Pidginisation and Creolisation of Languages, 151-67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
245. Ihalainen, O. 1994. The dialects of English since 1776. In Burchfield, R. W. (ed.), The Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. V: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development, 197-274. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
246. Ionin, T., Ko, H., and Wexler, K. 2004. Article semantics in L2 acquisition: the role of specificity. Language Acquisition 12: 3-69.
247. Jackendoff, R. S. 1972. Semantic Interpretation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
248. Jaeggli, O., and Safir, K. 1989. The null subject parameter and parametric theory. In Jaeggli, O., and Safir, K. (eds.), The Null Subject Parameter, 1-44. Boston: Kluwer.
249. Jain, D. 1973. Pronominal usage in Hindi: a sociolinguistic study. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
250. James, A. 2000. English as a European lingua franca. In Cenoz, J., and Jessner, U. (eds.), English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language, 22-38. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
251. Janda, R. D., and Auger J. 1992. Quantitative evidence, qualitative hypercorrection, sociolinguistic variables - and French speakers’eadaches with English h/&. Language and Communication 12: 195-236.
252. Jenkins, J. 2003. World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. London: Rout- ledge.
253. Johnson, H. 1992. Defossilizing. ELT Journal 46: 180-9.
254. Joseph, C. A. B. 2005. Language in contact and literatures in conflict: Text, context and pedagogy. World Englishes 24/2: 131-43.
255. Jowitt, D. 1991. Nigerian English Usage: An Introduction. Lagos: Longman Nigeria.
256. Kachru, B. B. 1976. Models of English for the Third World: white man’s linguistic burden or language pragmatics? TESOL Quarterly 10/2: 221-39.
257. Kachru, B. B. 1982. South Asian English. In Bailey, R., and Goorlach, M. (eds.), English as a World Language, 353-83. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
258. Kachru, B. B. 1983a. The Indianization of English. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
259. Kachru, B. B. (ed.) 1983b. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, Oxford: Pergamon.
260. Kachru, B. B. 1983c. The bilingual’s creativity: discoursal and stylistic strategies in contact literatures in English. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 13/2: 37-55.
261. Kachru, B. B. 1983d. Cross-cultural texts and interpretation. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 13/2: 57-72.
262. Kachru, B. B. 1985 Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the English language in the Outer Circle. In Quirk, R., and Widdowson, H. (eds.), English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures, 11-30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
263. Kachru, B. B. 1986 The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions and Models of Non-native English. Oxford: Pergamon Institute Press. (Reprinted 1990, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.)
264. Kachru, B. B. 1987 Cross-cultural texts, discourse strategies and discourse interpretation. In Smith, Larry E. (ed.), Discourse across Cultures: Strategies in World Englishes, 87-100. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
265. Kachru, B. B. 1988 The sacred cows of English. English Today 16: 3-8.
266. Kachru, B. B. 1991a. Liberation linguistics and the Quirk concern. English Today 7: 3-13.
267. Kachru, B. B. 1991b. Speech acts in world Englishes. World Englishes 10/3: 299-306.
268. Kachru, B. B. 1992. Models for non-native Englishes. In Kachru, B. B. (ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, 48-74. 2nd edn. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
269. Kachru, B. B. 1996. Language and cultural meaning: expository writing in South Asian English. In Baumgardner, R. (ed.), South Asian English: Structure, Use and Users, 127-40. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
270. Kachru, B. B. 1997. World Englishes and English-using communities. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17: 66-87.
271. Kachru, B. B. 2001. Discourse competence in World Englishes. In Thumboo, E. (ed.), The Three Circles of English, 341-55. Singapore: UniPress.
272. Kachru, B. B. 2005. Asian Englishes: Beyond the Canon. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
273. Kachru, B. B., Kachru, Y., and Nelson, C. (eds.). 2006. A Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell.
274. Kachru, B. B., and Nelson, C. L. 1996. World Englishes. In McKay, S. L., and Hornberger, N. H. (eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, 71-102. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
275. Kachru, Y. 1983. Linguistics and written discourse in particular languages: contrastive studies - English and Hindi. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 3: 50-77
276. Kachru, Y. 1987. Cross-cultural texts, discourse strategies and discourse interpretation. In Smith, L. E. (ed.), Discourse across Cultures: Strategies in World Englishes, 87-100. London: Prentice-Hall.
277. Kachru, Y. 1991. Speech acts in World Englishes: toward a framework for research. World Englishes 10: 299-306.
278. Kachru, Y. 1996. Kachru revisits contrasts. English Today 12: 41-4.
279. Kachru, Y. 1997a. Cultural meaning and contrastive rhetoric in English Education. World Englishes 16: 337-50.
280. Kachru, Y. 1987b. Culture and augmentative writing in world Englishes. In Smith, L. E., and Forman, M. L. (eds.), World Englishes 2000, 48-67. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
281. Kachru, Y. 2001a. Discourse competence in world Englishes. In Thumboo, E. (ed.), The Three Circles of English, 341-55. Singapore: UniPress.
282. Kachru, Y. 2001b. World Englishes and rhetoric across cultures. Asian Englishes: An International Journal of the Sociolinguistics of English in Asia/Pacific. Winter: 54-71.
283. Kahane, R. 1992. American English: from a colonial substandard to prestige language. In Kachru, B. B. (ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, 211-19. 2nd edn. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
284. Kaye, A. 1990. Observations on pidginistics and creolistics. Semiotica 78: 285-348.
285. Kidwai, A. 1997. Only in Indian English only. 18th South Asian Language Analysis Roundtable, New Delhi, India.
286. King, R. D. 2004. A review of Jeffrey Kallen, Focus on Ireland. World Englishes 20: 107-9.
287. Kingman, J. (chairman) 1988. Report of the committee of inquiry into the teaching of English language. [The Kingman Report]. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
288. Kirk-Greene, A. 1971. The influence of West African Languages on English. In Spencer, J. (ed.), The English Language in West Africa, 123-44. London: Longman.
289. Kirkpatrick, A., and Zhichang, X. 2002. Chinese pragmatic norms and ‘China English’. World Englishes 21/2: 269-79.
290. Klein, W. 1986. Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
291. Klein, W., and Perdue, C. 1997. The basic variety, or: Couldn’t language be much simpler? Second Language Research 13/4: 301-47.
292. Knapp, K. 1991. Linguistische Aspekte intercultureller Kommunikations fahigkeit. Habilitation thesis. University of Duosseldorf.
293. Kong, Lily. 1997. Popular music and a sense of place in popular music in Singapore. Ms. National University of Singapore.
294. Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. II. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
295. Kramsch, C. 1998. The privilege of the intercultural speaker. In Byram, M., and Fleming, M. (eds.), Language Learning in Intercultural Perspective: Approaches through Drama and Ethnography, 16-31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
296. Krashen, S. 1977. Some issues relating to the Monitor Model. In Brown, H., Yorio, C., and Crymes, R. (eds.), On TESOL’77, 144-58. Washington: TESOL.
297. Kubota, R. 2001. Teaching world Englishes to native speakers of English in the USA. World Englishes. 20: 47-64.
298. Kuno, S. 1978. Japanese: a characteristic of language. In Lehmann, W. P. (ed.), Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language, 57-138. Sussex: Harvester Press.
299. Kwan-Terry, A. 1978. The meaning and the source of the ‘la’ and the ‘what’ particles in Singapore English. RELC Journal 9/2: 22-36.
300. Kwan-Terry, A. 1992. Towards a dictionary of Singapore English: issues relating to making entries for particles in Singapore English. In Pakir, A. (ed.), Words in a Cultural Context, 62-72. Singapore: Unipress.
301. Labov, W. 1969. The logic of non-standard English. Georgetown Monographs in Languages and Linguistics, 22. (Reproduced in W. Labov, 1972 Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Verncaular, 201-40. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.)
302. Labov, W. 1972a. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
303. Labov, W. 1872b. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular: Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
304. Labov, W. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol II: Social Factors. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
305. Labov, W., and Harris, W. 1986. De facto segregation of black and white vernaculars. In Sankoff, D. (ed.), Diversity and Diachrony, 1-24. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
306. Lalleman, J. 1996. The state of the art in second language acquisition research. In Jordens, P., and Lalleman, J. (eds.), Investigating Second Language Acquisition, 1-64. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
307. Lambert, W. E. 1978. Some cognitive and sociocultural consequences of being bilingual. In Alatis, J. E. (ed.), Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, 214-29. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
308. Langacker, R. 1883. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club.
309. Lardiere, D. 1998. Case and tense in a ‘fossilized’ steady state. Second Language Research 14: 1-26.
310. Larsen-Freeman, D., and Long, M. H. 1991. An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition Research. New York: Longman.
311. Leap W. 1993. American Indian English. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
312. Lee, J. S. 2005. Global and local fusion: semiotic creativity in Korean and Japanese pop music. Paper presented at the Linguistics Seminar, University of Illinois at Urbana, 7 April.
313. Lefevbre, C. 1986. Relexification in creole genesis revisited: the case of Haitian Creole. In Muysken, P., and Smith. N. (eds.), Substrata Versus Universals in Creole Genesis, 279-300. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
314. Leith, D. 1997. A Social History of English. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.
315. Le Page, R., and Tabouret-Keller, A. 1985. Acts of Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
316. Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
317. Li, C. N., and Thompson, S. 1976. Subject and topic: a new typology of language. In Li, C. N. (ed.), Subject and Topic, 457-89. New York: Academic Press.
318. Loke, K. K., and Low, M.-Y. J. 1988. A proposed descriptive framework for the pragmatic meanings of the particle la in colloquial Singaporean English. In McCarthy, B. (ed.), Asian-Pacific Papers, Occasional Papers Number 10: 150-61 (Applied Linguistics Association of Australia).
319. Long, M. 1981. Input, interaction and second language acquisition. Native Language and Foreign Acquisition: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (ed. H. Winitz) 379: 259-78.
320. Lowenberg, P. 1990. Standards and norms for world Englishes: issues and attitudes. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 20: 123-37.
321. Lowenberg, P. 1992. Testing English as a world language: issues in assessing non-native proficiency. In Kachru, B. B. (ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, 108-21. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
322. Lowenberg, P. 1993. Issues of validity in tests of English as a world language: whose standards? World Englishes 12:96-106.
323. Lowenberg, P. 2002. Assessing English proficiency in the Expanding World. World Englishes 21/3: 431-5.
324. Lukmani, Y. 1972. Motivation to learn and language proficiency. Language Learning 22: 261-73.
325. Lunsford, L. J. 1996. ‘Flight position confused pilots in Columbia crash’. Dallas Morning News, 17 April.
326. MacLaughlin, B. 1987. Theories of Second-Language Learning. London: Edward Arnold.
327. Magura, B. 1984. Style and meaning in African English: a sociolinguistic analysis of South African and Zimbabwean English. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign).
328. Mahboob, A. 2004. Pakistani English: morphology and syntax. In Kortmann, Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. II, 1045-57. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
329. Mahboob, A., and Ahmar, N. H. 2004. Pakistani English: phonology. In Schneider, E., Burridge, K., Kortmann, B., Mesthrie, R., and C. Upton (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. II, 1003-16. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
330. Makalela, L. 2004. Making sense of BSAE for linguistic democracy in South Africa. World Englishes 23/3: 355-66.
331. Malcolm, I. G. 2004. Australian creoles and Aboriginal English: morphology and syntax. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. II, 657-81. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
332. Martin, E. 2002. Cultural images and different varieties of English in French television commercials. English Today 18/4: 8-20.
333. Mazrui, A. A., and Mazrui, A. M. 1998. The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience. Oxford: James Currey.
334. Mbangwana, P. 2004. Cameroon English: morphology and syntax. In Kort- mann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. II, 898-908. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
335. McArthur, T. 1987. The English Languages? English Today 11: 9-11.
336. McArthur, T. 1998. The English Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
337. McArthur, T. 2003a. World English, Euro English, Nordic English? English Today 19/1: 54-8.
338. McArthur, T. 2003b. English as an Asian language. English Today 19/2: 19-22.
339. McCafferty, K. 2004. ‘[T]hunder storms is verry dangese in this country they come in less than minnits notice…’: the Northern Subject Rule in Southern Irish English. English World-Wide 25/1: 51-80.
340. McCarthy, J. 1995. Some misconceptions about Optimality Theory. Ms. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
341. McCarthy, J. J., and A. Prince. 1995. Faithfulness and reduplicative identity. In Beckman, J., et al. (eds.), Papers in Optimality Theory, 249-384. (University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics, 18.) Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
342. McCormick, K. 1995. Code-switching, code-mixing and convergence in Cape Town. In Mesthrie, R. (ed.), Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics, 193-208. Cape Town: David Philip.
343. McCormick, K. 2002. Language in Cape Town’s District Six. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
344. McCormick, K. 2004. Cape Flats English: morphology and syntax. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. II: 993-1005. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
345. McLaughlin, B. 1980. Theory research in second language: an emerging paradigm. Language Learning 30: 331-50.
346. McLaughlin, B. 1987. Theories of Second Language Learning. London: Edward Arnold.
347. Medgyes, P. 1994. The non-native teacher. London: Macmillan.
348. Mehrotra, R. R. 1977. English in India: the current scene. English Language Teaching Journal 31: 163-70.
349. Mehrotra, R. R. 1982. Indian English: a sociolinguistic profile. In J. B. Pride (ed.), New Englishes, 150-73. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
350. Mehrotra, R. R. 1998. Indian English: Texts and Interpretation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
351. Meierkord, C. 2004. Syntactic variation in interactions across international Englishes. English World-Wide 25/1: 109-32.
352. Meisel, J. 1997. The L2 basic variety as an I-language. Second Language Research 13/4: 374-85.
353. Melchers G., and Shaw, P. 2003. World Englishes. London: Arnold.
354. Mesthrie, R. 1987. From OV to VO in language shift: South African Indian English and its OV substrates. English World-Wide 8/2: 263-76.
355. Mesthrie, R. 1992a. English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
356. Mesthrie, R. 1992b. Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. London: Routledge.
357. Mesthrie, R. 1993. Koineization in the Bhojpuri-Hindi diaspora, with special reference to South Africa. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 99: 25-44.
358. Mesthrie, R. 1994. Standardisation and variation in South African English. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics 26: 181-201.
359. Mesthrie, R. 1996. South African Indian English. In de Klerk, V. (ed.), Varieties of English around the World: Focus on South Africa, 79-98. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
360. Mesthrie, R. 1997. A sociolinguistic study of topicalisation phenomena in Black South African English. In Schneider, E. W. (ed.), Englishes around the World, Vol. II: Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Australasia (Studies in Honour of Manfred Gorlach). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
361. Mesthrie, R. 1999a. Fifty ways to say ‘I do’: tracing the origins of unstressed do in Cape Flats English. South African Journal of Linguistics 17: 58-71.
362. Mesthrie, R. 1999b. The study of new varieties of English. Inaugural lecture. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
363. Mesthrie, R. 2001. Male workers’ English in the Western Cape: interlanguage, codeswitching and pidginisation. In Ridge, S., Ridge, E., and Makoni, S. (eds.), Freedom and Discipline: Essays in Applied Linguistics from Southern Africa, 85-104. New Delhi: Bahri.
364. Mesthrie, R. 2002. Mock languages and symbolic power: the South African radio series Applesammy and Naidoo. World Englishes 21: 99-112.
365. Mesthrie, R. 2003. Children in language shift: the syntax of fifth-generation South African Indian English speakers. South African Journal of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 21/3: 119-26.
366. Mesthrie, R. 2004a. Synopsis: the phonology of English in Africa and South and Southeast Asia. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 1099-110. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
367. Mesthrie, R. 2004b. Indian South African English: Phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 953-63. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
368. Mesthrie, R. 2006. Anti-deletions in a second language variety: a Study of Black South African English mesolect. English World-Wide 27/2: 111-46.
369. Mesthrie, R., and Dunne, T. 1990. Syntactic variation in language shift: the relative clause in South African Indian English. Language Variation and Change 2/1: 31-56.
370. Mesthrie, R., Swan, J., Deumert, A., and Leap, W. 2000. Introducing Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
371. Mesthrie, R., and West, P. 1995. Towards a grammar of proto-South African English: English World Wide. English World-Wide 16/2: 10534.
372. Milroy, L., and Milroy, J. 1991. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardization. London: Routledge.
373. Mistry, R. 1987. Tales from Firozsha Baag. Toronto: McLelland and Stewart.
374. Mitchell, A. G., and Delbridge, A. 1965. The Pronunciation of English in Australia. 2nd edn. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
375. Moag, R. 1992. The life-cycle of non-native Englishes: a case study. In Kachru, B. B. (ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, 270-88. 2nd edn. Oxford: Pergamon.
376. Modiano, M. 2003. Euro-English: a Swedish perspective. English Today 19/2: 35-41.
377. Montgomery, M. 2004. Solving Kurath’s puzzle. In Hickey, R. (ed.), Legacies of Colonial English, 310-25. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
378. Moorhouse, G. 1973. The Missionaries. London: Eyre Methuen.
379. Mufwene, S. S. 1988. The small pro and inflectional morphology. Linguistic Analysis 18: 253-42.
380. Mufwene, S. S. 1996. The founder principle in Creole genesis. Diachronica 13: 83-134.
381. Mufwene, S. S. 1998. Native speaker, proficient speaker and norms. In Singh, R. (ed.), The Native Speaker: Multilingual Perspectives, 111-23. New Delhi: Sage.
382. Mufwene, S. S. 2001. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
383. Myers-Scotton, C. 1976. Strategies of Neutrality: Language choice in uncertain situations. Language 52: 919-41.
384. Myers-Scotton, C. 1993a. Duelling Languages: Grammatical Structure in Code-Switching. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
385. Myers-Scotton, C. 1993b. Social Motivations for Code-Switching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Clarendon.
386. Nelson, C. 1992. Bilingual writing for the monolingual reader: blowing up the canon. World Englishes, 11: 271-75.
387. Nesfield, J. C. 1895. English Grammar Series, Book IV: Idiom, Grammar and Synthesis for High Schools. Calcutta: Macmillan.
388. Nihalani, P., Tongue R. K., and Hosali, P. 1977. Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
389. Okara, G. 1964. The Voice. London: Heinemann.
390. Omoniyi, T. 2006. Hip-hop through the World Englishes lens: a response to globalization. World Englishes 25/2: 195-208.
391. Orsman, H. (ed.) 1997. A Dictionary of New Zealand English on Historical Principles. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
392. Paikeday, T. 1985. The Native Speaker Is Dead. Toronto: Paikeday Publishing Inc.
393. Pakir, A. 1992. Dictionary entries for discourse particles. In Pakir, A. (ed.), Words in a Cultural Context, 143-52. Singapore: Unipress.
394. Pakir, A. 1994. English in Singapore: the codification of competing norms. In Gopinathan, S. A., Pakir, A., Ho, W. K., and Saravanan, V. (eds.), Language, Society and Education in Singapore: Issues and Trends, 92-118. Singapore: Times Academic Press (2nd edn 1998).
395. Palmer, H. E. 1917. The Scientific Study and Teaching of Languages. London: George G. Harrap.
396. Paradis, M. 1998. Neurolinguistic aspects of the native speaker. In Singh, R. (ed.), The Native Speaker: Multilingual Perspectives, 205-19. New Delhi: Sage.
397. Pemagbi, J. 1989. Still a deficient language? English Today 17: 20-4.
398. Penfield-Jasper, S. 1980. Selected grammatical characteristics of Mohave English. PhD dissertation, University of Arizona (Tucson).
399. Pennycook, A. D. 1994. The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language. London: Longman.
400. Pennycook, A. D. 1998. English and the Discourses of Colonialism. London: Routledge.
401. Pennycook, A. D. 2003. Global Englishes, rip slyme, and performativity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/4: 513-33.
402. Perullo, A., and Fenn, J. 2003. Language ideologies, choices, and practices in Eastern African hip-hop. In Berger, H. M., and Carrol, M. T. (eds.), Global Popular Music: The Politics and Aesthetics of Language Choice, 18-51. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
403. Petzold, R. 2002. Toward a pedagogical model for ELT. World Englishes 21/3: 422-26.
404. Phillipson, R. 1992. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
405. Piggin, S. C. 1984. Making Evangelical Missionaries 1789-1859. Abingdon: Sutton Courtenay Press.
406. Platt, J. T. 1975. The Singapore English speech continuum and its basilect ‘Singlish’ as a creoloid. Anthropological Linguistics 17: 363-74.
407. Platt, J. T. 1982. English in Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong. In Bailey, R. W., and Goorlach, M. (eds.), English as a World Language, 384-414. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
408. Platt, J. T. 1987. Communicative functions of particles in Singapore English. In Steele, R., and Threadgold, T. (eds.), Language Topics: Essays in Honour of Michael Halliday, Vol. I, 391-401. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
409. Platt, J. T., and Ho, M. L. 1989. Discourse particles in Singaporean English: substratum influences and universals. World Englishes 8: 215-21.
410. Platt, J. T., and Weber, H. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
411. Platt, J., Weber, H., and Ho, M. L. 1983. The New Englishes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
412. Pluoddemann, P. (ms). Fear to fail: realising school language policy in South Africa. Cape Town: PRAESA, University of Cape Town.
413. Poplack, S. (ed.) 2000. The English History of African American English. Oxford: Blackwell.
414. Poplack, S., and Tagliamonte, S. 1991. African American English in the diaspora: Evidence from old-line Nova Scotians. Language Variation and Change 3: 301-39.
415. Preston, D. 1989. Sociolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Blackwell.
416. Pride, J. B. 1982. New Englishes. Rowley: Newbury House.
417. Prince, A., and Smolensky, P. 2004. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
418. Prince E. 1981. Topicalisation, focus-movement and Yiddish-movement: a pragmatic differentiation. Proceedings of the 7th meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 249-64. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
419. Pulcini, V. 1997. Attitudes toward the spread of English in Italy. World Englishes 16/1: 77-86.
420. Pullum, G. K. 1997. Language that dare not speak its name. Nature 328: 321-2.
421. Pyles, T. and Algeo, J. 1982. The Origins and the Development of the English Language. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
422. Qiang, N., and Wolff, M. 2003. Chian and Chinese, or Chingland and Chinglish? English Today 19/2: 9-11.
423. Quirk, R. 1985. The English language in a global context. In Quirk, R., and Widdowson, H. (eds.), English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures, 1-6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
424. Quirk, R. (ed.) 1987. Dictionary of Contemporary English: New Edition. Harlow: Longman.
425. Quirk, R. 1990. Language varieties and standard language. English Today 21: 3-10.
426. Quirk, R. 1995. Grammatical and Lexical Variance in English. London and New York: Longman.
427. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., and Svartvik, J. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
428. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., and Svartvik, J. 1972. A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman.
429. Rampton, B. 2005. Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents. 2nd edn. Manchester: St Jerome Publishing.
430. Rand, D., and Sankoff, D. 1990. Goldvarb: a variable rule application for Macintosch. Centre de recherches mathematiques, Universite de Montreal.
431. Rao, R. 1938. Kanthapura. London: Allen and Unwin.
432. Ravem, R. 1974. Language acquisition in a second language environment. In Richards, J. C. (ed.), Error Analysis: Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition, 124-33. London: Longman.
433. Reinecke, J. 1937. Marginal languages: a sociological survey of the Creole languages and trade jargons. PhD thesis, Yale University.
434. Richards, J. C., and Tay, M. W. J. 1977. The la particle in Singapore English. In Crewe, W. (ed.), The English Language in Singapore, 141-56. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
435. Rickford, J. 1986. Social contact and linguistic diffusion: Hiberno English and New World Black English. Language 62: 245-89.
436. Rickford, J. 1997. Commentary: suite for ebony and phonics. Discover Dec: 82-7.
437. Rickford, J. 1999. The creole origin of African-American vernacular English: Evidence from copula absence. In Mufwene, S., Rickford, J., Bailey, G., and Baugh, J. (eds.), African American English: Structure, History and Use, 155-200. London: Routledge.
438. Ritchie, W. C. 1986. Second-language acquisition research and the study of non-native varieties of English: some issues in common. World Englishes 5: 15-30.
439. Robertson, D. 2000. Variability in the use of the English article system by Chinese learners of English. Second Language Research 16: 135-72.
440. Robinson, J., Lawrence, H., and Tagliamonte, S. 2001. GOLDVARB 2001 for Windows. Department of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York, UK.
441. Romaine, S. 1982. English in Scotland. In Bailey, R. W., and Gorlach, M. (eds.), English as a World Language, 56-83. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
442. Romaine, S. 1992. The evolution of linguistic complexity in pidgin and Creole languages. In Hawkins, J. A., and Gell-Mann, J. (eds.), The Evolution ofHuman Languages, Vol. X, 213-38. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
443. Romaine, S. 1997. The British heresy in ESL revisited. In Eliasson, S., and Jahr, E. H. (eds.), Language and its Ecology, 417-32. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
444. Romaine, S., and Nettle, D. 2000. Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
445. Rosewarne, D. 1994. Estuary English - tomorrow’s RP. English Today 10/1: 3-8.
446. Sahgal, A 1991. Patterns of language use in a bilingual setting in India. In Cheshire, J. (ed.), English around the World, 299-307. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
447. Sand, A. 2004. Shared morpho-syntactic features in contact varieties of English: Article use. World Englishes 23: 281-98.
448. Sankoff, G. 1994. An historical and evolutionary approach to variation in the Tok Pisin verb phrase. Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society 30: 293-320.
449. Sankoff, G., and Laberge, S. 1973. On the acquisition of native speakers by a language. Kivung 6: 32-47.
450. Saville-Troike, M. 2003. The Ethnography of Communication. 3rd edn. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
451. Savignon S., and Berns, M. 1984. Initiatives in Communicative Language Teaching. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
452. Schiffrin, D. 1987. Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
453. Schmidt, R. 1990. The role of consciousness in second language learning. Applied Linguistics 11: 129-58.
454. Schmied, J. 1991. English in Africa: An Introduction. London: Longman.
455. Schmied, J. 2004. East African English (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania): phonology. In Kort- mann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 918-30. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
456. Schneider, E. W. 1990. The cline of creoleness in English-oriented Creoles and semi-creoles of the Caribbean. English World-Wide 11: 79-113.
457. Schneider, E. W. 2003. The dynamics of New Englishes: from identity construction to dialect birth. Language 79/2: 233-81.
458. Schneider, E. W. 2006. Postcolonial Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
459. Schneider, E., Burridge, K., Kortmann, B., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, (eds) 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
460. Schuchardt, H. 1882. Kreolische Studien I: Uober das negerportugiesische von San Thome (Westafrika). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien 101: 889-917.
461. Schuchardt, H. 1889. Beitroage zur Kenntnis des kreolischen Romanisch: Allgemeineres uber das Indo-portugiesische (Asioportugiesische). Zeitschrift fur Roman- ische Philologie 13: 476-516.
462. Schuchardt, H. 1891. Beitroage zur Kenntnis des englische Creolisch III: Das Indo- Englische. Englische Studien 15: 286-305.
463. Schumann, J. H. 1974. Implications of pidginization and creolization for the study of adult second language acquisition. In Gingras, R. C. (ed.), Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching: 137-51. Arlington: Center for Applied Linguistics.
464. Schumann, J. H. 1978. The Pidginization Process: A Model for Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
465. Schumann, J. H., and Stauble, A. 1983. A discussion of second language acquisition and decreolization. In Andersen, R. (ed.), 1983 Pidginization and Creolization as Language Acquisition, 260-74. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
466. Scollon, R., and Scollon, S. W. 1991. Topic confusion in Asian-English discourse. World Englishes 10/2: 113-25.
467. Scollon, R., and Scollon, S. W. 2000. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach. 2nd edn. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
468. Scotton, C. M. 1976. Strategies of neutrality: Language choice in uncertain situations. Language 52: 919-41.
469. Scotton, C. M. 1985. ‘What the heck, Sir’: style and lexical colouring as features of powerful language. In Street, R. L., and Cappella, J. N. (eds.), Sequence and Pattern in Communicative Behaviour, 103-19. London: Arnold.
470. Sebba, M. 1997. Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles. London: Macmillan.
471. Seidlhofer, B. 2005. English as a lingua franca. ELT Journal 59/4: 339-41.
472. Seidlhofer, B., and Widdowson, H. G. 1998. Applied linguistics, pragmatics, and language pedagogy. In de Beaugrande, R., Grosman, M., and Seidlhofer, B. (eds.), Language Policy and Language Education in Emerging Nations: Focus on Slovenia and Croatia, 3-14. London: Ablex.
473. Selinker, L. 1972. Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics 10: 209-30.
474. Selinker, L. 1993. Fossilization as simplification. In Tickoo, M. L. (ed.), Simplification: Theory and Application. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.
475. Sey, K. A. 1973. Ghanaian English. London: Macmillan.
476. Sharma, D. 2005a. Language transfer and discourse universals in Indian English article use. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 27/4: 535-66.
477. Sharma, D. 2005b. Dialect stabilisation and speaker awareness in non-native varieties of English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9: 194-224.
478. Sharwood-Smith, M. 1986. Consciousness-raising and the second language learner. Applied Linguistics 2: 59-68.
479. Shivachi, C. 1999. A case study in language contact: English, Kiswahili and Luhyia amongst the Luhyia people of Kenya. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Cape Town.
480. Sidhu, C. D. 1976. An Intensive Course in English. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
481. Siegel, J. 1985. Koines and koineization. Language in Society 14: 357-78.
482. Siegel, J. 1987. Language Contact in a Plantation Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
483. Siegel, J. 1994. Review of R. Mesthrie, English in language shift: the history, structure and sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 15/1: 86-90.
484. Siegel, J. 1997a. Mixing, leveling, and Pidgin/Creole development. In Spears, A., and Winford, D. (eds.), The structure and status of Pidgins and Creoles: 111-49. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
485. Siegel, J. 1997b. Pidgin and English in Melanesia: Is there a continuum? World Englishes 16/2: 185-204.
486. Siegel, J. 2003. Substrate influence in Creoles and the role of transfer in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25: 185-209.
487. Simo Bobda, A. 1994. Aspects of Cameroon English Phonology. Bern: Peter Lang.
488. Simo Bobda, A. 2004. Cameroon English: phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 885-901. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
489. Singh, F. B. 1987. Power and politics in the content of grammar books: the example of India. World Englishes 6/3: 253-61.
490. Singh, K. 1959. I Shall Not Hear the Nightingale. London: John Calder.
491. Singh, R. (ed.) 1998. The Native Speaker: Multilingual Perspectives. New Delhi: Sage.
492. Singler, J. V. 1990. On the use of sociohistorical criteria in the comparison of Creoles. In Seuren, P., and Mufwene, S. (eds.), Issues in Creole Linguistics, 645-59 (Special Issue of Linguistics: 28/4).
493. Singler, J. V. 1990. Liberian Settler English: phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 874-84. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
494. Singler, J., and Kouwenberg, S. (in press). A Handbook of Pidgins and Creoles. Oxford: Blackwell.
495. Slobin, D. 1.1973. Cognitive prerequisites for the development of grammar. In Ferguson, C. A., and Slobin, D. I. (eds.), Studies in Child Language Development, 175-208. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson.
496. Slobin, D. 1977. Language change in childhood and in history. In Macnamara, J. (ed.), Language Learning and Thought, 185-214. New York: Academic Press.
497. Slobin, D. 1983. What the natives have in mind. In Andersen, R. (ed.), Pidginization and Creolization as Language Acquisition, 246-53. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
498. Slobin, D. 1985. Cross-linguistic evidence for the language-making capacity. In Slobin, D. I. (ed.), The Cross-Linguistic Study of Language Acquisition, Vol. II, 1157-256. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
499. Smalley, R. L., and Hank, M. R. 1982. Refining Composition Skills. New York: Macmillan.
500. Smith, A. M. 1978. The Papua New Guinea Dialect of English. Educational Research Unit report No. 25, University of Papua New Guinea.
501. Smith, L. E. 1987. Introduction: discourse strategies and cross-cultural communication. In Smith, L. (ed.), Discourse across Cultures: Strategies in World Englishes, 1-6. New York: Prentice-Hall.
502. Smith, L. E. (ed.) 1987. Discourse Across Cultures: Strategies in World Englishes. London: Prentice-Hall.
503. Smith, L. E. 1992. Spread of English and issues of intelligibility. In Kachru, B. B. (ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, 75-90. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
504. Smith, L. E., and Nelson, C. L. 1985. International intelligibility of English: directions and resources. World Englishes 4/3: 333-42.
505. Smith, L. E., and Rafiqzad, K. 1979. English for cross-cultural communication: the question of intelligibility. TESOL Quarterly 13/3: 371-80.
506. Sood, K. S., and Bright, P. S. n.d. Bright’s Handbook of Common Errors in English and How to Avoid Them. New Delhi: Bright Careers Institute.
507. Spencer, J. 1971. West Africa and the English language. In Spencer J. (ed.), The English Language in West Africa, 1-34. London: Longman.
508. Sridhar, K. K. 1991. Speech acts in an indigenized variety: sociocultural values and language variation. In Cheshire, J. (ed.), English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, 308-18. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
509. Sridhar, K. K. 1982. English in a South Indian Urban context. In Kachru, B. B (ed.), The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, 141-53. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
510. Sridhar, K. K. 1992. The ecology of bilingual competence: language interaction in indi- genized varieties of English. World Englishes 11: 141-50.
511. Sridhar, K. K. 1992. The pragmatics of South Asian English. In R. Baumgardner (ed.), South Asian Englishes: Structure, Use and Users, 141-57. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
512. Sridhar, K. K., and Sridhar, S. N. 1986. Bridging the paradigm gap: second language acquisition research and indigenized varieties of English. World Englishes 5/1: 3-14.
513. Sridhar, S. N. 1992. The ecology of bilingual competence: Language interaction in indigenized varieties of English. World Englishes 11/2-3:141-50.
514. Stauble, A. M. E. 1978. The process of decreolisation: a model for second language development. Language and Learning 28: 29-54.
515. Stern, H. H. 1983. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
516. Strang, B. 1970. A History of English. London: Methuen.
517. Swann, M., and Smith, B. 1987. Learner English: A Teacher’s Guide to Interference and Other Problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
518. Tajima, A. 2004. Fatal miscommunication: English in aviation safety. World Englishes 23/3: 451-70.
519. Tarone, E. 1983. On the variability of interlanguage systems. Applied Linguistics 4: 143-63.
520. Tayao, Ma. L. G. 2004. Philippine English: phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), AHand- book of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 1047-59. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
521. Taylor, D. 1971. Grammatical and lexical affinities of Creoles. In Hymes, (ed.), Pidginisation and Creolisation of Languages, 293-6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
522. Taylor, J. 2002. China’s English language push. In ABC News Online, 3 November. See www.abc.net.au/correspondents/s717371.htm.
523. Taylor, P. and Bain, P. 2005. ‘India calling to the faraway towns’: The call center labour process and globalization. Work, Employment, Society 19: 261-82.
524. Tent, J., and Mugler, F. 1996. Why a Fiji corpus? In Greenbaum, S. (ed.), Comparing English Worldwide: The International Corpus of English, 249-61. Oxford: Clarendon.
525. Teo, A. 1995. Analysis of editorials: a study of argumentative text structure. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois (Urbana).
526. Thomas, M. 1989. The acquisition of English articles by first-and second- language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics 10: 335-55.
527. Thomason, S. G. 2001a. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
528. Thomason, S. G. 2001b. Contact languages. In Mesthrie, R. (ed.), Concise Encyclopaedia of Sociolinguistics, 461-4. Oxford: Pergamon.
529. Thomason, S. G., and Kaufman T. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
530. Thomson, G. 1972. The Greek Language. Cambridge: Heffer.
531. Times of London, 10/27/86: 17.
532. Times of India news-brief, www.timesofindia.com, 12 October 2001.
533. Times of India, 12 May 2002: 10.
534. 8 March 2006, p. 1.
535. Tingley, C. 1981. Deviance in English in Ghanaian newspapers. English World-Wide 2: 39-62.
536. Tipping, L. 1933. Matriculation English Grammar for Modern English Usage. London: Macmillan.
537. Tirkkonen-Condit, S. 1985. Argumentative Text Structure and Translation. Jyvaskyla: University of Jyvaskyla.
538. Todd, L. 1982. The English language in West Africa. In Bailey, R. W., and Gorlach, M. (eds.), English as a World Language, 281-305. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
539. Todd, L. 1984. Modern Englishes: Pidgins and Creoles. London: Routledge.
540. Todd, L. 1985. Review of Platt, Weber and Ho, The New Englishes. English WorldWide 6/1: 155-63.
541. Tollefson, J. W. 1991. Planning Language, Planning Inequality. London: Longman.
542. Tristram, H. 2006. The Celtic Englishes IV. Potsdam: University of Potsdam Press.
543. Troike, M. 1977. The future of English. Editorial. Linguistics Reporter 19/8: 2.
544. Truchot, C. 1997. The spread of English: from France to a more general perspective. World Englishes 16/1: 65-76.
545. Trudgill, P. 1975. Accent, Dialect and the School. London: Edward Arnold.
546. Trudgill, P. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
547. Trudgill, P. 1998. Review of John Honey, Language is Power: The Story of Standard English and its Enemies. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 2/3: 457-473.
548. Trudgill, P., and Hannah, J. 1985. International English: A Guide to Varieties of Standard English. London: Edward Arnold.
549. Trudgill, P., and Watts, R. 2002. The History of English: Alternative Perspectives. London: Routledge.
550. Valdman, A. 1977. Creolisation: elaboration in the development of Creole French dialects. In Valdman, A. (ed.), Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, 15589. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
551. van Essen, A. 1997. English in Mainland Europe: A Dutch Perspective. World Englishes 16/1: 95-103.
552. van Name, A. (1869-70). Contributions to Creole grammar. Transactions of the American Philological Association 1: 123-67.
553. van Rooy, B. 2004. Black South African English: phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, E. W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 943-52. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
554. Vandergriff, J. 1982. Kotzebue English: some Notes on Inupiaq English. In Bartelt, H. G., Penfield-Jasper, S., and Hoffer, B. (eds.), Essays in Native American English, 121-56. San Antonio: Trinity University Press.
555. Varonis, E., and Gass, S. 1982. The comprehensibility of non-native speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 4: 114-36.
556. Vavrus, F. 1991. When paradigms clash: the role of institutionalized varieties in language teacher education. World Englishes 10: 18195.
557. Verma, S. 1982. Swadeshi English: form and function. In Pride, J. (ed.), New Englishes, 174-87. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
558. Visser, F. Th. 1963. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. Leiden: Brill.
559. von Stutterheim, C., and Klein, W. 1987. A concept-orientated approach to second language studies. In Pfaff, C. (ed.), First and Second Language Acquisition Processes, 191-205. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
560. Warren, M. 1967. Social History and Christian Mission. London: SCM Press.
561. Watts, R. J. 1989. Taking the pitcher to the ‘well’: native speakers’ perception of their use of discourse markers in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 18: 203-37.
562. Wee, L. 2004. Singapore English: phonology. In Kortmann, B., Schneider, W., Burridge, K., Mesthrie, R., and Upton, C. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English, Vol. I, 1017-33. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
563. Weinreich, U. 1953. Languages in Contact. New York: Publications of the Linguistics Circle of New York, No 1.
564. Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents ofEnglish (3 vols.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
565. White, L., and Genessee, F. 1996. How native is near native? The issue of ultimate attainment in adult second language acquisition. Second Language Research 12: 233-65.
566. Williams, J. 1987. Non-native varieties of English: a special case of language acquisition. English World-Wide 8: 161-99.
567. Williams, J. 1992. Planning, discourse marking and the comprehensibility of international teaching assistants. TESOL Quarterly 26/4 (Winter): 693-711.
568. Winefield, H. R., Chandler, M. A., and Bassett, D. L. 1989. Tag questions and powerfulness: quantitative and qualitative analyses of a course of psychotherapy. Language in Society 18: 77-86.
569. Winford, D. 2000. Introduction: on the structure and status of pidgins and Creoles. In Spears, A., and Winford, D. (eds.), The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles, 1-31. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
570. Wingstedt, M., and Schulman, R. 1984. Comprehension of foreign accents. In Dressler, W. (ed.), Phonologica 1984: Proceedings of the 5th international phonology meeting, 339-44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
571. Wong, J. 1994. A Wierzbickan approach to Singlish particles. MA dissertation, National University of Singapore.
572. Wong, J. 2004. The particles of Singapore English: a semantic and cultural interpretation. Journal of Pragmatics 36: 739-93.
573. Wren P. C., and Martin, H. 1954. High School English Grammar and Composition. New Delhi: S. Chand.
574. Yajun, J. 2003. English as a Chinese language. English Today 19/2: 3-8.
575. Zobl, H. 1980. The formal and developmental selectivity of L1 influence on L2 acquisition. Language Learning 30/1: 43-57.