The dynamics of new englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth

Language

Volumn 79, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 233-281

  Schneider, Edgar W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33644594552     PISSN: 00978507     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/lan.2003.0136     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. ALLSOPP, RICHARD (ed.) 1996. Dictionary of Caribbean English usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. ALSAGOFF, LUBNA. 2001. Tense and aspect in Singapore English. In Ooi, 79-88.
3. ALSAGOFF, LUBNA; BAO ZHIMING; and LIONEL WEE. 1998. Why you talk like that?: The pragmatics of a why construction in Singapore English. English World-Wide 19.247-60.
4. Anvil-Macquarie dictionary of Philippine English for high school. 2000. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.
5. ASHCROFT, BILL; GARETH GRIFFITHS; and HELEN TIFFIN. 2002. The empire writes back. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.
6. ASMAH, HAJI OMAR. 1996. Post-imperial English in Malaysia. In Fishman et al., 513-55.
7. ASMAH, HAJI OMAR. 2000. From imperialism to Malaysianization: A discussion of the path taken by English towards becoming a Malaysian language. In Halimah & Ng, 12-21.
8. AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING SERVICE. 1988. Style manual for authors, editors and printers. 4th edn. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
9. BAILEY, GUY.1997. When did Southern English begin? In Schneider 1997, vol. 1, 255-75.
10. BAILEY, GUY, andNATALIE MAYNOR. 1989. The divergence controversy. American Speech 64.12-39.
11. BAILEY, RICHARD W., andMANFRED GÖRLACH (eds.) 1982. English as a world language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
12. BAKER, SIDNEY J. 1945 [1978]. The Australian language. Sydney: Angus and Robertson Ltd. 1978. 3rd edn. Milson's Point, NSW: Currawong Press.
13. BAUER, LAURIE. 1994. English in New Zealand. In Burchfield, 382-429.
14. BAUER, LAURIE. 1997. Attempting to trace Scottish influence on New Zealand English. InSchneider 1997, vol. 2, 257-72.
15. BAUER, LAURIE, and WINIFRED BAUER. 2002. Can we watch regional dialects developing in colonial English? The case of New Zealand. English World-Wide 23.169-93.
16. BAUMGARDNER, ROBERT J. 1998. Word-formation in Pakistani English. English World-Wide 19.205-46.
17. BAUTISTA, MARIA LOURDES S. 1997a. The lexicon of Philippine English. In Bautista 1997b, 49-72.
18. BAUTISTA, MARIA LOURDES S. (ed.) 1997b. English is an Asian language: The Philippine context. Proceedings of the conference held in Manila on August 2-3, 1996. Sydney: Macquarie Library Ltd.
19. BAUTISTA, MARIA LOURDES S. 2000. The grammatical features of educated Philippine English. In Bautista et al., 146-58.
20. BAUTISTA, MARIA LOURDES S.; TEODORO A. LLAMZON; and BONIFACIO P. SIBAYAN (eds.). Parangal cang Brother Andrew: Festschrift for Andrew Gonzalez on his sixtieth birthday. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.
21. BELL, ALLAN. 2000. Maori and Pakeha English: A case study. In Bell & Kuiper, 221-48.
22. BELL, ALLAN, and KOENRAAD KUIPER (eds.)2000. New Zealand English. Varieties of English around the world G25. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
23. BENSON, PHIL. 2000. Hong Kong words: Variation and context. InBolton 2000c, 373-80.
24. BIBER, DOUGLAS; STIG JOHANSSON; GEOFFREY LEECH; SUSAN CONRAD; and EDWARD FINEGAN. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Longman.
25. BIBI JAN MOHD AYYUB. 1994. Language issues in the Malay community. In Gopinathan et al., 205-30.
26. BLAIR, DAVID, andPETER COLLINS (eds.) . English in Australia. Varieties of English around the world G26. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
27. BLAKE, RENÉE. 2002. Not as clear as black and white: A study of race, class and language in a Barbados community. New York: New York University, MS.
28. BOLTON, KINGSLEY. 2000a. The sociolinguistics of Hong Kong English and the space for Hong Kong English. In Bolton 2000c, 265-85.
29. BOLTON, KINGSLEY. 2000b. Hong Kong English, Philippine English, and the future of Asian Englishes. In Bautista et al., 93-114.
30. BOLTON, KINGSLEY (ed.) 2000c. Hong Kong English: Autonomy and creativity. Special issue of World Englishes 19.3.
31. BOLTON, KINGSLEY, and SHIRLEY LIM. 2000. Futures for Hong Kong English. In Bolton 2000c, 429-43.
32. BRADLEY, DAVID. 1989. Regional dialects in Australian English phonology. In Collins & Blair 1989, 260-70.
33. BRADLEY, DAVID, and MAYA BRADLEY. 2001. Changing attitudes to Australian English. In Blair & Collins, 271-85.
34. BRYANT, PAULINE. 1989. Regional variation in the Australian English lexicon. In Collins & Blair 1989, 301-14.
35. BRYANT, PAULINE. 1997. A dialect survey of the lexicon of Australian English. English World-Wide 18.211-41.
36. BURCHFIELD, ROBERT (ed.) 1994. The Cambridge history of the English language. Vol. 5: English in Britain and overseas: Origins and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37. BUTLER, SUSAN. 1997. Corpus of English in Southeast Asia: Implications for a regional dictionary. In Bautista 1997b, 103-24.
38. BUTLER, SUSAN. 2001. Australian English - an identity crisis. In Blair & Collins, 151-61.
39. CAHILL, ROSEMARY. 1999. Solid English. Perth: Education Department of Western Australia.
40. CASSIDY, FREDERIC G., and ROBERT B. LEPAGE. 1980. Dictionary of Jamaican English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. CHAMBERS, J. K. 1992. Dialect acquisition. Language 68.4.673-705.
42. CHAMBERS, J. K. 2000. World enough and time: Global enclaves of the near future. American Speech 75.285-87.
43. CHAMBERS, J. K. 2003. Sociolinguistic theory. 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
44. CHAMBERS, J. K., and PETER TRUDGILL. 1998. Dialectology. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
45. CHESHIRE, JENNY (ed.) 1991. English around the world: Sociolinguistic perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. COLLINS, PETER, and DAVID BLAIR (eds.) 1989. Australian English: The language of a new society. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.
47. COLLINS, PETER, and DAVID BLAIR. 2001. Language and identity in Australia. In Blair & Collins, 1-13.
48. CONRAD, ANDREW W. 1996. The international role of English: The state of the discussion. In Fishman et al., 13-36.
49. COPPIETERS, RENÉ. 1987. Competence differences between native and non-native speakers. Language 63.544-73.
50. CREWE, WILLIAM (ed.) 1977. The English language in Singapore. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
51. CRYSTAL, DAVID. 1997. English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. DAKO, KARI. 2001. Ghanaianisms: Towards a semantic and formal classification. English World-Wide 22.23-53.
53. DAVID, MAYA KHEMLANI. 2000. The language of Malaysian youth - an exploratory study. In Halimah & Ng, 64-72.
54. DAVIS, LAWRENCE M. 1983. English dialectology: An introduction. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
55. DE KLERK, VIVIAN (ed.) 1996. Focus on South Africa. Varieties of English around the world G15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
56. DELBRIDGE, ARTHUR. 1981. The Macquarie dictionary. Sydney: Macquarie Library.
57. DELBRIDGE, ARTHUR. 2001. Lexicography and national identity: The Australian experience. In Blair & Collins, 303-16.
58. DILLARD, JOEY L. 1975. All-American English: A history of the English language in America. New York: Random House.
59. ECKERT, PENELOPE. 2000. Linguistic variation as social practice: The linguistic construction of identity in Belten High. Oxford: Blackwell.
60. ELMES, SIMON. 2001. The routes of English 4. London: BBC Adult Learning.
61. FISHMAN, JOSHUA A. 1972. The sociology of language: An interdisciplinary social science approach to language in society. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
62. FISHMAN, JOSHUA A.; ANDREW W. CONRAD; and ALMA RUBAL-LOPEZ (eds.) 1996. Postimperial English: Status change in former British and American colonies 1840-1990. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
63. FOLEY, JOSEPH (ed.) 1988. New Englishes: The case of Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
64. FOLEY, JOSEPH A. 1998. Code-switching and learning among young children in Singapore. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 130.129-50.
65. FOLEY, JOSEPH A. 2001. Is English a first or second language in Singapore? In Ooi, 12-32.
66. FOLEY, JOSEPH A.; T. KANDIAH; BAO ZHIMING; ANTHEA FRASER GUPTA; L. ATSAGOFF; HO CHEE LICK; L. WEE; T. S. TALIB; and W. BOKHORST-HENG. 1999. English in new cultural contexts: Reflections from Singapore. New York: Oxford University Press.
67. FRANCIS, W. NELSON. 1983. Dialectology: An introduction. New York: Longman.
68. FRAZER, TIMOTHY C. (ed.) 1993. 'Heartland' English: Variation and transition in the American Midwest. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.
69. GILES, HOWARD. 1984. The dynamics of speech accommodation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 46. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
70. GILL, SARAN KAUR. 1999. Standards and linguistic realities of English in the Malaysian workplace. World Englishes 18.215-31.
71. GILL, SARAN KAUR. 2002. Language policy and English language standards in Malaysia: Nationalism versus pragmatism. Journal of Asia-Pacific Communication 12.1.
72. GISBORNE, NIKOLAS. 2000. Relative clauses in Hong Kong English. In Bolton 2000c, 357-71.
73. GONZALEZ, ANDREW. 1983. When does an error become a feature of Philippine English? In Noss, 150-72.
74. GONZALEZ, ANDREW. 1997. The history of English in the Philippines. In Bautista 1997b, 25-40.
75. GOPINATHAN, S. ANNE PAKIR; HO WAH KAM; and VANITHAMANI SARAVANAN (eds.) 1994. Language, society and education in Singapore: Issues and trends. Singapore: Times Academic Press.
76. GORDON, ELIZABETH. 1998. The origins of New Zealand speech: The limits of recovering historical information from written records. English World-Wide 19.61-85.
77. GORDON, ELIZABETH, and MARCIA ABELL. 1990. 'This objectionable colonial dialect': Historical and contemporary attitudes to New Zealand speech. New Zealand ways of speaking English, ed. by Allen Bell and Janet Holmes, 21-48. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
78. GORDON, ELIZABETH, and TONY DEVERSON. 1998. New Zealand English and English in New Zealand. Auckland: New House.
79. GÖRLACH, MANFRED. 1984. A selective bibliography of English as a world language (1965-1983). A bibliography of writings on varieties of English, 1965-1983, by Wolfgang Viereck, Edgar W. Schneider, and Manfred Görlach, 225-319. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
80. GÖRLACH, MANFRED. 1991. English as a world language - the state of the art. Englishes, by Manfred Görlach, 10-35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
81. GÖRLACH, MANFRED. 1993. Part IV: Writings on Englishes in the rest of the world. A new bibliography of writings on varieties of English, 1984-1992/93, by Beat Glauser, Edgar W. Schneider, and Manfred Görlach, 125-80. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
82. GÖRLACH, MANFRED. 1995a. Word-formation and the ENL: ESL: EFL distinction. More Englishes, by Manfred Görlach, 61-92. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
83. GÖRLACH, MANFRED. 1995b. Dictionaries of transplanted Englishes. More Englishes, by Manfred Görlach, 124-63. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
84. GÖRLACH, MANFRED. 1998. Recent dictionaries of varieties of English. Even more Englishes, by Manfred Görlach, 152-86. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
85. GREENBAUM, SIDNEY. 1996a. Introducing ICE. In Greenbaum 1996b, 3-12.
86. GREENBAUM, SIDNEY (ed.) 1996b. Comparing English worldwide: The international corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon.
87. Grolier international dictionary: World English in an Asian context. 2000. Macquarie University, NSW: The Macquarie Library.
88. GUMPERZ, JOHN J. (ed.) 1982. Language and social identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
89. GUMPERZ, JOHN J., and JENNY COOK-GUMPERZ. 1982. Introduction: Language and the communication of social identity. In Gumperz, 1-21.
90. GUPTA, ANTHEA FRASER. 1988: A standard for written Singapore English? In Foley 1988, 27-50.
91. GUPTA, ANTHEA FRASER. 1994. The step-tongue: Children's English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
92. GUPTA, ANTHEA FRASER. 1996. English and empire: Teaching English in nineteenth-century India. Learning English: Development and diversity, ed. by Neil Mercer and Joan Swann, 188-94. London: Open University.
93. GUPTA, ANTHEA FRASER. 1997. Colonisation, migration, and functions of English. In Schneider 1997, vol. 1, 47-58.
94. GUPTA, ANTHEA FRASER. 1999. The situation of English in Singapore. In Foley et al., 106-26.
95. HALIMAH MOHD SAID and NG KEAT SIEW (eds.) 2000. English is an Asian language: The Malaysian context. Kuala Lumpur: Macquarie Library.
96. HALL, ROBERT A. 1962. The life cycle of pidgin languages. Lingua 11.151-56.
97. HAZEN, KIRK. 2002. Identity and language variation in a rural community. Language 78.240-57.
98. HICKEY, RAYMOND (ed.) 2003. The legacy of colonial Englishes: Transported dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
99. HOCK, HANS HENRICH, and BRIAN D. JOSEPH. 1996. Language history, language change, and language relationship: An introduction to historical and comparative linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
100. HOLM, JOHN. 1988/89. Pidgins and creoles. Vol. 1: Theory and structure. Vol. 2: Reference survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
101. HORVATH, BARBARA M. 1985. Variation in Australian English: The sociolects of Sydney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
102. HORVATH, BARBARA M., and RONALD J. HORVATH. 1997. The geolinguistics of a sound change in progress: /1/ vocalization in Australia. Working papers in linguistics: A selection of papers from NWAVE 25, ed. by Miriam Meyerhoff, Charles Boberg, and Stephanie Strassel, 105-24. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
103. HORVATH, BARBARA M., and RONALD J. HORVATH. 2001. The geolinguistics of short /a/ in Australian English. In Blair & Collins, 341-56.
104. HUNDT, MARIANNE. 1998. New Zealand English grammar: Fact or fiction? A corpus-based study in morphosyntactic variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
105. HUNG, TONY T. N. 2000. Towards a phonology of Hong Kong English. In Bolton 2000c, 337-56.
106. HYLAND, KEN. 1997. Language attitudes at the handover: Communication and identity in 1997 Hong Kong. English World-Wide 18.191-210.
107. JENKINS, RICHARD. 1996. Social identity. London: Routledge.
108. JOURDAN, CHRISTINE. 2001. Pijin: A dictionary of the pidgin of the Solomon Islands. Canberra: Australian National University.
109. KACHRU, BRAJ B. 1985. Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English language in the outer circle. English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and literatures, ed. by Randolph Quirk and Henry G. Widdowson, 11-30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and The British Council.
110. KACHRU, BRAJ B. 1986. The alchemy of English: The spread, functions, and models of nonnative Englishes. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
111. KACHRU, BRAJ B. (ed.) 1992. The other tongue: English across cultures. 2nd edn. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
112. KACHRU, BRAJ B. 1994. English in South Asia. In Burchfield, 497-553.
113. KACHRU, BRAJ B. 1997. English as an Asian language. In Bautista 1997b, 1-23.
114. KROSKRITY, PAUL V. 2001. Identity. Key terms in language and culture, ed. by Alessandro Duranti, 106-9. Oxford: Blackwell.
115. KUIPER, KOENRAAD, and ALLAN BELL. 2000. New Zealand and New Zealand English. In Bell & Kuiper, 1-22.
116. LABOV, WILLIAM. 1972. Sociolinguistic patterns. Oxford: Blackwell.
117. LABOV, WILLIAM; SHARON ASH; and CHARLES BOBERG. Forthcoming. Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, phonology and sound change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Project website: http://www.uni-marburg.de/linguistik/dgweb/atlas/ index.htm.
118. LE PAGE, ROBERT B., and ANDRÉE TABOURET-KELLER. 1985. Acts of identity: Creole-based approaches to language and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
119. LI, DAVID C. S. 1999. The functions and status of English in Hong Kong: A post-1997 update. English World-Wide 20.67-110.
120. LIM, CHOON YEOH, and LIONEL WEE. 2001. Reduplication in Singapore English. In Ooi, 89-101.
121. LIM, LISA. 2001. Ethnic group varieties of Singapore English: Melody or harmony? In Ooi, 53-68.
122. LLAMZON, TEODORO A. 1986. Life cycle of New Englishes: Restriction phase of Filipino English. English World-Wide 7.101-25.
123. LLAMZON, TEODORO A. 1997. The phonology of Philippine English. In Bautista 1997b, 41-48.
124. LLOYD, T. O. 1984. The British empire 1558-1983. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
125. LUKE, KWANG-KWONG, and JACK C. RICHARDS. 1982. English in Hong Kong: Functions and status. English World-Wide 3.47-64.
126. Macquarie Junior Dictionary. World English - Asian context. 1999. Macquarie University, NSW: Macquarie Library.
127. MALCOLM, IAN. 1995. Language and communication enhancement for two-way education. Perth: Edith Cowan University and Education Department of Western Australia.
128. MALCOLM, IAN, and MAREK M. KOSCIELECKI. 1997. Aboriginality and English. Report to the Australian Research Council. Perth: Center for Applied Language and Literacy Research, Edith Cowan University.
129. MALCOLM, IAN G., and JUDITH ROCHECOUSTE. 2000. Event and story schemas in Australian Aboriginal English discourse. English World-Wide 21.261-89.
130. MALCOLM, IAN; YVONNE HAIG; PATRICIA KÖNIGSBERG; JUDITH ROCHECOUSTE; GLENYS COLLARD; ALISON HILL; and ROSEMARY CAHILL. 1999a. Towards more user-friendly education for speakers of Aboriginal English. Perth: Center for Applied Language and Literacy Research, Edith Cowan University.
131. MALCOLM, IAN; YVONNE HAIG; PATRICIA KÖNIGSBERG; JUDITH ROCHECOUSTE; GLENYS COLLARD; ALISON HILL; and ROSEMARY CAHILL. 1999b. Two-way English: Towards more user-friendly education for speakers of Aboriginal English. Perth: Center for Applied Language and Literacy Research, Edith Cowan University.
132. MATHEWS, MITFORD M. 1951. A dictionary of Americanisms on historical principles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
133. MCARTHUR, TOM. 1998. The English languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
134. MILROY, JAMES, and LESLEY MILROY. 1985. Authority in language. London: Routledge.
135. MILROY, LESLIE. 2002. Social networks. The handbook of language variation and change, ed. by J. K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill, and Natalie Schilling-Estes, 549-72. Oxford: Blackwell.
136. MITCHELL, A. G., and ARTHUR DELBRIDGE. 1965. The speech of Australian adolescents: A survey. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
137. MOAG, RODNEY F. 1992. The life cycle of non-native Englishes: A case study. In Kachru 1992, 233-52.
138. MODIANO, MARKO; MICHAEL TOOLAN; AUGUSTIN SIMO-BOBDA; LORETO TODD; ALAN S. KAYE; FRANCOIS CHEVILLET; and PRAYAG D. TRIPATHI. 1999. International English in the global village. English Today 58, 15.2.22-34.
139. MONTGOMERY, MICHAEL. 1996. Was colonial American English a koiné? Speech past and present: Studies in English dialectology in memory of Ossi Ihalainen, ed. by Juhani Klemola, Merja Kytö, and Matti Rissanen, 213-35. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang.
140. MOORE, BRUCE. 2001. Australian English and indigenous voices. In Blair & Collins, 133-49.
141. MORAIS, ELAINE. 2000. Talking in English but thinking like a Malaysian: Insights from a car assembly plant. In Halimah & Ng, 90-106.
142. MORAIS, ELAINE. 2001. Lectal varieties of Malaysian English. In Ooi, 33-52.
143. MUFWENE, SALIKOKO S. 1996. The founder principle in creole genesis. Diachronica 13.83-134.
144. MUFWENE, SALIKOKO S. 2000. Creolization is a social, not a structural, process. In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider, 65-84.
145. MUFWENE, SALIKOKO S. 2001. The ecology of language evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
146. MUGLER, FRANCE, and JAN TENT. 1998. Some aspects of language use and attitudes in Fiji. SICOL: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics. Vol. 1: Language contact, ed. by Jan Tent and France Mugler, 109-34. Pacific Linguistics C-141. Canberra: Australian National University.
147. MÜHLHÄUSLER, PETER. 1986. Pidgin and creole linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
148. NEUMANN-HOLZSCHUH, INGRID, and EDGAR W. SCHNEIDER (eds.) 2000. Degrees of restructuring in creole languages. (Creole language library 22.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
149. NEWBROOK, MARK. 1997. Malaysian English: Status, norms, some grammatical and lexical features. In Schneider 1997, vol. 2, 229-56.
150. NEWBROOK, MARK. 2001. Syntactic features and norms in Australian English. In Blair & Collins, 113-32.
151. NGEFAC, ALOYSIUS. 2001. Extra-linguistic correlates of Cameroon English phonology. Yaounde, Cameroon: University of Yaounde dissertation.
152. NORTON, BONNY. 2000. Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational change. Harlow: Longman.
153. NOSS, R. B. (ed.) 1983. Varieties of English in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Singapore University Press for SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.
154. OOI, VINCENT B. Y. (ed.) 2001. Evolving identities: The English language in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.
155. ORSMAN, ELIZABETH, and HARRY ORSMAN. 1994. The New Zealand dictionary. Educational edition. Takapuna: New House.
156. ORSMAN, HARRY. 1997. A dictionary of New Zealand English on historical principles. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
157. PAKIR, ANNE (ed.) 1993. The English language in Singapore: Standards and norms. Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics.
158. PAKIR, ANNE. 1994. English in Singapore: The codification of competing norms. In Gopinathan et al., 92-118.
159. PAKIR, ANNE. 2001. The voices of English-knowing bilinguals and the emergence of new epicentres. In Ooi, 1-11.
160. PENG, LONG, and JANE SETTER. 2000. The emergence of systematicity in the English pronunciations of two Cantonese-speaking adults in Hong Kong. English World-Wide 21.81-108.
161. PENNYCOOK, ALASTAIR. 1998. English and the discourses of colonialism. London: Routledge.
162. PETERS, PAM. 1995. The Cambridge Australian English style guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
163. PETERS, PAM. 2001. What is international English? Paper given to the Australian Style Council Conference, Sydney, April 2001.
164. PHILLIPSON, ROBERT. 1992. Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
165. PILLER, INGRID. 2001. Who, if anyone, is a native speaker? Anglistik 12.109-21.
166. PLATT, JOHN, and HEIDI WEBER. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, features, functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
167. PLATT, JOHN; HEIDI WEBER; and MIAN LIAN HO. 1983. Singapore and Malaysia. Varieties of English Around the World T1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
168. PLATT, JOHN; HEIDI WEBER; and MIAN LIAN Ho. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
169. PRENDERGAST, DAVID. 1998. Views on Englishes: A talk with Braj B. Kachru, Salikoko Mufwene, Rajendra Singh, Loreto Todd, and Peter Trudgill. Links and Letters 5.225-41.
170. PRIDE, JOHN (ed.) 1982. New Englishes. Rowley: Newbury House.
171. QUINN, HEIDI. 2000. Variation in New Zealand English syntax and morphology. In Bell & Kuiper, 173-97.
172. RAMSON, W. S. 1966. Australian English: An historical study of the vocabulary 1788-1898. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
173. RAMSON, W. S. 1988. The Australian national dictionary. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
174. READ, ALLEN WALKER. 1933. British recognition of American speech in the eighteenth century. Dialect Notes 6.313-34.
175. RUBAL-LOPEZ, ALMA. 1996. The ongoing spread of English: A comparative analysis of former Anglo-American colonies with non-colonies. In Fishman et al., 37-82.
176. SARAVANAN, VANITHAMANI. 1994. Language maintenance and language shift in the Tamil community. In Gopinathan et al., 175-204.
177. SCHILLING-ESTES, NATALIE, and WALT WOLFRAM. 1999. Alternative models of dialect death: Dissipation vs. concentration. Language 75.486-521.
178. SCHMIED, JOSEF. 1985. Englisch in Tansania. Sozio- und interlinguistische Probleme. Heidelberg: Groos.
179. SCHNEIDER, EDGAR W. (ed.) 1997. Englishes around the world. Vol. 1: General studies, British Isles, North America. Vol. 2: Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Australasia. Studies in honour of Manfred Görlach. Varieties of English around the world G18, G19. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
180. SCHNEIDER, EDGAR W. 1999. Notes on Singaporean English. Form, function and variation in English: Studies in honour of Klaus Hansen, ed. by Uwe Carls and Peter Lucko, 193-205. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang.
181. SCHNEIDER, EDGAR W. 2000a. Feature diffusion vs. contact effects in the evolution of New Englishes: A typological case study of negation patterns. English World-Wide 21.201-30.
182. SCHNEIDER, EDGAR W. 2000b. From region to class to identity: 'Show me how you speak, and I'll tell you who you are?' American Speech 75.359-61.
183. SCHUMANN, JOHN H. 1978. The acculturation model for second-language acquisition. Second language acquisition and foreign language teaching, ed. by Rosario C. Gringas, 27-50. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
184. SIBAYAN, BONIFACIO P., and ANDREW GONZALEZ. 1996. Post-imperial English in the Philippines. In Fishman et al., 139-72.
185. SIEGEL, JEFF. 1987. Language contact in a plantation environment: A sociolinguistic history of Fiji. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
186. SIEGEL, JEFF. 1991. Variation in Fiji English. In Cheshire, 664-74.
187. Singapore Census of Population 2000. Online: http://www.singstat.gov.sg/ keystats/people.-html#census.
188. SINGH, RAJENDRA (ed.) 1998. The native speaker: Multilingual perspectives. London: Sage.
189. SPENCER, JOHN (ed.) 1971. The English language in West Africa. London: Longman.
190. STUBBE, MARIA, and JANET HOLMES. 2000. Talking Maori or Pakeha in English: Signalling identity in discourse. In Bell & Kuiper, 249-78.
191. SUSSEX, ROLAND. 1989. The Americanisation of Australian English: Prestige models in the media. In Collins & Blair 1989, 158-68.
192. TALIB, ISMAIL S. 2002. The language of postcolonial literatures: An introduction. London: Routledge.
193. TAN, HWEE HWEE. 2002. A war of words over 'Singlish'. Time Asia 160.3, July 29.
194. TAN, PETER K. W. 2001. Melaka or Malacca; Kallang or Care-Lang: Lexical innovation and nativisation in Malaysian and Singaporean English. In Ooi, 140-67.
195. TAY, MARY. 1982. The phonology of educated Singapore English. English World-Wide 3.135-45.
196. TAY, MARY W. J., and ANTHEA FRASER GUPTA. 1983. Towards a description of Standard Singaporean English. In Noss, 173-89.
197. TENT, JAN. 2000a. The dynamics of Fiji English: A study of its use, users and features. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago dissertation.
198. TENT, JAN. 2000b. English lexicography in Fiji. English Today 63, 16.3.22-28.
199. TENT, JAN. 2001a. A profile of the Fiji English lexis. English World-Wide 22.209-45.
200. TENT, JAN. 2001b. Yod deletion in Fiji English: Phonological shibboleth or L2 English? Language Variation and Change 13.161-91.
201. TENT, JAN. 2001c. The current status of English in Fiji. Who's centric now? The present state of post-colonial Englishes, ed. by Bruce Moore, 241-68. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
202. TENT, JAN, and FRANCE MUGLER. 1996. Why a Fiji corpus? In Greenbaum 1996b, 249-61.
203. THOMASON, SARAH G. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
204. THOMASON, SARAH GREY, and TERRENCE KAUFMAN. 1988. Language contact, creolization and genetic linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
205. TICKOO, MAKHAN L. 1996. Fifty years of English in Singapore: All gains, (a) few losses? In Fishman et al., 431-55.
206. Times-Chambers essential English dictionary. 1997. 2nd edn. Singapore: Federal Publications.
207. TONGUE, R. K. 1974. The English of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press.
208. TRUDGILL, PETER. 1986. Dialects in contact. Oxford: Blackwell.
209. TRUDGILL, PETER. 1998. World English: Convergence or divergence? The major varieties of English, ed. by Hans Lindqvist, Staffan Klintborg, Magnus Levin, and Maria Estling, 29-36. Växjö: Acta Wexionensia, and Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.
210. TRUDGILL, PETER, and JEAN HANNAH. 1982. International English: A guide to varieties of Standard English. London: Arnold.
211. TRUDGILL, PETER; ELIZABETH GORDON; GILLIAN LEWIS; and MARGARET MACLAGAN. 2000. Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English. Journal of Linguistics 36.299-318.
212. TSUI, AMY B. M., and DAVID BUNTON. 2000. The discourse and attitudes of English language teachers in Hong Kong. In Bolton 2000c, 287-303.
213. TURNER, GEORGE W. 1966. The English language in Australia and New Zealand. London: Longmans.
214. TURNER, GEORGE W. 1994. English in Australia. In Burchfield, 277-327.
215. VERHAAR, JOHN W. M. 1995. Toward a reference grammar of Tok Pisin. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
216. WELLS, JOHN. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
217. WODAK, RUTH; RUDOLF DE CILLIA; MARTIN REISIG; and KARIN LIEBHART. 1999. The discoursive construction of national identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
218. WOLFRAM, WALT, and NATALIE SCHILLING-ESTES. 1996. Dialect change and maintenance in a post-insular community. Focus on the USA, ed. by Edgar W. Schneider, 103-48. Varieties of English around the world G16. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
219. WOODWARD, KATHRYN. 1997. Concepts of identity and difference. Identity and difference, ed. by Kathryn Woodward, 8-48. London: Sage.
220. WURM, STEPHEN A. 1985. Handbook of Tok Pisin. Canberra: Australian National University, Department of Linguistics.
221. YULE, HENRY, and A. C. BURNELL. 1986 [orig. 1886]. Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical, and discursive. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
222. ZURAIDAH, MOHD DON. 2000. Malay + English → a Malay variety of English vowels and accent. In Halimah & Ng, 35-45.