HDL and atherothrombotic vascular disease

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

Volumn 224, Issue , 2015, Pages 369-403

  Annema, Wijtske ^a   von Eckardstein, Arnold ^a,b   Kovanen, Petri T ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c WIHURI RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol efflux; Endothelial function; Foam cells; Highdensity lipoproteins; Inflammation; Macrophages; Oxidation; Smooth muscle cells; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE 1; CHOLESTEROL 7ALPHA MONOOXYGENASE; CRYOPYRIN; CYTOCHROME C; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; GROWTH FACTOR; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MITOCHONDRIAL PERMEABILITY TRANSITION PORE; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; RANTES; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR 3; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM; CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENDOCYTOSIS; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INTERNALIZATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; MAST CELL; MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION; MONOCYTE; MYELOPOIESIS; NONHUMAN; OXYGENATION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOSIS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; ANIMAL; ARTERY; BLOOD; BLOOD CLOTTING; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PROTECTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

ANIMALS; ARTERIES; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD COAGULATION; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEINS, HDL; LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; PLAQUE, ATHEROSCLEROTIC; PROTECTIVE FACTORS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 84919628483     PISSN: 01712004     EISSN: 18650325     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_11     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (194)

1. Acton S, Rigotti A, Landschulz KT et al (1996) Identification of scavenger receptor SR-BI as a high density lipoprotein receptor. Science 271(5248):518–520.
2. Angeloni E, Paneni F, Landmesser U et al (2013) Lack of protective role of HDL-C in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur Heart J 34(46):3557–3562.
3. Annema W, Tietge UJ (2012) Regulation of reverse cholesterol transport - a comprehensive appraisal of available animal studies. Nutr Metab (Lond) 9(1):25.
4. Annema W, von Eckardstein A (2013) High-density lipoproteins. Multifunctional but vulnerable protections from atherosclerosis. Circ J 77(10):2432–2448.
5. Argraves KM, Gazzolo PJ, Groh EM et al (2008) High density lipoprotein-associated sphingosine 1-phosphate promotes endothelial barrier function. J Biol Chem 283(36):25074–25081.
6. Ashby DT, Rye KA, Clay MA et al (1998) Factors influencing the ability of HDL to inhibit expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18(9):1450–1455.
7. Badrnya S, Assinger A, Volf I (2013) Native high density lipoproteins (HDL) interfere with platelet activation induced by oxidized low density lipoproteins (OxLDL). Int J Mol Sci 14(5): 10107–10121.
8. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM et al (2005) Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 366(9493):1267–1278.
9. Baker PW, Rye KA, Gamble JR et al (1999) Ability of reconstituted high density lipoproteins to inhibit cytokine-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 40(2):345–353.
10. Barter P, Gotto AM, LaRosa JC et al (2007a) HDL cholesterol, very low levels of LDL cholesterol, and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 357(13):1301–1310.
11. Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M et al (2007b) Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. N Engl J Med 357(21):2109–2122.
12. Bennett MR (1999) Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in vascular remodelling and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Cardiovasc Res 41(2):361–368.
13. Bisoendial RJ, Hovingh GK, Levels JH et al (2003) Restoration of endothelial function by increasing high-density lipoprotein in subjects with isolated low high-density lipoprotein. Circulation 107(23):2944–2948.
14. Boden WE, Probstfield JL, Anderson T et al (2011) Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med 365(24):2255–2267.
15. Brilakis ES, McConnell JP, Lennon RJ et al (2005) Association of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 levels with coronary artery disease risk factors, angiographic coronary artery disease, and major adverse events at follow-up. Eur Heart J 26(2):137–144.
16. Brodde MF, Korporaal SJ, Herminghaus G et al (2011) Native high-density lipoproteins inhibit platelet activation via scavenger receptor BI: role of negatively charged phospholipids. Atherosclerosis 215(2):374–382.
17. Brown MS, Goldstein JL (1983) Lipoprotein metabolism in the macrophage: implications for cholesterol deposition in atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Biochem 52:223–261.
18. Bui QT, Prempeh M, Wilensky RL (2009) Atherosclerotic plaque development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41(11):2109–2113.
19. Bursill CA, Castro ML, Beattie DT et al (2010) High-density lipoproteins suppress chemokines and chemokine receptors in vitro and in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30(9):1773–1778.
20. Calabresi L, Franceschini G (2010) Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, high-density lipoproteins, and atheroprotection in humans. Trends Cardiovasc Med 20(2):50–53.
21. Calkin AC, Drew BG, Ono A et al (2009) Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein attenuates platelet function in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus by promoting cholesterol efflux. Circulation 120(21):2095–2104.
22. Camejo G, Hurt-Camejo E, Wiklund O et al (1998) Association of apo B lipoproteins with arterial proteoglycans: pathological significance and molecular basis. Atherosclerosis 139(2):205–222.
23. Carson SD (1981) Plasma high density lipoproteins inhibit the activation of coagulation factor X by factor VIIa and tissue factor. FEBS Lett 132(1):37–40.
24. Cavelier C, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A (2006) ATP-Binding cassette transporter A1 modulates apolipoprotein A-I transcytosis through aortic endothelial cells. Circ Res 99(10):1060–1066.
25. Cavelier C, Ohnsorg PM, Rohrer L et al (2012) The beta-chain of cell surface F(0)F(1) ATPase modulates apoA-I and HDL transcytosis through aortic endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 32(1):131–139.
26. Charles MA, Kane JP (2012) New molecular insights into CETP structure and function: a review. J Lipid Res 53(8):1451–1458.
27. Christoffersen C, Obinata H, Kumaraswamy SB et al (2011) Endothelium-protective sphingosine- 1-phosphate provided by HDL-associated apolipoprotein M. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108 (23):9613–9618.
28. Clay MA, Pyle DH, Rye KA et al (2001) Time sequence of the inhibition of endothelial adhesion molecule expression by reconstituted high density lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 157(1):23–29.
29. Cockerill GW, Rye KA, Gamble JR et al (1995) High-density lipoproteins inhibit cytokineinduced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15(11):1987–1994.
30. Cockerill GW, Huehns TY, Weerasinghe A et al (2001) Elevation of plasma high-density lipoprotein concentration reduces interleukin-1-induced expression of E-selectin in an in vivo model of acute inflammation. Circulation 103(1):108–112.
31. Colin S, Fanchon M, Belloy L et al (2014) HDL does not influence the polarization of human monocytes toward an alternative phenotype. Int J Cardiol 172(1):179–184.
32. Corsetti JP, Zareba W, Moss AJ et al (2006) Elevated HDL is a risk factor for recurrent coronary events in a subgroup of non-diabetic postinfarction patients with hypercholesterolemia and inflammation. Atherosclerosis 187(1):191–197.
33. Corti R, Fuster V, Badimon JJ (2003) Pathogenetic concepts of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 41(4.Suppl S):7S–14S
34. Cucina A, Pagliei S, Borrelli V et al (1998) Oxidised LDL (OxLDL) induces production of platelet derived growth factor AA (PDGF AA) from aortic smooth muscle cells. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 16(3):197–202.
35. Cucina A, Scavo MP, Muzzioli L et al (2006) High density lipoproteins downregulate basic fibroblast growth factor production and release in minimally oxidated-LDL treated smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 189(2):303–309
36. de La Llera-Moya M, Connelly MA, Drazul D et al (2001) Scavenger receptor class B type I affects cholesterol homeostasis by magnifying cholesterol flux between cells and HDL. J Lipid Res 42(12):1969–1978.
37. De Nardo D, Labzin LI, Kono H et al (2014) High-density lipoprotein mediates anti-inflammatory reprogramming of macrophages via the transcriptional regulator ATF3. Nat Immunol 15(2): 152–160
38. de Souza JA, Vindis C, Negre-Salvayre A et al (2010) Small, dense HDL 3 particles attenuate apoptosis in endothelial cells: pivotal role of apolipoprotein A-I. J Cell Mol Med 14(3): 608–620.
39. Di Angelantonio E, Sarwar N, Perry P et al (2009) Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA 302(18):1993–2000.
40. DiDonato JA, Huang Y, Aulak KS et al (2013) Function and distribution of apolipoprotein A1 in the artery wall are markedly distinct from those in plasma. Circulation 128(15):1644–1655.
41. DiDonato JA, Aulak K, Huang Y et al (2014) Site-specific nitration of apolipoprotein A-I at tyrosine 166 is both abundant within human atherosclerotic plaque and dysfunctional. J Biol Chem 289(15):10276–10292.
42. Dikkers A, Tietge UJ (2010) Biliary cholesterol secretion: more than a simple ABC. World J Gastroenterol 16(47):5936–5945.
43. Duewell P, Kono H, Rayner KJ et al (2010) NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals. Nature 464(7293):1357–1361.
44. Durand E, Scoazec A, Lafont A et al (2004) In vivo induction of endothelial apoptosis leads to vessel thrombosis and endothelial denudation: a clue to the understanding of the mechanisms of thrombotic plaque erosion. Circulation 109(21):2503–2506.
45. Eliska O, Eliskova M, Miller AJ (2006) The absence of lymphatics in normal and atherosclerotic coronary arteries in man: a morphologic study. Lymphology 39(2):76–83.
46. Esterbauer H, Puhl H, Dieber-Rotheneder M et al (1991) Effect of antioxidants on oxidative modification of LDL. Ann Med 23(5):573–581.
47. Farb A, Burke AP, Tang AL et al (1996) Coronary plaque erosion without rupture into a lipid core. A frequent cause of coronary thrombosis in sudden coronary death. Circulation 93(7): 1354–1363.
48. Fonovic M, Turk B (2014) Cysteine cathepsins and extracellular matrix degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1840(8):2560–2570.
49. Freeman SR, Jin X, Anzinger JJ et al (2014) ABCG1-mediated generation of extracellular cholesterol microdomains. J Lipid Res 55(1):115–127.
50. Frias MA, Pedretti S, Hacking D et al (2013) HDL protects against ischemia reperfusion injury by preserving mitochondrial integrity. Atherosclerosis 228(1):110–116.
51. Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG, Stene MC et al (2008) Association of loss-of-function mutations in the ABCA1 gene with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and risk of ischemic heart disease. JAMA 299(21):2524–2532.
52. Fujii K, Hao H, Ohyanagi M et al (2013) Intracoronary imaging for detecting vulnerable plaque. Circ J 77(3):588–595.
53. Fuster V, Moreno PR, Fayad ZA et al (2005) Atherothrombosis and high-risk plaque: part I: evolving concepts. J Am Coll Cardiol 46(6):937–954.
54. Garcia JG, Liu F, Verin AD et al (2001) Sphingosine 1-phosphate promotes endothelial cell barrier integrity by Edg-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement. J Clin Invest 108(5):689–701.
55. Garner B, Waldeck AR, Witting PK et al (1998) Oxidation of high density lipoproteins. II. Evidence for direct reduction of lipid hydroperoxides by methionine residues of apolipoproteins AI and AII. J Biol Chem 273(11):6088–6095.
56. Gordts SC, Muthuramu I, Nefyodova E et al (2013) Beneficial effects of selective HDL-raising gene transfer on survival, cardiac remodelling and cardiac function after myocardial infarction in mice. Gene Ther 20(11):1053–1061.
57. Griffin JH, Kojima K, Banka CL et al (1999) High-density lipoprotein enhancement of anticoagulant activities of plasma protein S and activated protein C. J Clin Invest 103(2):219–227.
58. Guyton JR, Klemp KF (1996) Development of the lipid-rich core in human atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16(1):4–11.
59. Haase CL, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Grande P et al (2010) Genetically elevated apolipoprotein A-I, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and risk of ischemic heart disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(12):E500–E510.
60. Hansson GK (2005) Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 352 (16):1685–1695.
61. Huang Y, DiDonato JA, Levison BS et al (2014) An abundant dysfunctional apolipoprotein A1 in human atheroma. Nat Med 20(2):193–203.
62. Hulten LM, Levin M (2009) The role of hypoxia in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 20(5): 409–414.
63. Jacquet S, Malaval C, Martinez LO et al (2005) The nucleotide receptor P2Y13 is a key regulator of hepatic high-density lipoprotein (HDL) endocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 62(21):2508–2515.
64. Johnson JL, Jackson CL, Angelini GD et al (1998) Activation of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases by mast cell proteases in atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 (11):1707–1715.
65. Kaartinen M, Penttila A, Kovanen PT (1996) Mast cells in rupture-prone areas of human coronary atheromas produce and store TNF-alpha. Circulation 94(11):2787–2792.
66. Karuna R, Park R, Othman A et al (2011) Plasma levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate and apolipoprotein M in patients with monogenic disorders of HDL metabolism. Atherosclerosis 219(2): 855–863.
67. Kimura T, Sato K, Kuwabara A et al (2001) Sphingosine 1-phosphate may be a major component of plasma lipoproteins responsible for the cytoprotective actions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 276(34):31780–31785.
68. Kimura T, Tomura H, Mogi C et al (2006) Role of scavenger receptor class B type I and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors in high density lipoprotein-induced inhibition of adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 281(49):37457–37467.
69. Koenig W, Khuseyinova N, Lowel H et al (2004) Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 adds to risk prediction of incident coronary events by C-reactive protein in apparently healthy middle-aged men from the general population: results from the 14-year follow-up of a large cohort from southern Germany. Circulation 110(14):1903–1908.
70. Kontush A, Chantepie S, Chapman MJ (2003) Small, dense HDL particles exert potent protection of atherogenic LDL against oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23(10):1881–1888.
71. Kovanen PT, Kaartinen M, Paavonen T (1995) Infiltrates of activated mast cells at the site of coronary atheromatous erosion or rupture in myocardial infarction. Circulation 92(5): 1084–1088.
72. Krieger M, Herz J (1994) Structures and functions of multiligand lipoprotein receptors: macrophage scavenger receptors and LDL receptor-related protein (LRP). Annu Rev Biochem 63: 601–637.
73. Kruth HS (2011) Receptor-independent fluid-phase pinocytosis mechanisms for induction of foam cell formation with native low-density lipoprotein particles. Curr Opin Lipidol 22(5):386–393.
74. Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT (2011) Extracellular modifications of HDL in vivo and the emerging concept of proteolytic inactivation of prebeta-HDL. Curr Opin Lipidol 22(5): 394–402.
75. Lee-Rueckert M, Blanco-Vaca F, Kovanen PT et al (2013) The role of the gut in reverse cholesterol transport–focus on the enterocyte. Prog Lipid Res 52(3):317–328.
76. Lewis GF, Rader DJ (2005) New insights into the regulation of HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Circ Res 96(12):1221–1232.
77. Libby P (1995) Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 91(11):2844–2850.
78. Libby P (2002) Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature 420(6917):868–874.
79. Libby P (2013a) Collagenases and cracks in the plaque. J Clin Invest 123(8):3201–3203.
80. Libby P (2013b) Mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes and their implications for therapy. N Engl J Med 368(21):2004–2013.
81. Lim HY, Thiam CH, Yeo KP et al (2013) Lymphatic vessels are essential for the removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues by SR-BI-mediated transport of HDL. Cell Metab 17(5): 671–684.
82. Liu Y, Mackness B, Mackness M (2008) Comparison of the ability of paraoxonases 1 and 3 to attenuate the in vitro oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and reduce macrophage oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 45(6):743–748.
83. Lucke S, Levkau B (2010) Endothelial functions of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Cell Physiol Biochem 26(1):87–96.
84. Martel C, Li W, Fulp B et al (2013) Lymphatic vasculature mediates macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in mice. J Clin Invest 123(4):1571–1579.
85. Martinez LO, Jacquet S, Esteve JP et al (2003) Ectopic beta-chain of ATP synthase is an apolipoprotein A-I receptor in hepatic HDL endocytosis. Nature 421(6918):75–79.
86. Mayranpaa MI, Heikkila HM, Lindstedt KA et al (2006) Desquamation of human coronary artery endothelium by human mast cell proteases: implications for plaque erosion. Coron Artery Dis 17(7):611–621.
87. McGrath KC, Li XH, Puranik R et al (2009) Role of 3beta-hydroxysteroid-delta 24 reductase in mediating antiinflammatory effects of high-density lipoproteins in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29(6):877–882.
88. Mertens A, Verhamme P, Bielicki JK et al (2003) Increased low-density lipoprotein oxidation and impaired high-density lipoprotein antioxidant defense are associated with increased macrophage homing and atherosclerosis in dyslipidemic obese mice: LCAT gene transfer decreases atherosclerosis. Circulation 107(12):1640–1646.
89. Mineo C, Yuhanna IS, Quon MJ et al (2003) High density lipoprotein-induced endothelial nitricoxide synthase activation is mediated by Akt and MAP kinases. J Biol Chem 278(11): 9142–9149.
90. Murphy AJ, Woollard KJ, Hoang A et al (2008) High-density lipoprotein reduces the human monocyte inflammatory response. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28(11):2071–2077.
91. Murphy AJ, Bijl N, Yvan-Charvet L et al (2013) Cholesterol efflux in megakaryocyte progenitors suppresses platelet production and thrombocytosis. Nat Med 19(5):586–594.
92. Nakashima Y, Wight TN, Sueishi K (2008) Early atherosclerosis in humans: role of diffuse intimal thickening and extracellular matrix proteoglycans. Cardiovasc Res 79(1):14–23.
93. Naqvi TZ, Shah PK, Ivey PA et al (1999) Evidence that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is an independent predictor of acute platelet-dependent thrombus formation. Am J Cardiol 84(9): 1011–1017.
94. Navab M, Hama SY, Cooke CJ et al (2000) Normal high density lipoprotein inhibits three steps in the formation of mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein: step 1. J Lipid Res 41(9):1481–1494.
95. Newby AC (2005) Dual role of matrix metalloproteinases (matrixins) in intimal thickening and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Physiol Rev 85(1):1–31.
96. Nicholls SJ, Dusting GJ, Cutri B et al (2005) Reconstituted high-density lipoproteins inhibit the acute pro-oxidant and proinflammatory vascular changes induced by a periarterial collar in normocholesterolemic rabbits. Circulation 111(12):1543–1550.
97. Nievelstein-Post P, Mottino G, Fogelman A et al (1994) An ultrastructural study of lipoprotein accumulation in cardiac valves of the rabbit. Arterioscler Thromb 14(7):1151–1161.
98. Nigro P, Abe J, Berk BC (2011) Flow shear stress and atherosclerosis: a matter of site specificity. Antioxid Redox Signal 15(5):1405–1414.
99. Nijstad N, Gautier T, Briand F et al (2011) Biliary sterol secretion is required for functional in vivo reverse cholesterol transport in mice. Gastroenterology 140(3):1043–1051.
100. Nofer JR, Tepel M, Kehrel B et al (1996) High density lipoproteins enhance the Na+/H+ antiport in human platelets. Thromb Haemost 75(4):635–641.
101. Nofer JR, Walter M, Kehrel B et al (1998) HDL3-mediated inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding occurs via decreased production of phosphoinositidederived second messengers 1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18(6):861–869.
102. Nofer JR, Junker R, Pulawski E et al (2001a) High density lipoproteins induce cell cycle entry in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitogen activated protein kinase-dependent pathway. Thromb Haemost 85(4):730–735.
103. Nofer JR, Levkau B, Wolinska I et al (2001b) Suppression of endothelial cell apoptosis by high density lipoproteins (HDL) and HDL-associated lysosphingolipids. J Biol Chem 276(37): 34480–34485.
104. Nofer JR, Geigenmuller S, Gopfert C et al (2003) High density lipoprotein-associated lysosphingolipids reduce E-selectin expression in human endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310(1):98–103.
105. Nofer JR, van der Giet M, Tolle M et al (2004) HDL induces NO-dependent vasorelaxation via the lysophospholipid receptor S1P3. J Clin Invest 113(4):569–581.
106. Noto H, Hara M, Karasawa K et al (2003) Human plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase binds to all the murine lipoproteins, conferring protection against oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23(5):829–835.
107. Oorni K, Pentikainen MO, Ala-Korpela M et al (2000) Aggregation, fusion, and vesicle formation of modified low density lipoprotein particles: molecular mechanisms and effects on matrix interactions. J Lipid Res 41(11):1703–1714.
108. Oslakovic C, Krisinger MJ, Andersson A et al (2009) Anionic phospholipids lose their procoagulant properties when incorporated into high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 284 (9):5896–5904.
109. Oslakovic C, Norstrom E, Dahlback B (2010) Reevaluation of the role of HDL in the anticoagulant activated protein C system in humans. J Clin Invest 120(5):1396–1399.
110. Park SH, Park JH, Kang JS et al (2003) Involvement of transcription factors in plasma HDL protection against TNF-alpha-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 35(2):168–182.
111. Parthasarathy S, Barnett J, Fong LG (1990) High-density lipoprotein inhibits the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1044(2):275–283.
112. Pasquinelli G, Preda P, Vici M et al (1989) Electron microscopy of lipid deposits in human atherosclerosis. Scanning Microsc 3(4):1151–1159.
113. Pentikainen MO, Oorni K, Ala-Korpela M et al (2000) Modified LDL - trigger of atherosclerosis and inflammation in the arterial intima. J Intern Med 247(3):359–370.
114. Petoumenos V, Nickenig G, Werner N (2009) High-density lipoprotein exerts vasculoprotection via endothelial progenitor cells. J Cell Mol Med 13(11–12):4623–4635.
115. Potteaux S, Gautier EL, Hutchison SB et al (2011) Suppressed monocyte recruitment drives macrophage removal from atherosclerotic plaques of Apoe-/- mice during disease regression. J Clin Invest 121(5):2025–2036.
116. Puranik R, Bao S, Nobecourt E et al (2008) Low dose apolipoprotein A-I rescues carotid arteries from inflammation in vivo. Atherosclerosis 196(1):240–247.
117. Quarck R, De Geest B, Stengel D et al (2001) Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase prevents injury-induced neointima formation and reduces spontaneous atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 103 (20):2495–2500.
118. Radojkovic C, Genoux A, Pons V et al (2009) Stimulation of cell surface F1-ATPase activity by apolipoprotein A-I inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis and promotes proliferation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29(7):1125–1130.
119. Rajamaki K, Lappalainen J, Oorni K et al (2010) Cholesterol crystals activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages: a novel link between cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. PLoS ONE 5(7):e11765.
120. Rallidis LS, Tellis CC, Lekakis J et al (2012) Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) bound on high-density lipoprotein is associated with lower risk for cardiac death in stable coronary artery disease patients: a 3-year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 60(20):2053–2060.
121. Ramet ME, Ramet M, Lu Q et al (2003) High-density lipoprotein increases the abundance of eNOS protein in human vascular endothelial cells by increasing its half-life. J Am Coll Cardiol 41(12):2288–2297.
122. Ramkhelawon B, Yang Y, van Gils JM et al (2013) Hypoxia induces netrin-1 and Unc5b in atherosclerotic plaques: mechanism for macrophage retention and survival. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33(6):1180–1188.
123. Ridker PM, Genest J, Boekholdt SM et al (2010) HDL cholesterol and residual risk of first cardiovascular events after treatment with potent statin therapy: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. Lancet 376(9738):333–339.
124. Riwanto M, Rohrer L, Roschitzki B et al (2013) Altered activation of endothelial anti- and proapoptotic pathways by high-density lipoprotein from patients with coronary artery disease: role of high-density lipoprotein-proteome remodeling. Circulation 127(8):891–904.
125. Robbesyn F, Garcia V, Auge N et al (2003) HDL counterbalance the proinflammatory effect of oxidized LDL by inhibiting intracellular reactive oxygen species rise, proteasome activation, and subsequent NF-kappaB activation in smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 17(6):743–745.
126. Robert J, Lehner M, Frank S et al (2013) Interleukin 6 stimulates endothelial binding and transport of high-density lipoprotein through induction of endothelial lipase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33(12):2699–2706.
127. Rohrer L, Cavelier C, Fuchs S et al (2006) Binding, internalization and transport of apolipoprotein A-I by vascular endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1761(2):186–194.
128. Rohrer L, Ohnsorg PM, Lehner M et al (2009) High-density lipoprotein transport through aortic endothelial cells involves scavenger receptor BI and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1. Circ Res 104(10):1142–1150.
129. Rosenson RS, Brewer HB Jr, Davidson WS et al (2012) Cholesterol efflux and atheroprotection: advancing the concept of reverse cholesterol transport. Circulation 125(15):1905–1919.
130. Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, O’Donoghue M et al (2007) Prognostic utility of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 for cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27(11):2463–2469.
131. Sakakura K, Nakano M, Otsuka F et al (2013) Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis plaque progression. Heart Lung Circ 22(6):399–411.
132. Sanson M, Distel E, Fisher EA (2013) HDL induces the expression of the M2 macrophage markers arginase 1 and Fizz-1 in a STAT6-dependent process. PLoS ONE 8(8):e74676.
133. Schmitt MM, Fraemohs L, Hackeng TM et al (2014a) Atherogenic mononuclear cell recruitment is facilitated by oxidized lipoprotein-induced endothelial junctional adhesion molecule-A redistribution. Atherosclerosis 234(2):254–264.
134. Schmitt MM, Megens RT, Zernecke A et al (2014b) Endothelial junctional adhesion molecule-a guides monocytes into flow-dependent predilection sites of atherosclerosis. Circulation 129 (1):66–76.
135. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Abt M et al (2012) Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 367(22):2089–2099.
136. Schwenke DC, Carew TE (1989a) Initiation of atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. I. Focal increases in arterial LDL concentration precede development of fatty streak lesions. Arteriosclerosis 9(6):895–907.
137. Schwenke DC, Carew TE (1989b) Initiation of atherosclerotic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. II. Selective retention of LDL vs. selective increases in LDL permeability in susceptible sites of arteries. Arteriosclerosis 9(6):908–918.
138. Seetharam D, Mineo C, Gormley AK et al (2006) High-density lipoprotein promotes endothelial cell migration and reendothelialization via scavenger receptor-B type I. Circ Res 98(1):63–72.
139. Shaw JA, Bobik A, Murphy A et al (2008) Infusion of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein leads to acute changes in human atherosclerotic plaque. Circ Res 103(10):1084–1091.
140. Shih DM, Gu L, Xia YR et al (1998) Mice lacking serum paraoxonase are susceptible to organophosphate toxicity and atherosclerosis. Nature 394(6690):284–287.
141. Silbernagel G, Schottker B, Appelbaum S et al (2013) High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, coronary artery disease, and cardiovascular mortality. Eur Heart J 34(46):3563–3571.
142. Smith EB (1990) Transport, interactions and retention of plasma proteins in the intima: the barrier function of the internal elastic lamina. Eur Heart J 11(Suppl E):72–81.
143. Spieker LE, Sudano I, Hurlimann D et al (2002) High-density lipoprotein restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation 105(12):1399–1402.
144. Spirig R, Schaub A, Kropf A et al (2013) Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein modulates activation of human leukocytes. PLoS ONE 8(8):e71235.
145. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Glagov S et al (1994) A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the committee on vascular lesions of the council on arteriosclerosis, American heart association. Arterioscler Thromb 14(5):840–856.
146. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE et al (1995) A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the committee on vascular lesions of the council on arteriosclerosis, American heart association. Circulation 92(5):1355–1374.
147. Suc I, Escargueil-Blanc I, Troly M et al (1997) HDL and ApoA prevent cell death of endothelial cells induced by oxidized LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17(10):2158–2166.
148. Sugano M, Tsuchida K, Makino N (2000) High-density lipoproteins protect endothelial cells from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 272(3): 872–876.
149. Sugatani J, Miwa M, Komiyama Y et al (1996) High-density lipoprotein inhibits the synthesis of platelet-activating factor in human vascular endothelial cells. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal 13(1): 73–88.
150. Sumi M, Sata M, Miura S et al (2007) Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein stimulates differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells and enhances ischemia-induced angiogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27(4):813–818.
151. Tabas I (1999) Nonoxidative modifications of lipoproteins in atherogenesis. Annu Rev Nutr 19: 123–139.
152. Tabas I, Williams KJ, Boren J (2007) Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications. Circulation 116(16):1832–1844.
153. Tabet F, Vickers KC, Cuesta Torres LF et al (2014) HDL-transferred microRNA-223 regulates ICAM-1 expression in endothelial cells. Nat Commun 5:3292.
154. Tamama K, Tomura H, Sato K et al (2005) High-density lipoprotein inhibits migration of vascular smooth muscle cells through its sphingosine 1-phosphate component. Atherosclerosis 178(1): 19–23.
155. Tamminen M, Mottino G, Qiao JH et al (1999) Ultrastructure of early lipid accumulation in ApoEdeficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19(4):847–853.
156. Tatematsu S, Francis SA, Natarajan P et al (2013) Endothelial lipase is a critical determinant of high-density lipoprotein-stimulated sphingosine 1-phosphate-dependent signaling in vascular endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33(8):1788–1794.
157. Tellis CC, Tselepis AD (2009) The role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in atherosclerosis may depend on its lipoprotein carrier in plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta 1791(5):327–338.
158. Terasaka N, Westerterp M, Koetsveld J et al (2010) ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 and highdensity lipoprotein promote endothelial NO synthesis through a decrease in the interaction of caveolin-1 and endothelial NO synthase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30(11):2219–2225.
159. Theilmeier G, Schmidt C, Herrmann J et al (2006) High-density lipoproteins and their constituent, sphingosine-1-phosphate, directly protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo via the S1P3 lysophospholipid receptor. Circulation 114(13):1403–1409.
160. Thorp E, Subramanian M, Tabas I (2011) The role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the clearance of apoptotic cells in advanced atherosclerosis. Eur J Immunol 41(9):2515–2518.
161. Tolani S, Pagler TA, Murphy AJ et al (2013) Hypercholesterolemia and reduced HDL-C promote hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and monocytosis: studies in mice and FH children. Atherosclerosis 229(1):79–85.
162. Tolle M, Pawlak A, Schuchardt M et al (2008) HDL-associated lysosphingolipids inhibit NAD(P) H oxidase-dependent monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28(8):1542–1548.
163. Tward A, Xia YR, Wang XP et al (2002) Decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation in human serum paraoxonase transgenic mice. Circulation 106(4):484–490
164. van der Wal AC, Becker AE, van der Loos CM et al (1994) Site of intimal rupture or erosion of thrombosed coronary atherosclerotic plaques is characterized by an inflammatory process irrespective of the dominant plaque morphology. Circulation 89(1):36–44
165. van Oostrom O, Nieuwdorp M, Westerweel PE et al (2007) Reconstituted HDL increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27(8):1864–1865.
166. Vinals M, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Badimon JJ et al (1997) HDL-induced prostacyclin release in smooth muscle cells is dependent on cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17(12):3481–3488.
167. Vinals M, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Badimon L (1999) Regulatory effects of HDL on smooth muscle cell prostacyclin release. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19(10):2405–2411.
168. Viswambharan H, Ming XF, Zhu S et al (2004) Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein inhibits thrombin-induced endothelial tissue factor expression through inhibition of RhoA and stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circ Res 94(7):918–925.
169. Vohl MC, Neville TA, Kumarathasan R et al (1999) A novel lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase antioxidant activity prevents the formation of oxidized lipids during lipoprotein oxidation. Biochemistry 38(19):5976–5981.
170. Voight BF, Peloso GM, Orho-Melander M et al (2012) Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet 380(9841):572–580
171. von Eckardstein A, Nofer JR, Assmann G (2001) High density lipoproteins and arteriosclerosis. Role of cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (1):13–27.
172. Wang N, Tall AR (2003) Regulation and mechanisms of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23(7):1178–1184.
173. Wang Y, Lindstedt KA, Kovanen PT (1996) Phagocytosis of mast cell granule remnant-bound LDL by smooth muscle cells of synthetic phenotype: a scavenger receptor-mediated process that effectively stimulates cytoplasmic cholesteryl ester synthesis. J Lipid Res 37(10): 2155–2166.
174. Wang N, Silver DL, Costet P et al (2000) Specific binding of ApoA-I, enhanced cholesterol efflux, and altered plasma membrane morphology in cells expressing ABC1. J Biol Chem 275(42): 33053–33058.
175. Wang N, Lan D, Chen W et al (2004) ATP-binding cassette transporters G1 and G4 mediate cellular cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(26): 9774–9779.
176. Watson AD, Berliner JA, Hama SY et al (1995a) Protective effect of high density lipoprotein associated paraoxonase. Inhibition of the biological activity of minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 96(6):2882–2891.
177. Watson AD, Navab M, Hama SY et al (1995b) Effect of platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase on the formation and action of minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 95 (2):774–782.
178. Wentzel JJ, Chatzizisis YS, Gijsen FJ et al (2012) Endothelial shear stress in the evolution of coronary atherosclerotic plaque and vascular remodelling: current understanding and remaining questions. Cardiovasc Res 96(2):234–243.
179. Westerterp M, Gourion-Arsiquaud S, Murphy AJ et al (2012) Regulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell mobilization by cholesterol efflux pathways. Cell Stem Cell 11(2):195–206.
180. Wilhelm AJ, Zabalawi M, Owen JS et al (2010) Apolipoprotein A-I modulates regulatory T cells in autoimmune LDLr-/-, ApoA-I-/- mice. J Biol Chem 285(46):36158–36169.
181. Wilkerson BA, Grass GD, Wing SB et al (2012) Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) carrier-dependent regulation of endothelial barrier: high density lipoprotein (HDL)-S1P prolongs endothelial barrier enhancement as compared with albumin-S1P via effects on levels, trafficking, and signaling of S1P1. J Biol Chem 287(53):44645–44653.
182. Williams KJ, Tabas I (1995) The response-to-retention hypothesis of early atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15(5):551–561.
183. Witztum JL (2005) You are right too! J Clin Invest 115(8):2072–2075.
184. Woollard KJ (2013) Immunological aspects of atherosclerosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 125(5):221–235.
185. Wu BJ, Chen K, Shrestha S et al (2013) High-density lipoproteins inhibit vascular endothelial inflammation by increasing 3beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta24 reductase expression and inducing heme oxygenase-1. Circ Res 112(2):278–288.
186. Xia P, Vadas MA, Rye KA et al (1999) High density lipoproteins (HDL) interrupt the sphingosine kinase signaling pathway. A possible mechanism for protection against atherosclerosis by HDL. J Biol Chem 274(46):33143–33147.
187. Xiong SL, Liu X, Yi GH (2014) High-density lipoprotein induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin I-2 release in endothelial cells through sphingosine kinase-2. Mol Cell Biochem 389(1–2):197–207.
188. Yancey PG, Bortnick AE, Kellner-Weibel G et al (2003) Importance of different pathways of cellular cholesterol efflux. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23(5):712–719.
189. Yuhanna IS, Zhu Y, Cox BE et al (2001) High-density lipoprotein binding to scavenger receptor- BI activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Nat Med 7(7):853–857.
190. Yvan-Charvet L, Pagler T, Gautier EL et al (2010) ATP-binding cassette transporters and HDL suppress hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Science 328(5986):1689–1693.
191. Zawada AM, Rogacev KS, Schirmer SH et al (2012) Monocyte heterogeneity in human cardiovascular disease. Immunobiology 217(12):1273–1284.
192. Zernecke A, Weber C (2010) Chemokines in the vascular inflammatory response of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 86(2):192–201.
193. Zhang Q, Yin H, Liu P et al (2010) Essential role of HDL on endothelial progenitor cell proliferation with PI3K/Akt/cyclin D1 as the signal pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 235 (9):1082–1092.
194. Zhu W, Saddar S, Seetharam D et al (2008) The scavenger receptor class B type I adaptor protein PDZK1 maintains endothelial monolayer integrity. Circ Res 102(4):480–487