Silicon-based on-chip multiplexing technologies and devices for Peta-bit optical interconnects

Nanophotonics

Volumn 3, Issue 4-5, 2014, Pages 283-311

  Dai, Daoxin ^a   Bowers, John E ^b  

^a ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b University of California   (United States)

Author keywords

Bidirectional multiplexing; Hybrid multiplexing; Peta bit; Photonic integrated circuit (PIC); Polarization division multiplexing (PDM); Silicon; Spatial division multiplexing (SDM); wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)

Indexed keywords

MULTIPLEXING EQUIPMENT; OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS; OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES; PHOTONIC DEVICES; PHOTONIC INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGY; PHOTONICS; POLARIZATION; SILICON; SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS; TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING; WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING;

HYBRID MULTIPLEXING; MULTIPLEXING TECHNOLOGIES; ON-CHIP OPTICAL INTERCONNECTS; OPTICAL INTERCONNECT; PHOTONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; PHOTONIC INTEGRATED DEVICES; POLARIZATION DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (PDM); SPATIAL DIVISION MULTIPLEXING;

MULTIPLEXING;

EID: 84919621361     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21928614     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2013-0021     Document Type: Review

References (174)

1. Shacham A, Bergman K, Carloni LP. Photonic networks-onchip for future generations of chip multiprocessors. IEEE Trans Computers 2008; 57: 1246-60.
2. Paniccia MJ. A perfect marriage: optics and silicon. Optik & Photonik 2011; 2: 34-8.
3. Ahn J, Fiorentino M, Beausoleil RG, Binkert N, Davis A, Fattal D, Jouppi NP, McLaren M, Santori CM, Schreiber RS, Spillane SM, Vantrease D, Xu Q. Devices and architectures for photonic chip-scale integration. Appl Phys A 2009; 95: 989-97.
4. Alduino A, Liao L, Jones MR, Morse M, Kim B, Lo W-Z, Basak J, Koch B, Liu HF, Rong H, Sysak M, Krause C, Saba R, Lazar D, Horwitz L, Bar R, Litski S, Liu A, Sullivan K, Dosunmu O, Na N, Yin T, Haubensack F, Hsieh I-w, Heck J, Beatty R, Park H, Bovington J, Lee S, Nguyen H, Au H, Nguyen K, Merani P, Hakami M, Paniccia M. Demonstration of a High Speed 4-Channel Integrated Silicon Photonics WDM Link with Hybrid Silicon Lasers. in Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nanophotonics and Photonics in Switching, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper PDIWI5.
5. Sandel D, Hinz S, Noé R, Wüst F. Practical 2x10Gbit/s polarization division multiplex transmission system. European Conference on Optical Communication 2000, Munich, Germany, 2000; 3: 103-5.
6. Doerr C, Taunay T. Silicon photonics core-, wavelength-, and polarization-diversity receiver. IEEE Photon Tech Lett 2011; 3: 597-9.
7. Berdagué S, Facq P. Mode division multiplexing in optical fibers. Appl Opt 1982; 21: 1950-5.
8. Randel S, Ryf R, Sierra A, Winzer PJ, Gnauck AH, Bolle CA, Essiambre RJ, Peckham DW, McCurdy A, Lingle R. 6 × 56-Gb/s mode-division multiplexed transmission over 33-km few-mode fiber enabled by 6 × 6 MIMO equalization. Opt Express 2011; 19: 16697-707.
9. Kawaguchi Y, Tsutsumi K. Mode multiplexing and demultiplexing devices using multimode Interference couplers. Electron Lett 2002; 38: 1701-2.
10. Dai D. Silicon mode-(de)multiplexer for a hybrid multiplexing system to achieve ultrahigh capacity photonic networks-on-chip with a single-wavelength-carrier light. in Asia Communications and Photonics Conference, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2012), paper ATh3B.3.
11. Yadin Y, Orenstein M. Parallel optical interconnects over multimode waveguides. J Lightwave Technol 2006; 24: 380-6.
12. Yamada K, Shoji T, Tsuchizawa T, Watanabe T, Takahashi T, Itabashi S. Silicon-wire-based ultrasmall lattice filters with wide free spectral ranges. Opt Lett 2003; 28: 1663-4.
13. Jinguji K, Oguma M. Optical Half-Band Filters. J Lightwave Technol 2000; 18: 252-9.
14. Oguma M, Kitoh T, Inoue Y, Mizuno T, Shibata T, Kohtoku M, Hibino Y. Compact and low-loss interleave filter employing lattice-form structure and silica-based waveguide. J Lightwave Technol 2004; 22: 895-902.
15. Horst F, Green WMJ, Assefa S, Shank SM, Vlasov YA, Offrein BJ. Cascaded Mach-Zehnder wavelength filters in silicon photonics for low loss and flat pass-band WDM (de-) multiplexing. Opt Express 2013; 21: 11652-8.
16. Okamoto K. Progress and technical challenge for planar waveguide devices: silica and silicon waveguides. Laser Photon Rev 2011; 1-10.
17. Dragone C. An N × N optical multiplexer using a planar arrangement of two star couplers. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 1991; 3: 812-4.
18. Doerr C, Okamoto K. Advances in silica planar lightwave circuits. J Lightwave Technology 2006; 24: 4763-89.
19. Dumon P, Bogaerts W, Thourhout DV, Taillaert D, Wiaux V, Beckx S, Wouters J, Baets R. Wavelength-selective components in SOI photonic wires fabricated with deep UV lithography. in Proc. Conf. Group IV Photonics, Hong Kong, Sep. 2004, p. WB5.
20. Fukazawa T, Ohno F, Baba T. Very compact arrayed-waveguidegrating demultiplexer using Si photonic wire waveguides. Jpn J Appl Phys 2004; 43: 673-5.
21. Sasaki K, Ohno F, Motegi A, Baba T. Arrayed waveguide grating of 70 × 60ìm2 size based on Si photonic wire waveguides. Electron Lett 2005; 41: 801-2.
22. Dai D, Liu L, Wosinski L, He S. Design and fabrication of ultrasmall overlapped AWG demultiplexer based on alpha-SOI nanowire waveguides. Electron Lett 2006; 42: 400-2.
23. Bogaerts W, Dumon P, Thourhout DV, Taillaert D, Jaenen P, Wouters J, Beckx S, Wiaux V, Baets RG. Compact wavelength selective functions in silicon-on-insulator photonic wires. J Sel Top Quantum Electron 2006; 12: 1394-401.
24. Dumon P, Bogaerts W, Thourhout DV, Taillaert D, Baets R, Wouters J, Beckx S, Jaenen P. Compact wavelength router based on a Silicon-on-insulator arrayed waveguide grating pigtailed to a fiber array. Opt Express 2006; 14: 664-9.
25. Fang Q, Liow TY, Song JF, Ang KW, Yu MB, Lo GQ, Kwong D-L. WDM multi-channel silicon photonic receiver with 320 Gbps data transmission capability. Opt Express 2010; 18: 5106-13.
26. Bogaerts W, Selvaraja SK, Dumon P, Brouckaert J, De Vos K, Van Thourhout D, Baets R. Silicon-on-insulator spectral filters fabricated with CMOS technology. IEEE J Sel Top Quant Electron 2010; 16: 33-44.
27. Dai D, Fu X, Shi Y, He S. Experimental demonstration of an ultra-compact Si-nanowire-based reflective arrayed-waveguide grating (de)multiplexer with photonic crystal reflectors. Opt Lett 2010; 35: 2594-6.
28. Shi Y, Fu X, Dai D. Design and fabrication of a 200 GHz Si-nanowire-based reflective arrayed-waveguide grating (de) multiplexer with optimized photonic crystal reflectors. Appl Opt 2010; 49: 4859-65.
29. Fu X, Dai D. Ultra-small Si-nanowire-based 400 GHz-spacing 15 × 15 arrayed-waveguide grating router with microbends. Electron Lett 2011; 47: 266-8.
30. Brouckaert J, Bogaerts W, Dumon P, Thourhout DV, Baets R. Planar concave grating demultiplexer fabricated on a nanophotonic silicon-on-insulator platform. J Lightwave Technol 2007; 25: 1269-75.
31. Brouckaert J, Bogaerts W, Selvaraja S, Dumon P, Baets R, Thourhout DV. Planar concave grating demultiplexer with high reflective bragg reflector facets. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2008; 20: 309-11.
32. Horst F. Silicon Integrated Waveguide Devices for Filtering and Wavelength Demultiplexing. in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OWJ3.
33. Horst F, Green WMJ, Offrein BJ, Vlasov YA. Silicon-on-insulator echelle grating WDM demultiplexers with two stigmatic points. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2009; 21: 1743-5.
34. Kyotoku BB, Chen L, Lipson M. Broad Band 1 nm Channel Spacing Silicon-on-Insulator Wavelength Division Multiplexer. in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper JWA41.
35. Little BE, Chu ST, Haus HA, Foresi J. Microring resonator channel dropping filters. J Lightwave Technol 1997; 15: 998-1005.
36. PopovMiloš A, Barwicz T, Watts MR, Rakich PT, Socci L, Ippen EP, Kärtner FX, Smith HI. Multistage high-order microring-resonator add-drop filters. Opt Lett 2006; 31: 2571-3.
37. Shen H, Khan MH, Fan L, Zhao L, Xuan Y, Ouyang J, Varghese LT, Qi M. Eight-channel reconfigurable microring filters with tunable frequency, extinction ratio and bandwidth. Opt Express 2010; 18: 18067-76.
38. Xu F, Poon AW. Silicon cross-connect filters using microring resonator coupled multimode-interference-based waveguide crossings. Opt Express 2008; 16: 8649-57.
39. Little BE, Chu ST, Pan W, Kokubun Y. Microring resonator arrays for VLSI photonics. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2000; 12: 323-5.
40. Smit MK, Dam C. Phasar-based WDM-devices: principles, design and applications. IEEE J Select Top Quant Electron 1996; 2: 236-50.
41. Khan SN, Dai D, Liu L, Wosinski L, He S. Optimal design for a flat-top AWG demultiplexer by using a fast calculation method based on a Gaussian beam approximation. Opt Commun 2006; 262: 175-9.
42. Thourhout D. Silicon Nanophotonics. in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2010), paper OTuB5.
43. Zortman WA, Trotter DC, Watts MR. Silicon photonics manufacturing. Opt Express 2010; 18: 23598-607.
44. Dai D, Shi Y, He S. Comparative study of the integration density for passive linear planar lightwave circuits based on three different kinds of nanophotonic waveguides. Appl Opt 2007; 46: 1126-31.
45. Dai D, He S. Ultra-small overlapped arrayed-waveguide grating based on Si nanowire waveguides for dense wavelength division demultiplexing. IEEE J Select Top Quant Electron 2006; 12: 1301-5.
46. Dai D, He S. Novel ultracompact Si-nanowire-based arrayed-waveguide grating with microbends. Opt Express 2006; 14: 5260-5.
47. Dai D, He S. Novel ultracompact AWG interleaver based on Si-nanowires with spirals. Opt Commun 2008; 281: 3471-5.
48. Petalta LG, Bernussi AA, Frisbie S, Gale R, Temkin H. Reflective arrayed waveguide grating multiplexer. IEEE Photons Technol Lett 2003; 15: 1398-400.
49. Soole JBD, Amersfoort MR, LeBlanc HP, Rajhel A, Caneau C, Youtsey C, Adesida I. Compact polarisation independent InP reflective arrayed waveguide grating filter. Electron Lett 1996; 32: 1769-70.
50. Bernussi AA, Grave de PL, Gorbounov V, Linn JA, Frisbie S, Gale R, Temkin H. Mirror quality and the performance of reflective arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexers. J Lightwave Technol 2004; 22: 1828-32.
51. Inoue Y, Himeno A, Moriwaki K, Kawachi M. Silica-based arrayed-wave-guide grating circuit as optical splitter router. Electron Lett 1995; 31: 726-7.
52. Liang D, Srinivasan S, Fattal DA, Fiorentino M, Huang Z, Spencer DT, Bowers JE, Beausoleil RG. Teardrop reflectorassisted unidirectional hybrid silicon microring lasers. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2012; 24: 1988-90.
53. Goh T, Suzuki S, Sugita A. Estimation of waveguide phase error in silica-based waveguides. J Lightwave Technol 1997; 15: 2107-113.
54. Dai D, He JJ, He S. Elimination of multimode effects in a silicon-on-insulator etched diffraction grating demultiplexer with bi-level taper structure. IEEE J Select Top Quant Electron 2005; 11: 439-43.
55. He JJ, Lamontagne B, Ge A, Erickson L, Davies M, Koteles ES. Monolithic integrated wavelength demultiplexer based on a waveguide rowland circle grating in InGaAsP/InP. J Lightwave Technol 1998; 16: 631-8.
56. Chen L. Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits for WDM Technology and Optical Switch. in Optical Fiber Communication Conference/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 2013, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2013), paper OW1C.1.
57. Pinguet T, Analui B, Balmater E, Guckenberger D, Harrison M, Koumans R, Kucharski D, Liang Y, Masini G, Mekis A, Mirsaidi S, Narasimha A, Peterson M, Rines D, Sadagopan V, Sahni S, Sleboda TJ, Song D, Wang Y, Welch B, Witzens J, Yao J, Abdalla S, Gloeckner S, de Dobbelaere P, Capellini G. Monolithically integrated high-speed CMOS photonic transceivers. 2008 5th IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics. 17-19, 2008; 362-4.
58. Hansuek L, Tong C, Jiang L, Ki YY, Seokmin J, Oskar P, Kerry JV. Chemically etched ultrahigh-Q wedge-resonator on a silicon chip. Nature Photonics 2012; 6: 369-73.
59. Xu Q, Fattal D, Beausoleil RG. Silicon microring resonators with 1.5-ìm radius. Opt Express 2008; 6: 4309-15.
60. Prabhu AM, Tsay A, Han Z, Van V. Ultracompact SOI microring add-drop filter with wide bandwidth and wide FSR. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2009; 21: 651-3.
61. Xu Q, Schmidt B, Shakya J, Lipson M. Cascaded silicon micro-ring modulators for WDM optical interconnection. Opt Express 2006; 14: 9431-5.
62. Niehusmann J, Vörckel A, Bolivar PH, Wahlbrink T, Henschel W. Ultrahigh-quality-factor silicon-on-insulator microring resonator. Opt Lett 2006; 29: 2861-3.
63. Green WMJ, Lee RK, Derose GA, Scherer A, Yariv A. Hybrid InGaAsP-InP Mach-Zehnder racetrack resonator for thermooptic switching and coupling control. Opt Express 2005; 13: 1651-9.
64. Chen L, Sherwood-Droz N, Lipson M. Compact bandwidthtunable microring resonators. Opt Lett 2007; 32: 3361-3.
65. Dai D, He S. Highly sensitive sensor based on an ultra-high-Q Mach-Zehnder interferometer-coupled microring. J Opt Soc Am B 2009; 26: 511-6.
66. Wang J, Dai D. Highly sensitive Si nanowire-based optical sensor using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer coupled microring. Opt Lett 2010; 35: 4229-31.
67. Dong P, Qian W, Liang H, Shafiiha R, Feng D, Li G, Cunningham JE, Krishnamoorthy AV, Asghari M. Thermally tunable silicon racetrack resonators with ultralow tuning power. Opt Express 2010; 18: 20298-304.
68. Dong P, Qian W, Liang H, Shafiiha R, Wang X, Feng D, Li G, Cunningham JE, Krishnamoorthy AV, Asghari M. 1x4 reconfigurable demultiplexing filter based on free-standing silicon racetrack resonators. Opt Express 2010; 18: 24504-9.
69. Dong P, Qian W, Liang H, Shafiiha R, Feng N-N, Feng D, Zheng X, Krishnamoorthy AV, Asghari M. Low power and compact reconfigurable multiplexing devices based on silicon microring resonators. Opt Express 2010; 18: 9852-8.
70. Almeida VR, Xu Q, Barrios CA, Lipson M. Guiding and confining light in void nanostructure. Opt Lett 2004; 29: 1209-11.
71. Wiederhecker GS, Chen L, Gondarenko A, Lipson M. Controlling photonic structures using optical forces. Nature 2009; 462: 633-6.
72. Akihama Y, Hane K. Single and multiple optical switches that use freestanding silicon nanowire waveguide couplers. Light Sci Appl 1: e16; doi: 10.1038/lsa.2012.16.
73. Liu B, Shakouri A, Bowers JE. Wide tunable double ring resonator coupled lasers. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2002; 14: 600-2.
74. Dai D. Highly sensitive digital optical sensor based on cascaded high-Q ring-resonators. Opt Express 2009; 17: 23817-22.
75. Hu J, Dai D. Cascaded-ring optical sensor with enhanced sensitivity by using suspended Si-nanowires. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2011; 23: 842-4.
76. Kamei S. Recent progress on athermal AWG wavelength multiplexer. in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2009), paper OWO1.
77. Kamei S, Shibata T, Inoue Y. Compensation for second-order temperature dependence in athermal arrayed waveguide grating realizing wide temperature range oPetation. Photon Technol Lett 2009; 21: 1695-7.
78. Maru K, Abe Y. Low-loss, flat-passband and athermal arrayed-waveguide grating multi/demultiplexer. Opt Express 2007; 15: 18351-6.
79. Eun-Seok K, Woo-Soo K, Duk-Jun K, Byeong-Soo B. Reducing the thermal dependence of silica-based arrayed waveguide grating using inorganic-organic hybrid materials. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2004; 16: 2625-7.
80. Tanobe H, Kondo Y, Kadota Y, Okamoto K, Yoshikuni Y. Temperature insensitive arrayed waveguide gratings on InP substrates. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 1998; 10: 235-7.
81. Wang X, Xiao S, Zheng W, Wang F, Hao Y, Jiang X, Wang M, Yang J. Athermal silicon arrayed waveguide grating with polymer-filled slot structure. Opt Commun 2009; 282: 2841-4.
82. Lee JM, Kim DJ, Kim GH, Kwon OK, Kim KJ, Kim G. Controlling temperature dependence of silicon waveguide using slot structure. Opt Express 2008; 16: 1645-52.
83. Zhou L, Okamoto K, Yoo SJB. Athermalizing and trimming of slotted silicon microring resonators with UV sensitive PMMA upper-cladding. Photon Technol Lett 2009; 21: 1175-7.
84. Wang L, Bogaerts W, Dumon P, Selvaraja SK, Teng J, Pathak S, Han X, Wang J, Jian X, Zhao M, Baets R, Morthier G. Athermal arrayed waveguide gratings in silicon-on-insulator by overlaying a polymer cladding on narrowed arrayed waveguides. Appl Opt 2012; 51: 1251-6.
85. Lee JM, Kim DJ, Ahn H, Park SH, Kim G. Temperature dependence of silicon nanophotonic ring resonator with a polymeric overlayer. J Lightwave Technol 2007; 25: 2236-43.
86. Teng J, Dumon P, Bogaerts W, Zhang H, Jian X, Han X, Zhao M, Morthier G, Baets R. Athermal silicon-oninsulator ring resonators by overlaying a polymer cladding on narrowed waveguides. Opt Express 2009; 17: 14627-33.
87. Uenuma M, Motooka T. Design of a temperature independent arrayed waveguide grating on SOI substrates. in 4th IEEE International Conference Group IV Photonics, 2007 (IEEE, 2007), pp. 1-3.
88. Uenuma M, Motooka T. Temperature-independent silicon waveguide optical filter. Opt Lett 2009; 34: 599-601.
89. Huang H, Ho ST, Huang D, Tu Y, Liu W. Design of temperatureindependent arrayed waveguide gratings based on the combination of multiple types of waveguide. Appl Opt 2010; 49: 3025-34.
90. Vivien L, Laval S, Dumont B, Lardenois S, Koster A, Cassan E. Polarization-independent single-mode rib waveguides on silicon-on-insulator for telecommunication wavelengths. Opt Commun 2002; 210: 43.
91. Dai D, He S. Analysis of the birefringence of a silicon-oninsulator rib waveguide. Appl Opt 2004; 43: 1156.
92. Chan S, Png C, Lim S, Reed G, Passaro V. Single-mode and polarization-independent silicon-on-insulator waveguides with small cross section. J Lightwave Technol 2005; 23: 2103.
93. Xu DX, Cheben P, Dalacu D, Delâge A, Janz S, Lamontagne B, Picard M-J, Ye WN. Eliminating the birefringence in silicon-oninsulator ridge waveguides by use of cladding stress. Opt Lett 2004; 29: 2384.
94. Trinh PD, Yegnanarayanan S, Coppinger F, Jalali B. Silicon-oninsulator (SOI) phased-array wavelength multi/demultiplexer with extremely low-polarization sensitivity. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 1997; 9: 940.
95. Dai D, He S. Design of a polarization-insensitive arrayed waveguide grating demultiplexer based on silicon photonic wires. Opt Lett 2006; 31: 1988.
96. Zou J, Lang T, Wang L, He JJ. Uniform polarization-dispersion compensation of all channels in highly birefringent silicon nanowire-based arrayed waveguide grating. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2011; 23: 1787.
97. Dai D, He S. Optimization of ultracompact polarizationinsensitive multimode interference couplers based on SOI nanowire waveguides. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2006; 18: 2017.
98. Wang Z, Dai D, He S. Polarization-insensitive ultrasmall microring resonator design based on optimized si sandwich nanowires. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2007; 19: 1580.
99. Shi Y, Anand S, He S. Design of a polarization insensitive triplexer using directional couplers based on submicron silicon rib waveguides. J Lightwave Technol 2009; 27: 1443.
100. Shi Y, Anand S, He S. A polarization-insensitive 1310/1550-nm demultiplexer based on sandwiched multimode interference waveguides. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2007; 19: 1789.
101. Fukuda H, Yamada K, Tsuchizawa T, Watanabe T, Shinojima H, Itabashi S. Silicon photonic circuit with polarization diversity. Opt Express 2008; 16: 4872-80.
102. Dai D, Liu L, Gao S, Xu D, He S. Polarization management for silicon photonic integrated circuits. Laser Photon Rev 2013; 7: 303-28.
103. Barwicz T, Watts M, Popovic M, Rakich PT, Socci L, Kärtner FX, Ippen EP, Smith HI. Polarization-transparent microphotonic devices in the strong confinement limit. Nature Photon 2007; 1: 57-60.
104. Pfau T, Peveling R, Hauden J, Grossard N, Porte H, Achiam Y, Hoffmann S, Ibrahim SK, Adamczyk O, Bhandare S, Sandel D, Porrmann M, Noe R. Coherent digital polarization diversity receiver for real-time polarization-multiplexed QPSK transmission at 2.8 Gb/s. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2007; 19: 1988-90.
105. Sansoni L, Sciarrino F, Vallone G, Mataloni P, Crespi A, Ramponi R, Osellame R. Polarization entangled state measurement on a chip. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105: 200503.
106. Hong JM, Ryu HH, Park SR, Jeong JW, Gol LS, Lee E-H, Park S-G, Woo D, Kim S, Beom-Hoan O. Design and fabrication of a significantly shortened multimode interference coupler for polarization splitter application. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2003; 15: 72-4.
107. Jiao Y, Dai D, Shi Y, He S. Shortened polarization beam splitters with two cascaded multimode interference sections. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2009; 21: 1538-40.
108. Rahman BMA, Somasiri N, Themistos C, Grattan KTV. Design of optical polarization splitters in a single-section deeply etched MMI waveguide. Appl Phys B 2001; 73: 613-8.
109. Katigbak A, Strother JF, Lin J. Compact silicon slot waveguide polarization splitter. Opt Eng 2009; 48: 080503.
110. Yang BK, Shin SY, Zhang DM. Ultrashort polarization splitter using two-mode interference in silicon photonic wires. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2009; 21: 432-4.
111. Kiyat I, Aydinli A, Dagli N. A compact silicon-on-insulator polarization splitter. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2005; 17: 100-2.
112. Augustin LM, van der Tol JJGMR., Hanfoug R, De Laat, Wim JM, Van de Moosdijk, Michael JE, Dijk Paul WL van, Oei YS, Smit MMK. A single etch-step fabrication-tolerant polarization splitter. J Lightwave Technol 2007; 25: 740-6.
113. Xiao J, Liu X, Sun X. Design of a compact polarization splitter in horizontal multiple-slotted waveguide structures. Jap J Appl Phys 2008; 47: 3748-54.
114. Tu XG, Ang SSN, Chew AB, Teng J, Mei T. An ultracompact directional coupler based on GaAs cross-slot waveguide. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2010; 22: 1324-6.
115. Yamazaki T, Aono H, Yamauchi J, Nakano H. Coupled Waveguide polarization splitter with slightly different core widths. J Lightwave Technol 2008; 26: 3528-33.
116. Yue Y, Zhang L, Yang JY, Beausoleil RG, Willner AE. Silicon-oninsulator polarization splitter using two horizontally slotted waveguides. Opt Lett 2010; 35: 1364-6.
117. Fukuda H, Yamada K, Tsuchizawa T, Watanabe T, Shinojima H, Itabashi S. Ultrasmall polarization splitter based on silicon wire waveguides. Opt Express 2006; 14: 12401-8.
118. Komatsu M, Saitoh K, Koshiba M. Design of miniaturized silicon wire and slot waveguide polarization splitter based on a resonant tunneling. Opt Express 2009; 17: 19225-33.
119. Soldano LB, Vreede AH, de Smit MK, Verbeek Metaal BHEG, Groen FH. Mach-Zehnder interferometer polarization splitter in InGaAsP-InP. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 1994; 6: 402-5.
120. Liang TK, Tsang HK. Integrated PBS in high index contrast silicon-on-insulator waveguides. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2005; 17: 393-5.
121. Augustin LM, Hanfoug R, Van der Tol JJGM, De Laat WJM, Smit MK. A compact integrated polarization splitter/converter in InGaAsP-InP. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2007; 19: 1286-8.
122. Shi Y, Dai D, He S. Proposal for an ultra-compact PBS based on a photonic crystal-assisted multimode interference coupler. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2007; 19: 825-7.
123. Tang Y, Dai D, He S. Proposal for a grating waveguide serving as both a polarization splitter and an efficient coupler for silicon-on-insulator nanophotonic circuits. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2009; 21: 242-4.
124. Wang Z, Tang Y, Zhu N, Wosinski L, Dai D, Westergren U, He S. Experimental demonstration of an ultracompact polarization beam splitter based on a bidirectional grating coupler. Proc SPIE 2009; 7631: 1-2.
125. Shi Y, Shahid N, Li M, Berrier A, He S, Anand S. Experimental demonstration of an ultracompact polarization beamsplitter based on a multimode interference coupler with internal photonic crystals. Opt Eng 2010; 49: 060503.
126. Ao X, Liu L, Wosinski L, He S. Polarization beam splitter based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal of pillar type. Appl Phys Lett 2006; 89: 171115.
127. Ye WN, Xu DX, Janz S, Waldron P, Cheben P, Tarr NG. Passive broadband silicon-on-insulator polarization splitter. Opt Lett 2007; 32: 1492-4.
128. Huang QZ, Yu YD, Yu JZ. Design and realization of a microracetrack resonator based polarization splitter in silicon-on-insulator. J Opt A 2009; 11: 015506.
129. Dai D. Silicon polarization beam splitter based on an asymmetrical evanescent coupling system with three optical waveguides. J Lightwave Technol 2012; 30: 3281-7.
130. Dai D, Bowers JE. Novel ultra-short and ultra-broadband polarization beam splitter based on a bent directional coupler. Opt Express 2011; 19: 18614-20.
131. Wang J, Liang D, Tang Y, Dai D, Bowers JE. Realization of an ultra-short silicon polarization beam splitter with an asymmetrical bent directional coupler. Opt Lett 2013; 38: 4-6.
132. Dai D, Wang Z, Bowers JE. Ultrashort broadband polarization beam splitter based on an asymmetrical directional coupler. Opt Lett 2011; 36: 2590-2.
133. Lin S, Hu J, Crozier KB. Ultracompact, broadband slot waveguide polarization splitter. Appl Phys Lett 2011; 98: 151101.
134. Lou F, Dai D, Wosinski L. Ultracompact polarization beam splitter based on a dielectric-hybrid plasmonic-dielectric coupler. Opt Lett 2012; 37: 3372-4.
135. Chee J, Zhu S, Lo GQ. CMOS compatible polarization splitter using hybrid plasmonic waveguide. Opt Express 2012; 20: 25345-55.
136. Feng N, Sun R, Kimerling L, Michel J. Lossless strip-to-slot waveguide transformer. Opt Lett 2007; 32: 1250-2.
137. Dai D, He S. A silicon-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide with a metal cap for a nano-scale light confinement. Opt Express 2009; 17: 16646-53.
138. Guan X, Wu H, Shi Y, Wosinski L, Dai D. Ultra-compact and broadband polarization beam splitter utilizing the evanescent coupling between a hybrid plasmonic waveguide and a silicon nanowire. Opt Lett 2013; 38: 3005-8.
139. Shani Y, Alferness R, Koch T, Koren U, Oron M, Miller BI, Young MG. Polarization rotation in asymmetric periodic loaded rib waveguides. Appl Phys Lett 1991; 59: 1278-80.
140. van del Tol JJGM, Hakimzadeh F, Pedersen JW, Li D, van Brug H. A new short and low-loss passive polarization converter on InP. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 1995; 7: 32-4.
141. Obayya S, Rahman B, Grattan K, El-Mikati H. Beam propagation modeling of polarization rotation in deeply etched semiconductor bent waveguides. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2001; 13: 681-3.
142. Obayya S, Rahman, B, Grattan K, El-Mikati H. Improved design of a polarization converter based on semiconductor optical waveguide bends. Appl Opt 2001; 40: 5395-401.
143. Holmes B, Hutchings D. Realization of novel low-loss monolithically integrated passive waveguide mode converters. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2006; 12: 43-5.
144. Daryl MB, Michele M, Thomas FK. Compact polarization rotators for integrated polarization diversity in InP-based waveguides. Opt Lett 2007; 32: 2176-8.
145. Huan Z, Scarmozzino R, Nagy G, Steel J, Osgood RM. Realization of a compact and single-mode optical passive polarization converter. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2000; 12: 317-9.
146. Deng H, Yevick DO, Brooks C, Jessop PE. Design rules for slanted-angle polarization rotators. IEEE J Lightwave Technol 2005; 23: 432-45.
147. Deng H, Yevick DO, Brooks C, Jessop PE. Fabrication tolerance of asymmetric silicon-on-insulator polarization rotators. J Opt Soc Am A 2006; 23: 1741-5.
148. Brooks C, Jessop PE, Deng Yevick HDO, Tarr G. Passive siliconon- insulator polarization-rotating waveguides. Opt Eng 2006; 45: 044603.
149. Velasco AV, Calvo ML, Cheben P, Ortega-Moñux A, Schmid JH, Ramos CA, Fernandez IM, Lapointe J, Vachon M, Janz S, Xu D-X. Ultracompact polarization converter with a dual subwavelength trench built in a silicon-on-insulator waveguide. Opt Lett 2012; 37: 365-7.
150. Zhang J, Yu M, Lo G, Kwong DL. Silicon waveguide based mode-evolution polarization rotator. IEEE J Sel. Top. Quantum Electron 2010; 16: 53-60.
151. Wang Z, Dai D. Ultrasmall Si-nanowire-based polarization rotator. J Opt Soc Am B 2008; 25: 747-53.
152. Vermeulen D, Selvaraja S, Verheyen P, Absil P, Bogaerts W, Van Thourhout D, Roelkens G. Silicon-on-insulator polarization rotator based on a symmetry breaking silicon overlay. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2012; 24: 482-4.
153. Dai D, Bowers JE. Novel concept for ultracompact polarization splitter-rotator based on silicon nanowires. Opt Express 2011; 19: 10940-9.
154. Liu L, Ding Y, Yvind K, Hvam JM. Silicon-on-insulator polarization splitting and rotating device for polarization diversity circuits. Opt Express 2011; 19: 12646-51.
155. Vermeulen D, Acoleyen K, Ghosh S, Selvaraja WADD, Cort NA, Yebo E, Hallynck KD, Vos P, Debackere PP, Dumon P, Bogaerts W, Roelkens G, Thourhout DY, Baets R. Efficient tapering to the fundamental Quasi-TM mode in asymmetrical waveguides. in Proc. European Conference on Integrated Optics, 2010, pp. 1-2.
156. Dai D, Tang Y, Bowers JE. Mode conversion in tapered submicron silicon ridge optical waveguides. Opt Express 2012; 20: 13425-39.
157. Liang D, Fiorentino M, Okumura T, Chang HH, Spencer DT, Kuo Y-H, Fang AW, Dai D, Beausoleil RG, Bowers JE. Electrically-pumped compact hybrid silicon microring lasers for optical interconnects. Opt Express 2009; 17: 20355-64.
158. Saffman M, Anderson DZ. Mode multiplexing and holographic demultiplexing communication channels on a multimode fiber. Opt Lett 1991; 16: 300-2.
159. Doerr C. Proposed architecture for MIMO optical demultiplexing using photonic integration. IEEE Photon Tech Lett 2011; 23: 1573-5.
160. Uematsu T, Ishizaka Y, Kawaguchi Y, Saitoh K, Koshiba M. Design of a compact two-mode multi/demultiplexer consisting of multi-mode interference waveguides and a wavelength insensitive phase shifter for mode-division multiplexing transmission. J Lightwave Technol 2012; 30: 2421-6.
161. Gabrielli LH, Liu D, Johnson SG, Lipson M. On-chip transformation optics for multimode waveguide bends. Nature Commun 2012; 3: 1217.
162. Bagheri S, Green WMJ. Silicon-on-insulator mode-selective add-drop unit for on-chip mode-division multiplexing. The 6th IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics (GFP ?09), 2009; 166-168.
163. Greenberg M, Orenstein M. Mode add drop for optical interconnects based on adiabatic high order mode couplers. Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference (QELS ?05), 2005; 2: 942-4.
164. Dai D, Wang J, Shi Y. Silicon mode (de)multiplexer enabling high capacity photonic networks-on-chip with a single-wavelength-carrier light. Opt Lett 2013; 38: 1422-4.
165. Lee LW, Ophir N, Chen C, Gabrielli LH, Poitras CB, Bergman K, Lipson M. Simultaneous mode and wavelength division multiplexing on-chip. arXiv: 1306.2378, 24 July 2013.
166. Bogaerts W, Selvaraja SK. Compact single-mode silicon hybrid rib/strip waveguide with adiabatic bends. IEEE Photon J 2011; 3: 422-32.
167. Batten C, Joshi A, Orcutt J, Khilo A, Moss B, Holzwarth C, Popovic M, Hanqing L, Smith HI, Hoyt J, Kartner F, Ram R, Stojanovic V, Asanovic K. Building many-core processor-todram networks with monolithic CMOS silicon photonics. IEEE Micro 2009; 29: 8-21.
168. Plant DV, Venditti MB, Laprise E, Faucher J, Razavi K, Chateauneuf M, Kirk AG, Ahearn JS. 256-Channel bidirectional optical interconnect using VCSELs and photodiodes on CMOS. J Lightwave Technol 2001; 19: 1093-104.
169. Doany FE, Schow CL, Baks CW, Kuchta DA, Pepeljugoski P, Schares L, Budd R, Libsch F, Dangel R, Horst F, Offrein BJ, Kash JA. 160Gb/s Bidirectional polymer-waveguide board-level optical interconnects using CMOS-based transceivers. IEEE Trans Advanced Packaging 2009; 32: 345-59.
170. Schow CL, Doany FE, Baks C, Kwark YH, Kuchta DM, Kash JA. A single-chip CMOS-based parallel optical transceiver capable of 240 Gb/s bi-directional data rates. J Lightwave Technol 2009; 27: 915-29.
171. Tai K, Chang B, Chen J, Mao CH, Ducellier T, Xie J, Mao L, Wheeldon J. Wavelength-interleaving bidirectional circulators. IEEE Photon Technol Lett 2001; 13: 320-2.
172. Pintus P, Andriolli N, Pasquale FD, Bowers JE. Integrated crosstalk-free active optical link for WDM bidirectional interleaved communication. IEEE Optical Interconnects, Santa Fe, New Mexico, May 5th-8th, 2013.
173. Pintus P, Pasquale FDi, Bowers JE. Integrated TE and TM optical circulators on ultra-low-loss silicon nitride platform. Opt Express 2013; 21: 5041-52.
174. Tien MC, Mizumoto T, Pintus P, Kromer H, Bowers JE. Silicon ring isolators with bonded nonreciprocal magneto-optic garnets. Opt Express 2011; 19: 11740-5.