Drug abuse and the neurovascular unit

Advances in Pharmacology

Volumn 71, Issue , 2014, Pages 451-480

  Egleton, Richard D ^a   Abbruscato, Thomas ^b  

^a MARSHALL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol; Amphetamine; Astrocyte; Endothelial; Locus coeruleus; Microglia; Neuron; Nicotine; Opioids

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; ANTIOXIDANT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BIPHALIN; CIGARETTE SMOKE; COTININE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DIAMORPHINE; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; GELATINASE B; MINOCYCLINE; MORPHINE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1; NALTREXONE; NICOTINE; NORADRENALIN; OPIATE; OPIATE RECEPTOR; OXYCODONE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SEROTONIN; SPHINGOLIPID; TIGHT JUNCTION PROTEIN; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; UNINDEXED DRUG; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; ASTROCYTE; BASEMENT MEMBRANE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN BLOOD VESSEL; BRAIN NERVE CELL; BRAIN PERICYTE; BRAIN REGION; CELL INTERACTION; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DIFFUSION; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG TRANSPORT; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; GAP JUNCTION; GLIOSIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LIPOPHILICITY; MEMORY DISORDER; MICROGLIA; MORPHINE TOLERANCE; NEUROVASCULAR UNIT; NONHUMAN; OPIATE ADDICTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REGULATORY MECHANISM; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; ADDICTION; ANIMAL; BRAIN; CYTOLOGY; DRUG EFFECTS; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY;

AMPHETAMINES; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; ANIMALS; BRAIN; ETHANOL; HUMANS; NICOTINE; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 84907972283     PISSN: 10543589     EISSN: 15578925     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.019     Document Type: Chapter

References (142)

1. Abbruscato T.J., Lopez S.P., Mark K.S., Hawkins B.T., Davis T.P. Nicotine and cotinine modulate cerebral microvascular permeability and protein expression of ZO-1 through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed on brain endothelial cells. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2002, 91(12):2525-2538. 10.1002/jps.10256.
2. Abbruscato T.J., Lopez S.P., Roder K., Paulson J.R. Regulation of blood-brain barrier Na, K,2Cl-cotransporter through phosphorylation during in vitro stroke conditions and nicotine exposure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2004, 310(2):459-468. 10.1124/jpet.104.066274.
3. Adermark L., Lovinger D.M. Ethanol effects on electrophysiological properties of astrocytes in striatal brain slices. Neuropharmacology 2006, 51(7-8):1099-1108. 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.05.035.
4. Akhter N., Nix M., Abdul Y., Singh S., Husain S. Delta-opioid receptors attenuate TNF-alpha-induced MMP-2 secretion from human ONH astrocytes. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2013, 54(10):6605-6611. 10.1167/iovs.13-12196.
5. Al-Hasani R., Bruchas M.R. Molecular mechanisms of opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior. Anesthesiology 2011, 115(6):1363-1381. 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318238bba6.
6. Avdoshina V., Biggio F., Palchik G., Campbell L.A., Mocchetti I. Morphine induces the release of CCL5 from astrocytes: Potential neuroprotective mechanism against the HIV protein gp120. Glia 2010, 58(13):1630-1639. 10.1002/glia.21035.
7. Bacic F., Uematsu S., McCarron R.M., Spatz M. Dopaminergic receptors linked to adenylate cyclase in human cerebromicrovascular endothelium. Journal of Neurochemistry 1991, 57(5):1774-1780.
8. Bauer B., Hartz A.M., Miller D.S. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and endothelin-1 increase P-glycoprotein expression and transport activity at the blood-brain barrier. Molecular Pharmacology 2007, 71(3):667-675. 10.1124/mol.106.029512.
9. Benarroch E.E. Endogenous opioid systems: Current concepts and clinical correlations. Neurology 2012, 79(8):807-814. 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182662098.
10. Benowitz N.L. Neurobiology of nicotine addiction: Implications for smoking cessation treatment. American Journal of Medicine 2008, 121(4 Suppl 1):S3-S10. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.01.015.
11. Berta T., Liu Y.C., Xu Z.Z., Ji R.R. Tissue plasminogen activator contributes to morphine tolerance and induces mechanical allodynia via astrocytic IL-1beta and ERK signaling in the spinal cord of mice. Neuroscience 2013, 247:376-385. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.018.
12. Biernacki K., Prat A., Blain M., Antel J.P. Regulation of cellular and molecular trafficking across human brain endothelial cells by Th1- and Th2-polarized lymphocytes. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 2004, 63(3):223-232.
13. Blanco A.M., Valles S.L., Pascual M., Guerri C. Involvement of TLR4/type I IL-1 receptor signaling in the induction of inflammatory mediators and cell death induced by ethanol in cultured astrocytes. Journal of Immunology 2005, 175(10):6893-6899.
14. Bodnar R.J. Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2011. Peptides 2012, 38(2):463-522. 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.027.
15. Borges N., Shi F., Azevedo I., Audus K.L. Changes in brain microvessel endothelial cell monolayer permeability induced by adrenergic drugs. European Journal of Pharmacology 1994, 269(2):243-248.
16. Brown K.C., Lau J.K., Dom A.M., Witte T.R., Luo H., Crabtree C.M., et al. MG624, an alpha7-nAChR antagonist, inhibits angiogenesis via the Egr-1/FGF2 pathway. Angiogenesis 2012, 15(1):99-114. 10.1007/s10456-011-9246-9.
17. Calcaterra S., Glanz J., Binswanger I.A. National trends in pharmaceutical opioid related overdose deaths compared to other substance related overdose deaths: 1999-2009. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2013, 131(3):263-270. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.018.
18. Campbell L.A., Avdoshina V., Rozzi S., Mocchetti I. CCL5 and cytokine expression in the rat brain: Differential modulation by chronic morphine and morphine withdrawal. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2013, 34:130-140. 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.08.006.
19. Campbell A.M., Zagon I.S., McLaughlin P.J. Astrocyte proliferation is regulated by the OGF-OGFr axis in vitro and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Research Bulletin 2013, 90:43-51. 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.09.001.
20. Cannon R.E., Peart J.C., Hawkins B.T., Campos C.R., Miller D.S. Targeting blood-brain barrier sphingolipid signaling reduces basal P-glycoprotein activity and improves drug delivery to the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109(39):15930-15935. 10.1073/pnas.1203534109.
21. Chen Y.H., Chen S.H., Jong A., Zhou Z.Y., Li W., Suzuki K., et al. Enhanced Escherichia coli invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells is associated with alternations in cytoskeleton induced by nicotine. Cellular Microbiology 2002, 4(8):503-514.
22. Chi F., Wang L., Zheng X., Jong A., Huang S.H. Recruitment of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to caveolin-1-enriched lipid rafts is required for nicotine-enhanced Escherichia coli K1 entry into brain endothelial cells. Future Microbiology 2011, 6(8):953-966. 10.2217/FMB.11.65.
23. Cisternino S., Chapy H., Andre P., Smirnova M., Debray M., Scherrmann J.M. Coexistence of passive and proton antiporter-mediated processes in nicotine transport at the mouse blood-brain barrier. The AAPS Journal 2013, 15(2):299-307. 10.1208/s12248-012-9434-6.
24. Cohen Z., Bonvento G., Lacombe P., Hamel E. Serotonin in the regulation of brain microcirculation. Progress in Neurobiology 1996, 50(4):335-362.
25. Coleman L.G., He J., Lee J., Styner M., Crews F.T. Adolescent binge drinking alters adult brain neurotransmitter gene expression, behavior, brain regional volumes, and neurochemistry in mice. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2011, 35(4):671-688. 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01385.x.
26. Cornford E.M., Braun L.D., Oldendorf W.H., Hill M.A. Comparison of lipid-mediated blood-brain-barrier penetrability in neonates and adults. American Journal of Physiology 1982, 243(3):C161-C168.
27. Crews F.T., Morrow A.L., Criswell H., Breese G. Effects of ethanol on ion channels. International Review of Neurobiology 1996, 39:283-367.
28. Criswell H.E., Ming Z., Kelm M.K., Breese G.R. Brain regional differences in the effect of ethanol on GABA release from presynaptic terminals. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2008, 326(2):596-603. 10.1124/jpet.107.135418.
29. Cunningham C. Microglia and neurodegeneration: The role of systemic inflammation. Glia 2013, 61(1):71-90. 10.1002/glia.22350.
30. Dagenais C., Graff C.L., Pollack G.M. Variable modulation of opioid brain uptake by P-glycoprotein in mice. Biochemical Pharmacology 2004, 67(2):269-276.
31. Davis R.L., Buck D.J., Saffarian N., Stevens C.W. The opioid antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine, inhibits chemokine expression in human astroglial cells. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2007, 186(1-2):141-149. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.021.
32. De Simone R., Ajmone-Cat M.A., Carnevale D., Minghetti L. Activation of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by nicotine selectively up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 in rat microglial cultures. Journal of Neuroinflammation 2005, 2(1):4. 10.1186/1742-2094-2-4.
33. Delbro D., Westerlund A., Bjorklund U., Hansson E. In inflammatory reactive astrocytes co-cultured with brain endothelial cells nicotine-evoked Ca(2+) transients are attenuated due to interleukin-1beta release and rearrangement of actin filaments. Neuroscience 2009, 159(2):770-779. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.005.
34. Devoto P., Flore G., Pira L., Diana M., Gessa G.L. Co-release of noradrenaline and dopamine in the prefrontal cortex after acute morphine and during morphine withdrawal. Psychopharmacology 2002, 160(2):220-224. 10.1007/s00213-001-0985-y.
35. Dom A.M., Buckley A.W., Brown K.C., Egleton R.D., Marcelo A.J., Proper N.A., et al. The alpha7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and MMP-2/-9 pathway mediate the proangiogenic effect of nicotine in human retinal endothelial cells. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2011, 52(7):4428-4438. 10.1167/iovs.10-5461.
36. Doyon W.M., Thomas A.M., Ostroumov A., Dong Y., Dani J.A. Potential substrates for nicotine and alcohol interactions: A focus on the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. Biochemical Pharmacology 2013, 86(8):1181-1193. 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.07.007.
37. Dutta R., Krishnan A., Meng J., Das S., Ma J., Banerjee S., et al. Morphine modulation of toll-like receptors in microglial cells potentiates neuropathogenesis in a HIV-1 model of coinfection with pneumococcal pneumoniae. Journal of Neuroscience 2012, 32(29):9917-9930. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0870-12.2012.
38. Egleton R.D., Brown K.C., Dasgupta P. Angiogenic activity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Implications in tobacco-related vascular diseases. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2009, 121(2):205-223. 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.007.
39. Engberg G., Hajos M. Nicotine-induced activation of locus coeruleus neurons-An analysis of peripheral versus central induction. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 1994, 349(5):443-446.
40. Feng Y., He X., Yang Y., Chao D., Lazarus L.H., Xia Y. Current research on opioid receptor function. Current Drug Targets 2012, 13(2):230-246.
41. Fernandez-Lizarbe S., Pascual M., Guerri C. Critical role of TLR4 response in the activation of microglia induced by ethanol. Journal of Immunology 2009, 183(7):4733-4744. 10.4049/jimmunol.0803590.
42. Floreani N.A., Rump T.J., Abdul Muneer P.M., Alikunju S., Morsey B.M., Brodie M.R., et al. Alcohol-induced interactive phosphorylation of Src and toll-like receptor regulates the secretion of inflammatory mediators by human astrocytes. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology 2010, 5(4):533-545. 10.1007/s11481-010-9213-z.
43. Gahring L.C., Persiyanov K., Dunn D., Weiss R., Meyer E.L., Rogers S.W. Mouse strain-specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression by inhibitory interneurons and astrocytes in the dorsal hippocampus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 2004, 468(3):334-346. 10.1002/cne.10943.
44. Goto S., Korematsu K., Oyama T., Yamada K., Hamada J., Inoue N., et al. Neuronal induction of 72-kDa heat shock protein following methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia in the mouse hippocampus. Brain Research 1993, 626(1-2):351-356.
45. Gragera R.R., Muniz E., Martinez-Rodriguez R. Electron microscopic immunolocalization of GABA and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in cerebellar capillaries and their microenvironment. Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) 1993, 39(8):809-817.
46. Granata F., Potenza R.L., Fiori A., Strom R., Caronti B., Molinari P., et al. Expression of OP4 (ORL1, NOP1) receptors in vascular endothelium. European Journal of Pharmacology 2003, 482(1-3):17-23.
47. Guizzetti M., Bordi F., Dieguez-Acuna F.J., Vitalone A., Madia F., Woods J.S., et al. Nuclear factor kappaB activation by muscarinic receptors in astroglial cells: Effect of ethanol. Neuroscience 2003, 120(4):941-950.
48. Haberstick B.C., Young S.E., Zeiger J.S., Lessem J.M., Hewitt J.K., Hopfer C.J. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol and cannabis use disorders in the United States: Results from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2014, 136:158-161. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.022.
49. Haorah J., Heilman D., Knipe B., Chrastil J., Leibhart J., Ghorpade A., et al. Ethanol-induced activation of myosin light chain kinase leads to dysfunction of tight junctions and blood-brain barrier compromise. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2005, 29(6):999-1009.
50. Haorah J., Knipe B., Gorantla S., Zheng J., Persidsky Y. Alcohol-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction is mediated via inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R)-gated intracellular calcium release. Journal of Neurochemistry 2007, 100(2):324-336. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04245.x.
51. Hardebo J.E., Emson P.C., Falck B., Owman C., Rosengren E. Enzymes related to monoamine transmitter metabolism in brain microvessels. Journal of Neurochemistry 1980, 35(6):1388-1393.
52. Harris R.A. Ethanol actions on multiple ion channels: Which are important?. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1999, 23(10):1563-1570.
53. Hawkins B.T., Abbruscato T.J., Egleton R.D., Brown R.C., Huber J.D., Campos C.R., et al. Nicotine increases in vivo blood-brain barrier permeability and alters cerebral microvascular tight junction protein distribution. Brain Research 2004, 1027(1-2):48-58. 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.043.
54. Hawkins B.T., Davis T.P. The blood-brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease. Pharmacological Reviews 2005, 57(2):173-185. 10.1124/pr.57.2.4.
55. Hawkins B.T., Egleton R.D., Davis T.P. Modulation of cerebral microvascular permeability by endothelial nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2005, 289(1):H212-H219. 10.1152/ajpheart.01210.2004.
56. Hawkins B.T., Sykes D.B., Miller D.S. Rapid, reversible modulation of blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein transport activity by vascular endothelial growth factor. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30(4):1417-1425. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5103-09.2010.
57. Hertz L., Schousboe I., Hertz L., Schousboe A. Receptor expression in primary cultures of neurons or astrocytes. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1984, 8(4-6):521-527.
58. Homer B.D., Solomon T.M., Moeller R.W., Mascia A., DeRaleau L., Halkitis P.N. Methamphetamine abuse and impairment of social functioning: A review of the underlying neurophysiological causes and behavioral implications. Psychological Bulletin 2008, 134(2):301-310. 10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.301.
59. Horner K.A., Gilbert Y.E., Cline S.D. Widespread increases in malondialdehyde immunoreactivity in dopamine-rich and dopamine-poor regions of rat brain following multiple, high doses of methamphetamine. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 2011, 5:27. 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00027.
60. Horvath R.J., DeLeo J.A. Morphine enhances microglial migration through modulation of P2X4 receptor signaling. Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29(4):998-1005. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4595-08.2009.
61. Horvath R.J., Romero-Sandoval E.A., De Leo J.A. Inhibition of microglial P2X4 receptors attenuates morphine tolerance, Iba1, GFAP and mu opioid receptor protein expression while enhancing perivascular microglial ED2. Pain 2010, 150(3):401-413. 10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.042.
62. Hukkanen J., Jacob P., Benowitz N.L. Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine. Pharmacological Reviews 2005, 57(1):79-115. 10.1124/pr.57.1.3.
63. Hurtado-Alvarado G., Cabanas-Morales A.M., Gomez-Gonzalez B. Pericytes: Brain-immune interface modulators. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 2014, 7:80. 10.3389/fnint.2013.00080.
64. Hutamekalin P., Farkas A.E., Orbok A., Wilhelm I., Nagyoszi P., Veszelka S., et al. Effect of nicotine and polyaromtic hydrocarbons on cerebral endothelial cells. Cell Biology International 2008, 32(2):198-209. 10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.08.026.
65. Hutchinson M.R., Zhang Y., Shridhar M., Evans J.H., Buchanan M.M., Zhao T.X., et al. Evidence that opioids may have toll-like receptor 4 and MD-2 effects. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2010, 24(1):83-95. 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.004.
66. Inazu M., Takeda H., Matsumiya T. Functional expression of the norepinephrine transporter in cultured rat astrocytes. Journal of Neurochemistry 2003, 84(1):136-144.
67. Kalinin S., Feinstein D.L., Xu H.L., Huesa G., Pelligrino D.A., Galea E. Degeneration of noradrenergic fibres from the locus coeruleus causes tight-junction disorganisation in the rat brain. European Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 24(12):3393-3400. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05223.x.
68. Kalinski P. Regulation of immune responses by prostaglandin E2. Journal of Immunology 2012, 188(1):21-28. 10.4049/jimmunol.1101029.
69. Karwacka H. Ultrastructural and biochemical studies of the brain and other organs in rats after chronic ethanol administration. I. Electronmicroscopic investigations of the morphologic elements of the blood-brain barrier in the rat after ethanol intoxication. Experimental Pathology (Jena) 1980, 18(2):118-126.
70. Kuhn D.M., Francescutti-Verbeem D.M., Thomas D.M. Dopamine quinones activate microglia and induce a neurotoxic gene expression profile: Relationship to methamphetamine-induced nerve ending damage. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006, 1074:31-41. 10.1196/annals.1369.003.
71. Lau J.W., Senok S., Stadlin A. Methamphetamine-induced oxidative stress in cultured mouse astrocytes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2000, 914:146-156.
72. Lee Y.W., Hennig B., Yao J., Toborek M. Methamphetamine induces AP-1 and NF-kappaB binding and transactivation in human brain endothelial cells. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2001, 66(4):583-591.
73. Lena C., de Kerchove D'Exaerde A., Cordero-Erausquin M., Le Novere N., del Mar Arroyo-Jimenez M., Changeux J.P. Diversity and distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the locus ceruleus neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999, 96(21):12126-12131.
74. Lenglet S., Montecucco F., Mach F. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in animal models of ischemic stroke. Current Vascular Pharmacology 2013, Epub ahead of print.
75. Liu H.C., Anday J.K., House S.D., Chang S.L. Dual effects of morphine on permeability and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells: Morphine potentiates lipopolysaccharide-induced permeability and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2004, 146(1-2):13-21.
76. Liu W.T., Han Y., Liu Y.P., Song A.A., Barnes B., Song X.J. Spinal matrix metalloproteinase-9 contributes to physical dependence on morphine in mice. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30(22):7613-7623. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1358-10.2010.
77. Liu Y., Hu J., Wu J., Zhu C., Hui Y., Han Y., et al. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated neuroprotection against dopaminergic neuron loss in an MPTP mouse model via inhibition of astrocyte activation. Journal of Neuroinflammation 2012, 9:98. 10.1186/1742-2094-9-98.
78. Lockman P.R., McAfee G., Geldenhuys W.J., Van der Schyf C.J., Abbruscato T.J., Allen D.D. Brain uptake kinetics of nicotine and cotinine after chronic nicotine exposure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2005, 314(2):636-642. 10.1124/jpet.105.085381.
79. Lu W., Jaatinen P., Rintala J., Sarviharju M., Kiianmaa K., Hervonen A. Effects of lifelong ethanol consumption on rat locus coeruleus. Alcohol and Alcoholism 1997, 32(4):463-470.
80. Mahajan S.D., Aalinkeel R., Sykes D.E., Reynolds J.L., Bindukumar B., Adal A., et al. Methamphetamine alters blood brain barrier permeability via the modulation of tight junction expression: Implication for HIV-1 neuropathogenesis in the context of drug abuse. Brain Research 2008, 1203:133-148. 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.093.
81. Mahajan S.D., Aalinkeel R., Sykes D.E., Reynolds J.L., Bindukumar B., Fernandez S.F., et al. Tight junction regulation by morphine and HIV-1 tat modulates blood-brain barrier permeability. Journal of Clinical Immunology 2008, 28(5):528-541. 10.1007/s10875-008-9208-1.
82. Malaiyandi V., Sellers E.M., Tyndale R.F. Implications of CYP2A6 genetic variation for smoking behaviors and nicotine dependence. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2005, 77(3):145-158. 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.10.011.
83. Malynn S., Campos-Torres A., Moynagh P., Haase J. The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha regulates the activity and expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in astrocytes. Neurochemical Research 2013, 38(4):694-704. 10.1007/s11064-012-0967-y.
84. Manda V.K., Mittapalli R.K., Geldenhuys W.J., Lockman P.R. Chronic exposure to nicotine and saquinavir decreases endothelial Notch-4 expression and disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity. Journal of Neurochemistry 2010, 115(2):515-525. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06948.x.
85. Manzo-Avalos S., Saavedra-Molina A. Cellular and mitochondrial effects of alcohol consumption. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2010, 7(12):4281-4304. 10.3390/ijerph7124281.
86. Martins T., Burgoyne T., Kenny B.A., Hudson N., Futter C.E., Ambrosio A.F., et al. Methamphetamine-induced nitric oxide promotes vesicular transport in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells. Neuropharmacology 2013, 65:74-82. 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.08.021.
87. Matta S.G., Valentine J.D., Sharp B.M. Nicotine activates NPY and catecholaminergic neurons in brainstem regions involved in ACTH secretion. Brain Research 1997, 759(2):259-269.
88. McLaughlin P.J., Zagon I.S. The opioid growth factor-opioid growth factor receptor axis: Homeostatic regulator of cell proliferation and its implications for health and disease. Biochemical Pharmacology 2012, 84(6):746-755. 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.05.018.
89. Merighi S., Gessi S., Varani K., Fazzi D., Stefanelli A., Borea P.A. Morphine mediates a proinflammatory phenotype via mu-opioid receptor-PKCvarepsilon-Akt-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in activated microglial cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 2013, 86(4):487-496. 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.05.027.
90. Mosnaim A.D., Callaghan O.H., Hudzik T., Wolf M.E. Rat brain-uptake index for phenylethylamine and various monomethylated derivatives. Neurochemical Research 2013, 38(4):842-846. 10.1007/s11064-013-0988-1.
91. Muscoli C., Doyle T., Dagostino C., Bryant L., Chen Z., Watkins L.R., et al. Counter-regulation of opioid analgesia by glial-derived bioactive sphingolipids. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30(46):15400-15408. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2391-10.2010.
92. Neri M., Panata L., Bacci M., Fiore C., Riezzo I., Turillazzi E., et al. Cytokines, chaperones and neuroinflammatory responses in heroin-related death: What can we learn from different patterns of cellular expression?. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2013, 14(10):19831-19845. 10.3390/ijms141019831.
93. Neuhaus W., Burek M., Djuzenova C.S., Thal S.C., Koepsell H., Roewer N., et al. Addition of NMDA-receptor antagonist MK801 during oxygen/glucose deprivation moderately attenuates the upregulation of glucose uptake after subsequent reoxygenation in brain endothelial cells. Neuroscience Letters 2012, 506(1):44-49. 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.045.
94. Oldendorf W.H., Hyman S., Braun L., Oldendorf S.Z. Blood-brain barrier: Penetration of morphine, codeine, heroin, and methadone after carotid injection. Science 1972, 178(4064):984-986.
95. Oliva I., Fernandez M., Martin E.D. Dopamine release regulation by astrocytes during cerebral ischemia. Neurobiology of Disease 2013, 58:231-241. 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.06.007.
96. Ono K., Toyono T., Inenaga K. Nicotinic receptor subtypes in rat subfornical organ neurons and glial cells. Neuroscience 2008, 154(3):994-1001. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.028.
97. Orellana J.A., Figueroa X.F., Sanchez H.A., Contreras-Duarte S., Velarde V., Saez J.C. Hemichannels in the neurovascular unit and white matter under normal and inflamed conditions. CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 2011, 10(3):404-414.
98. Panenka W.J., Procyshyn R.M., Lecomte T., MacEwan G.W., Flynn S.W., Honer W.G., et al. Methamphetamine use: A comprehensive review of molecular, preclinical and clinical findings. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2013, 129(3):167-179. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.016.
99. Park M., Kim H.J., Lim B., Wylegala A., Toborek M. Methamphetamine-induced occludin endocytosis is mediated by the Arp2/3 complex-regulated actin rearrangement. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2013, 288(46):33324-33334. 10.1074/jbc.M113.483487.
100. Paspalas C.D., Papadopoulos G.C. Ultrastructural evidence for combined action of noradrenaline and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide upon neurons, astrocytes, and blood vessels of the rat cerebral cortex. Brain Research Bulletin 1998, 45(3):247-259.
101. Paulson J.R., Roder K.E., McAfee G., Allen D.D., Van der Schyf C.J., Abbruscato T.J. Tobacco smoke chemicals attenuate brain-to-blood potassium transport mediated by the Na, K,2Cl-cotransporter during hypoxia-reoxygenation. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2006, 316(1):248-254. 10.1124/jpet.105.090738.
102. Paulson J.R., Yang T., Selvaraj P.K., Mdzinarishvili A., Van der Schyf C.J., Klein J., et al. Nicotine exacerbates brain edema during in vitro and in vivo focal ischemic conditions. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2010, 332(2):371-379. 10.1124/jpet.109.157776.
103. Pavlasek J., Haburcak M., Haburcakova C., Orlicky J., Mikulajova M. Mannitol derivate used as a marker for voltammetrically monitored transport across the blood-brain barrier under condition of locus coeruleus stimulation. General Physiology and Biophysics 1998, 17(4):309-322.
104. Perfeito R., Cunha-Oliveira T., Rego A.C. Reprint of: Revisiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease-resemblance to the effect of amphetamine drugs of abuse. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2013, 62:186-201. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.042.
105. Puppala B.L., Matwyshyn G., Bhalla S., Gulati A. Role of endothelin in neonatal morphine tolerance. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2004, 44(Suppl. 1):S383-S385.
106. Ramirez S.H., Potula R., Fan S., Eidem T., Papugani A., Reichenbach N., et al. Methamphetamine disrupts blood-brain barrier function by induction of oxidative stress in brain endothelial cells. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2009, 29(12):1933-1945. 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.112.
107. Randoll L.A., Wilson W.R., Weaver M.S., Spuhler-Phillips K., Leslie S.W. N-methyl-D-aspartate-stimulated increases in intracellular calcium exhibit brain regional differences in sensitivity to inhibition by ethanol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 1996, 20(2):197-200.
108. Reijerkerk A., Kooij G., van der Pol S.M., Leyen T., van Het Hof B., Couraud P.O., et al. Tissue-type plasminogen activator is a regulator of monocyte diapedesis through the brain endothelial barrier. Journal of Immunology 2008, 181(5):3567-3574.
109. Rendell P.G., Mazur M., Henry J.D. Prospective memory impairment in former users of methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology 2009, 203(3):609-616. 10.1007/s00213-008-1408-0.
110. Rock R.B., Gekker G., Aravalli R.N., Hu S., Sheng W.S., Peterson P.K. Potentiation of HIV-1 expression in microglial cells by nicotine: Involvement of transforming growth factor-beta 1. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology 2008, 3(3):143-149. 10.1007/s11481-007-9098-7.
111. Ruzicka B.B., Fox C.A., Thompson R.C., Meng F., Watson S.J., Akil H. Primary astroglial cultures derived from several rat brain regions differentially express mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor mRNA. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research 1995, 34(2):209-220.
112. Sanchez-Fernandez C., Montilla-Garcia A., Gonzalez-Cano R., Nieto F.R., Romero L., Artacho-Cordon A., et al. Modulation of peripheral mu-opioid analgesia by sigma1 receptors. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2014, 348(1):32-45. 10.1124/jpet.113.208272.
113. Sargeant T.J., Miller J.H., Day D.J. Opioidergic regulation of astroglial/neuronal proliferation: Where are we now?. Journal of Neurochemistry 2008, 107(4):883-897. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05671.x.
114. Sarmento A., Borges N., Lima D. Influence of electrical stimulation of locus coeruleus on the rat blood-brain barrier permeability to sodium fluorescein. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 1994, 127(3-4):215-219.
115. Schwarz J.M., Hutchinson M.R., Bilbo S.D. Early-life experience decreases drug-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP in adulthood via microglial-specific epigenetic programming of anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression. Journal of Neuroscience 2011, 31(49):17835-17847. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3297-11.2011.
116. Seelbach M.J., Brooks T.A., Egleton R.D., Davis T.P. Peripheral inflammatory hyperalgesia modulates morphine delivery to the brain: A role for P-glycoprotein. Journal of Neurochemistry 2007, 102(5):1677-1690. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04644.x.
117. Sekine Y., Ouchi Y., Sugihara G., Takei N., Yoshikawa E., Nakamura K., et al. Methamphetamine causes microglial activation in the brains of human abusers. Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28(22):5756-5761. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1179-08.2008.
118. Sharma H.S., Ali S.F. Alterations in blood-brain barrier function by morphine and methamphetamine. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006, 1074:198-224. 10.1196/annals.1369.020.
119. Sharma H.S., Sjoquist P.O., Ali S.F. Alterations in blood-brain barrier function and brain pathology by morphine in the rat. Neuroprotective effects of antioxidant H-290/51. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum 2010, 106:61-66. 10.1007/978-3-211-98811-4_10.
120. Shytle R.D., Mori T., Townsend K., Vendrame M., Sun N., Zeng J., et al. Cholinergic modulation of microglial activation by alpha 7 nicotinic receptors. Journal of Neurochemistry 2004, 89(2):337-343. 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2004.02347.x.
121. Sorriento D., Santulli G., Del Giudice C., Anastasio A., Trimarco B., Iaccarino G. Endothelial cells are able to synthesize and release catecholamines both in vitro and in vivo. Hypertension 2012, 60(1):129-136. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189605.
122. Stiene-Martin A., Knapp P.E., Martin K., Gurwell J.A., Ryan S., Thornton S.R., et al. Opioid system diversity in developing neurons, astroglia, and oligodendroglia in the subventricular zone and striatum: Impact on gliogenesis in vivo. Glia 2001, 36(1):78-88.
123. Sun B., Chen X., Xu L., Sterling C., Tank A.W. Chronic nicotine treatment leads to induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in locus ceruleus neurons: The role of transcriptional activation. Molecular Pharmacology 2004, 66(4):1011-1021. 10.1124/mol.104.001974.
124. Suzuki T., Hide I., Matsubara A., Hama C., Harada K., Miyano K., et al. Microglial alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors drive a phospholipase C/IP3 pathway and modulate the cell activation toward a neuroprotective role. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2006, 83(8):1461-1470. 10.1002/jnr.20850.
125. Teaktong T., Graham A.J., Johnson M., Court J.A., Perry E.K. Selective changes in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes related to tobacco smoking: an immunohistochemical study. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 2004, 30(3):243-254. 10.1046/j.0305-1846.2003.00528.x.
126. Tega Y., Akanuma S., Kubo Y., Terasaki T., Hosoya K. Blood-to-brain influx transport of nicotine at the rat blood-brain barrier: Involvement of a pyrilamine-sensitive organic cation transport process. Neurochemistry International 2013, 62(2):173-181. 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.11.014.
127. Ubogu E.E., Callahan M.K., Tucky B.H., Ransohoff R.M. Determinants of CCL5-driven mononuclear cell migration across the blood-brain barrier Implications for therapeutically modulating neuroinflammation. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2006, 179(1-2):132-144. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.06.004.
128. UNODC, World Drug Report 2013 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.XI.6).
129. U.S.Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics Health, United States, 2012: With special feature on emergency care 2013, Hyattsville, MD.
130. Vaarmann A., Gandhi S., Abramov A.Y. Dopamine induces Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes through reactive oxygen species generated by monoamine oxidase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2010, 285(32):25018-25023. 10.1074/jbc.M110.111450.
131. Van Woerkom R., Beharry K.D., Modanlou H.D., Parker J., Rajan V., Akmal Y., et al. Influence of morphine and naloxone on endothelin and its receptors in newborn piglet brain vascular endothelial cells: Clinical implications in neonatal care. Pediatric Research 2004, 55(1):147-151. 10.1203/01.PDR.0000100756.32861.60.
132. Volkow N.D., Fowler J.S., Wang G.J., Shumay E., Telang F., Thanos P.K., et al. Distribution and pharmacokinetics of methamphetamine in the human body: Clinical implications. PLoS One 2010, 5(12):e15269. 10.1371/journal.pone.0015269.
133. Wakayama K., Ohtsuki S., Takanaga H., Hosoya K., Terasaki T. Localization of norepinephrine and serotonin transporter in mouse brain capillary endothelial cells. Neuroscience Research 2002, 44(2):173-180.
134. Wen H., Lu Y., Yao H., Buch S. Morphine induces expression of platelet-derived growth factor in human brain microvascular endothelial cells: Implication for vascular permeability. PLoS One 2011, 6(6):e21707. 10.1371/journal.pone.0021707.
135. Wilbert-Lampen U., Trapp A., Barth S., Plasse A., Leistner D. Effects of beta-endorphin on endothelial/monocytic endothelin-1 and nitric oxide release mediated by mu1-opioid receptors: A potential link between stress and endothelial dysfunction?. Endothelium 2007, 14(2):65-71. 10.1080/10623320701346585.
136. Wu Y., Lousberg E.L., Moldenhauer L.M., Hayball J.D., Robertson S.A., Coller J.K., et al. Attenuation of microglial and IL-1 signaling protects mice from acute alcohol-induced sedation and/or motor impairment. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2011, 25(Suppl. 1):S155-S164. 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.01.012.
137. Yamamizu K., Furuta S., Katayama S., Narita M., Kuzumaki N., Imai S., et al. The kappa opioid system regulates endothelial cell differentiation and pathfinding in vascular development. Blood 2011, 118(3):775-785. 10.1182/blood-2010-09-306001.
138. Yang T., Roder K.E., Bhat G.J., Thekkumkara T.J., Abbruscato T.J. Protein kinase C family members as a target for regulation of blood-brain barrier Na, K,2Cl-cotransporter during in vitro stroke conditions and nicotine exposure. Pharmaceutical Research 2006, 23(2):291-302. 10.1007/s11095-005-9143-2.
139. Yang L., Shah K., Wang H., Karamyan V.T., Abbruscato T.J. Characterization of neuroprotective effects of biphalin, an opioid receptor agonist, in a model of focal brain ischemia. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2011, 339(2):499-508. 10.1124/jpet.111.184127.
140. Yang L., Wang H., Shah K., Karamyan V.T., Abbruscato T.J. Opioid receptor agonists reduce brain edema in stroke. Brain Research 2011, 1383:307-316. 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.083.
141. Yenari M.A., Xu L., Tang X.N., Qiao Y., Giffard R.G. Microglia potentiate damage to blood-brain barrier constituents: Improvement by minocycline in vivo and in vitro. Stroke 2006, 37(4):1087-1093. 10.1161/01.STR.0000206281.77178.ac.
142. Zhang X., Banerjee A., Banks W.A., Ercal N. N-Acetylcysteine amide protects against methamphetamine-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in immortalized human brain endothelial cells. Brain Research 2009, 1275:87-95. 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.04.008.