Corticotropin-releasing hormone and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in psychiatric disease

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 124, Issue , 2014, Pages 69-91

  Naughton, Marie ^a   Dinan, Timothy G ^a   Scott, Lucinda V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Bipolar affective disorder; Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH); Depression; Dexamethasone suppression test; Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis; Post traumatic stress disorder; Schizophrenia; Stress; Vasopressin

Indexed keywords

CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR;

ANIMAL; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS SYSTEM; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLISM; PSYCHOLOGY; SECRETION (PROCESS);

ANIMALS; CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; MENTAL DISORDERS; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84907483896     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: 22124152     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-59602-4.00005-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (210)

1. Abelson J.L., Cameron O.G. Adrenergic dysfunction in anxiety disorders. Adrenergic dysfunction and psychobiology 1994, AP Press, Washington DC. O.G. Cameron (Ed.).
2. Aguilera G., Rabadan-Diehl C. Vasopressinergic regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: implications for stress adaptation. Regul Pept 2000, 96:23-29.
3. Aisa B., Tordera R., Lasheras B., et al. Effects of maternal separation on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses, cognition and vulnerability to stress in adult female rats. Neuroscience 2008, 154:1218-1226.
4. Albus M., Ackenheil M., Engel R.R., et al. Situational reactivity of autonomic functions in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatr Res 1982, 6:361-370.
5. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington. 4th edn.
6. American Psychiatric Association Task Force on Laboratory Tests in Psychiatry The dexamethasone suppression test: an overview of its current status in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1987, 144:1253-1262.
7. Amsterdam J.D., Maislin G., Winokur A., et al. The CRH test before and after clinical recovery from depression. J Affect Disord 1988, 14:213-222.
8. Arato M., Banki C.M., Nemeroff C.B., et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and suicide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986, 487:263-270.
9. Arato M., Banki C.M., Bissette G., et al. Elevated CSF CRH in suicide victims. Biol Psychiatry 1989, 24:355-359.
10. Arborelius L., Owens M.J., Plotsky P.M., et al. The role of corticotrophin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. J Endocrinol 1999, 160:1-12.
11. Axelson D.A., Doraiswamy P.M., Boyko O.B., et al. In vivo assessment of pituitary volume with magnetic resonance imaging and systematic stereology: relationship to dexamethasone suppression test results in patients. Psychiatry Res 1992, 46:63-70.
12. Baker D.G., West S.A., Nicholson W.E., et al. Serial CSF corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels and adrenocortical activity in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1999, 156:585-588.
13. Bale T.L., Contarino A., Smith G.W., et al. Mice deficient for corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor-2 display anxiety-like behavior and are hypersensitive to stress. Nat Genet 2000, 24:410-414.
14. Banki C.M., Bissette G., Arato M., et al. CSF corticotrophin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depression and schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1987, 144:873-877.
15. Banki C.M., Karmacsi L., Bissette G., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides in mood disorders and dementia. J Affect Disord 1992, 25:39-46.
16. Banki C.M., Karmacsi L., Bissette G., et al. Cerebrospinal-fluid neuropeptides: a biochemical subgrouping approach. Neuropsychobiology 1992, 26:37-42.
17. Banki C.M., Karmacsi L., Bissette G., et al. CSF corticotrophin-releasing hormone and somatostatin in major depression: response to antidepressant treatment and relapse. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1992, 2:107-113.
18. Berger M., Pirke K.M., Doerr P., et al. The limited utility of the dexamethasone suppression test for the diagnostic process in psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 1984, 145:372-382.
19. Binder E.B., Nemeroff C.B. The CRF system, stress, depression and anxiety - insights from human genetic studies. Mol Psychiatry 2010, 15:574-588.
20. Binnerman B., Feltner D., Kolluri S., et al. A 6-week randomised, placebo-controlled trial of CP-316,311 (a selective CRH1 antagonist) in the treatment of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2008, 165:617-620.
21. Boorse G.C., Denver R.J. Widespread tissue distribution and diverse functions of corticotrophin-releasing factor and related peptides. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2006, 146:9-18.
22. Bradley A.J., Dinan T.J. A systematic review of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in schizophrenia: implications for mortality. J Psychopharmacol 2010, 24(Suppl):91-118.
23. Bradley R.G., Binder E.B., Epstein M.P., et al. Influence of child abuse and adult depression: moderation by the corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor gene. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008, 65:190-200.
24. Breier A., Wolkowitz O.M., Doran A.R., et al. Neurobiological effects of lumbar puncture stress in psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res 1988, 25:187-194.
25. Breier A., Wolkowitz O.M., Rapaport M., et al. Metabolic stress effects in normal volunteers and schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 1988, 24:431-433.
26. Bremner J.D., Licinio J., Darnell A., et al. Elevated CSF corticotrophin-releasing factor concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997, 154:624-629.
27. Brenner K., Liu A., Laplante D.P., et al. Cortisol response to a psychosocial stressor in schizophrenia: blunted, delayed, or normal?. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34:859-886.
28. Bullinger M., Naber D., Pickar D., et al. Endocrine effects of the cold pressor test: relationships to subjective pain appraisal and coping. Psychiatry Res 1984, 12:227-233.
29. Cannon M., Jones P.B., Murray R.M. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review. Am J Psychiatry 2002, 159:1080-1092.
30. Carpenter L.L., Tyrka A.R., McDougle C.J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid corticotrophin-releasing factor and perceived early-life stress in depressed patients and healthy control subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:777-784.
31. Carpenter L.L., Ross N.S., Tyrka A.R., et al. Dex/CRH test cortisol response in outpatients with major depression and matched healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34:1208-1213.
32. Carrasco G.A., Van de Kar L.D. Neuroendocrine pharmacology of stress. Eur J Pharmacol 2003, 463:235-272.
33. Carroll B.J., Feinberg M., Greden J.F., et al. A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia: standardization, validation, and clinical utility. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981, 38:15-22.
34. Carvalho-Fernando S., Beblo T., Schlosser N., et al. Associations of childhood trauma with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in borderline personality disorder and major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37:1659-1668.
35. Chalmers D.T., Lovenberg T.W., De Souza E.B. Localisation of novel corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2) mRNA expression to specific subsortical nuclei in rat brain: comparison with CRF-1 receptor mRNA. J Neurosci 1995, 15:6340-6350.
36. Chrousos G.P. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:1351-1362.
37. Cleare A.J., Murray R.M., O'Keane V. Reduced prolactin and cortisol responses to d-fenfluramine in depressed compared to healthy matched control subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996, 14:349-354.
38. Cohrs S., Röher C., Jordan W., et al. The atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and quetiapine, but not haloperidol, reduce ACTH and cortisol secretion in healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006, 185:11-18.
39. Cole M.A., Kim P.J., Kalman B.A., et al. Dexamethasone suppression of cortciosteroid secretion: evaluation of the site of action by receptor measures and functional studies. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000, 25:151-167.
40. Compton M.T., Walker E.F. Physical manifestations of neurodevelopmental disruption: are minor physical anomalies part of the syndrome of schizophrenia?. Schizophr Bull 2009, 35:425-436.
41. Coplan J.D., Andrews M.W., Rosenblum L.A., et al. Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotrophin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:1619-1923.
42. De Bellis M.D., Gold P.W., Geracioti T.D., et al. Fluoxetine significantly reduces CSF CRH and AVP concentrations in patients with major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1993, 150:656-657.
43. de Kloet E.R., De Rijk R.H., Meijer O.C. Therapy insight: is there an imbalanced response of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in depression?. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metabol 2007, 3:168-179.
44. de Kloet C., Vermetten E., Lentjes E., et al. Differences in response to the combined DEX-CRH test between PTSD patients with and without co-morbid depressive disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33:313-320.
45. Dentino A.N., Pieper C.F., Rao K.M.K., et al. Association of interleukin-6 and other biological variables with depression in older people living in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999, 47:6-8.
46. Dickerson S.S., Kemeny M.E. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull 2004, 150:355-391.
47. Dinan T.G. Glucocorticoids in the genesis of depression: a psychobiological model. Br J Psychiatry 1994, 164:365-371.
48. Dinan T.G. Serotonin and the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function: a mini-review. Life Sci 1996, 58:1683-1694.
49. Dinan T.G. Stress and the genesis of diabetes mellitus in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2004, 184(Suppl 47):s72-s75.
50. Dinan T.G., Scott L.V. Anatomy of melancholia: focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis overactivation and the role of vasopressin. J Anatomy 2005, 207:259-264.
51. Dinan T.G., Lavelle E., Scott L.V., et al. Desmopressin normalises the blunted ACTH response to corticotropin-releasing hormone in melancholic depression: evidence of enhanced vasopressinergic responsivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:2238-2246.
52. Dinan T.G., O Brien S., Lavelle E., et al. Further neuroendocrine evidence for enhanced vasopressin V3 receptor responses in melancholic depression. Psychol Med 2004, 34:169-172.
53. Dunn A.J., Berridge C.W. Physiological and behavioural responses to corticotrophin-releasing factor administration: is CRH a mediator of anxiety or stress response?. Brain Res Rev 1990, 15:71-100.
54. Edwards V.J., Holden G.W., Felitti V.J., et al. Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the adverse childhood experiences study. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:1453-1460.
55. Elzinga B.M., Roelofs K., Tollenaar M.S., et al. Diminished cortisol responses to psychosocial stress associated with lifetime adverse events: a study among healthy young subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33:227-237.
56. Fossey M.D., Lydiard R.B., Ballenger J.C., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid corticotrophin-releasing factor concentrations in patients with anxiety disorders and normal comparison subjects. Biol Psychiatry 1996, 39:703-707.
57. France R.D., Urban B., Krishnan K.R.R., et al. CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in chronic pain patients with and without major depression. Biol Psychiatry 1988, 23:86-88.
58. Fries E., Dettenborn L., Kirschbaum C. The cortisol awakening response (CAR): facts and future directions. Int J Psychophysiol 2009, 72:67-73.
59. Gaab J., Rohleder N., Nater U.M., et al. Psychological determinants of the cortisol stress response: the role of anticipatory cognitive appraisal. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005, 30:599-610.
60. Geracioti T.D., Loosen P.T., Orth D.N. Low cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations in eucortisolemic depression. Biol Psychiatry 1997, 42:166-174.
61. Gertz B.J., Cantreras L.N., McComb D.J., et al. Chronic administration of corticotropin-releasing factor increases pituitary corticotroph number. Endocrinology 1987, 120:381-388.
62. Gjerris A., Hammer M., Vendsborger P., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid vasopressin: changes in depression. Br J Psychiatry 1985, 147:696-701.
63. Glover V., O'Connor T.G., O'Donnell K. Prenatal stress and the programming of the HPA axis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010, 35:17-22.
64. Gold P.W., Chrousos G.P. Clinical studies with corticotrophin releasing factor: implications for the diagnosis and pathophysiology of depression, Cushing's disease, and adrenal insufficiency. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1985, 10:401-419.
65. Gold P.W., Chrousos G.P. Organisation of the stress system and its dysregulation in melancholic and atypical depression: high vs low CRH/NE levels. Mol Psychiatry 2002, 7:254-275.
66. Gold P.W., Goodwin F.K. Vasopressin in affective illness. Lancet 1978, 10:1233-1236.
67. Gold P.W., Loriaux D.L., Roy A., et al. Responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypercortisolism of depression and Cushing's disease: pathophysiologic and diagnostic implications. N Engl J Med 1986, 314:1329-1335.
68. Goldman M., Tandon R., Taylor S.F., et al. Dexamethasone non suppression and short rapid eye movement latency in schizophrenia: markers of an affective diathesis?. Biol Psychiatry 1996, 40:927-992.
69. Goldman M.B., Gnerlich J., Hussain M. Neuroendocrine responses to a cold pressor stimulus in polydipsic hyponatremic and in matched schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32:1611-1621.
70. Graeff F.G., Garcia-Leal C., Del-Ben C.M., et al. Does the panic attack activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?. An Acad Bras Cienc 2005, 77:477-491.
71. Gray T.S., Bingaman E.W. The amygdala: corticotropin-releasing factor, steroids, and stress. Crit Rev Neurobiol 1996, 10:155-168.
72. Grigoriadis D.E., Liu X.-J., Vaughan J., et al. [125I]-Tyro-sauvagine: a novel high-affinity radioligand for the pharmacological and biochemical study of human corticotropin-releasing factor2á (CRH2á) receptors. Mol Pharmacol 1996, 50:679-686.
73. Hammer G.D., Fairchild-Huntress V., Low M.J. Pituitary-specific and hormonally regulated gene expression directed by the rat proopiomelanocortin promoter in transgenic mice. Mol Endocrinol 1990, 4:1689-1697.
74. Hauger R.L., Grigoriadis D.E., Dallman M.F., et al. International Union of Pharmacology XXXVI. Current status of the nomenclature for receptors for corticotropin-releasing factor and their ligands. Pharmacol Rev 2003, 55:21-26.
75. Heilig M., Koop G.F. A key role for corticotropin-releasing factor in alcohol dependance. Trends Neurosci 2007, 30:399-406.
76. Heim C., Newport D.J., Heit S., et al. Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood. JAMA 2000, 284:592-597.
77. Heim C., Newport D.J., Bonsall R., et al. Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge test in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:575-581.
78. Heim C., Newport D.J., Mletzko T., et al. The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33:693-710.
79. Heinricks S.C., Lapsansky J., Lovenberg T.W., et al. Corticotropin-releasing factor CRH1 but not CRH2 receptors mediate anxiogenic-like behaviours. Regul Pept 1997, 71:15-21.
80. Heninger G.R. A biological perspective on the co-morbidity of major depressive disorder and panic disorder. Co-morbidity of mood and anxiety disorders 1990, AP Press, Washington DC. J.D. Maser, C.R. Cloninger (Eds.).
81. Hiroi N., Wong M.L., Licinio J. Expression of corticotrophin releasing hormone receptors type 1 and type 11 mRNA in suicide victims and controls. Mol Psychiatry 2001, 6:540-546.
82. Holsboer F. Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: implications for therapy. J Affect Disord 2001, 62:77-91.
83. Holsboer F., Gerken A., von Bardeleben U., et al. Human corticotropin-releasing hormone in depression. Biol Psychiatry 1986, 21:601-611.
84. Holsboer F., von Bardeleben U., Buller, et al. Stimulation response to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) in patients with depression, alcoholism and panic disorder. Horm Metab Res 1987, 16(Suppl):80-88.
85. Holsboer F., Lauer C.J., Schreiber W., et al. Altered hypothalamic pituitary-adrenocortical regulation in healthy subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders. Neuroendocrinology 1995, 62:340-347.
86. Jaeckle R.S., Kathol R.G., Lopez J.F. Enhanced adrenal sensitivity to exogenous ACTH1-24 stimulation in major depression: relationship to dexamethasone suppression test result. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987, 43:233-240.
87. Jansen L.M.C., Gispen-de Wied C.C., Khan R.S. Selective impairments in the stress response in schizophrenia patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000, 149:319-325.
88. Jolkkonen J., Lepola U., Bissette G., et al. CSF corticotrophin-releasing factor is not affected in panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1993, 33:136-138.
89. Jones S.R., Fernyhough C. A new look at the neural diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia: the primacy of social-evaluative and uncontrollable situations. Schizophr Bull 2007, 33:1171-1177.
90. Jones J.S., Stein D.J., Stanley B., et al. Negative and depressive symptoms in suicidal schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994, 89:81-87.
91. Juruena M.F., Pariante C.P., Papadopolous A.S., et al. Prednisolone depression test in depression: prospective study of the role of HPA axis dysfunction in treatment resistance. Br J Psychiatry 2009, 194:342-349.
92. Kageyama K., Suda T. Regulatory mechanisms underlying corticotrophin-releasing factor gene expression in the hypothalamus. Endocr J 2009, 56:335-344.
93. Kalin N.H. Behavioural and endocrine studies of corticotropin releasing hormone in primates. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor: Basic and Clinical Studies of a Neuropeptide 1990, 275-289. CRC Press, Boca Raton. E.B. De Souza, C.B. Nemeroff (Eds.).
94. Kapur S., Philips A.G., Insel T.R. Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it?. Mol Psychiatry 2012, 17:1174-1179.
95. Kathol R.G., Jaeckle R.S., Lopez J.F., et al. Pathophysiology of HPA axis abnormalities in patients with major depression: an update. Am J Psychiatry 1989, 146:311-317.
96. Keck M.E. Corticotropin-releasing factor, vasopressin and receptor systems in depression and anxiety. Amino Acids 2006, 31:241-250.
97. Keen-Rhinehart E., Michopoulos V., Toufexis D.J., et al. Continuous expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor in the central nucleus of the amygdale emulates the dysregulation of the stress and reproductive axis. Mol Psychiatry 2009, 14:37-50.
98. Keshavan M.S., Brar J., Ganguli R., et al. DST and schizophrenic symptomatology. Biol Psychiatry 1989, 26:856-858.
99. Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demier O., et al. Prevalence, severity and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, 62:617-627.
100. Kling M.A., Roy A., Doran A.R., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropin secretion in Cushing's disease and major depression: potential clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72:260-271.
101. Kling M.A., Rubinow D.R., Doran A.R., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive somatostatin concentrations in patients with Cushing's disease and major depression: relationship to indices of corticotropin-releasing hormone and cortisol secretion. Neuroendocrinology 1993, 57:79-88.
102. Kling M.A., De Bellis M.D., O'Rourke D.K., et al. Diurnal variation of cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in healthy volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 79:233-239.
103. Kling M.A., Geracioti T.D., Licinio J., et al. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on the CRH-ACTH-cortisol system in melancholic depression: preliminary findings. Psychopharmacol Bull 1994, 30:489-494.
104. Kling M.A., Coleman V.H., Schulkin J. Glucocorticoid inhibition in the treatment of depression; can we think outside the endocrine hypothalamus?. Depress Anxiety 2009, 26:641-649.
105. Krishnan K.R.R., Doraiswamy P.M., Lurie S.N., et al. Pituitary size in depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72:256-259.
106. Krishnan K.R.R., Rayasam K., Reed D.R., et al. The corticotropin-releasing factor stimulation test in patients with major depression: relationship to dexamethasone suppression test results. Depression 1993, 1:133-136.
107. Kunzel H.E., Zobel A.W., Nickel T., et al. Treatment of depression with CRH-1 receptor antagonist R121919: endocrine changes and side effects. J Psychiatr Res 2003, 37:525-533.
108. Laakmann G., Hinz A., Voderholzer U., et al. The influence of psychotropic drugs and releasing hormones on anterior pituitary hormone secretion in healthy subjects and depressed patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 1990, 23:18-26.
109. Ladd C.O., Huot R.L., Thrivikraman K.V., et al. Long-term behavioural and neuroendocrine adaptations to adverse early experience. Prog Brain Res 2000, 122:81-103.
110. Lammers C.H., Garcia-Borreguero D., Schmider J., et al. Combined dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test in patients with schizophrenia and in normal controls: II. Biol Psychiatry 1995, 38:803-807.
111. Lee R., Geracioti T.D., Kasckow J.W., et al. Childhood trauma and personality disorder: positive correlations with adult CSF corticotrophin-releasing factor concentrations. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:995-997.
112. Lee R.J., Gollan J., Kasckow J., et al. CSF corticotrophin-releasing factor in personality disorder: relationship with self-reported parental care. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006, 31:2289-2295.
113. Lee R.J., Hempel J., Tenharmsel A., et al. The neuroendocrinology of childhood trauma in personality disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 44:433-438.
114. Lehmann J., Russig H., Feldon J., et al. Effect of a single maternal separation at different pup ages on the corticosterone stress response in adult and aged rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002, 73:141-145.
115. Lesch K.P., Mayer S., Disselkamp-Tietze D., et al. 5-HT1A receptor responsivity in unipolar depression: evaluation of ipsapirone-induced ACTH and cortisol secretion in patients and controls. Biol Psychiatry 1990, 28:620-628.
116. Lesch K.P., Disselkamp-Tietze J., Schmidtke A. 5-HT1A receptor function in depression: effect of chronic amitriptyline treatment. J Neural Transm 1990, 80:157-161.
117. Lewis C.F., Tandon R., Shipley J.E., et al. Biological predictors of suicidality in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996, 94:416-420.
118. Lightman S.L. The neuroendocrinology of stress: a never ending story. J Neuroendocrinol 2008, 20:880-884.
119. Linkowski P., Medlewicz J., Leclercq R., et al. The 24-hour profile of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol in major depressive illness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985, 61:429-438.
120. Linkowski P., Mendlewicz J., Kerkhofs M., et al. 24-hour profiles of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and growth hormone in major depressive illness: effect of antidepressant treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987, 65:141-152.
121. Loizzo A., Loizzo S., Lopez L., et al. Naloxone prevents cell mediated immune alterations in adult mice following repeated mild stress in the neonatal period. Br J Pharmacol 2002, 135:1219-1226.
122. Lovenberg T.W., Liaw C.W., Grigoriadis D.E., et al. Cloning and characterisation of a functionally distinct corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor subtype from rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:836-840.
123. Lu A., Steiner M.A., Whittle N., et al. Conditional mouse mutants highlight mechanisms of corticotropin-releasing hormone effects on stress-coping behaviour. Mol Psychiatry 2008, 13:1028-1042.
124. Lupien S.J., McEwen B.S., Gunnar M.R., et al. Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009, 10:434-445.
125. MacMillan H.L., Georgiades K., Duku E.K., et al. Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 66:62-68.
126. Marx C.E., Lieberman J.A. Psychoneuroendocrinology of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998, 21:413-434.
127. Mathew S.J., Price R.B., Charney D.S. Recent advances in the neurobiology of anxiety disorders: implications for novel therapeutics. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2008, 148:89-98.
128. McEwen B.S., Gianaros P.J. Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010, 1186(1):190-222.
129. McEwen B.S., Plapinger L. Association of corticosterone-1,2 3H with macromolecules extracted from brain cell nuclei. Nature 1970, 220:911-912.
130. McEwen B.S., Eiland L., Hunter R.G., et al. Stress and anxiety: structural plasticity and epigenetic regulation as a consequence of stress. Neuropharmacology 2012, 62:3-12.
131. Meller W.H., Kathol R.L., Jaeckle R.S., et al. Stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis with arginine vasopressin in patients with depression. J Psychiatr Res 1987, 21:269-277.
132. Meynen G., Unmehopa U.A., van Heerikhuize J.J., et al. Increased arginine vasopressin mRNA expression in the human hypothalamus in depression: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 60:892-895.
133. Mittal V.A., Dhruv S., Tessner K.D., et al. The relations among putative biorisk markers in schizotypal adolescents: minor physical anomalies, movement abnormalities, and salivary cortisol. Biol Psychiatry 2007, 61:1179-1186.
134. Molchan S.E., Hill J.L., Martinez R.A., et al. CSF somatostatin in Alzheimer's disease and major depression: relationship to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and clinical measures. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1993, 19:509-519.
135. Mondelli V., Dazzen P., Hepgul N., et al. Abnormal cortisol levels during the day and cortisol awaking response in first episode psychosis: the role of stress and antipsychotic treatment. Schizophr Res 2010, 116:234-242.
136. Muller M.B., Landgraf R., Preil J., et al. Selective activation of the hypothalamic vasopressinergic system in mice deficient for the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 is dependent on glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 2000, 141:4262-4269.
137. Muller M.B., Zimmerman S., Sillaber I., et al. Limbic corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor 1 mediates anxiety-related behaviour and hormonal adaptation to stress. Nat Neurosci 2003, 6:1100-1107.
138. Murphy B.E. Antiglucocorticoid therapies in major depression. A review. Psychoneuroendorinology 1997, 22(Suppl):S125-S132.
139. Nemeroff C.B. The corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRH) hypothesis of depression: new findings and new directions. Mol Psychiatry 1996, 1:336-342.
140. Nemeroff C.B. Neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma. J Clin Psychiatry 2004, 64(Suppl 1):18-28.
141. Nemeroff C.B., Vale W.W. The neurobiology of depression: inroads to treatment and new drug discovery. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66(Suppl 7):5-13.
142. Nemeroff C.B., Widerlov E., Bissette G., et al. Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients. Science 1984, 226:1342-1344.
143. Nemeroff C.B., Owens M.J., Bissette G., et al. Reduced corticotropin-releasing factor binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988, 45:577-579.
144. Nemeroff C.B., Bissette G., Akil H., et al. Neuropeptide concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy: corticotropin-releasing factor, â-endorphin and somatostatin. Br J Psychiatry 1991, 158:59-63.
145. Nemeroff C.B., Krishnan K.R.R., Reed D., et al. Adrenal gland enlargement in major depression: a computed tomographic study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992, 49:384-387.
146. Neumann I.D., Wigger A., Kromer S., et al. Differential effects of periodic maternal separation on adult stress coping in a rat model of extremes in trait anxiety. Neuroscience 2005, 132:867-877.
147. Newcomer J.W., Faustman W.O., Whiteford H.A., et al. Symptomatology and cognitive impairment associate independently with post-dexamethasone cortisol concentrations in unmedicated schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1991, 29:855-864.
148. Newman M.E., Shapira B., Lerer B. Evaluation of central serotonergic function in affective and related disorders by the fenfluramine challenge test: a critical review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 1998, 1:49-69.
149. Newport D.J., Heim C., Owens M.J., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH) concentration predicts pituitary response in the CRH stimulation test: a multipler regression analysis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:569-576.
150. O'Keane V., Frodl T., Dinan T. A review of atypical depression in relation to the course of depression and changes in the HPA axis organization. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37:1589-1599.
151. O'Mahony S.M., Marchesi J.R., Scully P., et al. Early life stress alters behaviour, immunity and microbiota in rats: implications for irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illnesses. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 65:263-267.
152. Pariante C.M., Lightman S.L. The HPA axis in major depression: classical and new developments. Trends Neurosci 2008, 31:464-468.
153. Petrowski K., Wintermann G.B., Kirschbaum C., et al. Dissocation between ACTH and cortisol response in DEX-CRH test in patients with panic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37:1199-1208.
154. Phillips D.I.W., Jones A. Fetal programming of autonomic and HPA function: do people who were small babies have enhanced stress responses?. J Physiol 2006, 521:45-50.
155. Pitts A.F., Samuelson S.D., Meller W.H., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing hormone, vasopressin, and oxytocin concentrations in treated patients with major depression and controls. Biol Psychiatry 1995, 38:330-335.
156. Plocka-Lewandowska M., Araszkiewicz A., Rybakowski J.K. Dexamethasone suppression test and suicide attempts in schizophrenic patients. Eur Psychiatry 2001, 16:428-431.
157. Plotsky P.M., Meaney M.J. Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRH) mRNA, median eminence CRH content and stress-induced release in adult rats. Mol Brain Res 1993, 18:195-200.
158. Plotsky P.M., Thrivikraman K.V., Nemeroff C.B., et al. Long-term consequences of neonatal rearing on central corticotrophin-releasing factor systems in adult male rat offspring. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30:2192-2204.
159. Post R.M., Gold P., Rubinow D.R. Peptides in cerebrospinal fluid of neuropsychiatric patients: an approach to central nervous system peptide function. Life Sci 1982, 31:1-15.
160. Potter E., Sutton S., Donaldson C., et al. Distribution of corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor mRNA expression in the rat brain and pituitary. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994, 91:8777-8781.
161. Purba J.S., Hoogendijk W.J., Hofman M.A., et al. Increased number of vasopressin- and oxytocin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996, 53:137-143.
162. Raadsheer F.C., Hoogendijk W.J., Stam F.C., et al. Increased number of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. Clin Neuroendocrinol 1994, 60:436-444.
163. Raadsheer F.C., Van Heerikhuize J.J., Lucassen P.J., et al. Corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression. Am J Psychiatry 1995, 152:1372-1376.
164. Read J., van Os J., Morrison A.P., et al. Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2005, 112:330-350.
165. Reul J.M., De Kloet E.R. Two receptor systems for corticosterone in the rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology 1985, 117:2505-2511.
166. Reul J.M., Holsboer F. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors 1 and 2 in anxiety and depression. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2002, 2:23-33.
167. Rinne T., deKloet E.R., Wouters L., et al. Hyperresponsiveness of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to combined dexamethasone/corticotrophin releasing hormone challenge in female borderline personality disorder subjects with a history of sustained childhood abuse. Biol Psychiatry 2002, 52:1102-1112.
168. Risbrough V.B., Stein M.B. Role of corticotrophin releasing factor in anxiety disorders: a translation research perspective. Horm Behav 2006, 50:550-561.
169. Romero L.M., Sapolsky R.M. Patterns of ACTH secretagog secretion in response to psychological stimuli. J Neuroendocrinol 1996, 8:243-258.
170. Roy A., Pickar D., Doran A., et al. The corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test in chronic schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1986, 143:1393-1397.
171. Roy A., Pickar D., Paul S., et al. CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone in depressed patients and normal subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1987, 144:641-645.
172. Rubin R., Poland R.E., Lesser I.M., et al. Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression. III. Cortisol secretion in relation to diagnosis and symptom patterns. Psychol Med 1987, 17:609-619.
173. Rubin R.T., Phillips J.J., Sadow T.F., et al. Adrenal gland volume in major depression: increase during the depressive episode and decrease with successful treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995, 52:213-218.
174. Rubin R., Dinan T.G., Scott L.V. The neuroendocrinology of affective disorders. Hormones, Brain and Behaviour 2001, 467-514. Academic Press, New York. D. Pfaff, A.P. Arnold, A.M. Etgen (Eds.).
175. Ryan M.C.M., Sharifi N., Condren R., et al. Evidence of basal pituitary-adrenal over activity in first episode, drug naive patients with schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2004, 29:1065-1070.
176. Rybakowski J.K., Twardowska K. The dexamethasone/corticotrophin releasing hormone test in bipolar and unipolar depressive illness. J Psychiatr Res 1999, 33:363-370.
177. Sanchez M.M., Young L.J., Plotsky P.M., et al. Autoradiographic and in situ hybridization localization of corticotrophin-releasing factor 1 and 2 receptor in non-human primate brain. J Comp Neurol 1999, 408:365-377.
178. Sapolsky R.M., Plotsky P.M. Hypercortisolism and its possible neural basis. Biol Psychiatry 1990, 27:937-952.
179. Sautter F.J., Bissette G., Willey J., et al. Corticotropin-releasing factor in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with secondary psychotic symptoms, non-psychotic PTSD, and healthy control. Biol Psychiatry 2003, 54:1382-1388.
180. Schmider J., Lammers C.H., Gotthardt U., et al. Combined dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone test in acute and remitted manic patients, and in normal controls: I. Biol Psychiatry 1995, 15:797-802.
181. Schulkin J., Gold P.W., McEwens B.S. Induction of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression by glucocorticoids: implications for understanding the states of fear and anxiety and allostatic load. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998, 23:219-243.
182. Shevlin M., Houston J.E., Dorahy M.J., et al. Cumulative traumas and psychosis: an analysis of the national comorbidity survey and the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Schizophr Bull 2008, 34:193-199.
183. Skelton K.H., Nemeroff C.B., Knight D.L., et al. Chronic administration of the triazolobenzodiazepine alprazolam produces opposite effects on corticotrophin-releasing factor and urocortin neuronal systems. J Neurosci 2000, 20:1240-1248.
184. Strohle A., Scheel M., Modell S., et al. Blunted ACTH response to dexamethasone suppression-CRH stimulation in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2008, 42:1185-1188.
185. Strous R.D., Maayan R., Lapidus R., et al. Increased circulatory dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate in first episode schizophrenia: relationship to gender, aggression and symptomatology. Schizophr Res 2004, 71:427-434.
186. Tandon R., Mazzara C., DeQuardo J., et al. Dexamethasone suppression test in schizophrenia: relationship to symptomatology, ventricular enlargement and outcome. Biol Psychiatry 1991, 29:953-964.
187. Thakore J.H., Dinan T.G. Cortisol synthesis inhibition; a new treatment strategy for the clinical and endocrine manifestations of depression. Biol Psychiatry 1995, 37:364-368.
188. Thakore J.H., O'Keane V., Dinan T.G. D-Fenfluramine-induced prolactin responses in mania: evidence for serotonergic subsensitivity. Am J Psychiatry 1996, 154:1460-1463.
189. Thakore J.H., Barnes C., Joyce J., et al. Effects of antidepressant treatment on corticotropin-induced cortisol responses in patients with melancholic depression. Psychiatry Res 1997, 73:27-32.
190. Tyrka A.R., Price L.H., Gelernter J., et al. Interaction of childhood maltreatment with the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene: effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 66:681-685.
191. Valdez G.R., Koop G.F. Allostatic and dysregulation of corticotrophin-releasing factor and neuropeptide Y systems: implications for the development of alcoholism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004, 79:671-689.
192. Vale W., Spiess J., Rivier C., et al. Characterisation of a 41 residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of the corticotropin and betaendorphin. Science 1981, 213:1394-1399.
193. Valintino R.J., Foote S.L., Aston-Jones G. Corticotropin-releasing factor activates noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus. Brain Res 1983, 270:363-367.
194. Van Londen L., Goekoop J., van Kempen G., et al. Plasma levels of arginine vasopressin elevated in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997, 17:284-292.
195. von Bardeleben U., Holsboer F. Cortisol response to a combined dexamethasone-human corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge in patients with depression. J Neuroendocrinol 1989, 1:485-488.
196. Vreeburg S.A., Hoogendijk W.J., van Pelt J., et al. Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: results from a large cohort study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009, 66:617-626.
197. Vythilingam M., Gill J.M., Luckenbaugh D.A., et al. Low early morning plasma cortisol in post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with co-morbid depression but not with enhanced glucocorticoid feedback inhibition. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010, 35:442-450.
198. Watson S., Gallagher P., Ritchie J.C., et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2004, 184:496-502.
199. Watson S., Thompson J.M., Malik N., et al. Temporal stability of the dex/CRH tests in rapid-cycling bipolar I disorder: a pilot study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005, 39:244-248.
200. Watson S., Gallagher P., Ferrier N., et al. Post-dexamethasone arginine vasopressin levels in patients with severe mood disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2006, 40:353-359.
201. Wedekind D., Preiss B., Cohrs S., et al. Relationship between nocturnal urinary cortisol excretion and symptom severity in subgroups of patients with depressive episodes. Neuropsychobiology 2007, 56:119-122.
202. Widerlov E., Bissette G., Nemeroff C.B. Monoamine metabolites, corticotropin releasing factor and somatostatin as CSF markers in depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1988, 14:99-107.
203. Wolf O.T., Wingenfeld K. HPA axis alterations in mental disorders: impact on memory and its relevance for therapeutic interventions. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011, 17:714-722.
204. Wolf O.T., Köster B., Kirschbaum C., et al. A single administration of dehydroepiandrosterone does not enhance memory performance in young healthy adults, but immediately reduces cortisol levels. Biol Psychiatry 1997, 42:845-848.
205. Wolkowitz O., Reus V. Treatment of depression with antiglucocorticoid drugs. Psychosom Med 1999, 61:698-711.
206. Wolkowitz O., Reus V., Chan T., et al. Antiglucocorticoid treatment of depression: double blind ketoconazole. Biol Psychiatry 1999, 451:1070-1074.
207. Yehuda R. Advances in understanding neuroendocrine alterations in PTSD and therapeutic implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006, 1071:137-166.
208. Yehuda R., Lang R.K., Buchsbaum M.S., et al. Alterations in cortisol negative feedback inhibition using the ACTH response to cortisol administration in PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006, 31:447-451.
209. Young E.A., Haskett R.F., Murphy-Weinberg V., et al. Loss of glucocorticoid fast feedback in depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991, 48:693-699.
210. Zobel A.W., Nickel T., Kunzel H.E., et al. Effects of the high affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: the first 20 patients treated. J Psychiatr Res 2000, 34:171-181.