Device modeling of dye-sensitized solar cells

Topics in Current Chemistry

Volumn 352, Issue , 2014, Pages 325-396

  Bisquert, Juan ^a   Marcus, Rudolph A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITAT JAUME I   (Spain)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dye solar cell; Electron transport; Impedance spectroscopy; Nanomaterials

Indexed keywords

EID: 84907368165     PISSN: 03401022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/128-2013-471     Document Type: Review

References (216)

1. 2 films. Nature 353: 737-740
2. Yella A, Lee H-W, Tsao HN, Yi C, Chandiran AK, Nazeeruddin MK, Diau EW-G, Yeh C-Y, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M (2011) Porphyrin-sensitized solar cells with cobalt (II/III) based redox electrolyte exceed 12 percent efficiency. Science 334: 629-634
3. Chang JA, Rhee JH, Im SH, Lee YH, Kim H-J, Seok SI, Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M (2010) High-performance nanostructured inorganic-organic heterojunction solar cells. Nano Lett 10: 2609-2612
4. Kim H-S, Lee C-R, Im J-H, Lee K-B, Moehl T, Marchioro A, Moon S-J, Humphry-Baker R, Yum J-H, Moser JE, Grätzel M, Park N-G (2012) Lead iodide perovskite sensitized all-solidstate submicron thin film mesoscopic solar cell with efficiency exceeding 9%. Sci Rep 2: 591
5. Lee MM, Teuscher J, Miyasaka T, Murakami TN, Snaith HJ (2012) Efficient hybrid solar cells based on meso-superstructured organometal halide perovskites. Science 338: 643-647
6. Bignozzi CA, Argazzi R, Boaretto R, Busatto E, Carli S, Ronconi F, Caramori S (2013) The role of transition metal complexes in dye sensitized solar devices. Coord Chem Rev 257: 1472-1492
7. Mora-Seró I, Bisquert J (2010) Breakthroughs in the development of semiconductorsensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem Lett 1: 3046-3052
8. Hodes G (2008) Comparison of dye- and semiconductor-sensitized porous nanocrystalline liquid junction solar cells. J Phys Chem C 112: 17778-17787
9. Dittrich T, Belaidi A, Ennaoui A (2011) Concepts of inorganic solid-state nanostructured solar cells. Sol Energ Mat Sol Cells 95 (6): 1527-1536
10. Fabregat-Santiago F, Bisquert J, Palomares E, Otero L, Kuang D, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M (2007) Correlation between photovoltaic performance and impedance spectroscopy of dye-sensitized solar cells based on ionic liquids. J Phys Chem C 111: 6550-6560
11. Barea EM, Ortiz J, Payá FJ, Fernández-Lázaro F, Fabregat-Santiago F, Sastre-Santos A, Bisquert J (2010) Energetic factors governing injection, regeneration and recombination in dye solar cells with phthalocyanine sensitizers. Energ Environ Sci 3: 1985-1994
12. Bisquert J (2008) Physical electrochemistry of nanostructured devices. Phys Chem Chem Phys 10: 49-72
13. Ansari-Rad M, Anta JA, Bisquert J (2013) Interpretation of diffusion and recombination in nanostructured and energy disordered materials by stochastic quasiequilibrium simulation. J Phys Chem C. doi: 10.1021/jp403232b
14. Bisquert J, Mora-Seró I (2010) Simulation of steady-state characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells and the interpretation of the diffusion length. J Phys Chem Lett 1: 450-456
15. Södergren S, Hagfeldt A, Olsson J, Lindquist SE (1994) Theoretical models for the action spectrum and the current-voltage characteristics of microporous semiconductor films in photoelectrochemical cells. J Phys Chem 98: 5552-5556
16. Wang Q, Ito S, Grätzel M, Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Seró I, Bisquert J, Bessho T, Imai H (2006) Characteristics of high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 110: 19406-19411
17. Nayak PK, Garcia-Belmonte G, Kahn A, Bisquert J, Cahen D (2012) Photovoltaic efficiency limits and material disorder. Energ Environ Sci 5: 6022-6039
18. 2 dye solar cells. J Phys Chem C 112: 5623-5637
19. Li L-L, Diau EW-G (2012) Porphyrin-sensitized solar cells. Chem Soc Rev 42: 291-304
20. Bertoluzzi L, Ma S (2013) On the methods of calculation of the charge collection efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15: 4283-4285
21. 2 particles in nanocrystalline films. Sol Energ Mat Sol Cells 59: 163-166
22. Usami A (2000) A theoretical simulation of light scattering of nanocrystalline films in photoelectrochemical solar cells. Sol Energ Mat Sol Cells 62: 239-246
23. Usami A (2000) Theoretical simulations of optical confinement in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells. Sol Energ Mat Sol Cells 64: 73-83
24. 2 solar cells. Chem Mater 14: 2527-2535
25. Galvez FE, Kemppainen E, Miguez H, Halme J (2012) Effect of diffuse light scattering designs on the efficiency of dye solar cells: an integral optical and electrical description. J Phys Chem C 116: 11426-11433
26. Lin Y, Ma YT, Yang L, Xiao XR, Zhou XW, Li XP (2006) Computer simulations of light scattering and mass transport of dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells. J Electroanal Chem 588: 51-58
27. Raga SR, Barea EM, Fabregat-Santiago F (2012) Analysis of the origin of open circuit voltage in dye solar cells. J Phys Chem Lett 3: 1629-1634
28. Fabregat-Santiago F, Garcia-Belmonte G, Mora-Seró I, Bisquert J (2011) Characterization of nanostructured hybrid and organic solar cells by impedance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13: 9083-9118
29. Bisquert J, Fabregat-Santiago F (2010) Impedance spectroscopy: a general introduction and application to dye-sensitized solar cells. In: Kalyanasundaram K (ed) Dye-sensitized solar cells. CRC, Boca Raton
30. Barea EM, Zafer C, Gultein B, Aydin B, Koyuncu S, Icli S, Fabregat-Santiago F, Bisquert J (2010) Quantification of the effects of recombination and injection in the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells based on N-substituted carbazole dyes. J Phys Chem C 114: 19840-19848
31. Barea EM, Gonzalez-Pedro V, Ripolles-Sanchis T, Wu H-P, Li L-L, Yeh C-Y, Diau EW-G, Bisquert J (2011) Porphyrin dyes with high injection and low recombination for highly efficient mesoscopic dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C 115: 10898-10902
32. Zhou D, Bai Y, Zhang J, Cai N, Su M, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wang P (2010) Anion effects in organic dye-sensitized mesoscopic solar cells with ionic liquid electrolytes: tetracyanoborate vs dicyanamide. J Phys Chem C 115: 816-822
33. Xu X, Cao K, Huang D, Shen Y, Wang M (2012) Disulfide/thiolate based redox shuttle for dye-sensitized solar cells: an impedance spectroscopy study. J Phys Chem C 116: 25233-25241
34. Yu Q, Zhou D, Shi Y, Si X, Wang Y, Wang P (2010) Stable and efficient dye-sensitized solar cells: photophysical and electrical characterizations. Energe Environ Sci 3: 1722-1725
35. Bai Y, Yu Q, Cai N, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wang P (2011) High-efficiency organic dye-sensitized mesoscopic solar cells with a copper redox shuttle. Chem Commun 47: 4376-4378
36. Zhang M, Liu J, Wang Y, Zhou D, Wang P (2011) Redox couple related influences of pi-conjugation extension in organic dye-sensitized mesoscopic solar cells. Chem Sci 2: 1401-1406
37. Zhou D, Yu Q, Cai N, Bai Y, Wang Y, Wang P (2011) Efficient organic dye-sensitized thinfilm solar cells based on the tris (1,10-phenanthroline) cobalt (II/III) redox shuttle. Energ Environ Sci 4: 2030-2034
38. Bai Y, Zhang J, Zhou D, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wang P (2011) Engineering organic sensitizers for iodine-free dye-sensitized solar cells: red-shifted current response concomitant with attenuated charge recombination. J Am Chem Soc 133: 11442-11445
39. 2 to [Co (bpy)3]3+: insights gained from impedance spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 135: 3939-3952
40. Mora-Seró I, Giménez S, Fabregat-Santiago F, Gomez R, Shen Q, Toyoda T, Bisquert J (2009) Recombination in quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Acc Chem Res 42: 1848-1857
41. Gónzalez-Pedro V, Xu X, Mora-Seró I, Bisquert J (2010) Modeling high-efficiency quantum dot sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano 4: 5783-5790
42. Boix PP, Guerrero A, Marchesi LF, Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J (2011) Current-voltage characteristics of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells: connection between light and dark curves. Adv Energ Mater 1: 1073-1078
43. Wang H, Peter LM (2009) A comparison of different methods to determine the electron diffusion length in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C 113: 18125-18133
44. Bisquert J (2002) Theory of the impedance of electron diffusion and recombination in a thin layer. J Phys Chem B 106: 325-333
45. Jennings JR, Liu Y, Safari-Alamuti F, Wang Q (2012) Dependence of dye-sensitized solar cell impedance on photoelectrode thickness. J Phys Chem C 116: 1556-1562
46. Jaegermann W (1996) The semiconductor/electrolyte interface: a surface science approach. Mod Asp Electrochem 30: 1-185
47. Bisquert J, Cahen D, Rühle S, Hodes G, Zaban A (2004) Physical chemical principles of photovoltaic conversion with nanoparticulate, mesoporous dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 108: 8106-8118
48. Bisquert J (2007) Hopping transport of electrons in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C 111: 17163-17168
49. Bisquert J (2008) Interpretation of electron diffusion coefficient in organic and inorganic semiconductors with broad distributions of states. Phys Chem Chem Phys 10: 3175-3194
50. Bisquert J, Zaban A, Greenshtein M, Mora-Seró I (2004) Determination of rate constants for charge transfer and the distribution of semiconductor and electrolyte electronic energy levels in dye-sensitized solar cells by open-circuit photovoltage decay method. J Am Chem Soc 126: 13550
51. Bisquert J, Vikhrenko VS (2004) Interpretation of the time constants measured by kinetic techniques in nanostructured semiconductor electrodes and dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 108: 2313-2322
52. Bisquert J, Fabregat-Santiago F, Mora-Seró I, Garcia-Belmonte G, Giménez S (2009) Electron lifetime in dye-sensitized solar cells: theory and interpretation of measurements. J Phys Chem C 113: 17278-17290
53. 2 films: transient photocurrent and random-walk modeling studies. J Phys Chem B 105: 11194-11205
54. Benkstein KD, Kopidakis N, Van de Lagemaat J, Frank AJ (2003) Influence of the percolation network geometry on the electron transport in dye-sensitized titanium dioxide solar cells. J Phys Chem B 107: 7759-7767
55. Anta JA (2009) Random walk numerical simulation for solar cell applications. Energ Environ Sci 2: 387-392
56. Ansari-Rad M, Abdi Y, Arzi E (2012) Simulation of non-linear recombination of charge carriers in sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells. J Appl Phys 112: 074319
57. Mendels D, Tessler N (2013) Drift and diffusion in disordered organic semiconductors: the role of charge density and charge energy transport. J Phys Chem C 117: 3287-3293
58. 2 semiconductors. J Am Chem Soc 125: 7989-7997
59. 2 conduction band in dye-sensitized solar cells: disentangling charge transfer and electrostatic effects. Energ Environ Sci 6: 183-193
60. Pastore M, de Angelis F (2013) Intermolecular interactions in dye-sensitized solar cells: a computational modeling perspective. J Phys Chem Lett 4: 956-974
61. Baumeier B, May F, Lennartz C, Andrienko D (2012) Challenges for in silico design of organic semiconductors. J Mater Chem 22: 10971-10976
62. Ruhle V, Lukyanov A, May F, Schrader M, Vehoff T, Kirkpatrick J, Baumeier B, Andrienko D (2011) Microscopic simulations of charge transport in disordered organic semiconductors. J Chem Theory Comput 7: 3335-3345
63. Coehoorn R, Bobbert PA (2012) Effects of Gaussian disorder on charge carrier transport and recombination in organic semiconductors. Physica Status Solidi A 209: 2354-2377
64. 2 photoelectrochemical cells. J Phys Chem 100: 17021-17027
65. Villanueva J, Anta JA, Guillen E, Oskam G (2009) Numerical simulation of the current-voltage curve in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C 113: 19722-19731
66. Cai JH, Chen H, Han LY (2012) Models of electron injection, diffusion and recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells. Int J Mod Phys B 26: 19
67. Cass MJ, Qiu FL, Walker AB, Fisher AC, Peter LM (2003) Influence of grain morphology on electron transport in dye sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells. J Phys Chem B 107: 113-119
68. Kambili A, Walker AB, Qiu FL, Fisher AC, Savin AD, Peter LM (2002) Electron transport in the dye sensitized nanocrystalline cell. Physica E 14: 203-209
69. Duffy NW, Peter LM, Rajapakse RMG, Wijayantha KGU (2000) Investigation of the kinetics of the back reaction of electrons with tri-iodide in dye-sansitized nanocrystalline photovoltaic cells. J Phys Chem B 104: 8916-8919
70. Duffy NW, Peter LM, Rajapakse RMG, Wijayantha KGU (2000) A novel charge extraction method for the study of electron transport and interfacial transfer in dye sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells. Electrochem Commun 2: 658-662
71. Jennings JR, Peter LM (2007) A reappraisal of the electron diffusion length in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C 111: 16100-16104
72. Lobato K, Peter LM, Wurfel U (2006) Direct measurement of the internal electron quasi-Fermi level in dye sensitized solar cells using a titanium secondary electrode. J Phys Chem B 110: 16201-16204
73. Paasch G, Micka K, Gersdorf P (1993) Theory of the electrochemical impedance of macrohomogeneous porous electrodes. Electrochim Acta 38: 2653-2662
74. Stangl R, Ferber J, Luther J (1998) On the modeling of the dye-sensitized solar cell. Sol Energ Mat Sol Cells 54: 255-264
75. Ferber J, Stangl R, Luther J (1998) An electrical model of the dye-sensitized solar cell. Sol Energ Mat Sol Cells 53: 29-54
76. Burgelman M, Grasso C (2004) Network of flatband solar cells as a model for solid-state nanostructured solar cells. J Appl Phys 95: 2020-2024
77. Newman JS (1973) Electrochemical systems. Prentice-Hall, Englewoods Cliffs
78. Sze SM (1981) Physics of semiconductor devices, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
79. Mora-Seró I, Garcia-Belmonte G, Boix PP, Vázquez MA, Bisquert J (2009) Impedance characterisation of highly efficient silicon solar cell under different light illumination intensities. Energe Environ Sci 2: 678-686
80. Rickert H (1982) Electrochemistry of solids. Springer, Berlin
81. Riess I (1997) What does a voltmeter measure? Solid State Ion 95: 327-328
82. Schwarzburg K, Willig F (1999) Origin of photovoltage and photocurrent in the nanoporous dye-sensitized electrochemical solar cell. J Phys Chem B 28: 5743-5746
83. Pichot F, Gregg BA (2000) The photovoltage-determining mechanism in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 104: 6-10
84. Cahen D, Hodes G, Grätzel M, Guillemoles JF, Riess I (2000) Nature of photovoltaic action in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 104: 2053-2059
85. 2 heterojunction diodes. J Phys Chem B 101: 1810-1816
86. 2 dye-sensitized solar cell: an interference reflection study. J Phys Chem B 107: 9397-9403
87. Fabregat-Santiago F, Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J, Bogdanoff P, Zaban A (2003) Mott-Schottky analysis of nanoporous semiconductor electrodes in the dielectric state deposited on SnO2 (F) conducting substrates. J Electrochem Soc 150: E293-E298
88. 2/FTO junctions used in dye-sensitized solar cells by photocurrent transients. J Phys Chem B 109: 9522-9526
89. 2/ substrate interface can determine dye-sensitized solar cell performance. J Phys Chem B 108: 17946-17951
90. Liu WQ, Kou DX, Hu LH, Dai SY (2011) The kinetics of electron transfer across the multipoint contact interface through simplifying the complex structure in dye-sensitized solar cell. Chem Phys Lett 513: 145-148
91. 2 solar cells: a study by electrical impedance and optical modulation techniques. J Phys Chem B 104: 2044-2052
92. Bisquert J (2011) Dilemmas of dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Phys Chem 12: 1633-1636
93. Zhang Z, Zakeeruddin SM, O'Regan BC, Humphry-Baker R, Grätzel M (2005) Influence of 4-guanidinobutyric acid as coadsorbent in reducing recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 109: 21818-21824
94. Guerrero A, Marchesi LF, Boix PP, Ruiz-Raga S, Ripolles-Sanchis T, Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J (2012) How the charge-neutrality level of interface states controls energy level alignment in cathode contacts of organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells. ACS Nano 6: 3453-3460
95. Mora-Seró I, Fabregat-Santiago F, Denier B, Bisquert J, Tena-Zaera R, Elias J, Lévy-Clement C (2006) Determination of carrier density of ZnO nanowires by electrochemical techniques. Appl Phys Lett 89: 203117
96. Tena-Zaera R, Elias J, Lévy-Clément C, Bekeny C, Voss T, Mora-Seró I, Bisquert J (2008) Influence of the potassium chloride concentration on the physical properties of electrodeposited ZnO nanowire arrays. J Phys Chem C 112: 16318-16323
97. Foley JM, Price MJ, Feldblyum JI, Maldonado S (2012) Analysis of the operation of thin nanowire photoelectrodes for solar energy conversion. Energe Environ Sci 5: 5203-5220
98. 2-electrolyte systems. J Phys Chem B 106: 2967-2972
99. Feldt SM, Gibson EA, Gabrielsson E, Sun L, Boschloo G, Hagfeldt A (2010) Design of organic dyes and cobalt polypyridine redox mediators for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells. J Am Chem Soc 132: 16714-16724
100. Bignozzi CA, Argazzi R, Boaretto R, Busatto E, Carli S, Ronconi F, Caramori S (2013) The role of transition metal complexes in dye sensitized solar devices. Coord Chem Rev 257 (9-10): 1472-1492
101. Snaith HJ, Grätzel M (2007) Light-enhanced charge mobility in a molecular hole transporter. Phys Rev Lett 98: 177402
102. Fabregat-Santiago F, Bisquert J, Cevey L, Chen P, Wang M, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M (2009) Electron transport and recombination in solid state dye solar cell with spiro-OMeTAD as hole conductor. J Am Chem Soc 131: 558-562
103. Wang M, Chen P, Humphry-Baker R, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M (2009) The influence of charge transport and recombination on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Phys Chem 10: 290-299
104. 2 solar cells using CuSCN as hole transporter. J Phys Chem C 116: 1579-1587
105. Boix PP, Lee YH, Fabregat-Santiago F, Im SH, Mora-Sero I, Bisquert J, Seok SI (2012) From flat to nanostructured photovoltaics: balance between thickness of the absorber and charge screening in sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano 6: 873-880
106. Dualeh A, Moehl T, Nazeeruddin MK, Grätzel M (2013) Temperature dependence of transport properties of Spiro-MeOTAD as a hole transport material in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano 7: 2292-2301
107. Noh JH, Im SH, Heo JH, Mandal TN, Seok SI (2013) Chemical management for colorful, efficient, and stable inorganic-organic hybrid nanostructured solar cells. Nano Lett 13: 1764-1769
108. 2. J Phys Chem B 104: 3930-3936
109. Champlain JG (2011) On the use of the term "ambipolar". Appl Phys Lett 99: 123502
110. Ritter D, Zeldov E, Weiser K (1988) Ambipolar transport in amorphous semiconductors in the lifetime and relaxation-time regimes investigated by the steady-state photocarrier grating technique. Phys Rev B 38: 8296
111. Papageorgiou N, Grätzel M, Infelta PP (1996) On the relevance of mass transport in thin layer nanocrystalline photoelectrochemical solar cells. Sol Energ Mat Sol Cells 44: 405-438
112. Kalaignan GP, Kang YS (2006) A review on mass transport in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells. J Photochem Photobiol C-Photochem Rev 7: 17-22
113. Usami A, Ozaki H (2001) Computer simulations of charge transport in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline photovoltaic cells. J Phys Chem B 105: 4577-4583
114. 2 electrodes. Chem Phys Lett 292: 223-228
115. Hyk W, Augustynski J (2006) Steady-state operation of porous photoelectrochemical cells under the conditions of mixed diffusional and migrational mass transport. J Electrochem Soc 153: A2326
116. Barnes PRF, Anderson AY, Durrant JR, O'Regan BC (2011) Simulation and measurement of complete dye sensitised solar cells: including the influence of trapping, electrolyte, oxidised dyes and light intensity on steady state and transient device behaviour. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13: 5798-5816
117. Andrade L, Sousa J, Aguilar Ribeiro H, Mendes A (2012) Phenomenological modeling of dye-sensitized solar cells under transient conditions. Sol Energ 85: 781-793
118. Gagliardi A, der Maur MA, Gentilini D, Di Carlo A (2011) Simulation of dye solar cells: through and beyond one dimension. J Comput Electron 10: 424-436
119. Chua J, Mathews N, Jennings JR, Yang G, Wang Q, Mhaisalkar SG (2011) Patterned 3-dimensional metal grid electrodes as alternative electron collectors in dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 13: 19314-19317
120. Miettunen K, Halme J, Visuri A-M, Lund P (2011) Two-dimensional time-dependent numerical modeling of edge effects in dye solar cells. J Phys Chem C 115: 7019-7031
121. Mastroianni S, Lanuti A, Penna S, Reale A, Brown TM, Di Carlo A, Decker F (2012) Physical and electrochemical analysis of an indoor-outdoor ageing test of large-area dye solar cell devices. Chem Phys Chem 13: 2925-2936
122. Anta JA, Idigoras J, Guillen E, Villanueva-Cab J, Mandujano-Ramirez HJ, Oskam G, Pelleja L, Palomares E (2012) A continuity equation for the simulation of the current-voltage curve and the time-dependent properties of dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14: 10285-10299
123. Gagliardi A, Mastroianni S, Gentilini D, Giordano F, Reale A, Brown TM, Di Carlo A (2010) Multiscale modeling of dye solar cells and comparison with experimental data. IEEE J Select Top Quant Electron 16: 1611-1618
124. Halme J, Vahermaa P, Miettunen K, Lund P (2010) Device physics of dye solar cells. Adv Mater 22: E210-E234
125. Peter LM (2007) Characterization and modeling of dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C 111: 6601-6612
126. Barnes PRF, Miettunen K, Li X, Anderson AY, Bessho T, Gratzel M, O'Regan BC (2013) Interpretation of optoelectronic transient and charge extraction measurements in dye-sensitized solar cells. Adv Mater 25: 1881-1922
127. Li L-L, Chang Y-C, Wu H-P, Diau EW-G (2012) Characterisation of electron transport and charge recombination using temporally resolved and frequency-domain techniques for dye-sensitised solar cells. Int Rev Phys Chem 31: 420-467
128. 2. Appl Phys Lett 58: 2520-2522
129. Franco G, Gehring J, Peter LM, Ponomarev EA, Uhlendorf I (1999) Frequency-resolved optical detection of photoinjected electrons in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline photovoltaic cells. J Phys Chem B 103: 692-698
130. 2 solar cells: nonlinear electron-transport kinetics. J Phys Chem B 104: 4292-4294
131. Vanmaekelbergh D, de Jongh PE (1999) Driving force for electron transport in porous nanostructured photoelectrodes. J Phys Chem B 103: 747-750
132. Vanmaekelbergh D, de Jongh PE (2000) Electron transport in disordered semiconductors studied by a small harmonic modulation of the steady state. Phys Rev B 61: 4699-4707
133. 2 electrodes. Phys Rev B 59: 15374
134. Bisquert J (2003) Chemical capacitance of nanostructured semiconductors: its origin and significance for heterogeneous solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 5: 5360-5364
135. Jamnik J, Maier J (2001) Generalised equivalent circuits for mass and charge transport: chemical capacitance and its implications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 3: 1668-1678
136. Shockley W (1958) Electrons, holes, and traps. Proc IRE 46: 973-990
137. Garcia-Belmonte G, Guerrero A, Bisquert J (2013) Elucidating operating modes of bulk-heterojunction solar cells from impedance spectroscopy analysis. J Phys Chem Lett 4: 877-886
138. Lee PA (1982) Density of states and screening near the mobility edge. Phys Rev B 26: 5882-5885
139. Berger T, Monllor-Satoca D, Jankulovska M, Lana-Villarreal T, Gomez R (2012) The electrochemistry of nanostructured titanium dioxide electrodes. Chem Phys Chem 13 (12): 2824-2875
140. Zaban A, Greenshtein M, Bisquert J (2003) Determination of the electron lifetime in nanocrystalline dye solar cells by open-circuit voltage decay measurements. Chem Phys Chem 4: 859-864
141. van Roosbroeck W (1953) The transport of added current carriers in a homogeneous semiconductor. Phys Rev 91: 282-289
142. Rose A (1963) Concepts in photoconductivity and allied problems. Interscience, New York
143. van Roosbroeck W, Shockley W (1954) Photon-radiative recombination of electrons and holes in germanium. Phys Rev 94: 1558-1560
144. Schmidt J (1999) Measurement of differential and actual recombination parameters in crystalline silicon wafers. IEEE Trans Electron Devices 46: 2018-2025
145. Tiedje T, Rose A (1981) A physical interpretation of dispersive transport in disordered semiconductors. Solid State Commun 37: 49
146. Orenstein J, Kastner M (1981) Photocurrent transient spectroscopy: mesurament of the density of localized states in a-As2Se3. Phys Rev Lett 46: 1421-1424
147. Hoesterey DC, Letson GM (1963) The trapping of photocarriers in anthracene. J Phys Chem Solids 24: 1609
148. 2 electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 133: 8264-8271
149. Ansari-Rad M, Abdi Y, Arzi E (2012) Reaction order and ideality factor in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells: a theoretical investigation. J Phys Chem C 116: 10867-10872
150. Bisquert J (2008) Beyond the quasi-static approximation: impedance and capacitance of an exponential distribution of traps. Phys Rev B 77: 235203
151. Dunn HK, Peter LM, Bingham SJ, Maluta E, Walker AB (2012) In situ detection of free and trapped electrons in dye-sensitized solar cells by photo-induced microwave reflectance measurements. J Phys Chem C 116: 22063-22072
152. 2-based solar cells. J Phys Chem C 115: 7104-7113
153. Ondersma JW, Hamann TW (2009) Impedance investigation of dye-sensitized solar cells employing outer-sphere redox shuttles. J Phys Chem C 114: 638-645
154. Bisquert J (2004) Chemical diffusion coefficient in nanostructured semiconductor electrodes and dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 108: 2323-2332
155. Marinado T, Nonomura K, Nissfolk J, Karlsson MK, Hagberg DP, Sun L, Mori S, Hagfeldt A (2009) How the nature of triphenylamine-polyene dyes in dye-sensitized solar cells affects the open-circuit voltage and electron lifetimes. Langmuir 26: 2592-2598
156. Jennings JR, Li F, Wang Q (2010) Reliable determination of electron diffusion length and charge separation efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C 114: 14665-14674
157. González-Vázquez JP, Anta JA, Bisquert J (2009) Random walk numerical simulation for hopping transport at finite carrier concentrations: diffusion coefficient and transport energy concept. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11: 10359-10367
158. Gonzalez-Vazquez JP, Oskam G, Anta JA (2012) Origin of nonlinear recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells: interplay between charge transport and charge transfer. J Phys Chem C 116: 22687-22697
159. 2. Phys Rev B 71: 035304
160. Anta JA, Mora-Seró I, Dittrich T, Bisquert J (2008) Interpretation of diffusion coefficients in nanostructured materials from random walk numerical simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 10: 4478-4485
161. Gonzalez-Vazquez JP, Anta JA, Bisquert J (2010) Determination of the electron diffusion length in dye-sensitized solar cells by random walk simulation: compensation effects and voltage dependence. J Phys Chem C 114: 8552-8558
162. Darken LS (1948) Trans Am Inst Min Eng 175: 184
163. Paul EW, Ricco AJ, Wrighton MS (1985) Resistance of polyaniline films as a function of electrochemical potential and the fabrication of polyaniline based microelectronic devices. J Phys Chem 89: 1441
164. Vanmaekelbergh D, Houtepen AJ, Kelly JJ (2007) Electrochemical gating: a method to tune and monitor the (opto)electronic properties of functional materials. Electrochim Acta 53: 1140-1149
165. Pomerantz Z, Zaban A, Ghosh S, Lellouche J-P, Garcia-Belmonte G, Bisquert J (2008) Capacitance, spectroelectrochemistry and conductivity of polarons and bipolarons in a polydicarbazole based conducting polymer. J Electroanal Chem 614: 49-60
166. Ondersma JW, Hamann TW (2012) Conduction band energy determination by variable temperature spectroelectrochemistry. Energ Environ Sci 5: 9476-9480
167. 2 (anatase) electrodes. J Phys Chem B 103: 7860-7868
168. 2 nanocrystal electrodes under Fermi level control. J Phys Chem C 116: 11444-11455
169. 2. J Am Chem Soc 126: 7608
170. Friedrich D, Kunst M (2011) Analysis of charge carrier kinetics in nanoporous systems by time resolved photoconductance measurements. J Phys Chem C 115: 16657-16663
171. 2/electrolyte system by impedance methods. J Phys Chem B 106: 334-339
172. Archana PS, Jose R, Yusoff MM, Ramakrishna S (2011) Near band-edge electron diffusion in electrospun Nb-doped anatase TiO[sub 2] nanofibers probed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett 98: 152106
173. Jennings JR, Wang Q (2010) Influence of lithium ion concentration on electron injection, transport, and recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C 114: 1715-1724
174. Bisquert J, Grätzel M, Wang Q, Fabregat-Santiago F (2006) Three-channel transmission line impedance model for mesoscopic oxide electrodes functionalized with a conductive coating. J Phys Chem B 110: 11284-11290
175. Bisquert J (2000) Influence of the boundaries in the impedance of porous film electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2: 4185-4192
176. 2-dye-electrolyte interface. Langmuir 29: 8773-8781
177. 2 dye sensitized solar cells. J Mater Chem 22: 12415-12422
178. de Vries MJ, Pellin MJ, Hupp JT (2010) Dye-sensitized solar cells: driving-force effects on electron recombination dynamics with cobalt-based shuttles. Langmuir. doi: 10.1021/la904643t
179. Ondersma JW, Hamann TW (2013) Recombination and redox couples in dye-sensitized solar cells. Coord Chem Rev 257: 1533-1543
180. 2 dye-sensitized solar cells. Nonequilibrium steady state statistics and transfer rate of electrons in surface states. J Phys Chem B 106: 8774-8782
181. 2 dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 109: 15915-15926
182. Marcus RA (1956) On the theory of oxidation-reduction reactions involving electron transfer. I. J Chem Phys 24: 966
183. Marcus RA (1960) Exchange reactions and electron transfer reactions inclunding isotopic exchange. Theory of oxidation-reduction reactions involving electron transfer. Part 4. Faraday Discuss Chem Soc 29: 21
184. Marcus RA (1965) On the theory of electron-transfer reactions. VI. Unified treatment for homogeneous and electrode reactions. J Chem Phys 43: 679
185. Marcus RA (1959) On the theory of electrochemical and chemical electron transfer processes. Can J Chem 37: 155-163
186. Gosavi S, Marcus RA (2000) Nonadiabatic electron transfer at metal surfaces. J Phys Chem B 104: 2067-2072
187. Gosavi S, Qin Gao Y, Marcus RA (2001) Temperature dependence of the electronic factor in the nonadiabatic electron transfer at metal and semiconductor electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 500: 71-77
188. Marcus RA (1968) Electron transfer at electrodes and in solution: comparison of theory and experiment. Electrochim Acta 13: 995-1004
189. Marcus RA (1990) Reorganization free energy for electron transfers at liquid-liquid and dielectric semiconductor-liquid interfaces. J Phys Chem 94: 1050-1055
190. Gao YQ, Georgievskii Y, Marcus RA (2000) On the theory of electron transfer reactions at semiconductor electrode/liquid interfaces. J Chem Phys 112: 3358-3369
191. Marcus RA (1990) Theory of electron-transfer rates across liquid-liquid interfaces. J Phys Chem 94: 4152-4155
192. Marcus RA (1963) On the theory of oxidation-reduction reactions involving electron transfer. V. Comparison and properties of electrochemical and chemical rate constants. J Phys Chem 67: 853
193. Marcus RA (1964) Chemical and electrochemical electron-transfer theory. Annu Rev Phys Chem 15: 155-196
194. Marcus RA, Sutin N (1985) Electron transfers in chemistry and biology. Biochim Biophys Acta 811: 265-322
195. Landau LD (1932) Assotsiatsiya dvukhatomnykh molekul. Sovetskii Fizicheskii Zhurnal 2: 46-52
196. Zener C (1933) Dissociation of excited diatomic molecules by external perturbations. Proc R Soc Lond A 140: 660-668
197. Feldberg SW, Sutin N (2006) Distance dependence of heterogeneous electron transfer through the nonadiabatic and adiabatic regimes. Chem Phys 324: 216-225
198. Chidsey CED (1991) Free energy and temperature dependence of electron transfer at the metal-electrolyte interface. Science 251: 918-922
199. 2O interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 127: 13949-13954
200. Royea WJ, Fajardo AM, Lewis NS (1997) Fermi golden rule approach to evaluating outersphere electron-transfer rate constants at semiconductor/liquid interfaces. J Phys Chem B 101: 11152-11159
201. Kuciauskas D, Freund MS, Gray HB, Winkler JR, Lewis N (2001) Electron transfer dynamics in nanocrystaline titanium dioxide solar cells sensitized with ruthenium or osmium polypyridyl complexes. J Phys Chem B 105: 392-403
202. Lyon LA, Hupp JT (1999) Energetics of the nanocrystalline titanium dioxide/aqueous solution interface: approximate conduction band edge variations. J Phys Chem B 103: 4623-4628
203. Miyashita M, Sunahara K, Nishikawa T, Uemura Y, Koumura N, Hara K, Mori A, Abe T, Suzuki E, Mori S (2008) Interfacial electron-transfer kinetics in metal-free organic dye-sensitized solar cells: combined effects of molecular structure of dyes and electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 130: 17874-17881
204. Gaal DA, Hupp JT (2000) Thermally activated, inverted interfacial electron transfer kinetics: high driving force reactions between tin oxide nanoparticles and electrostatically-bound molecular reactants. J Am Chem Soc 122: 10956-10963
205. 2-electrolyte interface in dye sensitised solar cells. J Chem Phys 137: 22A508
206. Sun Z, Zhang R-K, Xie H-H, Wang H, Liang M, Xue S (2013) Non-ideal charge recombination and conduction band edge shifts in dye-sensitized solar cells based on adsorbent doped poly (ethylene oxide) electrolytes. J Phys Chem C 117: 4364-4373
207. Boschloo G, Hagfeldt A (2009) Characteristics of the iodide/triiodide redox mediator in dye-sensitized solar cells. Acc Chem Res 42: 1819-1826
208. 2 semiconductor surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 38: 115-164
209. 2 electrons and the kinetics of recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem Lett 3: 1980-1984
210. Rowley JG, Farnum BH, Ardo S, Meyer GJ (2011) Iodide chemistry in dye-sensitized solar cells: making and breaking I-I bonds for solar energy conversion. J Phys Chem Lett 1: 3132-3140
211. Rowley JG, Ardo S, Sun Y, Castellano FN, Meyer GJ (2011) Charge recombination to oxidized iodide in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem C 115: 20316-20325
212. O'Regan BC, Walley K, Juozapavicius M, Anderson A, Matar F, Ghaddar T, Zakeeruddin SM, Klein C, Durrant JR (2009) Structure/function relationships in dyes for solar energy conversion: a two-atom change in dye structure and the mechanism for its effect on cell voltage. J Am Chem Soc 131: 3541-3548
213. Farnum BH, Gardner JM, Meyer GJ (2010) Flash-quench technique employed to study the one-electron reduction of triiodide in acetonitrile: evidence for a diiodide reaction product. Inorg Chem 49: 10223-10225
214. Shi Y, Dong X (2013) Coupled analysis of steady-state and dynamic characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells for determination of conduction band movement and recombination parameters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15: 299-306
215. 2 nanoparticles. Nano Lett 3: 945-949
216. Cameron PJ, Peter LM (2005) How does back-reaction at the conducting glass substrate influence the dynamic photovoltage response of nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells? J Phys Chem B 109: 7392