Targeting inflammation: New therapeutic approaches in chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Pharmacological Research

Volumn 81, Issue , 2014, Pages 91-102

  Impellizzeri, Daniela ^a   Esposito, Emanuela ^a   Attley, James ^b   Cuzzocrea, Salvatore ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA   (Italy)

^b Prismic Pharmaceuticals   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bardoxolone methyl; Chronic kidney disease; Inflammation; Mast cell; Oxidative stress; PEA

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; BARDOXOLONE METHYL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; KELCH LIKE ECH ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1; PALMIDROL; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PLACEBO; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ENDOCANNABINOID; ETHANOLAMINE DERIVATIVE; METHYL 2-CYANO-3,12-DIOXOOLEAN-1,9-DIEN-28-OATE; OLEANOLIC ACID; PALMITIC ACID DERIVATIVE;

CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL STUDY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; HUMAN; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NEPHRITIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; ANIMAL; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ENDOCANNABINOIDS; ETHANOLAMINES; HUMANS; OLEANOLIC ACID; PALMITIC ACIDS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC;

EID: 84896471177     PISSN: 10436618     EISSN: 10961186     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.02.007     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. M. Nangaku Chronic hypoxia and tubulointerstitial injury: a final common pathway to end-stage renal failure J Am Soc Nephrol 17 2006 17 25
2. U. Aksu, C. Demirci, and C. Ince The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury and the toxic triangle of oxygen, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide Contrib Nephrol 174 2011 119 128
3. K. Singbartl, and J.A. Kellum AKI in the ICU: definition, epidemiology, risk stratification, and outcomes Kidney Int 81 2012 819 825
4. D.M. Okamura, and J. Himmelfarb Tipping the redox balance of oxidative stress in fibrogenic pathways in chronic kidney disease Pediatr Nephrol 24 2009 2309 2319
5. M.S. Yates, M. Tauchi, F. Katsuoka, K.C. Flanders, K.T. Liby, and T. Honda et al. Pharmacodynamic characterization of chemopreventive triterpenoids as exceptionally potent inducers of nrf2-regulated genes Mol Cancer Ther 6 2007 154 162 (Pubitemid 46206678)
6. M.B. Sporn, K.T. Liby, M.M. Yore, L. Fu, J.M. Lopchuk, and G.W. Gribble New synthetic triterpenoids: potent agents for prevention and treatment of tissue injury caused by inflammatory and oxidative stress J Nat Prod 74 2011 537 545
7. Y.J. Surh, H.K. Na, J.M. Park, H.N. Lee, W. Kim, and I.S. Yoon et al. 15-deoxy-delta(1)(2),(1)(4)-prostaglandin j(2), an electrophilic lipid mediator of anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving signaling Biochem Pharmacol 82 2011 1335 1351
8. R. Ahmad, D. Raina, C. Meyer, S. Kharbanda, and D. Kufe Triterpenoid CDDO-Me blocks the NF-kappaB pathway by direct inhibition of IKKbeta on Cys-179 J Biol Chem 281 2006 35764 35769 (Pubitemid 46041307)
9. R. Di Paola, D. Impellizzeri, P. Mondello, E. Velardi, C. Aloisi, and A. Cappellani et al. Palmitoylethanolamide reduces early renal dysfunction and injury caused by experimental ischemia and reperfusion in mice Shock 38 2012 356 366
10. E. Esposito, I. Paterniti, E. Mazzon, T. Genovese, R. Di Paola, and M. Galuppo et al. Effects of palmitoylethanolamide on release of mast cell peptidases and neurotrophic factors after spinal cord injury Brain Behav Immun 25 2011 1099 1112
11. S. Wild, G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and H. King Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030 Diab Care 27 2004 1047 1053 (Pubitemid 38579764)
12. P. Stenvinkel, C. Wanner, T. Metzger, O. Heimburger, F. Mallamaci, and G. Tripepi et al. Inflammation and outcome in end-stage renal failure: does female gender constitute a survival advantage? Kidney Int 62 2002 1791 1798 (Pubitemid 35286288)
13. R. Brouns, and P.P. De Deyn Neurological complications in renal failure: a review Clin Neurol Neurosurg 107 2004 1 16 (Pubitemid 39556672)
14. E.O. Gosmanova, and N.A. Le Cardiovascular complications in CKD patients: role of oxidative stress Cardiol Res Pract 2011 2011 156326
15. S. Granata, G. Zaza, S. Simone, G. Villani, D. Latorre, and P. Pontrelli et al. Mitochondrial dysregulation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease BMC Genomics 10 2009 388
16. D.M. Small, J.S. Coombes, N. Bennett, D.W. Johnson, and G.C. Gobe Oxidative stress, anti-oxidant therapies and chronic kidney disease Nephrology 17 2012 311 321
17. E. Dounousi, E. Papavasiliou, A. Makedou, K. Ioannou, K.P. Katopodis, and A. Tselepis et al. Oxidative stress is progressively enhanced with advancing stages of CKD Am J Kidney Dis 48 2006 752 760 (Pubitemid 44740054)
18. H.Y. Li, F.F. Hou, X. Zhang, P.Y. Chen, S.X. Liu, and J.X. Feng et al. Advanced oxidation protein products accelerate renal fibrosis in a remnant kidney model J Am Soc Nephrol 18 2007 528 538 (Pubitemid 46193318)
19. C. Capeillere-Blandin, V. Gausson, B. Descamps-Latscha, and V. Witko-Sarsat Biochemical and spectrophotometric significance of advanced oxidized protein products Biochim Biophys Acta 1689 2004 91 102 (Pubitemid 38766144)
20. Q. Meng, Y.T. Wong, J. Chen, and R. Ruan Age-related changes in mitochondrial function and antioxidative enzyme activity in fischer 344 rats Mech Ageing Dev 128 2007 286 292 (Pubitemid 46227547)
21. A. Kuchta, A. Pacanis, B. Kortas-Stempak, A. Cwiklinska, M. Zietkiewicz, and M. Renke et al. Estimation of oxidative stress markers in chronic kidney disease Kidney Blood Press Res 34 2011 12 19
22. H. Saito Toxico-pharmacological perspective of the nrf2-Keap1 defense system against oxidative stress in kidney diseases Biochem Pharmacol 85 2013 865 872
23. P. Ruggenenti, P. Cravedi, and G. Remuzzi The RAAS in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic nephropathy Nat Rev Nephrol 6 2010 319 330
24. E.J. Lewis, L.G. Hunsicker, R.P. Bain, and R.D. Rohde The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The collaborative study group New Engl Med J 329 1993 1456 1462 (Pubitemid 23335891)
25. B.M. Brenner, M.E. Cooper, D. de Zeeuw, W.F. Keane, W.E. Mitch, and H.H. Parving et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy New Engl Med J 345 2001 861 869
26. J.R. Sowers, A. Whaley-Connell, and M. Epstein Narrative review: the emerging clinical implications of the role of aldosterone in the metabolic syndrome and resistant hypertension Ann Intern Med 150 2009 776 783
27. C. Ruster, and G. Wolf Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and progression of renal disease J Am Soc Nephrol 17 2006 2985 2991 (Pubitemid 44707758)
28. A. Nishiyama, and Y. Abe Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of chronic renal injury: renoprotective effects of aldosterone blockade J Pharmacol Sci 100 2006 9 16 (Pubitemid 43161608)
29. N. Nakao, A. Yoshimura, H. Morita, M. Takada, T. Kayano, and T. Ideura Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (cooperate): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 361 2003 117 124 (Pubitemid 36092015)
30. D. de Zeeuw The end of dual therapy with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade? New Engl Med J 369 2013 1960 1962
31. L.F. Fried, N. Emanuele, J.H. Zhang, M. Brophy, T.A. Conner, and W. Duckworth et al. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy New Engl Med J 369 2013 1892 1903
32. A.C. Group, A. Patel, S. MacMahon, J. Chalmers, B. Neal, and L. Billot et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes New Engl Med J 358 2008 2560 2572 (Pubitemid 351831357)
33. J.M. Turner, C. Bauer, M.K. Abramowitz, M.L. Melamed, and T.H. Hostetter Treatment of chronic kidney disease Kidney Int 81 2012 351 362
34. V. Cachofeiro, M. Goicochea, S.G. de Vinuesa, P. Oubina, V. Lahera, and J. Luno Oxidative stress and inflammation, a link between chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease Kidney Int Suppl 2008 S4 S9
35. Y. Quiroz, A. Ferrebuz, N.D. Vaziri, and B. Rodriguez-Iturbe Effect of chronic antioxidant therapy with superoxide dismutase-mimetic drug, tempol, on progression of renal disease in rats with renal mass reduction Nephron Exp Nephrol 112 2009 e31 e42
36. B. Shen, M. Hagiwara, Y.Y. Yao, L. Chao, and J. Chao Salutary effect of kallistatin in salt-induced renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis via antioxidative stress Hypertension 51 2008 1358 1365 (Pubitemid 351555950)
37. Z. Tumur, H. Shimizu, A. Enomoto, H. Miyazaki, and T. Niwa Indoxyl sulfate upregulates expression of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 by oxidative stress-induced NF-kappaB activation Am J Nephrol 31 2010 435 441
38. G. Ribeiro, M. Roehrs, A. Bairros, A. Moro, M. Charao, and F. Araujo et al. N-acetylcysteine on oxidative damage in diabetic rats Drug Chem Toxicol 34 2011 467 474
39. R. Chaaya, C. Alfarano, C. Guilbeau-Frugier, C. Coatrieux, A.S. Kesteman, and A. Parini et al. Pargyline reduces renal damage associated with ischaemia-reperfusion and cyclosporin Nephrol Dial Transplant 26 2011 489 498
40. P.K. Chatterjee, S. Cuzzocrea, P.A. Brown, K. Zacharowski, K.N. Stewart, and H. Mota-Filipe et al. Tempol, a membrane-permeable radical scavenger, reduces oxidant stress-mediated renal dysfunction and injury in the rat Kidney Int 58 2000 658 673 (Pubitemid 30620015)
41. O. Wongmekiat, K. Thamprasert, and D. Lumlertgul Renoprotective effect of trolox against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 34 2007 753 759 (Pubitemid 47013498)
42. A. Ishikawa, H. Kawarazaki, K. Ando, M. Fujita, T. Fujita, and Y. Homma Renal preservation effect of ubiquinol, the reduced form of coenzyme q10 Clin Exp Nephrol 15 2011 30 33
43. B.K. Chacko, C. Reily, A. Srivastava, M.S. Johnson, Y. Ye, and E. Ulasova et al. Prevention of diabetic nephropathy in Ins2(+/)(-)(AkitaJ) mice by the mitochondria-targeted therapy MitoQ Biochem J 432 2010 9 19
44. K. Shimoishi, M. Anraku, K. Kitamura, Y. Tasaki, K. Taguchi, and M. Hashimoto et al. An oral adsorbent, Ast-120 protects against the progression of oxidative stress by reducing the accumulation of indoxyl sulfate in the systemic circulation in renal failure Pharm Res 24 2007 1283 1289 (Pubitemid 46870593)
45. T. Kosugi, T. Nakayama, M. Heinig, L. Zhang, Y. Yuzawa, and L.G. Sanchez-Lozada et al. Effect of lowering uric acid on renal disease in the type 2 diabetic db/db mice Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297 2009 F481 F488
46. W.S. An, H.J. Kim, K.H. Cho, and N.D. Vaziri Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the remnant kidney Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297 2009 F895 F903
47. O. Lopez-Franco, Y. Suzuki, G. Sanjuan, J. Blanco, P. Hernandez-Vargas, and Y. Yo et al. Nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitors as potential novel anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of immune glomerulonephritis Am J Pathol 161 2002 1497 1505
48. J. Rojas-Rivera, A. Ortiz, and J. Egido Antioxidants in kidney diseases: the impact of bardoxolone methyl Int J Nephrol 2012 2012 321714
49. H. Shibahara, and N. Shibahara Cardiorenal protective effect of the oral uremic toxin absorbent Ast-120 in chronic heart disease patients with moderate CKD J Nephrol 23 2010 535 540
50. M. Boaz, S. Smetana, T. Weinstein, Z. Matas, U. Gafter, and A. Iaina et al. Secondary prevention with antioxidants of cardiovascular disease in endstage renal disease (space): randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 356 2000 1213 1218
51. M. Tepel, M. van der Giet, M. Statz, J. Jankowski, and W. Zidek The antioxidant acetylcysteine reduces cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal failure: a randomized, controlled trial Circulation 107 2003 992 995 (Pubitemid 36258722)
52. M.P. Kao, D.S. Ang, S.J. Gandy, M.A. Nadir, J.G. Houston, and C.C. Lang et al. Allopurinol benefits left ventricular mass and endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease J Am Soc Nephrol 22 2011 1382 1389
53. Y.P. Siu, K.T. Leung, M.K. Tong, and T.H. Kwan Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level Am J Kidney Dis 47 2006 51 59 (Pubitemid 41828266)
54. M. Goicoechea, S.G. de Vinuesa, V. Lahera, V. Cachofeiro, F. Gomez-Campdera, and A. Vega et al. Effects of atorvastatin on inflammatory and fibrinolytic parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease J Am Soc Nephrol 17 2006 S231 S235
55. K. Nitta Clinical assessment and management of dyslipidemia in patients with chronic kidney disease Clin Exp Nephrol 16 2012 522 529
56. L. Fried, C. Solomon, M. Shlipak, S. Seliger, C. Stehman-Breen, and A.J. Bleyer et al. Inflammatory and prothrombotic markers and the progression of renal disease in elderly individuals J Am Soc Nephrol 15 2004 3184 3191 (Pubitemid 39578851)
57. M. Tonelli, F. Sacks, M. Pfeffer, G.S. Jhangri, G. Curhan, and Cholesterol et al. Biomarkers of inflammation and progression of chronic kidney disease Kidney Int 68 2005 237 245 (Pubitemid 43181381)
58. A.B. Sanz, M.D. Sanchez-Nino, A.M. Ramos, J.A. Moreno, B. Santamaria, and M. Ruiz-Ortega et al. NF-kappaB in renal inflammation J Am Soc Nephrol 21 2010 1254 1262
59. C. Baigent, M.J. Landray, C. Reith, J. Emberson, D.C. Wheeler, and C. Tomson et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (study of heart and renal protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet 377 2011 2181 2192
60. E.J. Lewis, T. Greene, S. Spitalewiz, S. Blumenthal, T. Berl, and L.G. Hunsicker et al. Pyridorin in type 2 diabetic nephropathy J Am Soc Nephrol 23 2012 131 136
61. J.F. Mann, D. Green, K. Jamerson, L.M. Ruilope, S.J. Kuranoff, and T. Littke et al. Avosentan for overt diabetic nephropathy J Am Soc Nephrol 21 2010 527 535
62. W. Jin, L. Zhu, Q. Guan, G. Chen, Q.F. Wang, and H.X. Yin et al. Influence of nrf2 genotype on pulmonary NF-kappaB activity and inflammatory response after traumatic brain injury Ann Clin Lab Sci 38 2008 221 227
63. W. Li, T.O. Khor, C. Xu, G. Shen, W.S. Jeong, and S. Yu et al. Activation of nrf2-antioxidant signaling attenuates NFkappaB-inflammatory response and elicits apoptosis Biochem Pharmacol 76 2008 1485 1489
64. H.J. Kim, and N.D. Vaziri Contribution of impaired nrf2-Keap1 pathway to oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic renal failure Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 298 2010 F662 F671
65. K. Yoh, K. Itoh, A. Enomoto, A. Hirayama, N. Yamaguchi, and M. Kobayashi et al. Nrf2-deficient female mice develop lupus-like autoimmune nephritis Kidney Int 60 2001 1343 1353 (Pubitemid 32960028)
66. Q. Ma, L. Battelli, and A.F. Hubbs Multiorgan autoimmune inflammation, enhanced lymphoproliferation, and impaired homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in mice lacking the antioxidant-activated transcription factor nrf2 Am J Pathol 168 2006 1960 1974 (Pubitemid 43825316)
67. P.E. Pergola, M. Krauth, J.W. Huff, D.A. Ferguson, S. Ruiz, and C.J. Meyer et al. Effect of bardoxolone methyl on kidney function in patients with T2D and stage 3b-4 CKD Am J Nephrol 33 2011 469 476
68. P.E. Pergola, P. Raskin, R.D. Toto, C.J. Meyer, J.W. Huff, and E.B. Grossman et al. Bardoxolone methyl and kidney function in CKD with type 2 diabetes New Engl Med J 365 2011 327 336
69. J. Liang, S. Tian, J. Han, and P. Xiong Resveratrol as a therapeutic agent for renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction Ren Fail 2013
70. T.W. Kensler, N. Wakabayashi, and S. Biswal Cell survival responses to environmental stresses via the Keap1-nrf2-ARE pathway Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 47 2007 89 116
71. H. Motohashi, and M. Yamamoto Nrf2-Keap1 defines a physiologically important stress response mechanism Trends Mol Med 10 2004 549 557 (Pubitemid 39433824)
72. N. Wakabayashi, A.T. Dinkova-Kostova, W.D. Holtzclaw, M.I. Kang, A. Kobayashi, and M. Yamamoto et al. Protection against electrophile and oxidant stress by induction of the phase 2 response: fate of cysteines of the Keap1 sensor modified by inducers Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 2004 2040 2045 (Pubitemid 38229011)
73. D.V. Chartoumpekis, and T.W. Kensler New player on an old field; the Keap1/nrf2 pathway as a target for treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome Curr Diab Rev 9 2013 137 145
74. Y.J. Surh, J.K. Kundu, and H.K. Na Nrf2 as a master redox switch in turning on the cellular signaling involved in the induction of cytoprotective genes by some chemopreventive phytochemicals Planta Med 74 2008 1526 1539
75. W.O. Osburn, and T.W. Kensler Nrf2 signaling: an adaptive response pathway for protection against environmental toxic insults Mutat Res 659 2008 31 39
76. C. Zoja, A. Benigni, and G. Remuzzi The nrf2 pathway in the progression of renal disease Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013
77. T. Rangasamy, J. Guo, W.A. Mitzner, J. Roman, A. Singh, and A.D. Fryer et al. Disruption of nrf2 enhances susceptibility to severe airway inflammation and asthma in mice J Exp Med 202 2005 47 59 (Pubitemid 41002909)
78. A. Enomoto, K. Itoh, E. Nagayoshi, J. Haruta, T. Kimura, and T. O'Connor et al. High sensitivity of nrf2 knockout mice to acetaminophen hepatotoxicity associated with decreased expression of are-regulated drug metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant genes Toxicol Sci 59 2001 169 177 (Pubitemid 32117993)
79. M.J. Calkins, D.A. Johnson, J.A. Townsend, M.R. Vargas, J.A. Dowell, and T.P. Williamson et al. The nrf2/are pathway as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease Antioxid Redox Signal 11 2009 497 508
80. K. Yoh, A. Hirayama, K. Ishizaki, A. Yamada, M. Takeuchi, and S. Yamagishi et al. Hyperglycemia induces oxidative and nitrosative stress and increases renal functional impairment in nrf2-deficient mice Genes Cells 13 2008 1159 1170
81. L.M. Aleksunes, M.J. Goedken, C.E. Rockwell, J. Thomale, J.E. Manautou, and C.D. Klaassen Transcriptional regulation of renal cytoprotective genes by nrf2 and its potential use as a therapeutic target to mitigate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity J Pharmacol Exp Ther 335 2010 2 12
82. M. Liu, D.N. Grigoryev, M.T. Crow, M. Haas, M. Yamamoto, and S.P. Reddy et al. Transcription factor nrf2 is protective during ischemic and nephrotoxic acute kidney injury in mice Kidney Int 76 2009 277 285
83. K. Okada, J. Shoda, K. Taguchi, J.M. Maher, K. Ishizaki, and Y. Inoue et al. Nrf2 counteracts cholestatic liver injury via stimulation of hepatic defense systems Biochem Biophys Res Commun 389 2009 431 436
84. M. Liu, N.M. Reddy, E.M. Higbee, H.R. Potteti, S. Noel, and L. Racusen et al. The nrf2 triterpenoid activator, cddo-imidazolide, protects kidneys from ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice Kidney Int 85 2014 134 141
85. S.A. Reisman, G.M. Chertow, S. Hebbar, N.D. Vaziri, K.W. Ward, and C.J. Meyer Bardoxolone methyl decreases megalin and activates nrf2 in the kidney J Am Soc Nephrol 23 2012 1663 1673
86. Q.Q. Wu, Y. Wang, M. Senitko, C. Meyer, W.C. Wigley, and D.A. Ferguson et al. Bardoxolone methyl (BARD) ameliorates ischemic AKI and increases expression of protective genes nrf2, PPARgamma, and HO-1 Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300 2011 F1180 F1192
87. C. Zoja, D. Corna, V. Nava, M. Locatelli, M. Abbate, and F. Gaspari et al. Analogs of bardoxolone methyl worsen diabetic nephropathy in rats with additional adverse effects Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 304 2013 F808 F819
88. T. Ichikawa, J. Li, C.J. Meyer, J.S. Janicki, M. Hannink, and T. Cui Dihydro-CDDO-trifluoroethyl amide (dh404), a novel nrf2 activator, suppresses oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes PLoS One 4 2009 e8391
89. D.S. Hong, R. Kurzrock, J.G. Supko, X. He, A. Naing, and J. Wheler et al. A phase I first-in-human trial of bardoxolone methyl in patients with advanced solid tumors and lymphomas Clin Cancer Res 18 2012 3396 3406
90. D. de Zeeuw, T. Akizawa, P. Audhya, G.L. Bakris, M. Chin, and H. Christ-Schmidt et al. Bardoxolone methyl in type 2 diabetes and stage 4 chronic kidney disease New Engl Med J 2013
91. J. Himmelfarb, and K.R. Tuttle New therapies for diabetic kidney disease New Engl Med J 2013
92. E. Esposito, and S. Cuzzocrea Palmitoylethanolamide in homeostatic and traumatic central nervous system injuries CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 12 2013 55 61
93. S. Petrosino, T. Iuvone, and V. Di Marzo N-palmitoyl-ethanolamine: biochemistry and new therapeutic opportunities Biochimie 92 2010 724 727
94. K.D. Chapman, and Occurrence Metabolism, and prospective functions of n-acylethanolamines in plants Prog Lipid Res 43 2004 302 327 (Pubitemid 38952617)
95. S.O. Jacobsson, and C.J. Fowler Characterization of palmitoylethanolamide transport in mouse Neuro-2a neuroblastoma and rat RBL-2H3 basophilic leukaemia cells: comparison with anandamide Br J Pharmacol 132 2001 1743 1754 (Pubitemid 32397966)
96. A.F. Coburn, C.E. Graham, and J. Haninger The effect of egg yolk in diets on anaphylactic arthritis (passive arthus phenomenon) in the guinea pig J Exp Med 100 1954 425 435
97. O.H. Ganley, O.E. Graessle, and H.J. Robinson Anti-inflammatory activity on compounds obtained from egg yolk, peanut oil, and soybean lecithin J Lab Clin Med 51 1958 709 714
98. R. Di Paola, D. Impellizzeri, A. Torre, E. Mazzon, A. Cappellani, and C. Faggio et al. Effects of palmitoylethanolamide on intestinal injury and inflammation caused by ischemia-reperfusion in mice J Leukoc Biol 91 2012 911 920
99. E. Esposito, D. Impellizzeri, E. Mazzon, I. Paterniti, and S. Cuzzocrea Neuroprotective activities of palmitoylethanolamide in an animal model of Parkinson's disease PLoS One 7 2012 e41880
100. A. Ahmad, R. Crupi, D. Impellizzeri, M. Campolo, A. Marino, and E. Esposito et al. Administration of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) protects the neurovascular unit and reduces secondary injury after traumatic brain injury in mice Brain Behav Immun 26 2012 1310 1321
101. T. Genovese, E. Esposito, E. Mazzon, R. Di Paola, R. Meli, and P. Bramanti et al. Effects of palmitoylethanolamide on signaling pathways implicated in the development of spinal cord injury J Pharmacol Exp Ther 326 2008 12 23 (Pubitemid 351872139)
102. F. Scarampella, F. Abramo, and C. Noli Clinical and histological evaluation of an analogue of palmitoylethanolamide, PLR 120 (comicronized Palmidrol INN) in cats with eosinophilic granuloma and eosinophilic plaque: a pilot study Veterinary dermatology 12 2001 29 39 (Pubitemid 33686131)
103. S. Cerrato, P. Brazis, M.F. Della Valle, A. Miolo, S. Petrosino, and V. Di Marzo et al. Effects of palmitoylethanolamide on the cutaneous allergic inflammatory response in ascaris hypersensitive beagle dogs Vet J 191 2012 377 382
104. A. Iacono, G. Bianco, G. Mattace Raso, E. Esposito, R. d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca, and R. Sorrentino et al. Maternal adaptation in pregnant hypertensive rats: improvement of vascular and inflammatory variables and oxidative damage in the kidney Am J Hypertens 22 2009 777 783
105. G. Pearson, F. Robinson, T. Beers Gibson, B.E. Xu, M. Karandikar, and K. Berman et al. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: regulation and physiological functions Endocr Rev 22 2001 153 183 (Pubitemid 32458157)
106. M.C. McDonald, R. d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca, N.S. Wayman, A. Pinto, M.A. Sharpe, and S. Cuzzocrea et al. A superoxide dismutase mimetic with catalase activity (EUK-8) reduces the organ injury in endotoxic shock Eur J Pharmacol 466 2003 181 189 (Pubitemid 36385104)
107. G. Mattace Raso, R. Simeoli, R. Russo, A. Santoro, C. Pirozzi, and R. d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca et al. N-palmitoylethanolamide protects the kidney from hypertensive injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats via inhibition of oxidative stress Pharmacol Res 76 2013 67 76
108. L. Facci, R. Dal Toso, S. Romanello, A. Buriani, S.D. Skaper, and A. Leon Mast cells express a peripheral cannabinoid receptor with differential sensitivity to anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 1995 3376 3380
109. A. Moriconi, I. Cerbara, M. Maccarrone, and A. Topai Gpr55: current knowledge and future perspectives of a purported "type-3" cannabinoid receptor Curr Med Chem 17 2010 1411 1429
110. S.E. O'Sullivan, and D.A. Kendall Cannabinoid activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: potential for modulation of inflammatory disease Immunobiology 215 2010 611 616
111. R. Levi-Montalcini, S.D. Skaper, R. Dal Toso, L. Petrelli, and A. Leon Nerve growth factor: from neurotrophin to neurokine Trends Neurosci 19 1996 514 520 (Pubitemid 26359871)
112. G. Re, R. Barbero, A. Miolo, and V. Di Marzo Palmitoylethanolamide, endocannabinoids and related cannabimimetic compounds in protection against tissue inflammation and pain: potential use in companion animals Vet J 173 2007 21 30
113. H.H. Chen, T.W. Chen, and H. Lin Prostacyclin-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha translocation attenuates NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha activation after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 297 2009 F1109 F1118
114. S. Cuzzocrea Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma ligands and ischemia and reperfusion injury Vascul Pharmacol 41 2004 187 195 (Pubitemid 40094612)
115. P. Gelosa, C. Banfi, A. Gianella, M. Brioschi, A. Pignieri, and E. Nobili et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {alpha} agonism prevents renal damage and the oxidative stress and inflammatory processes affecting the brains of stroke-prone rats J Pharmacol Exp Ther 335 2010 324 331
116. S.J. Shin, J.H. Lim, S. Chung, D.Y. Youn, H.W. Chung, and H.W. Kim et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activator fenofibrate prevents high-fat diet-induced renal lipotoxicity in spontaneously hypertensive rats Hypertens Res 32 2009 835 845
117. T. Vera, M. Taylor, Q. Bohman, A. Flasch, R.J. Roman, and D.E. Stec Fenofibrate prevents the development of angiotensin II-dependent hypertension in mice Hypertension 45 2005 730 735 (Pubitemid 40418373)
118. X. Hou, Y.H. Shen, C. Li, F. Wang, C. Zhang, and P. Bu et al. PPARalpha agonist fenofibrate protects the kidney from hypertensive injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats via inhibition of oxidative stress and MAPK activity Biochem Biophys Res Commun 394 2010 653 659
119. F. Cabezas, J. Lagos, C. Cespedes, C.P. Vio, M. Bronfman, and M.P. Marzolo Megalin/LRP2 expression is induced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor -alpha and -gamma: implications for PPARs' roles in renal function PLoS One 6 2011 e16794
120. D. Yoshihara, H. Kurahashi, M. Morita, M. Kugita, Y. Hiki, and H.M. Aukema et al. Ppar-gamma agonist ameliorates kidney and liver disease in an orthologous rat model of human autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300 2011 F465 F474
121. D. Yoshihara, M. Kugita, T. Yamaguchi, H.M. Aukema, H. Kurahashi, and M. Morita et al. Global gene expression profiling in PPAR-gamma agonist-treated kidneys in an orthologous rat model of human autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease PPAR research 2012 2012 695898
122. L.F. Fried, T.J. Orchard, and B.L. Kasiske Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: a meta-analysis Kidney Int 59 2001 260 269 (Pubitemid 32055234)
123. A. Keech, R.J. Simes, P. Barter, J. Best, R. Scott, and M.R. Taskinen et al. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the field study): randomised controlled trial Lancet 366 2005 1849 1861
124. C.W. Park, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, J. Wu, L. Chen, and D.R. Cha et al. PPARalpha agonist fenofibrate improves diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice Kidney Int 69 2006 1511 1517
125. D. de Zeeuw, H.H. Parving, and R.H. Henning Microalbuminuria as an early marker for cardiovascular disease J Am Soc Nephrol 17 2006 2100 2105 (Pubitemid 44141898)
126. G. Cerasola, S. Cottone, and G. Mule The progressive pathway of microalbuminuria: from early marker of renal damage to strong cardiovascular risk predictor J Hypertens 28 2010 2357 2369
127. Q.N. Diep, F. Amiri, R.M. Touyz, J.S. Cohn, D. Endemann, and M.F. Neves et al. PPARalpha activator effects on ang II-induced vascular oxidative stress and inflammation Hypertension 40 2002 866 871 (Pubitemid 35434908)
128. Y. Konishi, T. Morikawa, N. Okada, I. Maeda, C. Kitabayashi, and K. Yoshioka et al. Evidence for abundant presence of chymase-positive mast cells in the kidneys of patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy: effect of combination therapy with prednisolone and angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan Hypertens Res 31 2008 1517 1524
129. Gatti A1, M. Lazzari, V. Gianfelice, A. Di Paolo, E. Sabato, and A.F. Sabato Palmitoylethanolamide in the treatment of chronic pain caused by different etiopathogenesis Pain Med 13 9 2012 1121 1130
130. K. Masek, F. Perlik, J. Klima, and R. Kahlich Prophylactic efficacy of N-2-hydroxyethyl palmitamide (impulsin) in acute respiratory tract infections Eur J Clin Pharmacol 7 1974 415 419
131. U. Indraccolo, and F. Barbieri Effect of palmitoylethanolamide-polydatin combination on chronic pelvic pain associated with endometriosis: preliminary observations European J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 150 2010 76 79
132. A. Truini, A. Biasiotta, G. Di Stefano, S. La Cesa, C. Leone, and C. Cartoni et al. Palmitoylethanolamide restores myelinated-fibre function in patients with chemotherapy-induced painful neuropathy CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 10 2011 916 920
133. N. Pulvirenti, M.R. Nasca, and G. Micali Topical adelmidrol 2% emulsion, a novel aliamide, in the treatment of mild atopic dermatitis in pediatric subjects: a pilot study Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 15 2007 80 83 (Pubitemid 47203487)
134. D. Merk, and M. Schubert-Zsilavecz New hope or drawbacks: will chronic kidney disease be treatable with small molecules in the near future? Future Med Chem 4 2012 269 271
135. L.E. Wise, R. Cannavacciulo, B.F. Cravatt, B.F. Martin, and A.H. Lichtman Evaluation of fatty acid amides in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model Neuropharmacology 54 2008 181 188 (Pubitemid 350299403)