Astrocyte-neuron interplay in maladaptive plasticity

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 42, Issue , 2014, Pages 35-54

  Papa, Michele ^a,b   De Luca, Ciro ^a   Petta, Federica ^a   Alberghina, Lilia ^b   Cirillo, Giovanni ^a  

^a SECOND UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILANO BICOCCA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Behavioral disorders; Neuro glial network; Neurodegenerative disorders; Neuroinflammatory disorders; Neurotrophin activity; Reactive gliosis; Synaptic homeostasis; Tripartite synapse

Indexed keywords

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; CALCIUM; DEXTRO SERINE; EPHRIN A3; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 3; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER 4; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GLIOTRANSMITTER; GLUTAMIC ACID; MESENCEPHALIC ASTROCYTE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; NEUROTROPHIN; PURINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VESICULAR GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER 1;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; ASTROCYTE; CELL FUNCTION; CELL METABOLISM; CORRELATIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG DEPENDENCE; EPILEPSY; GLIA CELL; GLIOSIS; GLIOTRANSMISSION; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; MALADAPTIVE PLASTICITY; MICROGLIA; NERVE CELL; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTRANSMISSION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REACTIVE GLIOSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATION; SYNAPSE; SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; TARGET CELL; ANIMAL; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ASTROCYTES; GLIOSIS; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; NEURONS;

EID: 84894672176     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: 18737528     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.010     Document Type: Review

References (213)

1. Albrecht P., Lewerenz J., Dittmer S., Noack R., Maher P., Methner A. Mechanisms of oxidative glutamate toxicity: the glutamate/cystine antiporter system xc- as a neuroprotective drug target. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2010, 9:373-382.
2. Alle H., Heidegger T., Krivanekova L., Ziemann U. Interactions between short-interval intracortical inhibition and short-latency afferent inhibition in human motor cortex. J. Physiol. 2009, 587:5163-5176.
3. Allen N.J., Bennett M.L., Foo L.C., Wang G.X., Chakraborty C., Smith S.J., Barres B.A. Astrocyte glypicans 4 and 6 promote formation of excitatory synapses via GluA1 AMPA receptors. Nature 2012, 486:410-414.
4. Allen N.J. Role of glia in developmental synapse formation. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2013, S0959-4388(13)00123-2.
5. Anon. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group. Cell 1993, 72:971-983.
6. Arif M., Chikuma T., Ahmed M.M., Nakazato M., Smith M.A., Kato T. Effects of memantine on soluble Alphabeta(25-35)-induced changes in peptidergic and glial cells in Alzheimer's disease model rat brain regions. Neuroscience 2009, 164:1199-1209.
7. Aronica E., Zurolo E., Iyer A., de G.M., Anink J., Carbonell C., van Vliet E.A., Baayen J.C., Boison D., Gorter J.A. Upregulation of adenosine kinase in astrocytes in experimental and human temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2011, 52:1645-1655.
8. Bal-Price A., Moneer Z., Brown G.C. Nitric oxide induces rapid, calcium-dependent release of vesicular glutamate and ATP from cultured rat astrocytes. Glia 2002, 40:312-323.
9. Banfi S., Servadio A., Chung M.Y., Kwiatkowski T.J., McCall A.E., Duvick L.A., Shen Y., Roth E.J., Orr H.T., Zoghbi H.Y. Identification and characterization of the gene causing type 1 spinocerebellar ataxia. Nat. Genet. 1994, 7:513-520.
10. Barbeito L.H., Pehar M., Cassina P., Vargas M.R., Peluffo H., Viera L., Estevez A.G., Beckman J.S. A role for astrocytes in motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2004, 47:263-274.
11. Barkho B.Z., Song H., Aimone J.B., Smrt R.D., Kuwabara T., Nakashima K., Gage F.H., Zhao X. Identification of astrocyte-expressed factors that modulate neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation. Stem Cells Dev. 2006, 15:407-421.
12. Basak J.M., Verghese P.B., Yoon H., Kim J., Holtzman D.M. Low-density lipoprotein receptor represents an apolipoprotein E-independent pathway of Abeta uptake and degradation by astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:13959-13971.
13. Bauer S., Kerr B.J., Patterson P.H. The neuropoietic cytokine family in development, plasticity, disease and injury. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:221-232.
14. Beattie E.C., Stellwagen D., Morishita W., Bresnahan J.C., Ha B.K., Von Z.M., Beattie M.S., Malenka R.C. Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha. Science 2002, 295:2282-2285.
15. Bellamy T.C. Interactions between Purkinje neurones and Bergmann glia. Cerebellum 2006, 5:116-126.
16. Benkler C., Ben-Zur T., Barhum Y., Offen D. Altered astrocytic response to activation in SOD1(G93A) mice and its implications on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis. Glia 2013, 61:312-326.
17. Bergami M., Santi S., Formaggio E., Cagnoli C., Verderio C., Blum R., Berninger B., Matteoli M., Canossa M. Uptake and recycling of pro-BDNF for transmitter-induced secretion by cortical astrocytes. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 183:213-221.
18. Bezzi P., Domercq M., Brambilla L., Galli R., Schols D., De C.E., Vescovi A., Bagetta G., Kollias G., Meldolesi J., Volterra A. CXCR4-activated astrocyte glutamate release via TNFalpha: amplification by microglia triggers neurotoxicity. Nat. Neurosci. 2001, 4:702-710.
19. Blochl A., Blochl R. A cell-biological model of p75NTR signaling. J. Neurochem. 2007, 102:289-305.
20. Boison D. Adenosine and epilepsy: from therapeutic rationale to new therapeutic strategies. Neuroscientist 2005, 11:25-36.
21. Bradford J., Shin J.Y., Roberts M., Wang C.E., Li X.J., Li S. Expression of mutant huntingtin in mouse brain astrocytes causes age-dependent neurological symptoms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:22480-22485.
22. Brundin P., Li J.Y., Holton J.L., Lindvall O., Revesz T. Research in motion: the enigma of Parkinson's disease pathology spread. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 9:741-745.
23. Bruno M.A., Cuello A.C. Activity-dependent release of precursor nerve growth factor, conversion to mature nerve growth factor, and its degradation by a protease cascade. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103:6735-6740.
24. Burdo J., Dargusch R., Schubert D. Distribution of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc- in the brain, kidney, and duodenum. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 2006, 54:549-557.
25. Burright E.N., Clark H.B., Servadio A., Matilla T., Feddersen R.M., Yunis W.S., Duvick L.A., Zoghbi H.Y., Orr H.T. SCA1 transgenic mice: a model for neurodegeneration caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat. Cell 1995, 82:937-948.
26. Caudle R.M. Memory in astrocytes: a hypothesis. Theor. Biol. Med. Model. 2006, 3:2.
27. Cavaliere C., Cirillo G., Bianco M.R., Adriani W., De S.A., Leo D., Perrone-Capano C., Papa M. Methylphenidate administration determines enduring changes in neuroglial network in rats. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012, 22:53-63.
28. Cavaliere C., Cirillo G., Rosaria B.M., Rossi F., De Novellis V., Maione S., Papa M. Gliosis alters expression and uptake of spinal glial amino acid transporters in a mouse neuropathic pain model. Neuron Glia Biol. 2007, 3:141-153.
29. Cavus I., Kasoff W.S., Cassaday M.P., Jacob R., Gueorguieva R., Sherwin R.S., Krystal J.H., Spencer D.D., bi-Saab W.M. Extracellular metabolites in the cortex and hippocampus of epileptic patients. Ann. Neurol. 2005, 57:226-235.
30. Chen Y., Guan Y., Liu H., Wu X., Yu L., Wang S., Zhao C., Du H., Wang X. Activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway is associated with glial proliferation in the adult spinal cord of ALS transgenic mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012, 420:397-403.
31. Choi S., Friedman W.J. Inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha regulate p75NTR expression in CNS neurons and astrocytes by distinct cell-type-specific signalling mechanisms. ASN Neuro 2009, 1.
32. Christopherson K.S., Ullian E.M., Stokes C.C., Mullowney C.E., Hell J.W., Agah A., Lawler J., Mosher D.F., Bornstein P., Barres B.A. Thrombospondins are astrocyte-secreted proteins that promote CNS synaptogenesis. Cell 2005, 120:421-433.
33. Chu Y., Kordower J.H. Age-associated increases of alpha-synuclein in monkeys and humans are associated with nigrostriatal dopamine depletion: is this the target for Parkinson's disease?. Neurobiol. Dis. 2007, 25:134-149.
34. Cirillo G., Bianco M.R., Colangelo A.M., Cavaliere C., Daniele d.L., Zaccaro L., Alberghina L., Papa M. Reactive astrocytosis-induced perturbation of synaptic homeostasis is restored by nerve growth factor. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011, 41:630-639.
35. Cirillo G., Cavaliere C., Bianco M.R., De S.A., Colangelo A.M., Sellitti S., Alberghina L., Papa M. Intrathecal NGF administration reduces reactive astrocytosis and changes neurotrophin receptors expression pattern in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2010, 30:51-62.
36. Cirillo G., Colangelo A.M., Bianco M.R., Cavaliere C., Zaccaro L., Sarmientos P., Alberghina L., Papa M. BB14, a nerve growth factor (NGF)-like peptide shown to be effective in reducing reactive astrogliosis and restoring synaptic homeostasis in a rat model of peripheral nerve injury. Biotechnol. Adv. 2012, 30:223-232.
37. Cirillo G., Maggio N., Bianco M.R., Vollono C., Sellitti S., Papa M. Discriminative behavioral assessment unveils remarkable reactive astrocytosis and early molecular correlates in basal ganglia of 3-nitropropionic acid subchronic treated rats. Neurochem. Int. 2010, 56:152-160.
38. Clarke L.E., Barres B.A. Emerging roles of astrocytes in neural circuit development. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2013, 14:311-321.
39. Coco S., Calegari F., Pravettoni E., Pozzi D., Taverna E., Rosa P., Matteoli M., Verderio C. Storage and release of ATP from astrocytes in culture. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:1354-1362.
40. Colangelo A.M., Bianco M.R., Vitagliano L., Cavaliere C., Cirillo G., De G.L., Diana D., Colombo D., Redaelli C., Zaccaro L., Morelli G., Papa M., Sarmientos P., Alberghina L., Martegani E. A new nerve growth factor-mimetic peptide active on neuropathic pain in rats. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:2698-2709.
41. Colangelo A.M., Cirillo G., Lavitrano M.L., Alberghina L., Papa M. Targeting reactive astrogliosis by novel biotechnological strategies. Biotechnol. Adv. 2012, 30:261-271.
42. Cooper Z.D., Jones J.D., Comer S.D. Glial modulators: a novel pharmacological approach to altering the behavioral effects of abused substances. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2012, 21:169-178.
43. Cotrina M.L., Lin J.H., ves-Rodrigues A., Liu S., Li J., zmi-Ghadimi H., Kang J., Naus C.C., Nedergaard M. Connexins regulate calcium signaling by controlling ATP release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998, 95:15735-15740.
44. Craft J.M., Watterson D.M., Van Eldik L.J. Human amyloid beta-induced neuroinflammation is an early event in neurodegeneration. Glia 2006, 53:484-490.
45. Cragnolini A.B., Friedman W.J. The function of p75NTR in glia. Trends Neurosci. 2008, 31:99-104.
46. Crippa D., Schenk U., Francolini M., Rosa P., Verderio C., Zonta M., Pozzan T., Matteoli M., Carmignoto G. Synaptobrevin2-expressing vesicles in rat astrocytes: insights into molecular characterization, dynamics and exocytosis. J. Physiol. 2006, 570:567-582.
47. Custer S.K., Garden G.A., Gill N., Rueb U., Libby R.T., Schultz C., Guyenet S.J., Deller T., Westrum L.E., Sopher B.L., La Spada A.R. Bergmann glia expression of polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-7 produces neurodegeneration by impairing glutamate transport. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:1302-1311.
48. Deierborg T., Soulet D., Roybon L., Hall V., Brundin P. Emerging restorative treatments for Parkinson's disease. Prog. Neurobiol. 2008, 85:407-432.
49. Depino A.M., Earl C., Kaczmarczyk E., Ferrari C., Besedovsky H., del Rey A., Pitossi F.J., Oertel W.H. Microglial activation with atypical proinflammatory cytokine expression in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2003, 18:2731-2742.
50. Dermietzel R. Gap junction wiring: a 'new' principle in cell-to-cell communication in the nervous system?. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1998, 26:176-183.
51. Djalali S., Holtje M., Grosse G., Rothe T., Stroh T., Grosse J., Deng D.R., Hellweg R., Grantyn R., Hortnagl H., hnert-Hilger G. Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on glial cells and serotonergic neurones during development. J. Neurochem. 2005, 92:616-627.
52. Djukic B., Casper K.B., Philpot B.D., Chin L.S., McCarthy K.D. Conditional knock-out of Kir4.1 leads to glial membrane depolarization, inhibition of potassium and glutamate uptake, and enhanced short-term synaptic potentiation. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:11354-11365.
53. Dringen R., Pfeiffer B., Hamprecht B. Synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione in neurons: supply by astrocytes of CysGly as precursor for neuronal glutathione. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:562-569.
54. Esposito G., Iuvone T., Savani C., Scuderi C., De Filippis D., Papa M., Di Marzo V., Steardo L. Opposing control of cannabinoid receptor stimulation on amyloid-beta-induced reactive gliosis: in vitro and in vivo evidence. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2007, 322:1144-1152.
55. Falkai P., Möller H.J. Understanding mental disorders from neuronal networks to glial cells and proteomics. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2010, 260:441-442.
56. Fields R.D., Burnstock G. Purinergic signalling in neuron-glia interactions. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7:423-436.
57. Filosa A., Paixao S., Honsek S.D., Carmona M.A., Becker L., Feddersen B., Gaitanos L., Rudhard Y., Schoepfer R., Klopstock T., Kullander K., Rose C.R., Pasquale E.B., Klein R. Neuron-glia communication via EphA4/ephrin-A3 modulates LTP through glial glutamate transport. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:1285-1292.
58. Frischknecht R., Heine M., Perrais D., Seidenbecher C.I., Choquet D., Gundelfinger E.D. Brain extracellular matrix affects AMPA receptor lateral mobility and short-term synaptic plasticity. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:897-904.
59. Fumagalli E., Funicello M., Rauen T., Gobbi M., Mennini T. Riluzole enhances the activity of glutamate transporters GLAST, GLT1 and EAAC1. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 578:171-176.
60. Gaietta G., Deerinck T.J., Adams S.R., Bouwer J., Tour O., Laird D.W., Sosinsky G.E., Tsien R.Y., Ellisman M.H. Multicolor and electron microscopic imaging of connexin trafficking. Science 2002, 296:503-507.
61. Giovannoni R., Maggio N., Rosaria B.M., Cavaliere C., Cirillo G., Lavitrano M., Papa M. Reactive astrocytosis and glial glutamate transporter clustering are early changes in a spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 transgenic mouse model. Neuron Glia Biol. 2007, 3:335-351.
62. Glass M., Dragunow M. Neurochemical and morphological changes associated with human epilepsy. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 1995, 21:29-41.
63. Golovina V.A. Visualization of localized store-operated calcium entry in mouse astrocytes. Close proximity to the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Physiol. 2005, 564:737-749.
64. Gordon G.R., Iremonger K.J., Kantevari S., Ellis-Davies G.C., MacVicar B.A., Bains J.S. Astrocyte-mediated distributed plasticity at hypothalamic glutamate synapses. Neuron 2009, 64:391-403.
65. Gouder N., Scheurer L., Fritschy J.M., Boison D. Overexpression of adenosine kinase in epileptic hippocampus contributes to epileptogenesis. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:692-701.
66. Griffin W.S. Inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83:470S-474S.
67. Griffin W.S., Sheng J.G., Royston M.C., Gentleman S.M., McKenzie J.E., Graham D.I., Roberts G.W., Mrak R.E. Glial-neuronal interactions in Alzheimer's disease: the potential role of a 'cytokine cycle' in disease progression. Brain Pathol. 1998, 8:65-72.
68. Gunawardena S., Goldstein L.S. Polyglutamine diseases and transport problems: deadly traffic jams on neuronal highways. Arch. Neurol. 2005, 62:46-51.
69. Haase G., Pettmann B., Raoul C., Henderson C.E. Signaling by death receptors in the nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2008, 18:284-291.
70. Hague S., Rogaeva E., Hernandez D., Gulick C., Singleton A., Hanson M., Johnson J., Weiser R., Gallardo M., Ravina B., Gwinn-Hardy K., Crawley A., St.George-Hyslop P.H., Lang A.E., Heutink P., Bonifati V., Hardy J., Singleton A. Early-onset Parkinson's disease caused by a compound heterozygous DJ-1 mutation. Ann. Neurol. 2003, 54:271-274.
71. Hardy J., Lewis P., Revesz T., Lees A., Paisan-Ruiz C. The genetics of Parkinson's syndromes: a critical review. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2009, 19:254-265.
72. Hatton G.I., Yang Q.Z. Incidence of neuronal coupling in supraoptic nuclei of virgin and lactating rats: estimation by neurobiotin and lucifer yellow. Brain Res. 1994, 650:63-69.
73. Hawrylak N., Fleming J.C., Salm A.K. Dehydration and rehydration selectively and reversibly alter glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the rat supraoptic nucleus and subjacent glial limitans. Glia 1998, 22:260-271.
74. Haydon P.G., Carmignoto G. Astrocyte control of synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling. Physiol. Rev. 2006, 86:1009-1031.
75. Herrero-Mendez A., Almeida A., Fernandez E., Maestre C., Moncada S., Bolanos J.P. The bioenergetic and antioxidant status of neurons is controlled by continuous degradation of a key glycolytic enzyme by APC/C-Cdh1. Nat. Cell Biol. 2009, 11:747-752.
76. Hirrlinger J., Konig J., Dringen R. Expression of mRNAs of multidrug resistance proteins (Mrps) in cultured rat astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells and neurones. J. Neurochem. 2002, 82:716-719.
77. Hopkins P.C., Sáinz-Fuertes R., Lovestone S. The impact of a novel apolipoprotein E and amyloid-β protein precursor-interacting protein on the production of amyloid-β. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2011, 26:239-253.
78. Hopkins P.C. Neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model for the function of TMCC2, an amyloid protein precursor-interacting and apolipoprotein E-binding protein. PLOS ONE 2013, 8:55810.
79. Howland D.S., Liu J., She Y., Goad B., Maragakis N.J., Kim B., Erickson J., Kulik J., DeVito L., Psaltis G., DeGennaro L.J., Cleveland D.W., Rothstein J.D. Focal loss of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in a transgenic rat model of SOD1 mutant-mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99:1604-1609.
80. Hsiao H.Y., Chen Y.C., Chen H.M., Tu P.H., Chern Y. A critical role of astrocyte-mediated nuclear factor-κB-dependent inflammation in Huntington's disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2013, 22:1826-1842.
81. Hu S., Ali H., Sheng W.S., Ehrlich L.C., Peterson P.K., Chao C.C. Gp-41-mediated astrocyte inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression: involvement of interleukin-1beta production by microglia. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:6468-6474.
82. Hua X., Malarkey E.B., Sunjara V., Rosenwald S.E., Li W.H., Parpura V. C(a2+)-dependent glutamate release involves two classes of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) stores in astrocytes. J. Neurosci. Res. 2004, 76:86-97.
83. Hughes E.G., Elmariah S.B., Balice-Gordon R.J. Astrocyte secreted proteins selectively increase hippocampal GABAergic axon length, branching, and synaptogenesis. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2010, 43:136-145.
84. Hung J., Colicos M.A. Astrocytic Ca(2+) waves guide CNS growth cones to remote regions of neuronal activity. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e3692.
85. Imbe H., Kimura A., Donishi T., Kaneoke Y. Chronic restraint stress decreases glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamate transporter in the periaqueductal gray matter. Neuroscience 2012, 223:209-218.
86. Inyushin M., Kucheryavykh L.Y., Kucheryavykh Y.V., Nichols C.G., Buono R.J., Ferraro T.N., Skatchkov S.N., Eaton M.J. Potassium channel activity and glutamate uptake are impaired in astrocytes of seizure-susceptible DBA/2 mice. Epilepsia 2010, 51:1707-1713.
87. Jacobsen K.X., MacDonald H., Lemonde S., Daigle M., Grimes D.A., Bulman D.E., Albert P.R. A Nurr1 point mutant, implicated in Parkinson's disease, uncouples ERK1/2-dependent regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase transcription. Neurobiol. Dis. 2008, 29:117-122.
88. Ji R.R., Strichartz G. Cell signaling and the genesis of neuropathic pain. Sci. STKE 2004, 2004:reE14.
89. Kadkhodaei B., Ito T., Joodmardi E., Mattsson B., Rouillard C., Carta M., Muramatsu S., Sumi-Ichinose C., Nomura T., Metzger D., Chambon P., Lindqvist E., Larsson N.G., Olson L., Bjorklund A., Ichinose H., Perlmann T. Nurr1 is required for maintenance of maturing and adult midbrain dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:15923-15932.
90. Kanai Y., Hediger M.A. The glutamate/neutral amino acid transporter family SLC1: molecular, physiological and pharmacological aspects. Pflugers Arch. 2004, 447:469-479.
91. Kanner B.I., Borre L. The dual-function glutamate transporters: structure and molecular characterisation of the substrate-binding sites. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2002, 1555:92-95.
92. Kaur G., Han S.J., Yang I., Crane C. Microglia and central nervous system immunity. Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 2010, 21:43-51.
93. Kiaei M., Petri S., Kipiani K., Gardian G., Choi D.K., Chen J., Calingasan N.Y., Schafer P., Muller G.W., Stewart C., Hensley K., Beal M.F. Thalidomide and lenalidomide extend survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:2467-2473.
94. Kim K., Lee S.G., Kegelman T.P., Su Z.Z., Das S.K., Dash R., Dasgupta S., Barral P.M., Hedvat M., Diaz P., Reed J.C., Stebbins J.L., Pellecchia M., Sarkar D., Fisher P.B. Role of excitatory amino acid transporter-2 (EAAT2) and glutamate in neurodegeneration: opportunities for developing novel therapeutics. J. Cell. Physiol. 2011, 226:2484-2493.
95. Kim Y.S., Harry G.J., Kang H.S., Goulding D., Wine R.N., Kissling G.E., Liao G., Jetten A.M. Altered cerebellar development in nuclear receptor TAK1/TR4 null mice is associated with deficits in GLAST(+) glia, alterations in social behavior, motor learning, startle reactivity, and microglia. Cerebellum 2010, 9:310-323.
96. Koehler R.C., Roman R.J., Harder D.R. Astrocytes and the regulation of cerebral blood flow. Trends Neurosci. 2009, 32:160-169.
97. Koizumi S. Synchronization of Ca2+ oscillations: involvement of ATP release in astrocytes. FEBS J. 2010, 277:286-292.
98. Lavialle M., Aumann G., Anlauf E., Prols F., Arpin M., Derouiche A. Structural plasticity of perisynaptic astrocyte processes involves ezrin and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108:12915-12919.
99. Lee H.J., Suk J.E., Patrick C., Bae E.J., Cho J.H., Rho S., Hwang D., Masliah E., Lee S.J. Direct transfer of alpha-synuclein from neuron to astroglia causes inflammatory responses in synucleinopathies. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:9262-9272.
100. Lee J.M., Calkins M.J., Chan K., Kan Y.W., Johnson J.A. Identification of the NF-E2-related factor-2-dependent genes conferring protection against oxidative stress in primary cortical astrocytes using oligonucleotide microarray analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:12029-12038.
101. Lee M., McGeer E., Kodela R., Kashfi K., McGeer P.L. NOSH-aspirin (NBS-1120), a novel nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide releasing hybrid, attenuatesneuroinflammation induced by microglial and astrocytic activation: a new candidate for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Glia 2013, 61:1724-1734.
102. Lehnardt S. Innate immunity and neuroinflammation in the CNS: the role of microglia in Toll-like receptor-mediated neuronal injury. Glia 2010, 58:253-263.
103. Leo D., Adriani W., Cavaliere C., Cirillo G., Marco E.M., Romano E., di P.U., Papa M., Perrone-Capano C., Laviola G. Methylphenidate to adolescent rats drives enduring changes of accumbal Htr7 expression: implications for impulsive behavior and neuronal morphology. Genes Brain Behav. 2009, 8:356-368.
104. Lewerenz J., Klein M., Methner A. Cooperative action of glutamate transporters and cystine/glutamate antiporter system Xc- protects from oxidative glutamate toxicity. J. Neurochem. 2006, 98:916-925.
105. Li D., Ropert N., Koulakoff A., Giaume C., Oheim M. Lysosomes are the major vesicular compartment undergoing Ca2+-regulated exocytosis from cortical astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:7648-7658.
106. Li Y., Wang J., Sheng J.G., Liu L., Barger S.W., Jones R.A., Van Eldik L.J., Mrak R.E., Griffin W.S. S100 beta increases levels of beta-amyloid precursor protein and its encoding mRNA in rat neuronal cultures 1. J. Neurochem. 1998, 71:1421-1428.
107. Lobsiger C.S., Cleveland D.W. Glial cells as intrinsic components of non-cell-autonomous neurodegenerative disease. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:1355-1360.
108. Lucassen P.J., Heine V.M., Muller M.B., van der Beek E.M., Wiegant V.M., De Kloet E.R., Joels M., Fuchs E., Swaab D.F., Czeh B. Stress, depression and hippocampal apoptosis. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2006, 5:531-546.
109. MacFarlane S.N., Sontheimer H. Changes in ion channel expression accompany cell cycle progression of spinal cord astrocytes. Glia 2000, 30:39-48.
110. Malarkey E.B., Ni Y., Parpura V. Ca2+ entry through TRPC1 channels contributes to intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and consequent glutamate release from rat astrocytes. Glia 2008, 56:821-835.
111. Mallajosyula J.K., Kaur D., Chinta S.J., Rajagopalan S., Rane A., Nicholls D.G., Di Monte D.A., Macarthur H., Andersen J.K. MAO-B elevation in mouse brain astrocytes results in Parkinson's pathology. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e1616.
112. Mangiarini L., Sathasivam K., Seller M., Cozens B., Harper A., Hetherington C., Lawton M., Trottier Y., Lehrach H., Davies S.W., Bates G.P. Exon 1 of the HD gene with an expanded CAG repeat is sufficient to cause a progressive neurological phenotype in transgenic mice. Cell 1996, 87:493-506.
113. Maragakis N.J., Rothstein J.D. Mechanisms of disease: astrocytes in neurodegenerative disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. 2006, 2:679-689.
114. Marcello L., Cavaliere C., Colangelo A.M., Bianco M.R., Cirillo G., Alberghina L., Papa M. Remodelling of supraspinal neuroglial network in neuropathic pain is featured by a reactive gliosis of the nociceptive amygdala. Eur. J. Pain 2012, 17:799-810.
115. Marchaland J., Cali C., Voglmaier S.M., Li H., Regazzi R., Edwards R.H., Bezzi P. Fast subplasma membrane Ca2+ transients control exo-endocytosis of synaptic-like microvesicles in astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:9122-9132.
116. Masuda T., Tsuda M., Yoshinaga R., Tozaki-Saitoh H., Ozato K., Tamura T., Inoue K. IRF8 is a critical transcription factor for transforming microglia into a reactive phenotype. Cell Rep. 2012, 1:334-340.
117. Matrone C., Barbagallo A.P., La Rosa L.R., Florenzano F., Ciotti M.T., Mercanti D., Chao M.V., Calissano P., D'Adamio L. APP is phosphorylated by TrkA and regulates NGF/TrkA signaling. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:11756-11761.
118. Mayr B., Montminy M. Transcriptional regulation by the phosphorylation-dependent factor CREB. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2001, 2:599-609.
119. McCracken E., Dewar D., Hunter A.J. White matter damage following systemic injection of the mitochondrial inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid in rat. Brain Res. 2001, 892:329-335.
120. McCullough S.D., Xu X., Dent S.Y., Bekiranov S., Roeder R.G., Grant P.A. Reelin is a target of polyglutamine expanded ataxin-7 in human spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) astrocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109:21319-21324.
121. McKenzie J.C., Juan Y.W., Thomas C.R., Berman N.E., Klein R.M. Atrial natriuretic peptide-like immunoreactivity in neurons and astrocytes of human cerebellum and inferior olivary complex. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 2001, 49:1453-1467.
122. McKhann G.M., Schoenfeld-McNeill J., Born D.E., Haglund M.M., Ojemann G.A. Intraoperative hippocampal electrocorticography to predict the extent of hippocampal resection in temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. J. Neurosurg. 2000, 93:44-52.
123. Meisner J.G., Marsh A.D., Marsh D.R. Loss of GABAergic interneurons in laminae I-III of the spinal cord dorsal horn contributes to reduced GABAergic tone and neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. J. Neurotrauma 2010, 27:729-737.
124. Melom J.E., Littleton J.T. Mutation of a NCKX eliminates glial microdomain calcium oscillations and enhances seizure susceptibility. J. Neurosci. 2013, 33:1169-1178.
125. Merighi A., Salio C., Ghirri A., Lossi L., Ferrini F., Betelli C., Bardoni R. BDNF as a pain modulator. Prog. Neurobiol. 2008, 85:297-317.
126. Miller B.R., Dorner J.L., Shou M., Sari Y., Barton S.J., Sengelaub D.R., Kennedy R.T., Rebec G.V. Up-regulation of GLT1 expression increases glutamate uptake and attenuates the Huntington's disease phenotype in the R6/2 mouse. Neuroscience 2008, 153:329-337.
127. Milligan E.D., Watkins L.R. Pathological and protective roles of glia in chronic pain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 10:23-36.
128. Mitterauer B.J. Possible role of glia in cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2011, 17:333-344.
129. Miyata S., Itoh T., Matsushima O., Nakashima T., Kiyohara T. Not only osmotic stress but also repeated restraint stress causes structural plasticity in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res. Bull. 1994, 33:669-675.
130. Montana V., Malarkey E.B., Verderio C., Matteoli M., Parpura V. Vesicular transmitter release from astrocytes. Glia 2006, 54:700-715.
131. Monteggia L.M. Toward neurotrophin-based therapeutics. Am. J. Psychiatry 2011, 168:114-116.
132. Morris G.P., Clark I.A., Zinn R., Vissel B. Microglia: a new frontier for synaptic plasticity, learning and memory, and neurodegenerative disease research. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 2013, 105:40-53.
133. Mrak R.E., Griffin W.S. Interleukin-1, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 2001, 22:903-908.
134. Murai K.K., Pasquale E.B. Eph receptors and ephrins in neuron-astrocyte communication at synapses. Glia 2011, 59:1567-1578.
135. Musholt K., Cirillo G., Cavaliere C., Rosaria B.M., Bock J., Helmeke C., Braun K., Papa M. Neonatal separation stress reduces glial fibrillary acidic protein- and S100beta-immunoreactive astrocytes in the rat medial precentral cortex. Dev. Neurobiol. 2009, 69:203-211.
136. Nagelhus E.A., Mathiisen T.M., Ottersen O.P. Aquaporin-4 in the central nervous system: cellular and subcellular distribution and coexpression with KIR4.1. Neuroscience 2004, 129:905-913.
137. Neusch C., Papadopoulos N., Muller M., Maletzki I., Winter S.M., Hirrlinger J., Handschuh M., Bahr M., Richter D.W., Kirchhoff F., Hulsmann S. Lack of the Kir4.1 channel subunit abolishes K+ buffering properties of astrocytes in the ventral respiratory group: impact on extracellular K+ regulation. J. Neurophysiol. 2006, 95:1843-1852.
138. Oberheim N.A., Takano T., Han X., He W., Lin J.H., Wang F., Xu Q., Wyatt J.D., Pilcher W., Ojemann J.G., Ransom B.R., Goldman S.A., Nedergaard M. Uniquely hominid features of adult human astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:3276-3287.
139. Occhipinti R., Somersalo E., Calvetti D. Astrocytes as the glucose shunt for glutamatergic neurons at high activity: an in silico study. J. Neurophysiol. 2009, 101:2528-2538.
140. Okada-Ogawa A., Suzuki I., Sessle B.J., Chiang C.Y., Salter M.W., Dostrovsky J.O., Tsuboi Y., Kondo M., Kitagawa J., Kobayashi A., Noma N., Imamura Y., Iwata K. Astroglia in medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis) are involved in trigeminal neuropathic pain mechanisms. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:11161-11171.
141. Olsen M.L., Sontheimer H. Functional implications for Kir4.1 channels in glial biology: from K+ buffering to cell differentiation. J. Neurochem. 2008, 107:589-601.
142. Palygin O., Lalo U., Pankratov Y. Distinct pharmacological and functional properties of NMDA receptors in mouse cortical astrocytes. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2011, 163:1755-1766.
143. Paolicelli R.C., Bolasco G., Pagani F., Maggi L., Scianni M., Panzanelli P., Giustetto M., Ferreira T.A., Guiducci E., Dumas L., Ragozzino D., Gross C.T. Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development. Science 2011, 333:1456-1458.
144. Parpura V., Heneka M.T., Montana V., Oliet S.H., Schousboe A., Haydon P.G., Stout R.F., Spray D.C., Reichenbach A., Pannicke T., Pekny M., Pekna M., Zorec R., Verkhratsky A. Glial cells in (patho)physiology. J. Neurochem. 2012, 121:4-27.
145. Parpura V., Zorec R. Gliotransmission: Exocytotic release from astrocytes. Brain Res. Rev. 2010, 63:83-92.
146. Pazos M.R., Nunez E., Benito C., Tolon R.M., Romero J. Functional neuroanatomy of the endocannabinoid system. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2005, 81:239-247.
147. Pehar M., Cassina P., Vargas M.R., Castellanos R., Viera L., Beckman J.S., Estevez A.G., Barbeito L. Astrocytic production of nerve growth factor in motor neuron apoptosis: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurochem. 2004, 89:464-473.
148. Pelligrino D.A., Vetri F., Xu H.L. Purinergic mechanisms in gliovascular coupling. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2011, 22:229-236.
149. Perea G., Navarrete M., Araque A. Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information. Trends Neurosci. 2009, 32:421-431.
150. Pereira A., Furlan F.A. Astrocytes and human cognition: modeling information integration and modulation of neuronal activity. Prog. Neurobiol. 2010, 92:405-420.
151. Peskind E.R., Griffin W.S., Akama K.T., Raskind M.A., Van Eldik L.J. Cerebrospinal fluid S100B is elevated in the earlier stages of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Int. 2001, 39:409-413.
152. Petrova P., Raibekas A., Pevsner J., Vigo N., Anafi M., Moore M.K., Peaire A.E., Shridhar V., Smith D.I., Kelly J., Durocher Y., Commissiong J.W. MANF: a new mesencephalic, astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor with selectivity for dopaminergic neurons. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2003, 20:173-188.
153. Platel J.C., Lacar B., Bordey A. GABA and glutamate signaling: homeostatic control of adult forebrain neurogenesis. J Mol Histol 2007, 38:602-610.
154. Poloni M., Facchetti D., Mai R., Micheli A., Agnoletti L., Francolini G., Mora G., Camana C., Mazzini L., Bachetti T. Circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and its soluble receptors are increased in the blood of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 287:211-214.
155. Pramatarova A., Laganiere J., Roussel J., Brisebois K., Rouleau G.A. Neuron-specific expression of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 in transgenic mice does not lead to motor impairment. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:3369-3374.
156. Quincozes-Santos A., Bobermin L.D., Tonial R.P., Bambini-Junior V., Riesgo R., Gottfried C. Effects of atypical (risperidone) and typical (haloperidol) antipsychotic agents on astroglial functions. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2010, 260:475-481.
157. Ragozzino D., Di Angelantonio S., Trettel F., Bertollini C., Maggi L., Gross C., Charo I.F., Limatola C., Eusebi F. Chemokine fractalkine/CX3CL1 negatively modulates active glutamatergic synapses in rat hippocampal neurons. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:10488-10498.
158. Raivich G. Like cops on the beat: the active role of resting microglia. Trends Neurosci. 2005, 28:571-573.
159. Ramirez B.G., Blazquez C., Gomez del P.T., Guzman M., de Ceballos M.L. Prevention of Alzheimer's disease pathology by cannabinoids: neuroprotection mediated by blockade of microglial activation. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:1904-1913.
160. Rea K., Roche M., Finn D.P. Supraspinal modulation of pain by cannabinoids: the role of GABA and glutamate. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2007, 152:633-648.
161. Reyes R.C., Parpura V. Mitochondria modulate Ca2+-dependent glutamate release from rat cortical astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:9682-9691.
162. Roberts K., Zeineddine R., Corcoran L., Li W., Campbell I.L., Yerbury J.J. Extracellular aggregated Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activates microglia to give a cytotoxic phenotype. Glia 2013, 61:409-419.
163. Rothstein J.D., Patel S., Regan M.R., Haenggeli C., Huang Y.H., Bergles D.E., Jin L., Dykes H.M., Vidensky S., Chung D.S., Toan S.V., Bruijn L.I., Su Z.Z., Gupta P., Fisher P.B. Beta-lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression. Nature 2005, 433:73-77.
164. Saavedra A., Baltazar G., Santos P., Carvalho C.M., Duarte E.P. Selective injury to dopaminergic neurons up-regulates GDNF in substantia nigra postnatal cell cultures: role of neuron-glia crosstalk. Neurobiol. Dis. 2006, 23:533-542.
165. Saijo K., Winner B., Carson C.T., Collier J.G., Boyer L., Rosenfeld M.G., Gage F.H., Glass C.K. A Nurr1/CoREST pathway in microglia and astrocytes protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-induced death. Cell 2009, 137:47-59.
166. Salm A.K. Mechanisms of glial retraction in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. Exp. Physiol. 2000, 85 Spec No:197S-202S.
167. Schiffer D., Cordera S., Cavalla P., Migheli A. Reactive astrogliosis of the spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 1996, 139(Suppl.):27-33.
168. Schiffer D., Fiano V. Astrogliosis in ALS: possible interpretations according to pathogenetic hypotheses. Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2004, 5:22-25.
169. Schwarzschild M.A., Agnati L., Fuxe K., Chen J.F., Morelli M. Targeting adenosine A2A receptors in Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci. 2006, 29:647-654.
170. Seri B., Garcia-Verdugo J.M., Collado-Morente L., McEwen B.S., varez-Buylla A. Cell types, lineage, and architecture of the germinal zone in the adult dentate gyrus. J. Comp. Neurol. 2004, 478:359-378.
171. Seri B., Garcia-Verdugo J.M., McEwen B.S., varez-Buylla A. Astrocytes give rise to new neurons in the adult mammalian hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:7153-7160.
172. Sheldon A.L., Robinson M.B. The role of glutamate transporters in neurodegenerative diseases and potential opportunities for intervention. Neurochem. Int. 2007, 51:333-355.
173. Sheng W.S., Hu S., Min X., Cabral G.A., Lokensgard J.R., Peterson P.K. Synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 inhibits generation of inflammatory mediators by IL-1beta-stimulated human astrocytes. Glia 2005, 49:211-219.
174. Siegel G.J., Chauhan N.B. Neurotrophic factors in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease brain. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2000, 33:199-227.
175. Simpson I.A., Carruthers A., Vannucci S.J. Supply and demand in cerebral energy metabolism: the role of nutrient transporters. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2007, 27:1766-1791.
176. Somjen G.G. Nervenkitt: notes on the history of the concept of neuroglia. Glia 1988, 1:2-9.
177. Song W., Zukor H., Lin S.H., Hascalovici J., Liberman A., Tavitian A., Mui J., Vali H., Tong X.K., Bhardwaj S.K., Srivastava L.K., Hamel E., Schipper H.M. Schizophrenia-like features in transgenic mice overexpressing human HO-1 in the astrocytic compartment. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:10841-10853.
178. Sperner-Unterweger B. Immunological aetiology of major psychiatric disorders: evidence and therapeutic implications. Drugs 2005, 65:1493-1520.
179. Spreux-Varoquaux O., Bensimon G., Lacomblez L., Salachas F., Pradat P.F., Le F.N., Marouan A., Dib M., Meininger V. Glutamate levels in cerebrospinal fluid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a reappraisal using a new HPLC method with coulometric detection in a large cohort of patients. J. Neurol. Sci. 2002, 193:73-78.
180. Sta M., Sylva-Steenland R.M., Casula M., de Jong J.M., Troost D., Aronica E., Baas F. Innate and adaptive immunity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: evidence of complement activation. Neurobiol. Dis. 2011, 42:211-220.
181. Stevens B., Allen N.J., Vazquez L.E., Howell G.R., Christopherson K.S., Nouri N., Micheva K.D., Mehalow A.K., Huberman A.D., Stafford B., Sher A., Litke A.M., Lambris J.D., Smith S.J., John S.W., Barres B.A. The classical complement cascade mediates CNS synapse elimination. Cell 2007, 131:1164-1178.
182. Stewart V.C., Heslegrave A.J., Brown G.C., Clark J.B., Heales S.J. Nitric oxide-dependent damage to neuronal mitochondria involves the NMDA receptor. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2002, 15:458-464.
183. Streit W.J., Mrak R.E., Griffin W.S. Microglia and neuroinflammation: a pathological perspective. J. Neuroinflammation 2004, 1:14.
184. Sullivan R., Wilson D.A., Feldon J., Yee B.K., Meyer U., Richter-Levin G., Avi A., Michael T., Gruss M., Bock J., Helmeke C., Braun K. The international society for developmental psychobiology annual meeting symposium: impact of early life experiences on brain and behavioral development. Dev. Psychobiol. 2006, 48:583-602.
185. Sung B., Lim G., Mao J. Altered expression and uptake activity of spinal glutamate transporters after nerve injury contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in rats. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:2899-2910.
186. Talantova M., Sanz-Blasco S., Zhang X., Xia P., Akhtar M.W., Okamoto S., Dziewczapolski G., Nakamura T., Cao G., Pratt A.E., Kang Y.J., Tu S., Molokanova E., McKercher S.R., Hires S.A., Sason H., Stouffer D.G., Buczynski M.W., Solomon J.P., Michael S., Powers E.T., Kelly J.W., Roberts A., Tong G., Fang-Newmeyer T., Parker J., Holland E.A., Zhang D., Nakanishi N., Chen H.S., Wolosker H., Wang Y., Parsons L.H., Ambasudhan R., Masliah E., Heinemann S.F., Piña-Crespo J.C., Lipton S.A. Aβ induces astrocytic glutamate release, extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activation, and synaptic loss. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013, 110:2518-2527.
187. Takeichi T., Takarada-Iemata M., Hashida K., Sudo H., Okuda T., Kokame K., Hatano T., Takanashi M., Funabe S., Hattori N., Kitamura O., Kitao Y., Hori O. The effect of Ndrg2 expression on astroglial activation. Neurochem. Int. 2011, 59:21-27.
188. Tanaka K., Watase K., Manabe T., Yamada K., Watanabe M., Takahashi K., Iwama H., Nishikawa T., Ichihara N., Kikuchi T., Okuyama S., Kawashima N., Hori S., Takimoto M., Wada K. Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT-1. Science 1997, 276:1699-1702.
189. Tai W., Ye X., Bao X., Zhao B., Wang X., Zhang D. Inhibition of Src tyrosinekinase activity by squamosamide derivative FLZ attenuatesneuroinflammationin both in vivo and in vitro Parkinson's disease models. Neuropharmacology 2013, 75C:201-212.
190. Thome J., Sakai N., Shin K., Steffen C., Zhang Y.J., Impey S., Storm D., Duman R.S. cAMP response element-mediated gene transcription is upregulated by chronic antidepressant treatment. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:4030-4036.
191. Tian G.F., Azmi H., Takano T., Xu Q., Peng W., Lin J., Oberheim N., Lou N., Wang X., Zielke H.R., Kang J., Nedergaard M. An astrocytic basis of epilepsy. Nat. Med. 2005, 11:973-981.
192. Trinh K., Moore K., Wes P.D., Muchowski P.J., Dey J., Andrews L., Pallanck L.J. Induction of the phase II detoxification pathway suppresses neuron loss in Drosophila models of Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:465-472.
193. Turner J.R., Ecke L.E., Briand L.A., Haydon P.G., Blendy J.A. Cocaine-related behaviors in mice with deficient gliotransmission. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 2013, 226:167-176.
194. Tuszynski M.H., Thal L., Pay M., Salmon D.P., HS U., Bakay R., Patel P., Blesch A., Vahlsing H.L., Ho G., Tong G., Potkin S.G., Fallon J., Hansen L., Mufson E.J., Kordower J.H., Gall C., Conner J. A phase 1 clinical trial of nerve growth factor gene therapy for Alzheimer disease. Nat. Med. 2005, 11:551-555.
195. Ullian E.M., Sapperstein S.K., Christopherson K.S., Barres B.A. Control of synapse number by glia. Science 2001, 291:657-661.
196. Van D.P., Bogaert E., Dewil M., Hersmus N., Kiraly D., Scheveneels W., Bockx I., Braeken D., Verpoorten N., Verhoeven K., Timmerman V., Herijgers P., Callewaert G., Carmeliet P., Van Den B.L., Robberecht W. Astrocytes regulate GluR2 expression in motor neurons and their vulnerability to excitotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104:14825-14830.
197. Vargas M.R., Johnson J.A. The Nrf2-ARE cytoprotective pathway in astrocytes. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 2009, 11:e17.
198. Vercelli A., Mereuta O.M., Garbossa D., Muraca G., Mareschi K., Rustichelli D., Ferrero I., Mazzini L., Madon E., Fagioli F. Human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation extends survival, improves motor performance and decreases neuroinflammation in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol. Dis. 2008, 31:395-405.
199. Verkhratsky A., Kirchhoff F. Glutamate-mediated neuronal-glial transmission. J. Anat. 2007, 210:651-660.
200. Verkhratsky A., Olabarria M., Noristani H.N., Yeh C.Y., Rodriguez J.J. Astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2010, 7:399-412.
201. Verkhratsky A., Sofroniew M.V., Messing A., deLanerolle N.C., Rempe D., Rodriguez J.J., Nedergaard M. Neurological diseases as primary gliopathies: a reassessment of neurocentrism. ASN Neuro 2012, 4.
202. Vig P.J., Shao Q., Subramony S.H., Lopez M.E., Safaya E. Bergmann glial S100B activates myo-inositol monophosphatase 1 and Co-localizes to purkinje cell vacuoles in SCA1 transgenic mice. Cerebellum 2009, 8:231-244.
203. Volterra A., Meldolesi J. Astrocytes, from brain glue to communication elements: the revolution continues. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2005, 6:626-640.
204. Voutsinos-Porche B., Bonvento G., Tanaka K., Steiner P., Welker E., Chatton J.Y., Magistretti P.J., Pellerin L. Glial glutamate transporters mediate a functional metabolic crosstalk between neurons and astrocytes in the mouse developing cortex. Neuron 2003, 37:275-286.
205. Wake H., Moorhouse A.J., Jinno S., Kohsaka S., Nabekura J. Resting microglia directly monitor the functional state of synapses in vivo and determine the fate of ischemic terminals. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:3974-3980.
206. Wang X., Zhu S., Drozda M., Zhang W., Stavrovskaya I.G., Cattaneo E., Ferrante R.J., Kristal B.S., Friedlander R.M. Minocycline inhibits caspase-independent and -dependent mitochondrial cell death pathways in models of Huntington's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 100:10483-10487.
207. Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. Glia: a novel drug discovery target for clinical pain. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2003, 2:973-985.
208. Whitworth A.J., Theodore D.A., Greene J.C., Benes H., Wes P.D., Pallanck L.J. Increased glutathione S-transferase activity rescues dopaminergic neuron loss in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102:8024-8029.
209. Wilhelm A., Volknandt W., Langer D., Nolte C., Kettenmann H., Zimmermann H. Localization of SNARE proteins and secretory organelle proteins in astrocytes in vitro and in situ. Neurosci. Res. 2004, 48:249-257.
210. Xia M., Zhu Y. Signaling pathways of ATP-induced PGE2 release in spinal cord astrocytes are EGFR transactivation-dependent. Glia 2011, 59:664-674.
211. Zamanian J.L., Xu L., Foo L.C., Nouri N., Zhou L., Giffard R.G., Barres B.A. Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:6391-6410.
212. Zeevalk G.D., Razmpour R., Bernard L.P. Glutathione and Parkinson's disease: is this the elephant in the room?. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2008, 62:236-249.
213. Zhao W., Beers D.R., Henkel J.S., Zhang W., Urushitani M., Julien J.P., Appel S.H. Extracellular mutant SOD1 induces microglial-mediated motoneuron injury. Glia 2010, 58:231-243.