메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 72-85

The K2/Spice Phenomenon: Emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products

Author keywords

CB2R; CP 47 497; GPCR; JWH 018; JWH 073; Substance abuse CB1R; Synthetic marijuana

Indexed keywords

2 METHYL 3 (1 NAPHTHOYL) 1 PROPYLINDOLE; 3 (1 NAPHTHOYL) 1 PENTYLINDOLE; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR; CANNABINOID 2 RECEPTOR; CANNABINOID DERIVATIVE; CANNABIS; CYCLIC AMP; DESIGNER DRUG; DRONABINOL; ENDOCANNABINOID;

EID: 84893220502     PISSN: 03602532     EISSN: 10979883     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.839700     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (91)

References (158)
  • 1
    • 84857359740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAPCC last accessed 17 Dec 2011
    • AAPCC (2011). Synthetic marijuana data. [Online] Available from: http://www.aapcc.org/dnn/Portals/0/ Synthetic%20Marijuana%20Data%20for%20Website%2012.12.2011.- pdf [last accessed 17 Dec 2011].
    • (2011) Synthetic Marijuana Data. [Online]
  • 2
    • 84893219112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AAPCC last accessed 6 Jun 2013
    • AAPCC (2013). Synthetic marijuana data [Online]. Available from: https://aapcc.s3.amazonaws.com/files/library/Synthetic-Marijuana-Data-for- Website-5.31.2013.pdf [last accessed 6 Jun 2013].
    • (2013) Synthetic Marijuana Data [Online]
  • 3
    • 84866866000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying the clinical significance of cannabis withdrawal
    • Allsop DJ, Copeland J, Norberg MM, et al. (2012). Quantifying the clinical significance of cannabis withdrawal. PLoS One 7:e44864.
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7
    • Allsop, D.J.1    Copeland, J.2    Norberg, M.M.3
  • 4
    • 33846047809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral hypoxiaischemia and middle cerebral artery occlusion induce expression of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in the brain
    • Ashton JC, Rahman RM, Nair SM, et al. (2007). Cerebral hypoxiaischemia and middle cerebral artery occlusion induce expression of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor in the brain. Neurosci Lett 412: 114-117.
    • (2007) Neurosci Lett , vol.412 , pp. 114-117
    • Ashton, J.C.1    Rahman, R.M.2    Nair, S.M.3
  • 5
    • 77952664328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JWH018, a common constituent of 'Spice' herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB receptor agonist
    • Atwood BK, Huffman J, Straiker A, Mackie, K. (2010). JWH018, a common constituent of 'Spice' herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB receptor agonist. Br J Pharmacol 160: 585-593.
    • (2010) Br J Pharmacol , vol.160 , pp. 585-593
    • Atwood, B.K.1    Huffman, J.2    Straiker, A.3    Mackie, K.4
  • 6
    • 79955928510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CP47497-C8 and JWH073 commonly found in 'spice' herbal blends, are potent and efficacious CB(1) cannabinoid receptor agonists
    • Atwood BK, Lee D, Straiker A, et al. (2011). CP47,497-C8 and JWH073, commonly found in 'Spice' herbal blends, are potent and efficacious CB(1) cannabinoid receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 659:139-145.
    • (2011) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.659 , pp. 139-145
    • Atwood, B.K.1    Lee, D.2    Straiker, A.3
  • 7
    • 66249133962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spice' and other herbal blends harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?
    • Auwarter V, Dresen S, Weinmann W, et al. (2009). 'Spice' and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs? J Mass Spectrom 44:832-837.
    • (2009) J Mass Spectrom , vol.44 , pp. 832-837
    • Auwarter, V.1    Dresen, S.2    Weinmann, W.3
  • 8
    • 80053571291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unraveling the complexities of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) immune regulation in health and disease
    • Basu S, Dittel, BN. (2011). Unraveling the complexities of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) immune regulation in health and disease. Immunol Res 51:26-38.
    • (2011) Immunol Res , vol.51 , pp. 26-38
    • Basu, S.1    Dittel, B.N.2
  • 9
    • 84876061412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AKI associated with synthetic cannabinoids: A case series
    • Bhanushali GK, Jain G, Fatima H, et al. (2013). AKI associated with synthetic cannabinoids: a case series. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 523-526.
    • (2013) Clin J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.8 , pp. 523-526
    • Bhanushali, G.K.1    Jain, G.2    Fatima, H.3
  • 10
    • 84893219917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teen's death officically linked to synthetic pot
    • last accessed 25 Sep 2012
    • Boone, C. (2012). Teen's death officically linked to synthetic pot. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution [Online]. Available from: http://www.ajc.com/news/ news/local/teens-death-officially-linked-to-syntheticpot/nQWKk/[last accessed 25 Sep 2012].
    • (2012) The Atlanta Journal-Constitution [Online]
    • Boone, C.1
  • 11
    • 50249177582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential modulation of AP-1- and CRE-driven transcription by cannabinoid agonists emphasizes functional selectivity at the CB1 receptor
    • Bosier B, Hermans E, Lambert, D. (2008). Differential modulation of AP-1- and CRE-driven transcription by cannabinoid agonists emphasizes functional selectivity at the CB1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 155: 24-33.
    • (2008) Br J Pharmacol , vol.155 , pp. 24-33
    • Bosier, B.1    Hermans, E.2    Lambert, D.3
  • 12
    • 77952283131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functionally selective cannabinoid receptor signalling: Therapeutic implications and opportunities
    • Bosier B, Muccioli GG, Hermans E, Lambert, DM. (2010). Functionally selective cannabinoid receptor signalling: therapeutic implications and opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 80:1-12.
    • (2010) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.80 , pp. 1-12
    • Bosier, B.1    Muccioli, G.G.2    Hermans, E.3    Lambert, D.M.4
  • 13
    • 0029586743 scopus 로고
    • Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by stimulation of the central cannabinoid receptor CB1
    • Bouaboula M, Poinot-Chazel C, Bourrie B, et al. (1995). Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by stimulation of the central cannabinoid receptor CB1. Biochem J 312:637-641.
    • (1995) Biochem J , vol.312 , pp. 637-641
    • Bouaboula, M.1    Poinot-Chazel, C.2    Bourrie, B.3
  • 14
    • 84857372061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monohydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH- 073 retain intermediate to high cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) affinity and exhibit neutral antagonist to partial agonist activity
    • Brents LK, Gallus-Zawada A, Radominska-Pandya A, et al. (2012). Monohydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH- 073 retain intermediate to high cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) affinity and exhibit neutral antagonist to partial agonist activity. Biochem Pharmacol 83:952-961.
    • (2012) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.83 , pp. 952-961
    • Brents, L.K.1    Gallus-Zawada, A.2    Radominska-Pandya, A.3
  • 15
    • 79960003774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase i hydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 retain in vitro and in vivo cannabinoid 1 receptor affinity and activity
    • Brents LK, Reichard EE, Zimmerman SM, et al. (2011). Phase I hydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 retain in vitro and in vivo cannabinoid 1 receptor affinity and activity. PLoS One 6:e21917.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6
    • Brents, L.K.1    Reichard, E.E.2    Zimmerman, S.M.3
  • 16
    • 84882433884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential drug- drug interactions of the synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH- 073: Implications for drug abuse and pain therapy
    • Brents LK, Zimmerman SM, Saffell AR, et al. (2013). Differential drug- drug interactions of the synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH- 073: implications for drug abuse and pain therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeutics 346:350-361.
    • (2013) J Pharmacol Exp Therapeutics , vol.346 , pp. 350-361
    • Brents, L.K.1    Zimmerman, S.M.2    Saffell, A.R.3
  • 17
    • 80054011406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the endocannabinoid system, CB(1) receptor signalling and desensitization in human myometrium
    • Brighton PJ, Marczylo TH, Rana S, et al. (2011). Characterization of the endocannabinoid system, CB(1) receptor signalling and desensitization in human myometrium. Br J Pharmacol 164:1479-1494.
    • (2011) Br J Pharmacol , vol.164 , pp. 1479-1494
    • Brighton, P.J.1    Marczylo, T.H.2    Rana, S.3
  • 18
    • 83655193152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2010 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 28th Annual Report
    • Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, et al. (2011). 2010 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 28th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 49:910-941.
    • (2011) Clin Toxicol (Phila) , vol.49 , pp. 910-941
    • Bronstein, A.C.1    Spyker, D.A.2    Cantilena, L.R.3
  • 20
    • 80053166693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conjugation of Synthetic Cannabinoids, JWH-018 [Naphthalen-1-yl-(1- pentylindol- 3-yl)methanone] and JWH-073 [naphthalen-1-yl-(1-butylindol-3- yl)methanone], Metabolites by Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
    • Chimalakonda KC, Bratton SM, Le VH, et al. (2011). Conjugation of Synthetic Cannabinoids, JWH-018 [Naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol- 3-yl)methanone] and JWH-073 [naphthalen-1-yl-(1-butylindol-3- yl)methanone], Metabolites by Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 39:1967-1976.
    • (2011) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.39 , pp. 1967-1976
    • Chimalakonda, K.C.1    Bratton Le, S.M.V.H.2
  • 21
    • 84867684839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytochrome p450-mediated oxidative metabolism of abused synthetic cannabinoids found in k2/spice: Identification of novel cannabinoid receptor ligands
    • Chimalakonda KC, Seely KA, Bratton SM, et al. (2012). Cytochrome p450-mediated oxidative metabolism of abused synthetic cannabinoids found in k2/spice: identification of novel cannabinoid receptor ligands. Drug Metab Dispos 40:2174-2184.
    • (2012) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.40 , pp. 2174-2184
    • Chimalakonda, K.C.1    Seely, K.A.2    Bratton, S.M.3
  • 22
    • 84859401249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical presentation of intoxication due to synthetic cannabinoids
    • Cohen J, Morrison S, Greenberg J, Saidinejad M. (2012). Clinical presentation of intoxication due to synthetic cannabinoids. Pediatrics 129:e1064-e1067.
    • (2012) Pediatrics , vol.129
    • Cohen, J.1    Morrison, S.2    Greenberg, J.3    Saidinejad, M.4
  • 23
    • 17544371574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid inhibition of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction and interleukin 2 (IL- 2) expression in the murine T-cell line, EL4.IL-2
    • Condie R, Herring A, Koh WS, et al. (1996). Cannabinoid inhibition of adenylate cyclase-mediated signal transduction and interleukin 2 (IL- 2) expression in the murine T-cell line, EL4.IL-2. J Biol Chem 271: 13175-13183.
    • (1996) J Biol Chem , vol.271 , pp. 13175-13183
    • Condie, R.1    Herring, A.2    Koh, W.S.3
  • 24
    • 84863102188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenazepam and cannabinomimetics sold as herbal highs in New Zealand
    • Couch RA, Madhavaram H. (2012). Phenazepam and cannabinomimetics sold as herbal highs in New Zealand. Drug Test Anal 4:409-414.
    • (2012) Drug Test Anal , vol.4 , pp. 409-414
    • Couch, R.A.1    Madhavaram, H.2
  • 25
    • 84874980235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis withdrawal syndrome: A case report
    • Crippa JA, Hallak JE, Machado-de-Sousa JP, et al. (2012). Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis withdrawal syndrome: a case report. J Clin Pharm Ther 38:162-164.
    • (2012) J Clin Pharm Ther , vol.38 , pp. 162-164
    • Crippa, J.A.1    Hallak, J.E.2    Machado-De-Sousa, J.P.3
  • 27
    • 78650752280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds
    • Dresen S, Ferreiros N, Putz M, et al. (2010). Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds. J Mass Spectrom 45:1186-1194.
    • (2010) J Mass Spectrom , vol.45 , pp. 1186-1194
    • Dresen, S.1    Ferreiros, N.2    Putz, M.3
  • 29
    • 84893221459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs-Forum Substance Information Network (S.I.N.) Foundation. [Online] last accessed 26 Sep 2012
    • Drugs-Forum. (2010a). JWH-018 for a non-smoker and a person with new home/insufflation. Substance Information Network (S.I.N.) Foundation. [Online] Available from: http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=127290 [last accessed 26 Sep 2012].
    • (2010) JWH-018 for A Non-smoker and A Person with New Homeinsufflation
  • 30
    • 84893319576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs-Forum Substance Information Network (S.I.N.) Foundation. [Online] last accessed 26 Sep 2012
    • Drugs-Forum. (2010b). Experiencing the addictive properties of synthetic cannabinoids. Substance Information Network (S.I.N.) Foundation. [Online] Available from: http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t124787 [last accessed 26 Sep 2012].
    • (2010) Experiencing the Addictive Properties of Synthetic Cannabinoids
  • 31
    • 84893234095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs-Forum Substance Information Network (S.I.N.) Foundation. [Online] Available from last accessed 26 Sep 2012
    • Drugs-Forum. (2011). Am-2201 addiction⋯Seeking advice. Substance Information Network (S.I.N.) Foundation. [Online] Available from: http://www.drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t168986 [last accessed 26 Sep 2012].
    • (2011) Am-2201 Addiction⋯Seeking Advice
  • 33
    • 80052616750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry analysis of urine specimens for K2 (JWH- 018) metabolites
    • ElSohly MA, GulW, ElSohly KM, et al. (2011). Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry analysis of urine specimens for K2 (JWH- 018) metabolites. J Anal Toxicol 35:487-495.
    • (2011) J Anal Toxicol , vol.35 , pp. 487-495
    • Elsohly, M.A.1    Gulw Elsohly, K.M.2
  • 35
    • 84871534813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment
    • Englund A, Morrison PD, Nottage J, et al. (2012). Cannabidiol inhibits THC-elicited paranoid symptoms and hippocampal-dependent memory impairment. J Psychopharmacol 27:19-27.
    • (2012) J Psychopharmacol , vol.27 , pp. 19-27
    • Englund, A.1    Morrison, P.D.2    Nottage, J.3
  • 36
    • 84865614191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic cannabinoids in "spice-like" herbal blends: First appearance of JWH-307 and recurrence of JWH-018 on the German market
    • Ernst L, Kruger K, Lindigkeit R, et al. (2012). Synthetic cannabinoids in "spice-like" herbal blends: first appearance of JWH-307 and recurrence of JWH-018 on the German market. Forensic Sci Int 222:216-222.
    • (2012) Forensic Sci Int , vol.222 , pp. 216-222
    • Ernst, L.1    Kruger, K.2    Lindigkeit, R.3
  • 37
    • 79955468228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of JWH-122 used as new ingredient in "spice-like" herbal incenses
    • Ernst L, Schiebel HM, Theuring C, et al. (2011). Identification and characterization of JWH-122 used as new ingredient in "Spice-like" herbal incenses. Forensic Sci Int 208:e31-e35.
    • (2011) Forensic Sci Int , vol.208
    • Ernst, L.1    Schiebel, H.M.2    Theuring, C.3
  • 38
    • 79960313022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: An explorative study
    • Every-Palmer, S. (2011). Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: An explorative study. Drug Alcohol Depend 117: 152-157.
    • (2011) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.117 , pp. 152-157
    • Every-Palmer, S.1
  • 39
    • 33749004496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid selfadministration increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens
    • Fadda P, Scherma M, Spano MS, et al. (2006). Cannabinoid selfadministration increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Neuroreport 17:1629-1632.
    • (2006) Neuroreport , vol.17 , pp. 1629-1632
    • Fadda, P.1    Scherma, M.2    Spano, M.S.3
  • 40
    • 78649837310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling reduces GABAergic synaptic transmission to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons
    • Farkas I, Kallo I, Deli L, et al. (2010). Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling reduces GABAergic synaptic transmission to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Endocrinology 151: 5818-5829.
    • (2010) Endocrinology , vol.151 , pp. 5818-5829
    • Farkas, I.1    Kallo, I.2    Deli, L.3
  • 41
    • 0029118444 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the pharmacology and signal transduction of the human cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors
    • Felder CC, Joyce KE, Briley EM, et al. (1995). Comparison of the pharmacology and signal transduction of the human cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors. Mol Pharmacol 48:443-450.
    • (1995) Mol Pharmacol , vol.48 , pp. 443-450
    • Felder, C.C.1    Joyce, K.E.2    Briley, E.M.3
  • 42
    • 84872537290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid receptor agonists upregulate and enhance serotonin 2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor activity via ERK1/2 signaling
    • Franklin JM, Carrasco GA. (2013). Cannabinoid receptor agonists upregulate and enhance serotonin 2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor activity via ERK1/2 signaling. Synapse 67:145-159.
    • (2013) Synapse , vol.67 , pp. 145-159
    • Franklin, J.M.1    Carrasco, G.A.2
  • 43
    • 84880131682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid-induced upregulation of serotonin 2A receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and anxiety-like behaviors in rats
    • Franklin JM, Mathew M, Carrasco GA. (2013). Cannabinoid-induced upregulation of serotonin 2A receptors in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Neurosci Lett 548:165-169.
    • (2013) Neurosci Lett , vol.548 , pp. 165-169
    • Franklin, J.M.1    Mathew, M.2    Carrasco, G.A.3
  • 44
    • 84870037980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diphenyl purine derivatives as peripherally selective cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonists
    • Fulp A, Bortoff K, Zhang Y, et al. (2012). Diphenyl purine derivatives as peripherally selective cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonists. J Med Chem 55:10022-10032.
    • (2012) J Med Chem , vol.55 , pp. 10022-10032
    • Fulp, A.1    Bortoff, K.2    Zhang, Y.3
  • 45
    • 0029094470 scopus 로고
    • Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations
    • Galiegue S, Mary S, Marchand J, et al. (1995). Expression of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors in human immune tissues and leukocyte subpopulations. Eur J Biochem 232:54-61.
    • (1995) Eur J Biochem , vol.232 , pp. 54-61
    • Galiegue, S.1    Mary, S.2    Marchand, J.3
  • 47
    • 0030857066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concurrent stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D2 receptors augments cAMP accumulation in striatal neurons: Evidence for a Gs linkage to the CB1 receptor
    • Glass M, Felder CC. (1997). Concurrent stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 and dopamine D2 receptors augments cAMP accumulation in striatal neurons: Evidence for a Gs linkage to the CB1 receptor. J Neurosci 17: 5327-5333.
    • (1997) J Neurosci , vol.17 , pp. 5327-5333
    • Glass, M.1    Felder, C.C.2
  • 48
    • 0032756226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agonist selective regulation of G proteins by cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors
    • Glass M, Northup JK. (1999). Agonist selective regulation of G proteins by cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. Mol Pharmacol 56: 1362-1369.
    • (1999) Mol Pharmacol , vol.56 , pp. 1362-1369
    • Glass, M.1    Northup, J.K.2
  • 49
    • 84856221114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • School achievement in 14-year-old youths prenatally exposed to marijuana
    • Goldschmidt L, Richardson GA, Willford JA, et al. (2012). School achievement in 14-year-old youths prenatally exposed to marijuana. Neurotoxicol Teratol 34:161-167.
    • (2012) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.34 , pp. 161-167
    • Goldschmidt, L.1    Richardson, G.A.2    Willford, J.A.3
  • 50
    • 84868655349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of young adult cannabis users on neurocognitive measures of impulsive behavior and their relationship to symptoms of cannabis use disorders
    • Gonzalez R, Schuster RM, Mermelstein RJ, et al. (2012). Performance of young adult cannabis users on neurocognitive measures of impulsive behavior and their relationship to symptoms of cannabis use disorders. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 34:962-976.
    • (2012) J Clin Exp Neuropsychol , vol.34 , pp. 962-976
    • Gonzalez, R.1    Schuster, R.M.2    Mermelstein, R.J.3
  • 51
    • 84856347201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct screening of herbal blends for new synthetic cannabinoids by MALDI-TOF MS
    • Gottardo R, Chiarini A, Dal Pra I, et al. (2012). Direct screening of herbal blends for new synthetic cannabinoids by MALDI-TOF MS. J Mass Spectrom 47:141-146.
    • (2012) J Mass Spectrom , vol.47 , pp. 141-146
    • Gottardo, R.1    Chiarini, A.2    Dal Pra, I.3
  • 52
    • 84862905495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional selectivity in GPCR signaling: Understanding the full spectrum of receptor conformations
    • Goupil E, Laporte SA, Hebert TE. (2012). Functional selectivity in GPCR signaling: understanding the full spectrum of receptor conformations. Mini Rev Med Chem 12:817-830.
    • (2012) Mini Rev Med Chem , vol.12 , pp. 817-830
    • Goupil, E.1    Laporte, S.A.2    Hebert, T.E.3
  • 53
    • 84863437164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids using high-resolution mass spectrometry and mass defect filtering: Implications for nontargeted screening of designer drugs
    • Grabenauer M, Krol WL, Wiley JL, Thomas BF. (2012). Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids using high-resolution mass spectrometry and mass defect filtering: implications for nontargeted screening of designer drugs. Anal Chem 84:5574-5581.
    • (2012) Anal Chem , vol.84 , pp. 5574-5581
    • Grabenauer, M.1    Krol, W.L.2    Wiley, J.L.3    Thomas, B.F.4
  • 55
    • 77951989152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How globalization and market innovation challenge how we think about and respond to drug use: 'Spice' a case study
    • Griffiths P, Sedefov R, Gallegos A, Lopez D. (2010). How globalization and market innovation challenge how we think about and respond to drug use: 'Spice' a case study. Addiction 105:951-953.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 951-953
    • Griffiths, P.1    Sedefov, R.2    Gallegos, A.3    Lopez, D.4
  • 56
    • 84900812931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids
    • Grotenhermen F, Muller-Vahl K. (2012). The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids. Dtsch Arztebl Int 109:495-501.
    • (2012) Dtsch Arztebl Int , vol.109 , pp. 495-501
    • Grotenhermen, F.1    Muller-Vahl, K.2
  • 57
    • 84893326466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GW Pharmaceuticals last accessed 06 Dec 2012
    • GW Pharmaceuticals (2012a). Third phase III Sativex cancer pain trial commences [Online]. Available from: http://www.gwpharm.com/ Third%20phase%20III%20Sativex%20cancer%20pain%20trial%20 commences.aspx [last accessed 06 Dec 2012].
    • (2012) Third Phase III Sativex Cancer Pain Trial Commences [Online]
  • 59
    • 53249103459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of the endocannabinoid system in human first trimester placenta and its role in trophoblast proliferation
    • Habayeb OM, Taylor AH, Bell SC, et al. (2008). Expression of the endocannabinoid system in human first trimester placenta and its role in trophoblast proliferation. Endocrinology 149:5052-5060.
    • (2008) Endocrinology , vol.149 , pp. 5052-5060
    • Habayeb, O.M.1    Taylor, A.H.2    Bell, S.C.3
  • 60
    • 84873157996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication: A case series and review
    • Harris CR, Brown, A. (2012). Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication: a case series and review. J Emerg Med 44:360-366.
    • (2012) J Emerg Med , vol.44 , pp. 360-366
    • Harris, C.R.1    Brown, A.2
  • 61
    • 84873974367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: Clinical and laboratory findings
    • Hermanns-Clausen M, Kneisel S, Szabo B, Auwarter V. (2012). Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: Clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction 108:534-544.
    • (2012) Addiction , vol.108 , pp. 534-544
    • Hermanns-Clausen, M.1    Kneisel, S.2    Szabo, B.3    Auwarter, V.4
  • 62
    • 77955327987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delta- Tetrahydrocannabivarin suppresses in vitro epileptiform and in vivo seizure activity in adult rats
    • Hill AJ, Weston SE, Jones NA, et al. (2010). Delta- Tetrahydrocannabivarin suppresses in vitro epileptiform and in vivo seizure activity in adult rats. Epilepsia 51:1522-1532.
    • (2010) Epilepsia , vol.51 , pp. 1522-1532
    • Hill, A.J.1    Weston, S.E.2    Jones, N.A.3
  • 63
    • 58149089606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CB1 expression is attenuated in Fallopian tube and decidua of women with ectopic pregnancy
    • Horne AW, Phillips 3rd JA, Kane N, et al. (2008). CB1 expression is attenuated in Fallopian tube and decidua of women with ectopic pregnancy. PLoS One 3:e3969.
    • (2008) PLoS One , vol.3
    • Horne, A.W.1    Phillips III, J.A.2    Kane, N.3
  • 65
    • 0035337711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presynaptic mechanisms underlying cannabinoid inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission in rat striatal neurons
    • Huang CC, Lo SW, Hsu KS. (2001). Presynaptic mechanisms underlying cannabinoid inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission in rat striatal neurons. J Physiol 532:731-748.
    • (2001) J Physiol , vol.532 , pp. 731-748
    • Huang, C.C.1    Lo, S.W.2    Hsu, K.S.3
  • 66
    • 77955897603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry to detect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics "herbal high" products
    • Hudson S, Ramsey J, King L, et al. (2010). Use of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry to detect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in "herbal high" products. J Anal Toxicol 34:252-260.
    • (2010) J Anal Toxicol , vol.34 , pp. 252-260
    • Hudson, S.1    Ramsey, J.2    King, L.3
  • 67
    • 84872417570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of in vitro metabolites of cp 47,497, a synthetic cannabinoid, in human liver microsomes by LC-MS/MS
    • Jin MJ, Lee J, In MK, Yoo HH. (2012). Characterization of in vitro metabolites of cp 47,497, a synthetic cannabinoid, in human liver microsomes by LC-MS/MS. J Forensic Sci 58:195-199.
    • (2012) J Forensic Sci , vol.58 , pp. 195-199
    • Jin, M.J.1    Lee, J.2    In Yoo, M.K.H.H.3
  • 70
    • 84857460137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and structural characterization of the synthetic cannabinoid 3-(1-adamantoyl)-1- pentylindole as an additive in 'herbal incense'
    • Kneisel S, Westphal F, Bisel P, et al. (2012). Identification and structural characterization of the synthetic cannabinoid 3-(1-adamantoyl)-1- pentylindole as an additive in 'herbal incense'. J Mass Spectrom 47: 195-200.
    • (2012) J Mass Spectrom , vol.47 , pp. 195-200
    • Kneisel, S.1    Westphal, F.2    Bisel, P.3
  • 71
    • 84858334616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids suppress inhibitory neurotransmission in the human neocortex
    • Kovacs FE, Knop T, Urbanski MJ, et al. (2012). Exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids suppress inhibitory neurotransmission in the human neocortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:1104-1114.
    • (2012) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.37 , pp. 1104-1114
    • Kovacs, F.E.1    Knop, T.2    Urbanski, M.J.3
  • 72
    • 79960316462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The case for peripheral CB(1) receptor blockade in the treatment of visceral obesity and its cardiometabolic complications
    • Kunos G, Tam, J. (2011). The case for peripheral CB(1) receptor blockade in the treatment of visceral obesity and its cardiometabolic complications. Br J Pharmacol 163:1423-1431.
    • (2011) Br J Pharmacol , vol.163 , pp. 1423-1431
    • Kunos, G.1    Tam, J.2
  • 73
    • 30044435435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 increases intracellular calcium via CB1 receptor coupling to Gq/11 G proteins
    • Lauckner JE, Hille B, Mackie, K. (2005). The cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 increases intracellular calcium via CB1 receptor coupling to Gq/11 G proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 19144-19149.
    • (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.102 , pp. 19144-19149
    • Lauckner, J.E.1    Hille, B.2    Mackie, K.3
  • 74
    • 84858391237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia
    • Leweke FM, Piomelli D, Pahlisch F, et al. (2012). Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2:e94.
    • (2012) Transl Psychiatry , vol.2
    • Leweke, F.M.1    Piomelli, D.2    Pahlisch, F.3
  • 75
    • 84866177164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term use of HU210 adversely affects spermatogenesis in rats by modulating the endocannabinoid system
    • Lewis SE, Paro R, Borriello L, et al. (2012). Long-term use of HU210 adversely affects spermatogenesis in rats by modulating the endocannabinoid system. Int J Androl 35:731-740.
    • (2012) Int J Androl , vol.35 , pp. 731-740
    • Lewis, S.E.1    Paro, R.2    Borriello, L.3
  • 76
    • 33747624175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antitumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma
    • Ligresti A, Moriello AS, Starowicz K, et al. (2006). Antitumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318:1375-1387.
    • (2006) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.318 , pp. 1375-1387
    • Ligresti, A.1    Moriello, A.S.2    Starowicz, K.3
  • 78
    • 84863795263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Betulinic acid targets YY1 and ErbB2 through cannabinoid receptor-dependent disruption of microRNA-27a:ZBTB10 in breast cancer
    • Liu X, Jutooru I, Lei P, et al. (2012). Betulinic acid targets YY1 and ErbB2 through cannabinoid receptor-dependent disruption of microRNA-27a:ZBTB10 in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 11: 1421-1431.
    • (2012) Mol Cancer Ther , vol.11 , pp. 1421-1431
    • Liu, X.1    Jutooru, I.2    Lei, P.3
  • 80
    • 33846828655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist, JWH-015, triggers apoptosis in immune cells: Potential role for CB2-selective ligands as immunosuppressive agents
    • Lombard C, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti, P. (2007). CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist, JWH-015, triggers apoptosis in immune cells: Potential role for CB2-selective ligands as immunosuppressive agents. Clin Immunol 122:259-270.
    • (2007) Clin Immunol , vol.122 , pp. 259-270
    • Lombard, C.1    Nagarkatti, M.2    Nagarkatti, P.3
  • 81
    • 81955164773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting CB(2) receptor as a neuroinflammatory modulator in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
    • Lou ZY, Chen C, He Q, et al. (2011). Targeting CB(2) receptor as a neuroinflammatory modulator in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Immunol 49:453-461.
    • (2011) Mol Immunol , vol.49 , pp. 453-461
    • Lou, Z.Y.1    Chen, C.2    He, Q.3
  • 82
    • 23044495676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid receptor homo- and heterodimerization
    • Mackie K. (2005). Cannabinoid receptor homo- and heterodimerization. Life Sci 77:1667-1673.
    • (2005) Life Sci , vol.77 , pp. 1667-1673
    • Mackie, K.1
  • 83
    • 0028823316 scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoids activate an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance and inhibit Q-type calcium currents in AtT20 cells transfected with rat brain cannabinoid receptor
    • Mackie K, Lai Y, Westenbroek R, Mitchell R. (1995). Cannabinoids activate an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance and inhibit Q-type calcium currents in AtT20 cells transfected with rat brain cannabinoid receptor. J Neurosci 15:6552-6561.
    • (1995) J Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 6552-6561
    • Mackie, K.1    Lai, Y.2    Westenbroek, R.3    Mitchell, R.4
  • 84
    • 0030892108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxical action of the cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 in stimulated and basal cyclic AMP accumulation in rat globus pallidus slices
    • Maneuf YP, Brotchie JM. (1997). Paradoxical action of the cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 in stimulated and basal cyclic AMP accumulation in rat globus pallidus slices. Br J Pharmacol 120:1397-1398.
    • (1997) Br J Pharmacol , vol.120 , pp. 1397-1398
    • Maneuf, Y.P.1    Brotchie, J.M.2
  • 85
    • 84855812968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged oral cannabinoid administration prevents neuroinflammation, lowers betaamyloid levels and improves cognitive performance in Tg APP 2576 mice
    • Martin-Moreno AM, Brera B, Spuch C, et al. (2012). Prolonged oral cannabinoid administration prevents neuroinflammation, lowers betaamyloid levels and improves cognitive performance in Tg APP 2576 mice. J Neuroinflammation 9:8.
    • (2012) J Neuroinflammation , vol.9 , pp. 8
    • Martin-Moreno, A.M.1    Brera, B.2    Spuch, C.3
  • 86
    • 33748187632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicokinetics of drugs of abuse: Current knowledge of the isoenzymes involved in the human metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and codeine
    • Maurer HH, Sauer C, Theobald DS. (2006). Toxicokinetics of drugs of abuse: current knowledge of the isoenzymes involved in the human metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and codeine. Ther Drug Monit 28:447-453.
    • (2006) Ther Drug Monit , vol.28 , pp. 447-453
    • Maurer, H.H.1    Sauer, C.2    Theobald, D.S.3
  • 87
    • 84893279759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coroner: Lamar Jack ingested chemical found in fake marijuana before he died
    • last accessed 6 Dec 2012
    • Mayo N. (2011). Coroner: Lamar Jack ingested chemical found in fake marijuana before he died. Anderson Independent Mail [Online]. Available from: http://www.independentmail.com/news/2011/oct/15/coroner-lamar-jack-ingested- chemical-found-fake-ma/[last accessed 6 Dec 2012].
    • (2011) Anderson Independent Mail [Online]
    • Mayo, N.1
  • 88
    • 0032696104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid receptors can activate and inhibit G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels in a xenopus oocyte expression system
    • Mcallister SD, Griffin G, Satin LS, Abood ME. (1999). Cannabinoid receptors can activate and inhibit G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels in a xenopus oocyte expression system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:618-626.
    • (1999) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.291 , pp. 618-626
    • McAllister, S.D.1    Griffin, G.2    Satin, L.S.3    Abood, M.E.4
  • 89
    • 36448970925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agonist-dependent cannabinoid receptor signalling in human trabecular meshwork cells
    • Mcintosh BT, Hudson B, Yegorova S, et al. (2007). Agonist-dependent cannabinoid receptor signalling in human trabecular meshwork cells. Br J Pharmacol 152:1111-1120.
    • (2007) Br J Pharmacol , vol.152 , pp. 1111-1120
    • McIntosh, B.T.1    Hudson, B.2    Yegorova, S.3
  • 90
    • 84877103777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First European case of convulsions related to analytically confirmed use of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist AM-2201
    • Mcquade D, Hudson S, Dargan PI, Wood DM. (2012). First European case of convulsions related to analytically confirmed use of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist AM-2201. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 69:373-376.
    • (2012) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.69 , pp. 373-376
    • McQuade, D.1    Hudson, S.2    Dargan, P.I.3    Wood, D.M.4
  • 91
    • 84872156419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The endocannabinoid system and the brain
    • Mechoulam R, Parker LA. (2012). The endocannabinoid system and the brain. Annu Rev Psychol 64:21-47.
    • (2012) Annu Rev Psychol , vol.64 , pp. 21-47
    • Mechoulam, R.1    Parker, L.A.2
  • 92
    • 84867091431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife
    • Meier MH, Caspi A, Ambler A, et al. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:E2657-E2664.
    • (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.109
    • Meier, M.H.1    Caspi, A.2    Ambler, A.3
  • 93
    • 84866760136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends by means of nano-liquid chromatography
    • Merola G, Aturki Z, D'orazio G, et al. (2012). Analysis of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends by means of nano-liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 71:45-53.
    • (2012) J Pharm Biomed Anal , vol.71 , pp. 45-53
    • Merola, G.1    Aturki, Z.2    D'Orazio, G.3
  • 94
    • 83255192504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2
    • Mir A, Obafemi A, Young A, Kane, C. (2011). Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. Pediatrics 128: e1622-e1627.
    • (2011) Pediatrics , vol.128
    • Mir, A.1    Obafemi, A.2    Young, A.3    Kane, C.4
  • 95
    • 80053415706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls
    • Moller I, Wintermeyer A, Bender K, et al. (2011). Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls. Drug Test Anal 3:609-620.
    • (2011) Drug Test Anal , vol.3 , pp. 609-620
    • Moller, I.1    Wintermeyer, A.2    Bender, K.3
  • 96
  • 97
    • 79957951018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative measurement of JWH-018 and JWH-073 metabolites excreted in human urine
    • Moran CL, Le VH, Chimalakonda KC, et al. (2011). Quantitative measurement of JWH-018 and JWH-073 metabolites excreted in human urine. Anal Chem 83:4228-4236.
    • (2011) Anal Chem , vol.83 , pp. 4228-4236
    • Moran, C.L.1    Le, V.H.2    Chimalakonda, K.C.3
  • 98
    • 70449629796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The acute effects of synthetic intravenous Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on psychosis, mood and cognitive functioning
    • Morrison PD, Zois V, McKeown DA, et al. (2009). The acute effects of synthetic intravenous Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on psychosis, mood and cognitive functioning. Psychol Med 39:1607-1616.
    • (2009) Psychol Med , vol.39 , pp. 1607-1616
    • Morrison, P.D.1    Zois, V.2    McKeown, D.A.3
  • 99
    • 84866057160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation for structural analysis of synthetic cannabinoids
    • Musah RA, Domin MA, Cody RB, et al. (2012). Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation for structural analysis of synthetic cannabinoids. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 26:2335-2342.
    • (2012) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom , vol.26 , pp. 2335-2342
    • Musah, R.A.1    Domin, M.A.2    Cody, R.B.3
  • 100
    • 84891827390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids ("Spice"): A case series
    • DOI 10.1007/s00414-013-0864-0871
    • Musshoff F, Madea B, Kernbach-Wighton G, et al. (2013). Driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids ("Spice"): a case series. Int J Legal Med DOI 10.1007/s00414-013-0864-1.
    • (2013) Int J Legal Med
    • Musshoff, F.1    Madea, B.2    Kernbach-Wighton, G.3
  • 101
    • 84893293036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Conference of State Legislatures last accessed 11 Oct 2012
    • National Conference of State Legislatures (2012). Synthetic CAnnabinoids (a.k.a. "K2/"Spice) enactments [Online]. Available from: http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/justice/synthetic-cannabinoids- enactments.aspx [last accessed 11 Oct 2012].
    • (2012) Synthetic CAnnabinoids (A.k.a. "k2/"Spice) Enactments [Online]
  • 102
    • 84893282520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office Of Diversion Control Washington, DC: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. [Online] last accessed 7 Dec 2012
    • Office of Diversion Control (2009). National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Year 2008 annual report. Washington, DC: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. [Online] Available from: www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/ nflis/2008annual-rpt.pdf [last accessed 7 Dec 2012].
    • (2009) National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Year 2008 Annual Report
  • 104
    • 84893308416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Diversion Control Springfield (VA): U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. [Online] last accessed 7 Dec 2012
    • Office of Diversion Control (2012). National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Midyear report 2011. Springfield (VA): U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. [Online] Available from: http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/ nflis/2011midyear.pdf [last accessed 7 Dec 2012].
    • (2012) National Forensic Laboratory Information System: Midyear Report 2011
  • 105
    • 84886749049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K2 toxicity: Fatal case of psychiatric complications following AM2201 exposure
    • DOI 10.1111/1556-4029.12216
    • Patton AC, Moran C, McCain K, et al. (2013). K2 toxicity: Fatal case of psychiatric complications following AM2201 exposure. J Forensic Sci DOI 10.1111/1556-4029.12216.
    • (2013) J Forensic Sci
    • Patton, A.C.1    Moran, C.2    McCain, K.3
  • 106
    • 38349158960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9- tetrahydrocannabivarin
    • Pertwee RG. (2008). The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin. Br J Pharmacol 153:199-215.
    • (2008) Br J Pharmacol , vol.153 , pp. 199-215
    • Pertwee, R.G.1
  • 107
    • 78650120798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: Beyond CB and CB
    • International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
    • Pertwee RG, Howlett AC, Abood ME, et al. (2010). International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: Beyond CB and CB. Pharmacol Rev 62:588-631.
    • (2010) Pharmacol Rev , vol.62 , pp. 588-631
    • Pertwee, R.G.1    Howlett, A.C.2    Abood, M.E.3
  • 108
    • 66449132820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WIN55, 212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, protects against nigrostriatal cell loss in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,236-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease
    • Price DA, Martinez AA, Seillier A, et al. (2009). WIN55,212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist, protects against nigrostriatal cell loss in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 29:2177-2186.
    • (2009) Eur J Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 2177-2186
    • Price, D.A.1    Martinez, A.A.2    Seillier, A.3
  • 110
    • 84893241959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Group last accessed 07 Dec 2012
    • Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Group (2009). Spice report. [Online] Available from: http://www.psychonautproject.eu/documents/reports/Spice.pdf [last accessed 07 Dec 2012].
    • (2009) Spice Report. [Online]
  • 111
    • 84872150019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marijuana, spice 'herbal high', and early neural development: Implications for rescheduling and legalization
    • Psychoyos D, Vinod KY. (2012). Marijuana, spice 'herbal high', and early neural development: implications for rescheduling and legalization. Drug Test Anal 5:27-45.
    • (2012) Drug Test Anal , vol.5 , pp. 27-45
    • Psychoyos, D.1    Vinod, K.Y.2
  • 112
    • 84876424034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073 bind with high affinity and act as potent agonists at cannabinoid type-2 receptors
    • Rajasekaran M, Brents LK, Franks LN, et al. (2013). Human metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073 bind with high affinity and act as potent agonists at cannabinoid type-2 receptors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 269:100-108.
    • (2013) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , vol.269 , pp. 100-108
    • Rajasekaran, M.1    Brents, L.K.2    Franks, L.N.3
  • 115
    • 67649856310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic and plantderived cannabinoid receptor antagonists show hypophagic properties in fasted and non-fasted mice
    • Riedel G, Fadda P, McKillop-Smith S, et al. (2009). Synthetic and plantderived cannabinoid receptor antagonists show hypophagic properties in fasted and non-fasted mice. Br J Pharmacol 156:1154-1166.
    • (2009) Br J Pharmacol , vol.156 , pp. 1154-1166
    • Riedel, G.1    Fadda, P.2    McKillop-Smith, S.3
  • 116
    • 84872158748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet-dependent modulation of hippocampal expression of endocannabinoid signalingrelated proteins in cannabinoid antagonist-treated obese rats
    • Rivera P, Luque-Rojas MJ, Pastor A, et al. (2012). Diet-dependent modulation of hippocampal expression of endocannabinoid signalingrelated proteins in cannabinoid antagonist-treated obese rats. Eur J Neurosci 37:105-117.
    • (2012) Eur J Neurosci , vol.37 , pp. 105-117
    • Rivera, P.1    Luque-Rojas, M.J.2    Pastor, A.3
  • 117
    • 79960306559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects
    • Russo EB. (2011). Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol 163: 1344-1364.
    • (2011) Br J Pharmacol , vol.163 , pp. 1344-1364
    • Russo, E.B.1
  • 118
    • 84873639023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoids and muscular pain: Effectiveness of the local administration in rat
    • Sanchez Robles EM, Bagues Arias A, Martin Fontelles MI. (2012). Cannabinoids and muscular pain: Effectiveness of the local administration in rat. Eur J Pain 16:1116-1127.
    • (2012) Eur J Pain , vol.16 , pp. 1116-1127
    • Sanchez Robles, E.M.1    Bagues Arias, A.2    Martin Fontelles, M.I.3
  • 119
    • 84893276515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 Investigators: Synthetic marijuana product blamed in teen's deadly crash
    • last accessed 06 Dec 2012
    • Savini D. (2011). 2 Investigators: Synthetic marijuana product blamed in teen's deadly crash. CBS Chicago [Online]. Available from: http://chicago. cbslocal.com/2011/07/07/2-investigators-synthetic-marijuana- product-blamed-in-teens-deadly-crash/[last accessed 06 Dec 2012].
    • (2011) CBS Chicago [Online]
    • Savini, D.1
  • 120
    • 84893244214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retailers selling legal high "time Bombs" to kids, doctor says
    • last accessed 25 Sep 2012
    • Schecter A, Brian R. (2011). Retailers selling legal high "Time Bombs" to kids, doctor says. ABC News [Online]. Available from: http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/retailers-selling-legal-high-time-bombs- kidsdoctor/story?id=13753898 [last accessed 25 Sep 2012].
    • (2011) ABC News [Online]
    • Schecter, A.1    Brian, R.2
  • 121
    • 79960323467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabis with high cannabidiol content is associated with fewer psychotic experiences
    • Schubart CD, Sommer IE, van Gastel WA, et al. (2011). Cannabis with high cannabidiol content is associated with fewer psychotic experiences. Schizophr Res 130:216-221.
    • (2011) Schizophr Res , vol.130 , pp. 216-221
    • Schubart, C.D.1    Sommer, I.E.2    Van Gastel, W.A.3
  • 122
    • 84866989897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids
    • Seely KA, Lapoint J, Moran JH, Fattore L. (2012). Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 39:234-243.
    • (2012) Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry , vol.39 , pp. 234-243
    • Seely, K.A.1    Lapoint, J.2    Moran, J.H.3    Fattore, L.4
  • 123
    • 84863839733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of naphthoylindoles acting on cannabinoid receptors based on their fragmentation patterns under ESI-QTOFMS
    • Sekula K, Zuba D, Stanaszek, R. (2012). Identification of naphthoylindoles acting on cannabinoid receptors based on their fragmentation patterns under ESI-QTOFMS. J Mass Spectrom 47:632-643.
    • (2012) J Mass Spectrom , vol.47 , pp. 632-643
    • Sekula, K.1    Zuba, D.2    Stanaszek, R.3
  • 124
    • 84869035098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probing the interaction of SR141716A with the CB1 receptor
    • Shim JY, Bertalovitz AC, Kendall, D. A. (2012). Probing the Interaction of SR141716A with the CB1 Receptor. J Biol Chem 287: 38741-38754.
    • (2012) J Biol Chem , vol.287 , pp. 38741-38754
    • Shim, J.Y.1    Bertalovitz, A.C.2    Kendall, D.A.3
  • 125
    • 27144522592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agonistdirected trafficking of response by endocannabinoids acting at CB2 receptors
    • Shoemaker JL, Ruckle MB, Mayeux PR, Prather, P. L. (2005). Agonistdirected trafficking of response by endocannabinoids acting at CB2 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 315:828-838.
    • (2005) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.315 , pp. 828-838
    • Shoemaker, J.L.1    Ruckle, M.B.2    Mayeux, P.R.3    Prather, P.L.4
  • 126
    • 33947278309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CB2 cannabinoid agonist AM-1241 prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when initiated at symptom onset
    • Shoemaker JL, Seely KA, Reed RL, et al. (2007). The CB2 cannabinoid agonist AM-1241 prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis when initiated at symptom onset. J Neurochem 101:87-98.
    • (2007) J Neurochem , vol.101 , pp. 87-98
    • Shoemaker, J.L.1    Seely, K.A.2    Reed, R.L.3
  • 127
    • 84855765207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) agonist ameliorates colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice by attenuating the activation of T cells and promoting their apoptosis
    • Singh UP, Singh NP, Singh B, et al. (2012). Cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) agonist ameliorates colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice by attenuating the activation of T cells and promoting their apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 258:256-267.
    • (2012) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , vol.258 , pp. 256-267
    • Singh, U.P.1    Singh, N.P.2    Singh, B.3
  • 128
    • 77953915638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine
    • Sobolevsky T, Prasolov I, Rodchenkov G. (2010). Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine. Forensic Sci Int 200:141-147.
    • (2010) Forensic Sci Int , vol.200 , pp. 141-147
    • Sobolevsky, T.1    Prasolov, I.2    Rodchenkov, G.3
  • 129
    • 84868194464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of urinary metabolites of AM-2201 and UR-144, two novel synthetic cannabinoids
    • DOI 10.1002/dta.1418
    • Sobolevsky T, Prasolov I, Rodchenkov G. (2012). Detection of urinary metabolites of AM-2201 and UR-144, two novel synthetic cannabinoids. Drug Test Anal DOI 10.1002/dta.1418.
    • (2012) Drug Test Anal
    • Sobolevsky, T.1    Prasolov, I.2    Rodchenkov, G.3
  • 131
    • 29244449844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation in murine autaptic hippocampal neurones
    • Straiker A, Mackie K. (2005). Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation in murine autaptic hippocampal neurones. J Physiol 569: 501-517.
    • (2005) J Physiol , vol.569 , pp. 501-517
    • Straiker, A.1    Mackie, K.2
  • 132
    • 84862082798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocannabinoid signaling in female reproduction
    • Sun X, Dey SK. (2012). Endocannabinoid signaling in female reproduction. ACS Chem Neurosci 3:349-355.
    • (2012) ACS Chem Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 349-355
    • Sun, X.1    Dey, S.K.2
  • 133
    • 84865406631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European dimension of cannabinoidlike products use
    • Surugiu ME, Minca DG. (2012). European dimension of cannabinoidlike products use. J Med Life 5:79-81.
    • (2012) J Med Life , vol.5 , pp. 79-81
    • Surugiu, M.E.1    Minca, D.G.2
  • 134
    • 0036460445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area by cannabinoids
    • Szabo B, Siemes S, Wallmichrath I. (2002). Inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area by cannabinoids. Eur J Neurosci 15:2057-2061.
    • (2002) Eur J Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 2057-2061
    • Szabo, B.1    Siemes, S.2    Wallmichrath, I.3
  • 135
    • 84866246892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delta(9) tetrahydrocannabinol impairs visuo-spatial associative learning and spatial working memory in rhesus macaques
    • Taffe MA. (2012). Delta(9) tetrahydrocannabinol impairs visuo-spatial associative learning and spatial working memory in rhesus macaques. J Psychopharmacol 26:1299-1306.
    • (2012) J Psychopharmacol , vol.26 , pp. 1299-1306
    • Taffe, M.A.1
  • 136
    • 84893333100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of synthetic marijuana linked to drowning death of Clearwater teen
    • last accessed 25 Sep 2012
    • Thalji J. (2012). Use of synthetic marijuana linked to drowning death of Clearwater teen. Tampa Bay Times [Online]. Available from: http://www.tampabay. com/news/publicsafety/use-of-synthetic-marijuanalinked- to-drowning-death-of- clearwater-teen/1223770 [last accessed 25 Sep 2012].
    • (2012) Tampa Bay Times [Online]
    • Thalji, J.1
  • 137
    • 84871330231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Internet highs - Seizures after consumption of synthetic cannabinoids purchased online
    • Tofighi B, Lee JD. (2012). Internet highs - Seizures after consumption of synthetic cannabinoids purchased online. J Addict Med 6: 240-241.
    • (2012) J Addict Med , vol.6 , pp. 240-241
    • Tofighi, B.1    Lee, J.D.2
  • 138
    • 84859487811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute mental disturbance caused by synthetic cannabinoid: A potential emerging substance of abuse in Hong Kong
    • Tung CK, Chiang TP, Lam M. (2012). Acute mental disturbance caused by synthetic cannabinoid: a potential emerging substance of abuse in Hong Kong. East Asian Arch Psychiatry 22:31-33.
    • (2012) East Asian Arch Psychiatry , vol.22 , pp. 31-33
    • Tung, C.K.1    Chiang, T.P.2    Lam, M.3
  • 139
    • 77952291222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products
    • Uchiyama N, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Ogata J, Goda Y. (2010). Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products. Forensic Sci Int 198:31-38.
    • (2010) Forensic Sci Int , vol.198 , pp. 31-38
    • Uchiyama, N.1    Kikura-Hanajiri, R.2    Ogata, J.3    Goda, Y.4
  • 140
    • 84893212789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unimed Pharmaceuticals FDA [Online] last accessed 02 Jan 2013
    • Unimed Pharmaceuticals (2004). Marinol (Dronabinol) new drug application. FDA [Online] Available from: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/05n0479/ 05N-0479-emc0004-04.pdf [last accessed 02 Jan 2013].
    • (2004) Marinol (Dronabinol) New Drug Application
  • 141
    • 84893256882 scopus 로고
    • United States 21 U.S.C. X 813 U.S. Government Printing Office [Online] [last accessed 01 Jan 2013
    • United States 21 U.S.C. x 813 (1986) Treatment of controlled substance analogues. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 452 [Online]. Available from: http://www.gpo.gov:80/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2008- title21/pdf/USCODE-2008-title21- chap13-subchapI-partB-sec813.pdf [last accessed 01 Jan 2013].
    • (1986) Treatment of Controlled Substance Analogues , pp. 452
  • 142
    • 84893294905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States U.S. Government Printing Office. [Online] last accessed 7 Dec 2013
    • United States (2012). Synthetic drug abuse prevention act of 2012. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 138-140. [Online] Available from: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-112s3187enr/pdf/BILLS- 112s3187enr.pdf [last accessed 7 Dec 2013].
    • (2012) Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012 , pp. 138-140
  • 143
    • 84862077856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sativex-like combination of phytocannabinoids is neuroprotective in malonatelesioned rats, an inflammatory model of Huntington's disease: Role of CB(1) and CB(2) receptors
    • Valdeolivas S, Satta V, Pertwee RG, et al. (2012). Sativex-like combination of phytocannabinoids is neuroprotective in malonatelesioned rats, an inflammatory model of Huntington's disease: Role of CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 3:400-406.
    • (2012) ACS Chem Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 400-406
    • Valdeolivas, S.1    Satta, V.2    Pertwee, R.G.3
  • 144
    • 84870294814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of 1- butyl-3-(1-(4-methyl)naphtoyl)indole detected for the first time in "herbal high" products on the Italian market
    • Valoti E, Casagni E, Dell'Acqua L, et al. (2012). Identification of 1- butyl-3-(1-(4-methyl)naphtoyl)indole detected for the first time in "herbal high" products on the Italian market. Forensic Sci Int 223: e42-e46.
    • (2012) Forensic Sci Int , vol.223
    • Valoti, E.1    Casagni, E.2    Dell'Acqua, L.3
  • 145
    • 84155164719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey study to characterize use of Spice products (synthetic cannabinoids)
    • Vandrey R, Dunn KE, Fry JA, Girling ER. (2011). A survey study to characterize use of Spice products (synthetic cannabinoids). Drug Alcohol Depend 120:238-241.
    • (2011) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.120 , pp. 238-241
    • Vandrey, R.1    Dunn, K.E.2    Fry, J.A.3    Girling, E.R.4
  • 146
    • 77954954841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spice drugs as a new trend: Mode of action, identification and legislation
    • Vardakou I, Pistos C, Spiliopoulou, C. (2010). Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation. Toxicol Lett 197: 157-162.
    • (2010) Toxicol Lett , vol.197 , pp. 157-162
    • Vardakou, I.1    Pistos, C.2    Spiliopoulou, C.3
  • 147
    • 84866256135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects of CB2R agonist (JWH-133) in non-small lung cancer cells (A549) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells: An in vitro investigation
    • Vidinsky B, Gal P, Pilatova M, Vidova Z, et al. (2012). Anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects of CB2R agonist (JWH-133) in non-small lung cancer cells (A549) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells: an in vitro investigation. Folia Biol (Praha) 58:75-80.
    • (2012) Folia Biol (Praha) , vol.58 , pp. 75-80
    • Vidinsky, B.1    Gal, P.2    Pilatova, M.3    Vidova, Z.4
  • 148
    • 0037442829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonpsychotropic cannabinoid receptors regulate microglial cell migration
    • Walter L, Franklin A, Witting A, et al. (2003). Nonpsychotropic cannabinoid receptors regulate microglial cell migration. J Neurosci 23:1398-1405.
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 1398-1405
    • Walter, L.1    Franklin, A.2    Witting, A.3
  • 149
    • 84856358393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of 1-butyl- 3-(1-(4-methyl)naphthoyl)indole in a herbal mixture
    • Westphal F, Sonnichsen FD, Thiemt, S. (2012). Identification of 1-butyl- 3-(1-(4-methyl)naphthoyl)indole in a herbal mixture. Forensic Sci Int 215:8-13.
    • (2012) Forensic Sci Int , vol.215 , pp. 8-13
    • Westphal, F.1    Sonnichsen, F.D.2    Thiemt, S.3
  • 150
    • 84893329672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro phase i metabolism of the synthetic cannabimimetic
    • Wintermeyer A, Moller I, Thevis M, et al. (2010). In vitro phase I metabolism of the synthetic cannabimimetic JWH-018.
    • (2010) JWH-018
    • Wintermeyer, A.1    Moller, I.2    Thevis, M.3
  • 151
    • 84893328632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anal Bioanal Chem 398:2141-2153.
    • Anal Bioanal Chem , vol.398 , pp. 2141-2153
  • 152
    • 34248381887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization last accessed 02 Jan 2013
    • World Health Organization (2012). Management of substance abuse [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/substance-abuse/facts/cannabis/en/[last accessed 02 Jan 2013].
    • (2012) Management of Substance Abuse [Online]
  • 153
    • 84855343503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid type 2 receptor activation downregulates stroke-induced classic and alternative brain macrophage/microglial activation concomitant to neuroprotection
    • Zarruk JG, Fernandez-Lopez D, Garcia-Yebenes I, et al. (2012). Cannabinoid type 2 receptor activation downregulates stroke-induced classic and alternative brain macrophage/microglial activation concomitant to neuroprotection. Stroke 43:211-219.
    • (2012) Stroke , vol.43 , pp. 211-219
    • Zarruk, J.G.1    Fernandez-Lopez, D.2    Garcia-Yebenes, I.3
  • 154
    • 33750458384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of in vitro metabolites of JWH-015, an aminoalkylindole agonist for the peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2) by HPLC-MS/MS
    • Zhang Q, Ma P, Cole RB, Wang G. (2006). Identification of in vitro metabolites of JWH-015, an aminoalkylindole agonist for the peripheral cannabinoid receptor (CB2) by HPLC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 386:1345-1355.
    • (2006) Anal Bioanal Chem , vol.386 , pp. 1345-1355
    • Zhang, Q.1    Ma, P.2    Cole, R.B.3    Wang, G.4
  • 155
    • 0036784480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro metabolism of R(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(morpholinyl)methyl] pyrrolo [123-de]14- benzoxazinyl]-(1-naphthalenyl) methanone mesylate a cannabinoid receptor agonist
    • Zhang Q, Ma P, Iszard M, et al. (2002). In vitro metabolism of R(+)- [2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo [1,2,3-de]1,4- benzoxazinyl]-(1-naphthalenyl) methanone mesylate, a cannabinoid receptor agonist. Drug Metab Dispos 30:1077-1086.
    • (2002) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.30 , pp. 1077-1086
    • Zhang, Q.1    Ma, P.2    Iszard, M.3
  • 156
    • 70349117752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of "spice gold"
    • Zimmermann US, Winkelmann PR, Pilhatsch M, et al. (2009). Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of "spice gold". Dtsch Arztebl Int 106:464-467.
    • (2009) Dtsch Arztebl Int , vol.106 , pp. 464-467
    • Zimmermann, U.S.1    Winkelmann, P.R.2    Pilhatsch, M.3
  • 157
    • 33746139659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of cannabis as a medicine: A review
    • Zuardi AW. (2006). History of cannabis as a medicine: a review. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 28:153-157.
    • (2006) Rev Bras Psiquiatr , vol.28 , pp. 153-157
    • Zuardi, A.W.1
  • 158
    • 79954444738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of "herbal highs" composition
    • Zuba D, Byrska B, Maciow M. (2011). Comparison of "herbal highs" composition. Anal Bioanal Chem 400:119-126.
    • (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem , vol.400 , pp. 119-126
    • Zuba, D.1    Byrska, B.2    Maciow, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.