메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 234-243

Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids

Author keywords

'Legal highs'; Intoxication; K2; Marijuana alternative; Spice; Synthetic cannabinoid

Indexed keywords

1 DEOXY 3 (1,1 DIMETHYLBUTYL) DELTA8 TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; 2 METHYL 3 (1 NAPHTHOYL) 1 PROPYLINDOLE; 3 (1 NAPHTHOYL) 1 PENTYLINDOLE; 3 [2 HYDROXY 4 (1,1 DIMETHYLHEPTYL)PHENYL]CYCLOHEXANOL; 4 (1,1 DIMETHYLHEPTYL) 1',2',3',4',5',6' HEXAHYDRO 2,3' DIHYDROXY 6' (3 HYDROXYPROPYL)BIPHENYL; AM 2201; CANNABINOID DERIVATIVE; CANNABINOID RECEPTOR; CANNABIS; CYCLOHEXYLPHENOL; DESIGNER DRUG; DEXANABINOL; DRONABINOL; JWH 073; JWH 122; JWH 200; JWH 205; JWH 210; SPICE DRUG; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 84866989897     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: 18784216     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.04.017     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (402)

References (125)
  • 1
    • 84855222649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of cannabinoids in modulating emotional and non-emotional memory processes in the hippocampus
    • Akirav I. The role of cannabinoids in modulating emotional and non-emotional memory processes in the hippocampus. Front Behav Neurosci 2011, 5:34-39.
    • (2011) Front Behav Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 34-39
    • Akirav, I.1
  • 2
    • 0032926695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of cannabinoids on the brain
    • Ameri A. The effects of cannabinoids on the brain. Prog Neurobiol 1999, 58:315-348.
    • (1999) Prog Neurobiol , vol.58 , pp. 315-348
    • Ameri, A.1
  • 3
    • 84875604218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at, (accessed May 13, 2011), American Association of Poison Control Centre (AAPCC)
    • American Association of Poison Control Centre (AAPCC) Fake marijuana spurs more than 4,500 calls to US Poison Centers Available at, (accessed May 13, 2011). http://www.aapcc.org/dnn/Portals/0/prrel/updatedk2-may112011.pdf.
    • Fake marijuana spurs more than 4,500 calls to US Poison Centers
  • 4
    • 0037164390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study
    • Arseneault L., Cannon M., Poulton R., Murray R., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E. Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. BMJ 2002, 325:1212-1213.
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.325 , pp. 1212-1213
    • Arseneault, L.1    Cannon, M.2    Poulton, R.3    Murray, R.4    Caspi, A.5    Moffitt, T.E.6
  • 5
    • 80052794846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endocannabinoid system dysfunction in mood and related disorders
    • Ashton C.H., Moore P.B. Endocannabinoid system dysfunction in mood and related disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011, 124:250-261.
    • (2011) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.124 , pp. 250-261
    • Ashton, C.H.1    Moore, P.B.2
  • 6
    • 77952664328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • JWH018, a common constituent of 'Spice' herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist
    • Atwood B.K., Huffman J., Straiker A., Mackie K. JWH018, a common constituent of 'Spice' herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist. Br J Pharmacol 2010, 160:133-140.
    • (2010) Br J Pharmacol , vol.160 , pp. 133-140
    • Atwood, B.K.1    Huffman, J.2    Straiker, A.3    Mackie, K.4
  • 7
    • 66249133962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Spice' and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?
    • Auwärter V., Dresen S., Weinmann W., Müller M., Pütz M., Ferreirós N. 'Spice' and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?. J Mass Spectrom 2009, 2009(44):832-837.
    • (2009) J Mass Spectrom , vol.2009 , Issue.44 , pp. 832-837
    • Auwärter, V.1    Dresen, S.2    Weinmann, W.3    Müller, M.4    Pütz, M.5    Ferreirós, N.6
  • 8
    • 0026516004 scopus 로고
    • Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination in rats as a model for cannabis intoxication
    • Balster R.L., Prescott W.R. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination in rats as a model for cannabis intoxication. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992, 16:55-62.
    • (1992) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.16 , pp. 55-62
    • Balster, R.L.1    Prescott, W.R.2
  • 9
    • 0028958518 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological specificity of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination in rats
    • Barrett R.L., Wiley J.L., Balster R.L., Martin B.R. Pharmacological specificity of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol discrimination in rats. Psychopharmacology 1995, 118:419-424.
    • (1995) Psychopharmacology , vol.118 , pp. 419-424
    • Barrett, R.L.1    Wiley, J.L.2    Balster, R.L.3    Martin, B.R.4
  • 10
    • 79960003774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase I hydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 retain in vitro and in vivo cannabinoid 1 receptor affinity and activity
    • Brents L.K., Reichard E.E., Zimmerman S.M., Moran J.H., Fantegrossi W.E., Prather P.L. Phase I hydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 retain in vitro and in vivo cannabinoid 1 receptor affinity and activity. PLoS One 2011, 6:e21917.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6
    • Brents, L.K.1    Reichard, E.E.2    Zimmerman, S.M.3    Moran, J.H.4    Fantegrossi, W.E.5    Prather, P.L.6
  • 11
    • 84857372061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monohydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-073 retain intermediate to high cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) affinity and exhibit neutral antagonist to partial agonist activity
    • Brents L.K., Gallus-Zawada A., Radominska-Pandya A., Vasiljevik T., Prisinzano T.E., Fantegrossi W.E., et al. Monohydroxylated metabolites of the K2 synthetic cannabinoid JWH-073 retain intermediate to high cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) affinity and exhibit neutral antagonist to partial agonist activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2012, 83:952-961.
    • (2012) Biochem Pharmacol , vol.83 , pp. 952-961
    • Brents, L.K.1    Gallus-Zawada, A.2    Radominska-Pandya, A.3    Vasiljevik, T.4    Prisinzano, T.E.5    Fantegrossi, W.E.6
  • 12
    • 84857393787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Zealand bans synthetic cannabinoids
    • 2011 Aug 23
    • Brown K. New Zealand bans synthetic cannabinoids. BMJ 2011, 343:d5395. 2011 Aug 23. 10.1136/bmj.d5395.
    • (2011) BMJ , vol.343
    • Brown, K.1
  • 13
    • 84875609146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fake weed, real drug: K2 causing hallucinations in teens. Live Science. March 3, 2010. (accessed Mar 16, 2010).
    • Bryner, J., 2010. Fake weed, real drug: K2 causing hallucinations in teens. Live Science. March 3, 2010. (accessed Mar 16, 2010). http://www.livescience.com/health/fake-marijuana-k2-hallucinations-100303.html.
    • (2010)
    • Bryner, J.1
  • 16
    • 84862945344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homology modelling of cannabinoid receptors: discovery of cannabinoid analogues for therapeutic use
    • Chang C.E., Ai R., Gutierrez M., Marsella M.J. Homology modelling of cannabinoid receptors: discovery of cannabinoid analogues for therapeutic use. Methods Mol Biol 2012, 819:595-613.
    • (2012) Methods Mol Biol , vol.819 , pp. 595-613
    • Chang, C.E.1    Ai, R.2    Gutierrez, M.3    Marsella, M.J.4
  • 17
    • 80053166693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conjugation of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073, metabolites by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
    • Chimalakonda K.C., Bratton S.M., Le V.H., Yiew K.H., Dineva A., Moran C.L., et al. Conjugation of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073, metabolites by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 2011, 39:1967-1976.
    • (2011) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.39 , pp. 1967-1976
    • Chimalakonda, K.C.1    Bratton, S.M.2    Le, V.H.3    Yiew, K.H.4    Dineva, A.5    Moran, C.L.6
  • 18
    • 80051712075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Solid-phase extraction and quantitative measurement of omega and omega-1 metabolites of JWH-018 and JWH-073 in human urine
    • Chimalakonda K.C., Moran C.L., Kennedy P.D., Endres G.W., Uzieblo A., Dobrowolski P.J., et al. Solid-phase extraction and quantitative measurement of omega and omega-1 metabolites of JWH-018 and JWH-073 in human urine. Anal Chem 2011, 83:6381-6388.
    • (2011) Anal Chem , vol.83 , pp. 6381-6388
    • Chimalakonda, K.C.1    Moran, C.L.2    Kennedy, P.D.3    Endres, G.W.4    Uzieblo, A.5    Dobrowolski, P.J.6
  • 19
    • 80052630829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid
    • Coulter C., Garnier M., Moore C. Synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid. J Anal Toxicol 2011, 35:424-430.
    • (2011) J Anal Toxicol , vol.35 , pp. 424-430
    • Coulter, C.1    Garnier, M.2    Moore, C.3
  • 20
    • 0026598734 scopus 로고
    • Conformationally restrained analogues of pravadoline: nanomolar potent, enantioselective, (aminoalkyl)indole agonists of the cannabinoid receptor
    • D'Ambra T.E., Estep K.G., Bell M.R., Eissenstat M.A., Josef K.A., Ward S.J., et al. Conformationally restrained analogues of pravadoline: nanomolar potent, enantioselective, (aminoalkyl)indole agonists of the cannabinoid receptor. J Med Chem 1992, 35:124-135.
    • (1992) J Med Chem , vol.35 , pp. 124-135
    • D'Ambra, T.E.1    Estep, K.G.2    Bell, M.R.3    Eissenstat, M.A.4    Josef, K.A.5    Ward, S.J.6
  • 21
    • 77950803144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioids and cannabinoids interactions: involvement in pain management
    • Desroches J., Beaulieu P. Opioids and cannabinoids interactions: involvement in pain management. Curr Drug Targets 2010, 11:462-473.
    • (2010) Curr Drug Targets , vol.11 , pp. 462-473
    • Desroches, J.1    Beaulieu, P.2
  • 22
    • 32944482013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant, synthetic, and endogenous cannabinoids in medicine
    • Di Marzo V., Petrocellis L.D. Plant, synthetic, and endogenous cannabinoids in medicine. Annu Rev Med 2006, 57:553-574.
    • (2006) Annu Rev Med , vol.57 , pp. 553-574
    • Di Marzo, V.1    Petrocellis, L.D.2
  • 24
    • 78650752280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds
    • Dresen S., Ferreirós N., Pütz M., Westphal F., Zimmermann R., Auwärter V. Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds. J Mass Spectrom 2010, 45:1095-1232.
    • (2010) J Mass Spectrom , vol.45 , pp. 1095-1232
    • Dresen, S.1    Ferreirós, N.2    Pütz, M.3    Westphal, F.4    Zimmermann, R.5    Auwärter, V.6
  • 25
    • 79951683329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of synthetic cannabinoids of the aminoalkylindole type and methanandamide in serum and its application to forensic samples
    • Dresen S., Kneisel S., Weinmann W., Zimmermann R., Auwärter V. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of synthetic cannabinoids of the aminoalkylindole type and methanandamide in serum and its application to forensic samples. J Mass Spectrom 2011, 46:163-171.
    • (2011) J Mass Spectrom , vol.46 , pp. 163-171
    • Dresen, S.1    Kneisel, S.2    Weinmann, W.3    Zimmermann, R.4    Auwärter, V.5
  • 26
    • 84855490192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of five synthetic cannabinoids into schedule I
    • Available at:, (accessed August 8, 2011), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
    • Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of five synthetic cannabinoids into schedule I. Fed Regist 2011, 76(40). Available at: http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2011/fr0301.htm (accessed August 8, 2011).
    • (2011) Fed Regist , vol.76 , Issue.40
  • 29
    • 80052616750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of urine specimens for K2 (JWH-018) metabolites
    • ElSohly M.A., Gul W., Elsohly K.M., Murphy T.P., Madgula V.L., Khan S.I. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of urine specimens for K2 (JWH-018) metabolites. J Anal Toxicol 2011, 35:487-495.
    • (2011) J Anal Toxicol , vol.35 , pp. 487-495
    • ElSohly, M.A.1    Gul, W.2    Elsohly, K.M.3    Murphy, T.P.4    Madgula, V.L.5    Khan, S.I.6
  • 30
    • 84856348064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets in the control of food intake and body weight
    • Engeli S. Central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets in the control of food intake and body weight. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012, 209:357-381.
    • (2012) Handb Exp Pharmacol , vol.209 , pp. 357-381
    • Engeli, S.1
  • 31
    • 78049470173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMCDDA, Lisbon, Available at: (accessed April 23, 2011), European Monitoring Centre for Drugs, Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)
    • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs, Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Understanding the 'Spice' phenomenon 2009, EMCDDA, Lisbon, Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index90917EN.html (accessed April 23, 2011).
    • (2009) Understanding the 'Spice' phenomenon
  • 32
    • 77956782377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid-receptor agonists such as JWH018 may precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals
    • Every-Palmer S. Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid-receptor agonists such as JWH018 may precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals. Addiction 2010, 105:1859-1860.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 1859-1860
    • Every-Palmer, S.1
  • 33
    • 79960313022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study
    • Every-Palmer S. Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: an explorative study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011, 117:152-157.
    • (2011) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.117 , pp. 152-157
    • Every-Palmer, S.1
  • 34
    • 84855507862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs
    • Fattore L., Fratta W. Beyond THC: the new generation of cannabinoid designer drugs. Front Behav Neurosci 2011, 5:60-66.
    • (2011) Front Behav Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 60-66
    • Fattore, L.1    Fratta, W.2
  • 36
    • 0035888274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 inhibits rat cortical dialysate gamma-aminobutyric acid levels
    • Ferraro L., Tomasini M.C., Cassano T., Bebe B.W., Siniscalchi A., O'Connor W.T., et al. Cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 inhibits rat cortical dialysate gamma-aminobutyric acid levels. J Neurosci Res 2001, 66:298-302.
    • (2001) J Neurosci Res , vol.66 , pp. 298-302
    • Ferraro, L.1    Tomasini, M.C.2    Cassano, T.3    Bebe, B.W.4    Siniscalchi, A.5    O'Connor, W.T.6
  • 37
    • 0034894593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 regulates glutamate transmission in rat cerebral cortex: an in vivo and in vitro study
    • Ferraro L., Tomasini M.C., Gessa G.L., Bebe B.W., Tanganelli S., Antonelli T. The cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 regulates glutamate transmission in rat cerebral cortex: an in vivo and in vitro study. Cereb Cortex 2001, 11:728-733.
    • (2001) Cereb Cortex , vol.11 , pp. 728-733
    • Ferraro, L.1    Tomasini, M.C.2    Gessa, G.L.3    Bebe, B.W.4    Tanganelli, S.5    Antonelli, T.6
  • 38
    • 77953232046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by cannabinoids. Naunyn Schmiedebergs
    • Fišar Z. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by cannabinoids. Naunyn Schmiedebergs. Arch Pharmacol 2010, 381:563-572.
    • (2010) Arch Pharmacol , vol.381 , pp. 563-572
    • Fišar, Z.1
  • 39
    • 84862861718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoids and monoamine neurotransmission with focus on monoamine oxidase
    • 2011 Dec 30, [Epub ahead of print]
    • Fišar Z. Cannabinoids and monoamine neurotransmission with focus on monoamine oxidase. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012, 2011 Dec 30, [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2012) Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry
    • Fišar, Z.1
  • 40
    • 84855756474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centers
    • Forrester M.B., Kleinschmidt K., Schwarz E., Young A. Synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to Texas poison centers. J Addict Dis 2011, 30:351-358.
    • (2011) J Addict Dis , vol.30 , pp. 351-358
    • Forrester, M.B.1    Kleinschmidt, K.2    Schwarz, E.3    Young, A.4
  • 42
    • 33744827120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid receptor CB2 modulates the CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis of T lymphocytes
    • Ghosh S., Preet A., Groopman J.E., Ganju R.K. Cannabinoid receptor CB2 modulates the CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis of T lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2006, 43:2169-2179.
    • (2006) Mol Immunol , vol.43 , pp. 2169-2179
    • Ghosh, S.1    Preet, A.2    Groopman, J.E.3    Ganju, R.K.4
  • 45
    • 77951989152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How globalization and market innovation challenge how we think and respond to drug use: 'Spice' a case study
    • Griffiths P., Sedefov R., Gallegos A., Lopez D. How globalization and market innovation challenge how we think and respond to drug use: 'Spice' a case study. Addiction 2010, 105:951-953.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 951-953
    • Griffiths, P.1    Sedefov, R.2    Gallegos, A.3    Lopez, D.4
  • 46
    • 84860422185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of the synthetic phenylacetylindole cannabimimetic JWH-250, the psychoactive component of smoking mixtures
    • Grigoryev A., Melnik A., Savchuk S., Simonov A., Rozhanets V. Gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of the synthetic phenylacetylindole cannabimimetic JWH-250, the psychoactive component of smoking mixtures. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011, 879:2519-2526.
    • (2011) J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci , vol.879 , pp. 2519-2526
    • Grigoryev, A.1    Melnik, A.2    Savchuk, S.3    Simonov, A.4    Rozhanets, V.5
  • 47
    • 79955031826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073, psychoactive components of smoking mixtures
    • Grigoryev A., Savchuk S., Melnik A., Moskaleva N., Dzhurko J., Ershov M., et al. Chromatography-mass spectrometry studies on the metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and JWH-073, psychoactive components of smoking mixtures. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011, 879:1126-1136.
    • (2011) J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci , vol.879 , pp. 1126-1136
    • Grigoryev, A.1    Savchuk, S.2    Melnik, A.3    Moskaleva, N.4    Dzhurko, J.5    Ershov, M.6
  • 48
    • 79959567447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A preliminary investigation on the distribution of cannabinoids in man
    • Gronewold A., Skopp G. A preliminary investigation on the distribution of cannabinoids in man. Forensic Sci Int 2011, 210:e7-e11.
    • (2011) Forensic Sci Int , vol.210
    • Gronewold, A.1    Skopp, G.2
  • 49
    • 0037207070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct cannabinoid sensitive receptors regulate hippocampal excitation and inhibition
    • Hájos N., Freund T.F. Distinct cannabinoid sensitive receptors regulate hippocampal excitation and inhibition. Chem Phys Lipids 2002, 121:73-82.
    • (2002) Chem Phys Lipids , vol.121 , pp. 73-82
    • Hájos, N.1    Freund, T.F.2
  • 50
    • 33646859678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered responsiveness of serotonin receptor subtypes following long-term cannabinoid treatment
    • Hill M.N., Sun J.C., Tse M.T., Gorzalka B.B. Altered responsiveness of serotonin receptor subtypes following long-term cannabinoid treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2006, 9:277-286.
    • (2006) Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.9 , pp. 277-286
    • Hill, M.N.1    Sun, J.C.2    Tse, M.T.3    Gorzalka, B.B.4
  • 52
    • 0030581118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of the cannabinoid receptors in mouse×rat hybridoma NG108-15 cells and rat GH4C1 cells
    • Ho B.Y., Zhao J. Determination of the cannabinoid receptors in mouse×rat hybridoma NG108-15 cells and rat GH4C1 cells. Neurosci Lett 1996, 212:123-126.
    • (1996) Neurosci Lett , vol.212 , pp. 123-126
    • Ho, B.Y.1    Zhao, J.2
  • 53
    • 56649122099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mu-Opioid receptor forms a functional heterodimer with cannabinoid CB1 receptor: electrophysiological and FRET assay analysis
    • Hojo M., Sudo Y., Ando Y., Minami K., Takada M., Matsubara T., et al. mu-Opioid receptor forms a functional heterodimer with cannabinoid CB1 receptor: electrophysiological and FRET assay analysis. J Pharmacol Sci 2008, 108:308-319.
    • (2008) J Pharmacol Sci , vol.108 , pp. 308-319
    • Hojo, M.1    Sudo, Y.2    Ando, Y.3    Minami, K.4    Takada, M.5    Matsubara, T.6
  • 54
  • 55
    • 79960614744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emergence and analysis of synthetic cannabinoids
    • Hudson S., Ramsey J. The emergence and analysis of synthetic cannabinoids. Drug Test Anal 2011, 3:466-478.
    • (2011) Drug Test Anal , vol.3 , pp. 466-478
    • Hudson, S.1    Ramsey, J.2
  • 56
    • 73549098434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ligand- and heterodimer-directed signaling of the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor
    • Hudson B.D., Hébert T.E., Kelly M.E. Ligand- and heterodimer-directed signaling of the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2010, 77:1-9.
    • (2010) Mol Pharmacol , vol.77 , pp. 1-9
    • Hudson, B.D.1    Hébert, T.E.2    Kelly, M.E.3
  • 57
    • 77955897603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry to detect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in 'herbal high' products
    • Hudson S., Ramsey J., King L., Timbers S., Maynard S., Dargan P.I., et al. Use of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry to detect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in 'herbal high' products. J Anal Toxicol 2010, 34:252-260.
    • (2010) J Anal Toxicol , vol.34 , pp. 252-260
    • Hudson, S.1    Ramsey, J.2    King, L.3    Timbers, S.4    Maynard, S.5    Dargan, P.I.6
  • 58
    • 21644464904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CB2 receptor ligands
    • Huffman J.W. CB2 receptor ligands. Mini Rev Med Chem 2005, 5:641-649.
    • (2005) Mini Rev Med Chem , vol.5 , pp. 641-649
    • Huffman, J.W.1
  • 59
    • 77953912640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabimimetic indoles, pyrroles, and indenes: structure-activity relationships and receptor interactions
    • Humana Press, New York, P.H. Reggio (Ed.)
    • Huffman J.W. Cannabimimetic indoles, pyrroles, and indenes: structure-activity relationships and receptor interactions. The Cannabinoid Receptors 2009, 1:49-94. Humana Press, New York. P.H. Reggio (Ed.).
    • (2009) The Cannabinoid Receptors , vol.1 , pp. 49-94
    • Huffman, J.W.1
  • 60
    • 21044448570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of cannabinomimetic indoles, pyrroles and indenes
    • Huffman J.W., Padgett L.W. Recent developments in the medicinal chemistry of cannabinomimetic indoles, pyrroles and indenes. Curr Med Chem 2005, 12:1395-1411.
    • (2005) Curr Med Chem , vol.12 , pp. 1395-1411
    • Huffman, J.W.1    Padgett, L.W.2
  • 62
    • 80054812520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychosis associated with synthetic cannabinoid agonists: a case series
    • Hurst D., Loeffler G., McLay R. Psychosis associated with synthetic cannabinoid agonists: a case series. Am J Psychiatry 2011, 168:1119.
    • (2011) Am J Psychiatry , vol.168 , pp. 1119
    • Hurst, D.1    Loeffler, G.2    McLay, R.3
  • 64
    • 84855201186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and identification of the new potential synthetic cannabinoids 1-pentyl-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole and 1-pentyl-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole in seized bulk powders in Hungary
    • Jankovics P., Váradi A., Tölgyesi L., Lohner S., Németh-Palotás J., Balla J. Detection and identification of the new potential synthetic cannabinoids 1-pentyl-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole and 1-pentyl-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole in seized bulk powders in Hungary. Forensic Sci Int 2012, 214:27-32.
    • (2012) Forensic Sci Int , vol.214 , pp. 27-32
    • Jankovics, P.1    Váradi, A.2    Tölgyesi, L.3    Lohner, S.4    Németh-Palotás, J.5    Balla, J.6
  • 65
    • 80051920710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinergic aminoalkylindoles, including AM678=JWH018 found in 'Spice', examined using drug (δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol) discrimination for rats
    • Järbe T.U., Deng H., Vadivel S.K., Makriyannis A. Cannabinergic aminoalkylindoles, including AM678=JWH018 found in 'Spice', examined using drug (δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol) discrimination for rats. Behav Pharmacol 2011, 22:498-507.
    • (2011) Behav Pharmacol , vol.22 , pp. 498-507
    • Järbe, T.U.1    Deng, H.2    Vadivel, S.K.3    Makriyannis, A.4
  • 68
    • 33846828655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist, JWH-015, triggers apoptosis in immune cells: potential role for CB2-selective ligands as immunosuppressive agents
    • Lombard C., Nagarkatti M., Nagarkatti P. CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist, JWH-015, triggers apoptosis in immune cells: potential role for CB2-selective ligands as immunosuppressive agents. Clin Immunol 2007, 122:259-270.
    • (2007) Clin Immunol , vol.122 , pp. 259-270
    • Lombard, C.1    Nagarkatti, M.2    Nagarkatti, P.3
  • 69
    • 33144480327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets
    • Mackie K. Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2006, 46:101-122.
    • (2006) Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.46 , pp. 101-122
    • Mackie, K.1
  • 70
    • 84867004058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WO Patent 200128557. Cannabimimetic indole derivatives, granted 2001-06-07.
    • Makriyannis, A., Deng, H., 2001. WO Patent 200128557. Cannabimimetic indole derivatives, granted 2001-06-07.
    • (2001)
    • Makriyannis, A.1    Deng, H.2
  • 72
    • 0025325535 scopus 로고
    • Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA
    • Matsuda L.A., Lolait S.J., Brownstein M.J., Young A.C., Bonner T.I. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature 1990, 346:561-564.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.346 , pp. 561-564
    • Matsuda, L.A.1    Lolait, S.J.2    Brownstein, M.J.3    Young, A.C.4    Bonner, T.I.5
  • 73
    • 77951853072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between cannabis use and psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young adults
    • McGrath J., Welham J., Scott J., Varghese D., Degenhardt L., Hayatbakhsh M.R., et al. Association between cannabis use and psychosis-related outcomes using sibling pair analysis in a cohort of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010, 67:440-447.
    • (2010) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 440-447
    • McGrath, J.1    Welham, J.2    Scott, J.3    Varghese, D.4    Degenhardt, L.5    Hayatbakhsh, M.R.6
  • 74
    • 36448968578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allosteric modulation of heterodimeric G-protein-coupled receptors
    • Milligan G., Smith N.J. Allosteric modulation of heterodimeric G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2007, 28:615-620.
    • (2007) Trends Pharmacol Sci , vol.28 , pp. 615-620
    • Milligan, G.1    Smith, N.J.2
  • 75
    • 83255192504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2
    • Mir A., Obafemi A., Young A., Kane C. Myocardial infarction associated with use of the synthetic cannabinoid K2. Pediatrics 2011, 128:1622-1627.
    • (2011) Pediatrics , vol.128 , pp. 1622-1627
    • Mir, A.1    Obafemi, A.2    Young, A.3    Kane, C.4
  • 76
    • 80053415706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls
    • Möller I., Wintermeyer A., Bender K., Jübner M., Thomas A., Krug O., et al. Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls. Drug Test Anal 2011, 3:609-620.
    • (2011) Drug Test Anal , vol.3 , pp. 609-620
    • Möller, I.1    Wintermeyer, A.2    Bender, K.3    Jübner, M.4    Thomas, A.5    Krug, O.6
  • 77
    • 81255195544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smart resource allocation needed to study 'legal highs'
    • Moran J.H. Smart resource allocation needed to study 'legal highs'. Nat Med 2011, 17:1339.
    • (2011) Nat Med , vol.17 , pp. 1339
    • Moran, J.H.1
  • 78
    • 79957951018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative measurement of JWH-018 and JWH-073 metabolites excreted in human urine
    • Moran C.L., Le V.H., Chimalakonda K.C., Smedley A.L., Lackey F.D., Owen S.N., et al. Quantitative measurement of JWH-018 and JWH-073 metabolites excreted in human urine. Anal Chem 2011, 83:4228-4236.
    • (2011) Anal Chem , vol.83 , pp. 4228-4236
    • Moran, C.L.1    Le, V.H.2    Chimalakonda, K.C.3    Smedley, A.L.4    Lackey, F.D.5    Owen, S.N.6
  • 79
    • 77951979345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The synthetic cannabinoid Spice as a trigger for an acute exacerbation of cannabis induced recurrent psychotic episodes
    • Müller H., Sperling W., Köhrmann M., Huttner H.B., Kornhuber J., Maler J.M. The synthetic cannabinoid Spice as a trigger for an acute exacerbation of cannabis induced recurrent psychotic episodes. Schizophr Res 2010, 118:309-310.
    • (2010) Schizophr Res , vol.118 , pp. 309-310
    • Müller, H.1    Sperling, W.2    Köhrmann, M.3    Huttner, H.B.4    Kornhuber, J.5    Maler, J.M.6
  • 81
    • 79251633132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and quantitation of cannabimimetic compound JWH-250 as an adulterant in products obtained via the internet
    • Nakajima J., Takahashi M., Seto T., Suzuki J. Identification and quantitation of cannabimimetic compound JWH-250 as an adulterant in products obtained via the internet. Forensic Toxicol 2011, 29:51-55.
    • (2011) Forensic Toxicol , vol.29 , pp. 51-55
    • Nakajima, J.1    Takahashi, M.2    Seto, T.3    Suzuki, J.4
  • 82
    • 80052532033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crosstalk between chemokine receptor CXCR4 and cannabinoid receptor CB2 in modulating breast cancer growth and invasion
    • Nasser M.W., Qamri Z., Deol Y.S., Smith D., Shilo K., Zou X., et al. Crosstalk between chemokine receptor CXCR4 and cannabinoid receptor CB2 in modulating breast cancer growth and invasion. PLoS One 2011, 6:e23901.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6
    • Nasser, M.W.1    Qamri, Z.2    Deol, Y.S.3    Smith, D.4    Shilo, K.5    Zou, X.6
  • 83
    • 70249094588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of human tumour prostate PC-3 cell growth by cannabinoids R(+)-methanandamide and JWH-015: involvement of CB2
    • Olea-Herrero N., Vara D., Malagarie-Cazenave S., Díaz-Laviada I. Inhibition of human tumour prostate PC-3 cell growth by cannabinoids R(+)-methanandamide and JWH-015: involvement of CB2. Br J Cancer 2009, 101:940-950.
    • (2009) Br J Cancer , vol.101 , pp. 940-950
    • Olea-Herrero, N.1    Vara, D.2    Malagarie-Cazenave, S.3    Díaz-Laviada, I.4
  • 84
    • 33749544716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery of the presence and functional expression of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in brain
    • Onaivi E.S., Ishiguro H., Gong J.P., Patel S., Perchuk A., Meozzi P.A., et al. Discovery of the presence and functional expression of cannabinoid CB2 receptors in brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006, 1074:514-536.
    • (2006) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1074 , pp. 514-536
    • Onaivi, E.S.1    Ishiguro, H.2    Gong, J.P.3    Patel, S.4    Perchuk, A.5    Meozzi, P.A.6
  • 85
    • 45749134610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain neuronal CB2 cannabinoid receptors in drug abuse and depression: from mice to human subjects
    • Onaivi E.S., Ishiguro H., Gong J.P., Patel S., Meozzi P.A., Myers L., et al. Brain neuronal CB2 cannabinoid receptors in drug abuse and depression: from mice to human subjects. PLoS One 2008, 3:e1640.
    • (2008) PLoS One , vol.3
    • Onaivi, E.S.1    Ishiguro, H.2    Gong, J.P.3    Patel, S.4    Meozzi, P.A.5    Myers, L.6
  • 86
    • 53549086169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional expression of brain neuronal CB2 cannabinoid receptors are involved in the effects of drugs of abuse and in depression
    • Onaivi E.S., Ishiguro H., Gong J.P., Patel S., Meozzi P.A., Myers L., et al. Functional expression of brain neuronal CB2 cannabinoid receptors are involved in the effects of drugs of abuse and in depression. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008, 1139:434-449.
    • (2008) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1139 , pp. 434-449
    • Onaivi, E.S.1    Ishiguro, H.2    Gong, J.P.3    Patel, S.4    Meozzi, P.A.5    Myers, L.6
  • 88
    • 78650120798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB1 and CB2
    • Pertwee R.G., Howlett A.C., Abood M.E., Alexander S.P., Di Marzo V., Elphick M.R., et al. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB1 and CB2. Pharmacol Rev 2010, 62:588-631.
    • (2010) Pharmacol Rev , vol.62 , pp. 588-631
    • Pertwee, R.G.1    Howlett, A.C.2    Abood, M.E.3    Alexander, S.P.4    Di Marzo, V.5    Elphick, M.R.6
  • 89
    • 26944446159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior
    • Phelps E.A., LeDoux J.E. Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior. Neuron 2005, 48:175-187.
    • (2005) Neuron , vol.48 , pp. 175-187
    • Phelps, E.A.1    LeDoux, J.E.2
  • 90
    • 0037032111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases extracellular GABA and increases extracellular glutamate and dopamine levels in the rat prefrontal cortex: an in vivo microdialysis study
    • Pistis M., Ferraro L., Pira L., Flore G., Tanganelli S., Gessa G.L., et al. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol decreases extracellular GABA and increases extracellular glutamate and dopamine levels in the rat prefrontal cortex: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res 2002, 948:155-158.
    • (2002) Brain Res , vol.948 , pp. 155-158
    • Pistis, M.1    Ferraro, L.2    Pira, L.3    Flore, G.4    Tanganelli, S.5    Gessa, G.L.6
  • 91
    • 78650901678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK, Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Group
    • Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Group Psychonaut Web Mapping Project: Final Report 2010, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
    • (2010) Psychonaut Web Mapping Project: Final Report
  • 92
    • 70949091684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer
    • Qamri Z., Preet A., Nasser M.W., Bass C.E., Leone G., Barsky S.H., et al. Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2009, 8:3117-3129.
    • (2009) Mol Cancer Ther , vol.8 , pp. 3117-3129
    • Qamri, Z.1    Preet, A.2    Nasser, M.W.3    Bass, C.E.4    Leone, G.5    Barsky, S.H.6
  • 93
    • 77954175124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cannabinoid-induced apoptosis in immune cells as a pathway to immunosuppression
    • Rieder S.A., Chauhan A., Singh U., Nagarkatti M., Nagarkatti P. Cannabinoid-induced apoptosis in immune cells as a pathway to immunosuppression. Immunobiology 2010, 215:598-605.
    • (2010) Immunobiology , vol.215 , pp. 598-605
    • Rieder, S.A.1    Chauhan, A.2    Singh, U.3    Nagarkatti, M.4    Nagarkatti, P.5
  • 95
    • 84857796142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convulsions associated with the use of a synthetic cannabinoid product
    • Schneir A.B., Baumbacher T. Convulsions associated with the use of a synthetic cannabinoid product. J Med Toxicol 2012, 8:62-64.
    • (2012) J Med Toxicol , vol.8 , pp. 62-64
    • Schneir, A.B.1    Baumbacher, T.2
  • 96
    • 79952814790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Spice" girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication
    • Schneir A.B., Cullen J., Ly B.T. "Spice" girls: synthetic cannabinoid intoxication. J Emerg Med 2011, 40:296-299.
    • (2011) J Emerg Med , vol.40 , pp. 296-299
    • Schneir, A.B.1    Cullen, J.2    Ly, B.T.3
  • 97
    • 79953228493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marijuana-based drugs: innovative therapeutics or designer drugs of abuse?
    • Seely K.A., Prather P.L., James L.P., Moran J.H. Marijuana-based drugs: innovative therapeutics or designer drugs of abuse?. Mol Interv 2011, 11:36-51.
    • (2011) Mol Interv , vol.11 , pp. 36-51
    • Seely, K.A.1    Prather, P.L.2    James, L.P.3    Moran, J.H.4
  • 101
    • 77953915638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine
    • Sobolevsky T., Prasolov I., Rodchenkov G. Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine. Forensic Sci Int 2010, 200:141-147.
    • (2010) Forensic Sci Int , vol.200 , pp. 141-147
    • Sobolevsky, T.1    Prasolov, I.2    Rodchenkov, G.3
  • 102
    • 33947433399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using drug-discrimination techniques to study the abuse-related effects of psychoactive drugs in rats
    • Solinas M., Panlilio L.V., Justinova Z., Yasar S., Goldberg S.R. Using drug-discrimination techniques to study the abuse-related effects of psychoactive drugs in rats. Nat Protoc 2006, 1:1194-1206.
    • (2006) Nat Protoc , vol.1 , pp. 1194-1206
    • Solinas, M.1    Panlilio, L.V.2    Justinova, Z.3    Yasar, S.4    Goldberg, S.R.5
  • 103
    • 77957952253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hippocampal formation in schizophrenia
    • Tamminga C.A., Stan A.D., Wagner A.D. The hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:1178-1193.
    • (2010) Am J Psychiatry , vol.167 , pp. 1178-1193
    • Tamminga, C.A.1    Stan, A.D.2    Wagner, A.D.3
  • 104
    • 77956872578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitive and rapid quantification of the cannabinoid receptor agonist naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018) in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
    • Teske J., Weller J.P., Fieguth A., Rothämel T., Schulz Y., Tröger H.D. Sensitive and rapid quantification of the cannabinoid receptor agonist naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018) in human serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010, 878:2659-2663.
    • (2010) J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci , vol.878 , pp. 2659-2663
    • Teske, J.1    Weller, J.P.2    Fieguth, A.3    Rothämel, T.4    Schulz, Y.5    Tröger, H.D.6
  • 105
    • 80052851618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids found in "Spice" products: the role of cannabinoid receptors and the caspase cascade in the NG 108-15 cell line
    • Tomiyama K., Funada M. Cytotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids found in "Spice" products: the role of cannabinoid receptors and the caspase cascade in the NG 108-15 cell line. Toxicol Lett 2011, 207:12-17.
    • (2011) Toxicol Lett , vol.207 , pp. 12-17
    • Tomiyama, K.1    Funada, M.2
  • 106
    • 77952291222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products
    • Uchiyama N., Kikura-Hanajiri R., Ogata J., Goda Y. Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products. Forensic Sci Int 2010, 198:31-38.
    • (2010) Forensic Sci Int , vol.198 , pp. 31-38
    • Uchiyama, N.1    Kikura-Hanajiri, R.2    Ogata, J.3    Goda, Y.4
  • 107
    • 79251632165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and quantitative analyses of two cannabimimetic phenylacetylindoles, JWH-251 and JWH-250, and four cannabimimetic naphthoylindoles, JWH-081, JWH-015, JWH-200 and JWH-073, as designer drugs in illegal products
    • Uchiyama N., Kawamura M., Kikura-Hanajiri R., Goda Y. Identification and quantitative analyses of two cannabimimetic phenylacetylindoles, JWH-251 and JWH-250, and four cannabimimetic naphthoylindoles, JWH-081, JWH-015, JWH-200 and JWH-073, as designer drugs in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol 2011, 29:25-37.
    • (2011) Forensic Toxicol , vol.29 , pp. 25-37
    • Uchiyama, N.1    Kawamura, M.2    Kikura-Hanajiri, R.3    Goda, Y.4
  • 109
    • 84875591956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No. 3209. Dangerous drugs
    • Available at: (accessed August 13, 2010), UK Statutory Instrument
    • UK Statutory Instrument No. 3209. Dangerous drugs. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2009 2009, Available at: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/pdf/uksi20093209 en.pdf (accessed August 13, 2010).
    • (2009) The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2009
  • 110
    • 80051686197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
    • United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) World Drug Report 2011 2011, 175-193.
    • (2011) World Drug Report 2011 , pp. 175-193
  • 111
    • 84155164719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey study to characterize use of Spice products (synthetic cannabinoids)
    • Vandrey R., Dunn K.E., Fry J.A., Girling E.R. A survey study to characterize use of Spice products (synthetic cannabinoids). Drug Alcohol Depend 2012, 120:238-241.
    • (2012) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.120 , pp. 238-241
    • Vandrey, R.1    Dunn, K.E.2    Fry, J.A.3    Girling, E.R.4
  • 112
    • 67449168117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discriminative stimulus properties of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in C57Bl/6J mice
    • Vann R.E., Warner J.A., Bushell K., Huffman J.W., Martin B.R., Wiley J.L. Discriminative stimulus properties of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in C57Bl/6J mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009, 615:102-107.
    • (2009) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.615 , pp. 102-107
    • Vann, R.E.1    Warner, J.A.2    Bushell, K.3    Huffman, J.W.4    Martin, B.R.5    Wiley, J.L.6
  • 113
    • 77954954841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation
    • Vardakou I., Pistos C., Spiliopoulou C.H. Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation. Toxicol Lett 2010, 197:157-162.
    • (2010) Toxicol Lett , vol.197 , pp. 157-162
    • Vardakou, I.1    Pistos, C.2    Spiliopoulou, C.H.3
  • 114
    • 79551626866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The popularity of "legal highs"
    • Verster J.C. The popularity of "legal highs". Curr Drug Abuse Rev 2010, 3:196-199.
    • (2010) Curr Drug Abuse Rev , vol.3 , pp. 196-199
    • Verster, J.C.1
  • 116
    • 84856358393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of 1-butyl-3-(1-(4-methyl)naphthoyl)indole in a herbal mixture
    • Westphal F., Sönnichsen F.D., Thiemt S. Identification of 1-butyl-3-(1-(4-methyl)naphthoyl)indole in a herbal mixture. Forensic Sci Int 2012, 215:8-13.
    • (2012) Forensic Sci Int , vol.215 , pp. 8-13
    • Westphal, F.1    Sönnichsen, F.D.2    Thiemt, S.3
  • 117
    • 0029079240 scopus 로고
    • Discriminative stimulus effects of CP 55,940 and structurally dissimilar cannabinoids in rats
    • Wiley J.L., Barrett R.L., Lowe J., Balster R.L., Martin B.R. Discriminative stimulus effects of CP 55,940 and structurally dissimilar cannabinoids in rats. Neuropharmacology 1995, 34:669-676.
    • (1995) Neuropharmacology , vol.34 , pp. 669-676
    • Wiley, J.L.1    Barrett, R.L.2    Lowe, J.3    Balster, R.L.4    Martin, B.R.5
  • 119
    • 84861225909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1-Pentyl-3-phenylacetylindoles and JWH-018 share in vivo cannabinoid profiles in mice
    • [Nov 27 Electronic publication ahead of print]
    • Wiley J.L., Marusich J.A., Martin B.R., Huffman J.W. 1-Pentyl-3-phenylacetylindoles and JWH-018 share in vivo cannabinoid profiles in mice. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011, [Nov 27 Electronic publication ahead of print]. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.001.
    • (2011) Drug Alcohol Depend
    • Wiley, J.L.1    Marusich, J.A.2    Martin, B.R.3    Huffman, J.W.4
  • 120
    • 80052213796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulate cocaine's actions in mice
    • Xi Z.X., Peng X.Q., Li X., Song R., Zhang H.Y., Liu Q.R., et al. Brain cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulate cocaine's actions in mice. Nat Neurosci 2011, 14:1160-1166.
    • (2011) Nat Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 1160-1166
    • Xi, Z.X.1    Peng, X.Q.2    Li, X.3    Song, R.4    Zhang, H.Y.5    Liu, Q.R.6
  • 121
    • 84865459635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiotoxicity associated with the synthetic cannabinoid, K9, with laboratory confirmation
    • [2011 Jul 28 Electronic publication ahead of print]
    • Young A.C., Schwarz E., Medina G., Obafemi A., Feng S.Y., Kane C., et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with the synthetic cannabinoid, K9, with laboratory confirmation. Am J Emerg Med 2011, [2011 Jul 28 Electronic publication ahead of print]. 10.1016/j.ajem.2011.05.013.
    • (2011) Am J Emerg Med
    • Young, A.C.1    Schwarz, E.2    Medina, G.3    Obafemi, A.4    Feng, S.Y.5    Kane, C.6
  • 123
    • 79960589944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Legal Highs" - new players in the old drama
    • Zawilska J.B. "Legal Highs" - new players in the old drama. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 2011, 4:122-130.
    • (2011) Curr Drug Abuse Rev , vol.4 , pp. 122-130
    • Zawilska, J.B.1
  • 125
    • 79954444738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of "herbal highs" composition
    • Zuba D., Byrska B., Maciow M. Comparison of "herbal highs" composition. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011, 400:119-126.
    • (2011) Anal Bioanal Chem , vol.400 , pp. 119-126
    • Zuba, D.1    Byrska, B.2    Maciow, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.