Helicobacter pylori vaccines

Helicobacter pylori in the 21st Century: Advances in Molecular and Cellular Microbiology

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 167-189

  Blanchard, T G ^a   Nedrud, J G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890131571     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (139)

1. Aebischer, T., Bumann, D., Epple, H.J., Metzger, W., Schneider, T., Cherepnev, G., Walduck, A.K., Kunkel, D., Moos, V., Loddenkemper, C., Jiadze, I., Panasyuk, M., Stolte, M., Graham, D.Y., Zeitz, M. and Meyer, T.F. (2008) Correlation of T cell response and bacterial clearance in human volunteers challenged with Helicobacter pylori revealed by randomised controlled vaccination with Ty21a-based Salmonella vaccines. Gut 57, 1065-1072.
2. Akhiani, A.A., Pappo, J., Kabok, Z., Schon, K., Gao, W., Franzen, L.E. and Lycke, N. (2002) Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection following immunization is IL-12-dependent and mediated by Th1 cells. Journal of Immunology 169, 6977-6984.
3. Akhiani, A.A., Schon, K., Franzen, L.E., Pappo, J. and Lycke, N. (2004) Helicobacter pylori-specific antibodies impair the development of gastritis, facilitate bacterial colonization, and counteract resistance against infection. Journal of Immunology 172, 5024-5033.
4. Akhiani, A.A., Stensson, A., Schon, K. and Lycke, N.Y. (2005) IgA antibodies impair resistance against Helicobacter pylori infection: studies on immune evasion in IL-10-deficient mice. Journal of Immunology 174, 8144-8153.
5. Akhiani, A.A., Stensson, A., Schon, K. and Lycke, N. (2006) The nontoxic CTA1-DD adjuvant enhances protective immunity against Helicobacter pylori infection following mucosal immunization. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 63, 97-105.
6. Angelakopoulos, H. and Hohmann, E.L. (2000) Pilot study of phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing Helicobacter pylori urease in adult volunteers. Infection and Immunity 68, 2135-2141.
7. Banerjee, S., Medina-Fatimi, A., Nichols, R., Tendler, D., Michetti, M., Simon, J., Kelly, C.P., Monath, T.P. and Michetti, P. (2002) Safety and efficacy of low dose Escherichia coli enterotoxin adjuvant for urease based oral immunisation against Helicobacter pylori in healthy volunteers. Gut 51, 634-640.
8. -/-) mice. American Journal of Pathology 152, 1377-1386.
9. Blanchard, T.G., Czinn, S.J., Maurer, R., Thomas, W.D., Soman, G. and Nedrud, J.G. (1995) Urease-specific monoclonal antibodies prevent Helicobacter felis infection in mice. Infection and Immunity 63, 1394-1399.
10. Blanchard, T.G., Lycke, N., Czinn, S.J. and Nedrud, J.G. (1998) Recombinant cholera toxin B subunit is not an effective mucosal adjuvant for oral immunization of mice against H. felis. Immunology 94, 22-27.
11. Blanchard, T.G., Czinn, S.J., Redline, R.W., Sigmund, N., Harriman, G. and Nedrud, J.G. (1999a) Antibody-independent protective mucosal immunity to gastric Helicobacter infection in mice. Cellular Immunology 191, 74-80.
12. Blanchard, T.G., Nedrud, J.G. and Czinn, S.J. (1999b) Local and systemic antibody responses in humans with Helicobacter pylori infection. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 13, 591-594.
13. Blanchard, T.G., Nedrud, J.G., Reardon, E.S. and Czinn, S.J. (1999c) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the local and systemic antibody response in mice and humans with Helicobacter immunity and infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 179, 725-728.
14. Blanchard, T.G., Yu, F., Hsieh, C.L. and Redline, R.W. (2003) Severe inflammation and reduced bacteria load in murine Helicobacter infection caused by lack of phagocyte oxidase activity. Journal of Infectious Diseases 187, 1609-1615.
15. Blanchard, T.G., Eisenberg, J.C. and Matsumoto, Y. (2004) Clearance of Helicobacter pylori infection through immunization: the site of T cell activation contributes to vaccine efficacy. Vaccine 22, 888-897.
16. Bogstedt, A.K., Nava, S., Wadstrom, T. and Hammarstrom, L. (1996) Helicobacter pylori infections in IgA deficiency: lack of role for the secretory immune system. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 105, 202-204.
17. Bumann, D., Metzger, W.G., Mansouri, E., Palme, O., Wendland, M., Hurwitz, R., Haas, G., Aebischer, T., Von Specht, B.U. and Meyer, T.F. (2001) Safety and immunogenicity of live recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a expressing urease A and B from Helicobacter pylori in human volunteers. Vaccine 20, 845-852.
18. Cardenas-Freytag, L., Cheng, E., Mayeux, P., Domer, J.E. and Clements, J.D. (1999) Effectiveness of a vaccine composed of heatkilled Candida albicans and a novel mucosal adjuvant, LT(R192G), against systemic candidiasis. Infection and Immunity 67, 826-833.
19. Caruso, R., Fina, D., Paoluzi, O.A., Del Vecchio Blanco, G., Stolfi, C., Rizzo, A., Caprioli, F., Sarra, M., Andrei, F., Fantini, M.C., MacDonald, T.T., Pallone, F. and Monteleone, G. (2008) IL-23-mediated regulation of IL-17 production in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa. European Journal of Immunology 38, 470-478.
20. Casswall, T.H., Nilsson, H.O., Bjorck, L., Sjostedt, S., Xu, L., Nord, C.K., Boren, T., Wadstrom, T. and Hammarstrom, L. (2002) Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 37, 1380-1385.
21. Cava, A.L. and Matarese, G. (2004) The weight of leptin in immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology 4, 371-379.
22. Chak, E., Rutherford, G.W. and Steinmaus, C. (2009) The role of breast-feeding in the prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48, 430-437.
23. Chen, M., Lee, A., Hazell, S., Hu, P. and Li, Y. (1993) Immunisation against gastric infection with Helicobacter species: first step in the prophylaxis of gastric cancer? Zentralblatt für Bakteriolgie 280, 155-165.
24. Chionh, Y.-T., Wee, J.L.K., Every, A.L., Ng, G.Z. and Sutton, P. (2009) M-cell targeting of whole killed bacteria induces protective immunity against gastrointestinal pathogens. Infection and Immunity 77, 2962-2970.
25. Corthesy, B., Boris, S., Isler, P., Grangette, C. and Mercenier, A. (2005) Oral immunization of mice with lactic acid bacteria producing Helicobacter pylori urease B subunit partially protects against challenge with Helicobacter felis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 192, 1441-1449.
26. Corthesy-Theulaz, I.E., Hopkins, S., Bachmann, D., Saldinger, P.F., Porta, N., Haas, R., Zheng-Xin, Y., Meyer, T., Bouzourene, H., Blum, A.L. and Kraehenbuhl, J.P. (1998) Mice are protected from Helicobacter pylori infection by nasal immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium phoPc expressing urease A and B subunits. Infection and Immunity 66, 581-586.
27. Couper, K.N., Blount, D.G. and Riley, E.M. (2008) IL-10: the master regulator of immunity to infection. Journal of Immunology 180, 5771-5777.
28. Curtis, M.M. and Way, S.S. (2009) Interleukin-17 in host defence against bacterial, mycobacterial and fungal pathogens. Immunology 126, 177-185.
29. Curtiss, R. 3rd, Wanda, S.Y., Gunn, B.M., Zhang, X., Tinge, S.A., Ananthnarayan, V., Mo, H., Wang, S. and Kong, W. (2009) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains with regulated delayed attenuation in vivo. Infection and Immunity 77, 1071-1082.
30. Czinn, S.J. and Nedrud, J.G. (1991) Oral immunization against Helicobacter pylori. Infection and Immunity 59, 2359-2363.
31. Czinn, S.J., Cai, A. and Nedrud, J.G. (1993) Protection of germ-free mice from infection by Helicobacter felis after active oral or passive IgA immunization. Vaccine 11, 637-642.
32. DeLyria, E.S., Redline, R.W. and Blanchard, T.G. (2009) Vaccination of mice against H. pylori induces a strong Th-17 response and immunity that is neutrophil dependent. Gastroenterology 136, 247-256.
33. De Rosa, V., Procaccini, C., Cali, G., Pirozzi, G., Fontana, S., Zappacosta, S., La Cava, A. and Matarese, G. (2007) A key role of leptin in the control of regulatory T cell proliferation. Immunity 26, 241-255.
34. Ding, H., Nedrud, J.G., Wershil, B., Redline, R.W., Blanchard, T.G. and Czinn, S.J. (2009) Partial protection against Helicobacter pylori in the absence of mast cells in mice. Infection and Immunity 77, 5543-5550.
35. DiPetrillo, M.D., Tibbetts, T., Kleanthous, H., Killeen, K.P. and Hohmann, E.L. (1999) Safety and immunogenicity of phoP/phoQ-deleted Salmonella typhi expressing Helicobacter pylori ur ease in adult volunteers. Vaccine 18, 449-459.
36. Dubois, A., Lee, C.K., Fiala, N., Kleanthous, H., Mehlman, P.T. and Monath, T. (1998) Immunization against natural Helicobacter pylori infection in nonhuman primates. Infection and Immunity 66, 4340-4346.
37. Dzwonek, A., Mikula, M., Woszczynski, M., Hennig, E. and Ostrowski, J. (2004) Protective effect of vaccination with DNA of the H. pylori genomic library in experimentally infected mice. Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters 9, 483-495.
38. Eaton, K.A. and Krakowka, S. (1992) Chronic active gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori in immunized gnotobiotic piglets. Gastroenterology 103, 1580-1586.
39. Eaton, K.A., Ringler, S.R. and Danon, S.J. (1999) Murine splenocytes induce severe gastritis and delayed-type hypersensitivity and suppress bacterial colonization in Helicobacter pyloriinfected SCID mice. Infection and Immunity 67, 4594-4602.
40. Eaton, K.A., Mefford, M. and Thevenot, T. (2001) The role of T cell subsets and cytokines in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in mice. Journal of Immunology 166, 7456-7461.
41. Eisenberg, J.C., Czinn, S.J., Garhart, C.A., Redline, R.W., Bartholomae, W.C., Gottwein, J.M., Nedrud, J.G., Emancipator, S.E., Boehm, B.B., Lehmann, P.V. and Blanchard, T.G. (2003) Protective efficacy of anti-Helicobacter pylori immunity following systemic immunization of neonatal mice. Infection and Immunity 71, 1820-1827.
42. Ermak, T.H., Giannasca, P.J., Nichols, R., Myers, G.A., Nedrud, J., Weltzin, R., Lee, C.K., Kleanthous, H. and Monath, T.P. (1998) Immunization of mice with urease vaccine affords protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in the absence of antibodies and is mediated by MHC class II-restricted responses. Journal of Experimental Medicine 188, 2277-2288.
43. Fantuzzi, G. (2005) Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 115, 911-919.
44. Ferrero, R.L., Thiberge, J.M., Kansau, I., Wuscher, N., Huerre, M. and Labigne, A. (1995) The GroES homolog of Helicobacter pylori confers protective immunity against mucosal infection in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92, 6499-6503.
45. Ferrero, R.L., Thiberge, J.M. and Labigne, A. (1997) Local immunoglobulin G antibodies in the stomach may contribute to immunity against Helicobacter felis infection in mice. Gastroenterology 113, 185-194.
46. Fox, J.G., Beck, P., Dangler, C.A., Whary, M.T., Wang, T.C., Shi, H.N. and Nagler-Anderson, C. (2000) Concurrent enteric helminth infection modulates inflammation and gastric immune responses and reduces Helicobacter-induced gastric atrophy. Nature Medicine 6, 536-542.
47. Garhart, C.A., Redline, R.W., Nedrud, J.G. and Czinn, S.J. (2002) Clearance of Helicobacter pylori infection and resolution of post immunization gastritis in a kinetic study of prophylactically immunized mice. Infection and Immunity 70, 3529-3538.
48. Garhart, C.A., Heinzel, F.P., Czinn, S.J. and Nedrud, J.G. (2003) Vaccine-induced reduction of Helicobacter pylori colonization in mice is interleukin-12 dependent but gamma interferon and inducible nitric oxide synthase independent. Infection and Immunity 71, 910-921.
49. Ghiara, P., Rossi, M., Marchetti, M., Di Tommaso, A., Vindigni, C., Ciampolini, F., Covacci, A., Telford, J.L., De Magistris, M.T., Pizza, M., Rappuoli, R. and Del Giudice, G. (1997) Therapeutic intragastric vaccination against Helicobacter pylori in mice eradicates an otherwise chronic infection and confers protection against reinfection. Infection and Immunity 65, 4996-5002.
50. Gomez-Duarte, O.G., Lucas, B., Yan, Z.X., Panthel, K., Haas, R. and Meyer, T.F. (1998) Protection of mice against gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori by single oral dose immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium producing urease subunits A and B. Vaccine 16, 460-471.
51. Gottwein, J.M., Blanchard, T.G., Targoni, O.S., Eisenberg, J.C., Zagorski, B.M., Redline, R.V., Nedrud, J.G., Tary-Lehmann, M., Lehman, P.V. and Czinn, S.J. (2001) Protective anti-Helicobacter immunity is induced with aluminum hydroxide or complete Freund's adjuvant by systemic immunization. Journal of Infectious Diseases 184, 308-314.
52. Graham, D.Y., Opekun, A.R., Osato, M.S., El-Zimaity, H.M., Lee, C.K., Yamaoka, Y., Qureshi, W.A., Cadoz, M. and Monath, T.P. (2004) Challenge model for Helicobacter pylori infection in human volunteers. Gut 53, 1235-1243.
53. Guy, B., Hessler, C. and Fourage, S. (1997) Mucosal, systemic, or combined therapeutic immunizations in cynomolgus monkeys naturally infected with Gastrospirillum hominis-like organisms. Vaccine Research 6, 141-150.
54. Guy, B., Hessler, C., Fourage, S., Haensler, J., Vialon-Lafay, E., Rokbi, B. and Millet, M.J. (1998) Systemic immunization with urease protects mice against Helicobacter pylori infection. Vaccine 16, 850-856.
55. Harbour, S.N., Every, A.L., Edwards, S. and Sutton, P. (2008) Systemic immunization with unadjuvanted whole Helicobacter pylori protects mice against heterologous challenge. Helicobacter 13, 494-499.
56. Hatzifoti, C., Roussel, Y., Harris, A.G., Wren, B.W., Morrow, J.W. and Bajaj-Elliott, M. (2006) Mucosal immunization with a urease B DNA vaccine induces innate and cellular immune responses against Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 11, 113-122.
57. Hifumi, E., Morihara, F., Hatiuchi, K., Okuda, T., Nishizono, A. and Uda, T. (2008) Catalytic features and eradication ability of antibody lightchain UA15-L against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Biological Chemistry 283, 899-907.
58. Ismail, H.F., Fick, P., Zhang, J., Lynch, R.G. and Berg, D.J. (2003) Depletion of neutrophils in IL-10-/-mice delays clearance of gastric Helicobacter infection and decreases the Th1 immune response to Helicobacter. Journal of Immunology 170, 3782-3789.
59. Ivanov, I., Frutos Rde, L., Manel, N., Yoshinaga, K., Rifkin, D.B., Sartor, R.B., Finlay, B.B. and Littman, D.R. (2008) Specific microbiota direct the differentiation of IL-17-producing T-helper cells in the mucosa of the small intestine. Cell Host & Microbe 4, 337-349.
60. Jeremy, A.H., Du, Y., Dixon, M.F., Robinson, P.A. and Crabtree, J.E. (2006) Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in the Mongolian gerbil after prophylactic vaccination. Microbes and Infection 8, 340-346.
61. Jiang, W., Baker, H.J. and Smith, B.F. (2003) Mucosal immunization with Helicobacter, CpG DNA, and cholera toxin is protective. Infection and Immunity 71, 40-46.
62. Keenan, J., Oliaro, J., Domigan, N., Potter, H., Aitken, G., Allardyce, R. and Roake, J. (2000) Immune response to an 18-kilodalton outer membrane antigen identifies lipoprotein 20 as a Helicobacter pylori vaccine candidate. Infection and Immunity 68, 3337-3343.
63. Kleanthous, H., Myers, G.A., Georgakopoulos, K.M., Tibbitts, T.J., Ingrassia, J.W., Gray, H.L., Ding, R., Zhang, Z.Z., Lei, W., Nichols, R., Lee, C.K., Ermak, T.H. and Monath, T.P. (1998) Rectal and intranasal immunizations with recombinant urease induce distinct local and serum immune responses in mice and protect against Helicobacter pylori infection. Infection and Immunity 66, 2879-2886.
64. Kleanthous, H., Tibbitts, T.J., Gray, H.L., Myers, G.A., Lee, C.K., Ermak, T.H. and Monath, T.P. (2001) Sterilizing immunity against experimental Helicobacter pylori infection is challenge-strain dependent. Vaccine 19, 4883-4895.
65. Kong, W., Wanda, S.Y., Zhang, X., Bollen, W., Tinge, S.A., Roland, K.L. and Curtiss, R. 3rd (2008) Regulated programmed lysis of recombinant Salmonella in host tissues to release protective antigens and confer biological containment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 105, 9361-9366.
66. Kotloff, K.L., Sztein, M.B., Wasserman, S.S., Losonsky, G.A., Dilorenzo, S.C. and Walker, R.I. (2001) Safety and immunogenicity of oral inactivated whole-cell Helicobacter pylori vaccine with adjuvant among volunteers with or without subclinical infection. Infection and Immunity 69, 3581-3590.
67. Krieg, A.M. (2006) Therapeutic potential of Toll-like receptor 9 activation. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 5, 471-484.
68. Leal-Herrera, Y., Torres, J., Perez-Perez, G., Gomez, A., Monath, T., Tapia-Conyer, R. and Munoz, O. (1999) Serologic IgG response to urease in Helicobacter pylori-infected persons from Mexico. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 587-592.
69. Lee, A. and Chen, M. (1994) Successful immunization against gastric infection with Helicobacter species: use of a cholera toxin B-subunit-whole-cell vaccine. Infection and Immunity 62, 3594-3597.
70. Lee, C.K., Weltzin, R., Thomas, W.D. Jr, Kleanthous, H., Ermak, T.H., Soman, G., Hill, J.E., Ackerman, S.K. and Monath, T.P. (1995) Oral immunization with recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease induces secretory IgA antibodies and protects mice from challenge with Helicobacter felis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 172, 161-172.
71. Lee, C.K., Soike, K., Giannasca, P., Hill, J., Weltzin, R., Kleanthous, H., Blanchard, J. and Monath, T.P. (1999a) Immunization of rhesus monkeys with a mucosal prime, parenteral boost strategy protects against infection with Helicobacter pylori. Vaccine 17, 3072-3082.
72. Lee, C.K., Soike, K., Hill, J., Georgakopoulos, K., Tibbitts, T., Ingrassia, J., Gray, H., Boden, J., Kleanthous, H., Giannasca, P., Ermak, T., Weltzin, R., Blanchard, J. and Monath, T.P. (1999b) Immunization with recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease decreases colonization levels following experimental infection of rhesus monkeys. Vaccine 17, 1493-1505.
73. Lemke, L.B., Ge, Z., Whary, M.T., Feng, Y., Rogers, A.B., Muthupalani, S. and Fox, J.G. (2009) Concurrent Helicobacter bilis infection in C57BL/6 mice attenuates proinflammatory H. pylori-induced gastric pathology. Infection and Immunity 77, 2147-2158.
74. Londono-Arcila, P., Freeman, D., Kleanthous, H., O'Dowd, A.M., Lewis, S., Turner, A.K., Rees, E.L., Tibbitts, T.J., Greenwood, J., Monath, T.P. and Darsley, M.J. (2002) Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi expressing urease effectively immunizes mice against Helicobacter pylori challenge as part of a heterologous mucosal priming-parenteral boosting vaccination regimen. Infection and Immunity 70, 5096-5106.
75. Luzza, F., Parrello, T., Monteleone, G., Sebkova, L., Romano, M., Zarrilli, R., Imeneo, M. and Pallone, F. (2000) Up-regulation of IL-17 is associated with bioactive IL-8 expression in Helicobacter pylori-infected human gastric mucosa. Journal of Immunology 165, 5332-5337.
76. Malfertheiner, P., Schultze, V., Rosenkranz, B., Kaufmann, S.H., Ulrichs, T., Novicki, D., Norelli, F., Contorni, M., Peppoloni, S., Berti, D., Tornese, D., Ganju, J., Palla, E., Rappuoli, R., Scharschmidt, B.F. and Del Giudice, G. (2008) Safety and immunogenicity of an intramuscular Helicobacter pylori vaccine in noninfected volunteers: a phase I study. Gastroenterology 135, 787-795.
77. Maloy, K.J. (2008) The interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis in intestinal inflammation. Journal of Internal Medicine 263, 584-590.
78. Marchetti, M., Rossi, M., Giannelli, V., Giuliani, M.M., Pizza, M., Censini, S., Covacci, A., Massari, P., Pagliaccia, C., Manetti, R., Telford, J.L., Douce, G., Dougan, G., Rappuoli, R. and Ghiara, P. (1998) Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice by intragastric vaccination with H. pylori antigens is achieved using a nontoxic mutant of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) as adjuvant. Vaccine 16, 33-37.
79. Marnila, P., Rokka, S., Rehnberg-Laiho, L., Karkkainen, P., Kosunen, T.U., Rautelin, H., Hanninen, M.L., Syvaoja, E.L. and Korhonen, H. (2003) Prevention and suppression of Helicobacter felis infection in mice using colostral preparation with specific antibodies. Helicobacter 8, 192-201.
80. Matsumoto, Y., Blanchard, T.G., Drakes, M.L., Basu, M., Redline, R.W., Levine, A.D. and Czinn, S.J. (2005) Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and resolution of gastritis in the gastric mucosa of IL-10-deficient mice. Helicobacter 10, 407-415.
81. Mazmanian, S.K., Round, J.L. and Kasper, D.L. (2008) A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease. Nature 453, 620-625.
82. Metzger, W.G., Mansouri, E., Kronawitter, M., Diescher, S., Soerensen, M., Hurwitz, R., Bumann, D., Aebischer, T., Von Specht, B.U. and Meyer, T.F. (2004) Impact of vector-priming on the immunogenicity of a live recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi Ty21a vaccine expressing urease A and B from Helicobacter pylori in human volunteers. Vaccine 22, 2273-2277.
83. Michetti, P., Corthesy-Thelaz, I., Davin, C., Haas, R., Vaney, A.C., Heitz, M., Bille, J., Kraehenbuhl, J.P., Saraga, E. and Blum, A.L. (1994) Immunization of Balb/c mice against Helicobacter felis infection with Helicobacter pylori urease. Gastroenterology 107, 1002-1011.
84. Michetti, P., Kreiss, C., Kotloff, K.L., Porta, N., Blanco, J.L., Bachmann, D., Herranz, M., Saldinger, P.F., Corthesy-Theulaz, I., Losonsky, G., Nichols, R., Simon, J., Stolte, M., Ackerman, S., Monath, T.P. and Blum, A.L. (1999) Oral immunization with urease and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin is safe and immunogenic in Helicobacter pylori-infected adults. Gastroenterology 116, 804-812.
85. Mitchell, P., Germain, C., Fiori, P.L., Khamri, W., Foster, G.R., Ghosh, S., Lechler, R.I., Bamford, K.B. and Lombardi, G. (2007) Chronic exposure to Helicobacter pylori impairs dendritic cell function and inhibits Th1 development. Infection and Immunity 75, 810-819.
86. Miyashita, M., Joh, T., Watanabe, K., Todoroki, I., Seno, K., Ohara, H., Nomura, T., Miyata, M., Kasugai, K., Tochikubo, K., Itoh, M. and Nitta, M. (2002) Immune responses in mice to intranasal and intracutaneous administration of a DNA vaccine encoding Helicobacter pylori-catalase. Vaccine 20, 2336-2342.
87. Mohammadi, M., Redline, R., Nedrud, J. and Czinn, S. (1996) Role of the host in pathogenesis of Helicobacter-associated gastritis/H. felis infection of inbred and congenic mouse strains. Infection and Immunity 64, 238-245.
88. Mohammadi, M., Nedrud, J., Redline, R., Lycke, N. and Czinn, S. (1997) Murine CD4 T cell responses to Helicobacter infection: TH1 cells enhance gastritis and TH2 cells reduce bacterial load. Gastroenterology 113, 1848-1857.
89. Mueller, A., O'Rourke, J., Chu, P., Kim, C.C., Sutton, P., Lee, A. and Falkow, S. (2003) Protective immunity against Helicobacter is characterized by a unique transcriptional signature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100, 12289-12294.
90. Nakajima, S., Krishnan, B., Ota, H., Segura, A.M., Hattori, T., Graham, D.Y. and Genta, R.M. (1997) Mast cell involvement in gastritis with or without Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 113, 746-754.
91. Nedrud, J.G. (2001) Helicobacter pylori vaccines: lessons from small animal models. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 53, 429-436.
92. Panthel, K., Faller, G. and Haas, R. (2003a) Colonization of C57BL/6J and BALB/c wild-type and knockout mice with Helicobacter pylori: effect of vaccination and implications for innate and acquired immunity. Infection and Immunity 71, 794-800.
93. Panthel, K., Jechlinger, W., Matis, A., Rohde, M., Szostak, M., Lubitz, W. and Haas, R. (2003b) Generation of Helicobacter pylori ghosts by PhiX protein E-mediated inactivation and their evaluation as vaccine candidates. Infection and Immunity 71, 109-116.
94. Pappo, J., Torrey, D., Castriotta, L., Savinainen, A., Kabok, Z. and Ibraghimov, A. (1999) Helicobacter pylori infection in immunized mice lacking major histocompatibility complex class I and class II functions. Infection and Immunity 67, 337-341.
95. Radcliff, F.J., Hazell, S.L., Kolesnikow, T., Doidge, C. and Lee, A. (1997) Catalase, a novel antigen for Helicobacter pylori vaccination. Infection and Immunity 65, 4668-4674.
96. Raghavan, S., Nystrom, J., Fredriksson, M., Holmgren, J. and Harandi, A.M. (2003) Orally administered CpG oligodeoxynucleotide induces production of CXC and CC chemokines in the gastric mucosa and suppresses bacterial colonization in a mouse model of Helicobacter pylori infection. Infection and Immunity 71, 7014-7022.
97. Rahn, W., Redline, R.W. and Blanchard, T.G. (2004) Molecular analysis of Helicobacter pyloriassociated gastric inflammation in naive versus previously immunized mice. Vaccine 23, 807-818.
98. Rathbone, B.J., Wyatt, J.I., Worsley, B.W., Shires, S.E., Trejdosiewicz, L.K., Heatley, R.V. and Losowsky, M.S. (1986) Systematic and local antibody responses to gastric Campylobacter pyloridis in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Gut 27, 642-647.
99. Romani, L., Fallarino, F., De Luca, A., Montagnoli, C., D'Angelo, C., Zelante, T., Vacca, C., Bistoni, F., Fioretti, M.C., Grohmann, U., Segal, B.H. and Puccetti, P. (2008) Defective tryptophan catabolism underlies inflammation in mouse chronic granulomatous disease. Nature 451, 211-215.
100. Rossi, G., Ruggiero, P., Peppoloni, S., Pancotto, L., Fortuna, D., Lauretti, L., Volpini, G., Mancianti, S., Corazza, M., Taccini, E., Di Pisa, F., Rappuoli, R. and Del Giudice, G. (2004) Therapeutic vaccination against Helicobacter pylori in the beagle dog experimental model: safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. Infection and Immunity 72, 3252-3259.
101. Rubtsov, Y.P., Rasmussen, J.P., Chi, E.Y., Fontenot, J., Castelli, L., Ye, X., Treuting, P., Siewe, L., Roers, A., Henderson, W.R. Jr, Muller, W. and Rudensky, A.Y. (2008) Regulatory T cellderived interleukin-10 limits inflammation at environmental interfaces. Immunity 28, 546-558.
102. RuizBustos, E., SierraBeltran, A., Romero, M.J., RodriguezJaramillo, C. and Ascencio, F. (2000) Protection of BALB/c mice against experimental Helicobacter pylori infection by oral immunisation with H. pylori heparan sulphatebinding proteins coupled to cholera toxin βsubunit. Journal of Medical Microbiology 49, 535-541.
103. Rupnow, M.F., Shachter, R.D., Owens, D.K. and Parsonnet, J. (2001) Quantifying the population impact of a prophylactic Helicobacter pylori vaccine. Vaccine 20, 879-885.
104. Sakagami, T., Dixon, M., O'Rourke, J., Howlett, R., Alderuccio, F., Vella, J., Shimoyama, T. and Lee, A. (1996) Atrophic gastric changes in both H. felis and H. pylori infected mice are host dependent and separate from antral gastritis. Gut 39, 639-648.
105. Satin, B., Del Giudice, G., Della Bianca, V., Dusi, S., Laudanna, C., Tonello, F., Kelleher, D., Rappuoli, R., Montecucco, C. and Rossi, F. (2000) The neutrophilactivating protein (HPNAP) of Helicobacter pylori is a protective antigen and a major virulence factor. Journal of Experimental Medicine 191, 1467-1476.
106. Sawai, N., Kita, M., Kodama, T., Tanahashi, T., Yamaoka, Y., Tagawa, Y., Iwakura, Y. and Imanishi, J. (1999) Role of gamma interferon in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammatory responses in a mouse model. Infection and Immunity 67, 279-285.
107. + T cellmediated IFNγ response to Helicobacter infection is essential for clearance and determines gastric cancer risk. Journal of Immunology 182, 7085-7101.
108. Shi, T., Liu, W.Z., Gao, F., Shi, G.Y. and Xiao, S.D. (2005) Intranasal CpGoligodeoxynucleotide is a potent adjuvant of vaccine against Helicobacter pylori, and T helper 1 type response and interferonγ correlate with the protection. Helicobacter 10, 71-79.
109. Shiomi, S., Toriie, A., Imamura, S., Konishi, H., Mitsufuji, S., Iwakura, Y., Yamaoka, Y., Ota, H., Yamamoto, T., Imanishi, J. and Kita, M. (2008) IL17 is involved in Helicobacter pyloriinduced gastric inflammatory responses in a mouse model. Helicobacter 13, 518-524.
110. Siegmund, B., Sennello, J.A., JonesCarson, J., GamboniRobertson, F., Lehr, H.A., Batra, A., Fedke, I., Zeitz, M. and Fantuzzi, G. (2004) Leptin receptor expression on T lymphocytes modulates chronic intestinal inflammation in mice. Gut 53, 965-972.
111. Sjolander, A., Cox, J.C. and Barr, I.G. (1998) ISCOMs: an adjuvant with multiple functions. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 64, 713-723.
112. Skene, C. (2009) Helicobacter pylori vaccine development. PhD thesis, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
113. Skene, C.D., Doidge, C. and Sutton, P. (2008) Evaluation of ISCOMATRIX™ and ISCOM™ vaccines for immunisation against Helicobacter pylori. Vaccine 26, 3880-3884.
114. Smythies, L.E., Novak, M.J., Waites, K.B., Lindsey, J.R., Morrow, C.D. and Smith, P.D. (2005) Poliovirus replicons encoding the B subunit of Helicobacter pylori urease protect mice against H. pylori infection. Vaccine 23, 901-909.
115. Solnick, J.V., Canfield, D.R., Hansen, L.M. and Torabian, S.Z. (2000) Immunization with recombinant Helicobacter pylori urease in specific-pathogen-free rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Infection and Immunity 68, 2560-2565.
116. Sommer, F., Wilken, H., Faller, G. and Lohoff, M. (2004) Systemic Th1 immunization of mice against Helicobacter pylori infection with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as adjuvants does not protect from infection but enhances gastritis. Infection and Immunity 72, 1029-1035.
117. Sougioultzis, S., Lee, C.K., Alsahli, M., Banerjee, S., Cadoz, M., Schrader, R., Guy, B., Bedford, P., Monath, T.P., Kelly, C.P. and Michetti, P. (2002) Safety and efficacy of E. coli enterotoxin adjuvant for ureasebased rectal immunization against Helicobacter pylori. Vaccine 21, 194-201.
118. Spangler, B.D. (1992) Structure and function of cholera toxin and the related Escherichia coli heatlabile enterotoxin. Microbiological Reviews 56, 622-647.
119. - Tcell anergy but are not required to maintain persistent hyporesponsiveness. European Journal of Immunology 38, 3426-3435.
120. Sutton, P., Wilson, J., Kosaka, T., Wolowczuk, I. and Lee, A. (2000) Therapeutic immunization against Helicobacter pylori infection in the absence of antibodies. Immunology and Cell Biology 78, 28-30.
121. Sutton, P., Doidge, C., Pinczower, G., Wilson, J., Harbour, S., Swierczak, A. and Lee, A. (2007) Effectiveness of vaccination with recombinant HpaA from Helicobacter pylori is influenced by host genetic background. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 50, 213-219.
122. Svennerholm, A.M. and Lundgren, A. (2007) Progress in vaccine development against Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 50, 146-156.
123. Taylor, J.M., Ziman, M.E., Canfield, D.R., Vajdy, M. and Solnick, J.V. (2008) Effects of a Th1-versus a Th2-biased immune response in protection against Helicobacter pylori challenge in mice. Microbial Pathogenesis 44, 20-27.
124. Thomas, J.E., Austin, S., Dale, A., McClean, P., Harding, M., Coward, W.A. and Weaver, L.T. (1993) Protection by human milk IgA against Helicobacter pylori infection in infancy. Lancet 342, 121.
125. Thomas, J.E., Bunn, J.E., Kleanthous, H., Monath, T.P., Harding, M., Coward, W.A. and Weaver, L.T. (2004) Specific immunoglobulin A antibodies in maternal milk and delayed Helicobacter pylori colonization in Gambian infants. Clinical Infectious Diseases 39, 1155-1160.
126. Todoroki, I., Joh, T., Watanabe, K., Miyashita, M., Seno, K., Nomura, T., Ohara, H., Yokoyama, Y., Tochikubo, K. and Itoh, M. (2000) Suppressive effects of DNA vaccines encoding heat shock protein on Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 277, 159-163.
127. Velin, D., Bachmann, D., Bouzourene, H. and Michetti, P. (2005) Mast cells are critical mediators of vaccine-induced Helicobacter clearance in the mouse model. Gastroenterology 129, 142-155.
128. Velin, D., Favre, L., Bernasconi, E., Bachmann, D., Pythoud, C., Saiji, E., Bouzourene, H. and Michetti, P. (2009) Interleukin 17 is a critical mediator of vaccine-induced reduction of Helicobacter infection in the mouse model. Gastroenterology 136, 2237-2246.
129. Walduck, A., Schmitt, A., Lucas, B., Aebischer, T. and Meyer, T.F. (2004) Transcription profiling analysis of the mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against H. pylori. FASEB Journal 18, 1955-1957.
130. Wehrens, A., Aebischer, T., Meyer, T.F. and Walduck, A.K. (2008) Leptin receptor signaling is required for vaccine-induced protection against Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 13, 94-102.
131. Weltzin, R., Kleanthous, H., Guirdkhoo, F., Monath, T.P. and Lee, C.K. (1997) Novel intranasal immunization techniques for antibody induction and protection of mice against gastric Helicobacter felis infection. Vaccine 15, 370-376.
132. Weltzin, R., Guy, B., Thomas, W.D. Jr, Giannasca, P.J. and Monath, T.P. (2000) Parenteral adjuvant activities of Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin and its B subunit for immunization of mice against gastric Helicobacter pylori infection. Infection and Immunity 68, 2775-2782.
133. Willing, B.P. and Finlay, B.B. (2009) Gut microbiology: fitting into the intestinal neighbourhood. Current Biology 19, R457-R459.
134. Wu, C., Shi, Y., Guo, H., Zou, W.Y., Guo, G., Xie, Q.H., Mao, X.H., Tong, W.D. and Zou, Q.M. (2008) Protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian gerbil by intragastric or intramuscular administration of H. pylori multicomponent vaccine. Helicobacter 13, 191-199.
135. Wyatt, J.I., Rathbone, B.J. and Heatley, R.V. (1986) Local immune response to gastritic Campylobacter in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Journal of Clinical Pathology 39, 863-870.
136. Xie, Y., Zhou, N.J., Gong, Y.F., Zhou, X.J., Chen, J., Hu, S.J., Lu, N.H. and Hou, X.H. (2007) The immune response induced by H. pylori vaccine with chitosan as adjuvant and its relation to immune protection. World Journal of Gastroenterology 13, 1547-1553.
137. Xu, C., Li, Z.S., Du, Y.Q., Gong, Y.F., Yang, H., Sun, B. and Jin, J. (2007) Construction of recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhimurium DNA vaccine expressing H. pylori ureB and IL-2. World Journal of Gastroenterology 13, 939-944.
138. Zavala-Spinetti, L., Breslin, M.B., Correa, H. and Begue, R.E. (2006) Development and evaluation of a DNA vaccine based on Helicobacter pylori urease B: failure to prevent experimental infection in the mouse model. Helicobacter 11, 517-522.
139. Zou, Q., Tong, W., Mao, X., Guo, G., Lu, D., Wu, C., Zeng, H., Wang, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, W., Liu, K. and Luo, P. (2008) Oral recombinant Helicobacter pylori vaccine and preparing method thereof (patent application). WO/2008/040155; available at http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA=CN2007002655&DISPLAY=STATUS