Observation of 4 nm pitch stripe domains formed by exposing graphene to ambient air

ACS Nano

Volumn 7, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 10032-10037

  Wastl, Daniel S ^a   Speck, Florian ^b   Wutscher, Elisabeth ^a   Ostler, Markus ^c   Seyller, Thomas ^c   Giessibl, Franz J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^c CHEMNITZ UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

ambient environment; atomic force microscopy; graphene; self assembly; stripe structure

Indexed keywords

AMBIENT CONDITIONS; AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT; EPITAXIAL GRAPHENE; FREQUENCY MODULATION ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; HYDROPHOBIC SURFACES; SELF-ASSEMBLED; SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACES; STRIPE STRUCTURE;

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; PHASE INTERFACES; SELF ASSEMBLY; SILICON CARBIDE; SURFACE CHEMISTRY;

GRAPHENE;

EID: 84888860652     PISSN: 19360851     EISSN: 1936086X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nn403988y     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Novoselov, K. S.; Jiang, D.; Schedin, F.; Booth, T. J.; Khotkevich, V. V.; Morozov, S. V.; Geim, A. K. Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2005, 102, 10451-10453 (Pubitemid 41061574)
2. Geim, A. K.; Novoselov, K. S. The Rise of Graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183-191 (Pubitemid 46353764)
3. Wehling, T. O.; Novoselov, K. S.; Morozov, S. V.; Vdovin, E. E.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Geim, A. K.; Lichtenstein, A. I. Molecular Doping of Graphene Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 173-177 (Pubitemid 351177796)
4. Liu, H.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, D. Chemical Doping of Graphene J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 3335-3345
5. Schedin, F.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Hill, E. W.; Blake, P.; Katsnelson, M. I.; Novoselov, K. S. Detection of Individual Gas Molecules Adsorbed on Graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 652-655 (Pubitemid 47359547)
6. Fowler, J. D.; Allen, M. J.; Tung, V. C.; Yang, Y.; Kaner, R. B.; Weiller, B. H. Practical Chemical Sensors from Chemically Derived Graphene ACS Nano 2009, 3, 301-306
7. Sundaram, R. S.; Gomez-Navarro, C.; Balasubramanian, K.; Burghard, M.; Kern, K. Electrochemical Modification of Graphene Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3050-3053
8. Robinson, J. T.; Perkins, F. K.; Snow, E. S.; Wei, Z. Q.; Sheehan, P. E. Reduced Graphene Oxide Molecular Sensors Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3137-3140
9. Lu, G. H.; Ocola, L. E.; Chen, J. H. Reduced Graphene Oxide for Room-Temperature Gas Sensors Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 445502-1-445502-9
10. Lu, G. H.; Ocola, L. E.; Chen, J. H. Gas Detection Using Low-Temperature Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94, 083111-1-083111-3
11. Wang, Y.; Shao, Y. Y.; Matson, D. W.; Li, J. H.; Lin, Y. H. Nitrogen-Doped Graphene and Its Application in Electrochemical Biosensing ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1790-1798
12. Mohanty, N.; Berry, V. Graphene-Based Single-Bacterium Resolution Biodevice and DNA Transistor: Interfacing Graphene Derivatives with Nanoscale and Microscale Biocomponents Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 4469-4476
13. Ang, P. K.; Chen, W.; Wee, A. T. S.; Lho, K. P. Solution-Gated Epitaxial Graphene as pH Sensor J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 14392-14393
14. Ohno, Y.; Maehashi, K.; Yamashiro, Y.; Matsumoto, K. Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistors for Detecting pH and Protein Adsorption Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 3318-3322
15. Novoselov, K. S.; Geim, A. K.; Morozov, S. V.; Jiang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Dubonos, S. V.; Grigorieva, I. V.; Firsov, A. A. Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films Science 2004, 306, 666-669 (Pubitemid 39440910)
16. Albrecht, T. R.; Grütter, P.; Horne, D.; Rugar, B. H. Frequency Modulation Detection Using High-Q Cantilevers for Enhanced Force Microscope Sensitivity J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 69, 668-673
17. Emtsev, K. V.; Bostwick, A.; Horn, K.; Jobst, J.; Kellogg, G. L.; Ley, L.; McChesney, J. L.; Ohta, T.; Reshanov, S. A.; Röhrl, J. et al. Towards Wafer-Size Graphene Layers by Atmospheric Pressure Graphitization of Silicon Carbide Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 203-207
18. Ostler, M.; Speck, F.; Gick, M.; Seyller, Th. Automated Preparation of High-Quality Epitaxial Graphene on 6H-SiC(0001) Phys. Status Solidi B 2010, 247, 2924-2926
19. Hibino, H.; Kageshima, H.; Maeda, F.; Nagase, M.; Kobayashi, Y.; Yamaguchi, H. Microscopic Thickness Determination of Thin Graphite Films Formed on SiC from Quantized Oscillation in Reflectivity of Low-Energy Electrons Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77, 075413-1-075413-7
20. Liu, L.; Ryu, S.; Tomasik, M. R.; Stolyarova, E.; Jung, N.; Hybertsen, M. S.; Steigerwald, M. L.; Brus, L. E.; Flynn, G. W. Graphene Oxidation: Thickness-Dependent Etching and Strong Chemical Doping Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 1965-1970
21. Yamamoto, M.; Einstein, T. L.; Fuhrer, M. S.; Cullen, W. G. Charge Inhomogeneity Determines Oxidative Reactivity of Graphene on Substrates ACS Nano 2012, 6, 8335-8341
22. Sharma, R.; Baik, J. H.; Perera, C. J.; Strano, M. S. Anomalously Large Reactivity of Single Graphene Layers and Edges toward Electron Transfer Chemistries Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 398-405
23. Wang, Q. H.; Jin, Z.; Kim, K. K.; Hilmer, A. J.; Paulus, G. L. C.; Shih, C.-J.; Ham, M.-H.; Kim, K. K.; Sanchez-Yamagishi, J. D.; Watanabe, K. et al. Understanding and Controlling the Substrate Effect on Graphene Electron-Transfer Chemistry via Reactivity Imprint Lithography Nat. Chem. 2012, 4, 724-732
24. 2/Si Substrate J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 12960-12964
25. Lauffer, P.; Emtsev, K. V.; Graupner, R.; Seyller, Th.; Ley, L.; Reshanov, S. A.; Weber, H. B. Atomic and Electronic Structure of Few-Layer Graphene on SiC(0001) Studied with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy Phys. Rev. B 2008, 77, 155426-1-155426-10
26. Mallet, P.; Varchon, F.; Naud, C.; Magaud, L.; Berger, C.; Veuillen, J.-Y. Electron States of Mono-and Bilayer Graphene on SiC Probed by Scanning-Tunneling Microscopy Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 041403-1-041403-4
27. Speck, F.; Ostler, M.; Röhrl, J.; Emtsev, K. V.; Hundhausen, M.; Ley, L.; Seyller, Th. Atomic Layer Deposited Aluminum Oxide Films on Graphite and Graphene Studied by XPS and AFM Phys. Status Solidi C 2010, 7, 398-401
28. Sun, G. F.; Jia, J. F.; Xue, Q. K.; Li, L. Atomic-Scale Imaging and Manipulation of Ridges on Epitaxial Graphene on 6H-SiC(0001) Nanotechnology 2009, 20, 355701-1-355701-4
29. Hass, J.; de Heer, W. A.; Conrad, E. H. The Growth and Morphology of Epitaxial Multilayer Graphene J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2008, 20, 323202-1-3232022-7
30. Biedermann, L. B.; Bolen, M. L.; Capano, M. A.; Zemlyanov, D.; Reifenberger, R. G. Insights into Few-Layer Epitaxial Graphene Growth on 4H-SiC(0001) Substrates from STM Studies Phys. Rev. B 2009, 79, 125411-1-125411-10
31. Giessibl, F. J. High-Speed Force Sensor for Force Microscopy and Profilometry Utilizing a Quartz Tuning Fork Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 3956-3958 (Pubitemid 128674267)
32. Giessibl, F. J. Atomic Resolution on Si(111)-(7 × 7) by Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy with a Force Sensor Based on a Quartz Tuning Fork Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 76, 1470-1472
33. Giessibl, F. J.; Pielmeier, F.; Eguchi, T.; An, T.; Hasegawa, Y. Comparison of Force Sensors for Atomic Force Microscopy Based on Quartz Tuning Forks and Length-Extensional Resonators Phys. Rev. B 2011, 84, 125409-1-1254091-5
34. Wastl, D. S.; Weymouth, A. J.; Giessibl, F. J. Optimizing Atomic Resolution of Force Microscopy in Ambient Conditions Phys. Rev. B 2013, 87, 245415-1-245415-9
35. Seyller, Th.; Emtsev, K. V.; Gao, K.; Speck, F.; Ley, L.; Tadich, A.; Broekman, L.; Riley, J. D.; Leckey, R. C. G.; Rader, O. et al. Structural and Electronic Properties of Graphite Layers Grown on SiC(0001) Surf. Sci. 2006, 600, 3906-3911 (Pubitemid 44467922)
36. Wang, Q. H.; Hersam, M. C. Room-Temperature Molecular-Resolution Characterization of Self-Assembled Organic Monolayers on Epitaxial Graphene Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 206-211
37. Huang, H.; Chen, W.; Gao, X.; Chen, Q.; Wee, A. T. S. Structural and Electronic Properties of PTCDA Thin Films on Epitaxial Graphene ACS Nano 2009, 3, 3431-3436
38. Duan, W. H.; Gong, K.; Wang, Q. Controlling the Formation of Wrinkles in a Single Layer Graphene Sheet Subjected to In-Plane Shear Carbon 2011, 49, 3107-3112
39. Palasantzas, G.; Svetovoy, V. P.; van Zwol, G. J. Influence of Ultrathin Water Layer on the van der Waals/Casimir Force between Gold Surfaces Phys. Rev. B 2009, 79, 235434-1-235434-7
40. James, M.; Darwish, T. A.; Ciampi, S.; Sylvester, S. O.; Zhang, Z.; Ng, A.; Gooding, J. J.; Hanley, T. L. Nanoscale Condensation of Water on Self-Assembled Monolayers Soft Matter 2011, 7, 5309-5318
41. Davy, S.; Spajer, M.; Courjon, D. Influence of the Water Layer on the Shear Force Damping in Near-Field Microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 2594-2596 (Pubitemid 128674007)
42. Wei, P. K.; Fann, W. S. The Effect of Humidity on Probe-Sample Interactions in Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy J. Appl. Phys. 2000, 87, 2561-2564
43. Huang, F. M.; Culfaz, F.; Festy, F.; Richards, D. Effect of the Surface Water Layer on the Optical Signal in Apertureless Scanning Near Field Optical Microscopy Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 015501-1-015501-5
44. Freund, J.; Halbritter, J.; Hörber, J. K. H. How Dry Are Dried Samples? Water Adsorption Measured by STM Microsc. Res. Tech. 1999, 44, 327-338 (Pubitemid 29122768)
45. Lu, Y. H.; Yang, C. W.; Hwang, I. S. Molecular Layer of Gaslike Domains at a Hydrophobic-Water Interface Observed by Frequency-Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy Langmuir 2012, 28, 12691-12695
46. de Nevers, N. Physical and Chemical Equilibrium for Chemical Engineers, 2 nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2012.
47. Dammer, S.; Lohse, D. Gas Enrichment at Liquid-Wall Interfaces Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96, 206101-1-206101-4
48. Zhang, Y. J.; Lu, R.; Liu, Q.; Song, Y.; Jiang, L.; Liu, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Li, T. J. Influence of Surface Hydrophobicity of Substrates on the Self-Organization of Chiral Molecule Thin Solid Films 2003, 437, 150-154
49. Shin, Y. J.; Wang, Y.; Huang, H.; Kalon, G.; Wee, A. T. S.; Shen, Z.; Bhatia, C. S.; Yang, H. Surface-Energy Engineering of Graphene Langmuir 2010, 26, 3798-3802
50. Wang, S.; Zhang, Y.; Abidi, N.; Cabrales, L. Wettability and Surface Free Energy of Graphene Films Langmuir 2009, 25, 11078-11081
51. Zhou, H.; Genesh, P.; Presser, V.; Wander, M. C. F.; Fenter, P.; Kent, P. R. C.; Jiang, D.; Chialov, A. A.; McDonough, J.; Shuford, K. L. et al. Understanding Controls on Interfacial Wetting at Epitaxial Graphene: Experiment and Theory Phys. Rev. B 2012, 85, 035406-1-035406-11
52. Rafiee, J.; Mi, X.; Gullapalli, H.; Thomas, A. V.; Yavari, F.; Shi, Y.; Ajayan, P. M.; Koratkar, N. A. Wetting Transparency of Graphene Nat. Mater. 2012, 11, 217-222
53. Shih, C.-J.; Wang, Q. H.; Lin, S.; Park, K.-C.; Jin, Z.; Strano, M. S.; Blankstein, D. Breakdown in the Wetting Transparency of Graphene Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, 176101-1-176101-5
54. Riedl, C.; Coletti, C.; Iwasaki, T.; Zakharov, A. A.; Starke, U. Quasi-Free-Standing Epitaxial Graphene on SiC Obtained by Hydrogen Intercalation Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103, 246804-1-246804-4
55. Horcas, I.; Fernandez, R.; Gomez-Rodriguez, J. M.; Colchero, J.; Gomez-Herrero, J. WSXM: A Software for Scanning Probe Microscopy and a Tool for Nanotechnology Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2007, 78, 013705-1-013705-8