Military risk factors for cognitive decline, dementia and Alzheimer's disease

Current Alzheimer Research

Volumn 10, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 907-930

  Veitch, Dallas P ^a   Friedl, Karl E ^b   Weiner, Michael W ^c  

^a SAN FRANCISCO VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b U S ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH AND MATERIEL COMMAND   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Armed forces; Combat; Depression; Gulf war illness; Post traumatic stress disorder; Risk factors; Traumatic brain injury

Indexed keywords

BETA SECRETASE 1; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GLUCOCORTICOID; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AIR FORCE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARMY; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEMENTIA; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INJURY SEVERITY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MAJOR DEPRESSION; META ANALYSIS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MILITARY SERVICE; NAVY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATHOGENESIS; PHYSICAL INACTIVITY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SMOKING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TDP 43 PROTEINOPATHY; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; UPREGULATION; VETERAN; VIET NAM; WEIGHT GAIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEMENTIA; HUMANS; MILITARY PERSONNEL; RISK FACTORS; VETERANS;

EID: 84888235440     PISSN: 15672050     EISSN: 18755828     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/15672050113109990142     Document Type: Article

References (253)

1. Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG, Heeringa SG, Weir DR, Ofstedal MB, et al. Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. Neuroepidemiology 29(1-2): 125-132 (2007).
2. Hurd MD, Martorell P, Delavande A, Mullen KJ, Langa KM. Monetary costs of dementia in the United States. N Engl J Med 368(14): 1326-1334 (2013).
3. Ballard C, Gauthier S, Corbett A, Brayne C, Aarsland D, Jones E. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 377(9770): 1019-1031 (2011).
4. Agha Z, Lofgren RP, VanRuiswyk JV, Layde PM. Are patients at Veterans Affairs medical centers sicker? A comparative analysis of health status and medical resource use. Arch Intern Med 160(21): 3252-3257 (2000).
5. Kizer KW. Veterans and the Affordable Care Act. JAMA 307(8): 789-790 (2012).
6. Yoon J, Scott JY, Phibbs CS, Wagner TH. Recent trends in Veter- ans Affairs chronic condition spending. Popul Health Manag 14(6): 293-298 (2011).
7. Bureau USC. Statistical Abstract (2012).
8. Defense Do. Statistics (2012).
9. Hebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Alzheimer disease in the United States (2010-2050) estimated using the 2010 census. Neurology 80(19): 1778-1783 (2013).
10. Association As. Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. (2011).
11. Bureau USC. Census 2010. 2010.
12. Krishnan LL, Petersen NJ, Snow AL, Cully JA, Schulz PE, Graham DP, et al. Prevalence of dementia among Veterans Affairs medical care system users. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 20(4): 245-253 (2005).
13. Carrion-Baralt JR, Suarez-Perez E, del Rio R, Moore K, Silverman JM. Prevalence of dementia in Puerto Rican veterans is higher than in mainland U.S. veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc 58(4): 798-799 (2010).
14. Reitz C, Brayne C, Mayeux R. Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 7(3): 137-152 (2011).
15. Daviglus ML, Plassman BL, Pirzada A, Bell CC, Bowen PE, Burke JR, et al. Risk factors and preventive interventions for Alzheimer disease: state of the science. Arch Neurol 68(9): 1185-1190 (2011).
16. Gatz M, Pedersen NL, Berg S, Johansson B, Johansson K, Mortimer JA, et al. Heritability for Alzheimer's disease: the study of de-mentia in Swedish twins. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 52(2): M117-M125 (1997).
17. Lahiri DK, Maloney B, Zawia NH. The LEARn model: an epige-netic explanation for idiopathic neurobiological diseases. Mol Psychiatry 14(11): 992-1003 (2009).
18. Lahiri DK, Maloney B. The LEARn (Latent Early-life Associated Regulation) model integrates environmental risk factors and the developmental basis of Alzheimer's disease, and proposes remedial steps. Exp Gerontol 45(4): 291-296 (2010).
19. Savica R, Petersen RC. Prevention of dementia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 34(1): 127-145 (2011).
20. Peters R, Poulter R, Warner J, Beckett N, Burch L, Bulpitt C. Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 8: 36 (2008).
21. Barnes DE, Yaffe K. The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol 10(9): 819-828 (2011).
22. Lee Y, Back JH, Kim J, Kim SH, Na DL, Cheong HK, et al. Systematic review of health behavioral risks and cognitive health in older adults. Int Psychogeriatr 22(2): 174-187 (2010).
23. Cataldo JK, Prochaska JJ, Glantz SA. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease: an analysis controlling for tobacco industry affiliation. J Alzheimers Dis 19(2): 465-480 (2010).
24. Swan GE, Lessov-Schlaggar CN. The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain. Neuropsychol Rev 17(3): 259-273 (2007).
25. Duron E, Hanon O. Vascular risk factors, cognitive decline, and dementia. Vasc Health Risk Manag 4(2): 363-381 (2008).
26. Meyer JS, Rauch GM, Crawford K, Rauch RA, Konno S, Akiyama H, et al. Risk factors accelerating cerebral degenerative changes, cognitive decline and dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14(12): 1050-1061 (1999).
27. Bray R, Pemberton, MR, Hourani, LL, Witt, M, et al. Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Active Duty Military Personnel. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International; 2009. 2009;RTI/10940-FR.
28. Buis LR, Kotagal LV, Porcari CE, Rauch SA, Krein SL, Richardson CR. Physical activity in postdeployment Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs services. J Rehabil Res Dev 48(8): 901-911 (2011).
29. Gizlice Z. Health conditions and behaviors among North Carolina and United States military veterans compared to non-veterans. North Carolina Center for Health Statistics. 2002;Report No: 133.
30. Tsai J, Edens EL, Rosenheck RA. Nicotine dependence and its risk factors among users of veterans health services, 2008-2009. Prev Chronic Dis 8(6): A127 (2011).
31. Brown DW. Smoking Prevalence among US Veterans. J Gen In-ternMed 25(2): 147-149 (2010).
32. Singh JA, Borowsky SJ, Nugent S, Murdoch M, Zhao Y, Nelson DB, et al. Health-related quality of life, functional impairment, and healthcare utilization by veterans: veterans' quality of life study. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(1): 108-113 (2005).
33. Freiberg MS, McGinnis KA, Kraemer K, Samet JH, Conigliaro J, Curtis Ellison R, et al. The association between alcohol consumption and prevalent cardiovascular diseases among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 53(2): 247-253 (2010).
34. Haddock CK, Pyle SA, Poston WS, Bray RM, Stein RJ. Smoking and body weight as markers of fitness for duty among U.S. military personnel. Mil Med 172(5): 527-532 (2007).
35. Bridger R, Munnoch K, Dew A, Brasher K. Smoking, BMI and psychological strain and fitness in the Naval Service. Occup Med (Lond) 59(3): 195-196 (2009).
36. Prevention CfDCa. Vital Signs: Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults Aged > 18 Years-United States, 2005-2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 60(33): 1207-1212 (2011).
37. Johnson VE, Stewart W, Smith DH. Traumatic brain injury and amyloid-beta pathology: a link to Alzheimer's disease? Nat Rev Neurosci 11(5): 361-370 (2010).
38. Williams JW, Plassman BL, Burke J, Benjamin S. Preventing Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) (193): 1-727 (2010).
39. Bilbul M, Schipper HM. Risk profiles of Alzheimer disease. Can J Neurol Sci 38(4): 580-592 (2011).
40. Jellinger KA. Head injury and dementia. Curr Opin Neurol 17(6): 719-723 (2004).
41. Lye TC, Shores EA. Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: a review. Neuropsychol Rev 10(2): 115-129 (2000).
42. Van Den Heuvel C, Thornton E, Vink R. Traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease: a review. Prog Brain Res 161: 303-316 (2007).
43. Szczygielski J, Mautes A, Steudel WI, Falkai P, Bayer TA, Wirths O. Traumatic brain injury: cause or risk of Alzheimer's disease? A review of experimental studies. J Neural Transm 112(11): 1547-1564 (2005).
44. Shively S, Scher AI, Perl DP, Diaz-Arrastia R. Dementia Resulting From Traumatic Brain Injury: What Is the Pathology? Arch Neurol 69(10): 1245-1251 (2012).
45. Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, Helms MJ, Newman TN, Drosdick D, et al. Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology 55(8): 1158-1166 (2000).
46. Fleminger S, Oliver DL, Lovestone S, Rabe-Hesketh S, Giora A. Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: the evidence 10 years on; a partial replication. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74(7): 857-862 (2003).
47. Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, Cox AL, Engel CC, Castro CA. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med 358(5): 453-463 (2008).
48. Smith TC, Jacobson IG, Hooper TI, Leardmann CA, Boyko EJ, Smith B, et al. Health impact of US military service in a large population-based military cohort: findings of the Millennium Cohort Study, 2001-2008. BMC Public Health 11: 69 (2011).
49. Okie S. Traumatic brain injury in the war zone. N Engl J Med 352(20): 2043-2047 (2005).
50. Roebuck-Spencer TM, Vincent AS, Twillie DA, Logan BW, Lopez CM, Friedl CK, et al. Cognitive Change Associated with Self-Reported Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Sustained During the OEF/OIF Conflicts. Clin Neuropsychol 26(3): 473-489 (2012).
51. Ivins BJ, Kane R, Schwab KA. Performance on the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics in a nonclinical sample of soldiers screened for mild TBI after returning from Iraq and Af-ghanistan: a descriptive analysis. J Head Trauma Rehabil 24(1): 24-31 (2009).
52. Ikonomovic MD, Uryu K, Abrahamson EE, Ciallella JR, Troja-nowski JQ, Lee VM, et al. Alzheimer's pathology in human temporal cortex surgically excised after severe brain injury. Exp Neurol 190(1): 192-203 (2004).
53. Roberts GW, Gentleman SM, Lynch A, Graham DI. beta A4 amyloid protein deposition in brain after head trauma. Lancet 338(8780): 1422-1423 (1991).
54. Gentleman SM, Nash MJ, Sweeting CJ, Graham DI, Roberts GW. Beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) as a marker for axonal injury after head injury. Neurosci Lett 1993 Oct 1;160(2):139-144.
55. Huber A, Gabbert K, Kelemen J, Cervos-Navarro J, editors. Density of amyloid plaques in brains after head trauma. 2nd International Neurotrauma Symposium; 1993 1993.
56. Roberts GW, Gentleman SM, Lynch A, Murray L, Landon M, Graham DI. Beta amyloid protein deposition in the brain after severe head injury: implications for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 57(4): 419-425 (1994).
57. Gentleman SM, Greenberg BD, Savage MJ, Noori M, Newman SJ, Roberts GW, et al. A beta 42 is the predominant form of amyloid beta-protein in the brains of short-term survivors of head injury. Neuroreport 8(6):1519-1522 (1997).
58. Horsburgh K, Cole GM, Yang F, Savage MJ, Greenberg BD, Gentleman SM, et al. beta-amyloid (Abeta)42(43), abeta42, abeta40 and apoE immunostaining of plaques in fatal head injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 26(2): 124-132 (2000).
59. Smith DH, Chen XH, Iwata A, Graham DI. Amyloid beta accumulation in axons after traumatic brain injury in humans. J Neurosurg 98(5): 1072-1077 (2003).
60. Uryu K, Chen XH, Martinez D, Browne KD, Johnson VE, Graham DI, et al. Multiple proteins implicated in neurodegenerative diseases accumulate in axons after brain trauma in humans. Exp Neurol 208(2): 185-192 (2007).
61. Chen XH, Johnson VE, Uryu K, Trojanowski JQ, Smith DH. A lack of amyloid beta plaques despite persistent accumulation of amyloid beta in axons of long-term survivors of traumatic brain injury. Brain Pathol 19(2): 214-223 (2009).
62. Johnson VE, Stewart W, Graham DI, Stewart JE, Praestgaard AH, Smith DH. A neprilysin polymorphism and amyloid-beta plaques after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 26(8): 1197-1202 (2009).
63. DeKosky ST, Abrahamson EE, Ciallella JR, Paljug WR, Wis-niewski SR, Clark RS, et al. Association of increased cortical soluble abeta42 levels with diffuse plaques after severe brain injury in humans. Arch Neurol 64(4): 541-544 (2007).
64. Johnson VE, Stewart W, Smith DH. Widespread Tau and Amyloid-Beta Pathology Many Years After a Single Traumatic Brain Injury in Humans. Brain Pathol 22(2): 142-149 (2012).
65. McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, Hedley-Whyte ET, Gavett BE, Budson AE, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 68(7): 709-735 (2009).
66. DeKosky ST, Ikonomovic MD, Gandy S. Traumatic brain injury-football, warfare, and long-term effects. N Engl J Med 363(14): 1293-1296 (2010).
67. McKee AC, Stein TD, Nowinski CJ, Stern RA, Daneshvar DH, Alvarez VE, et al. The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain 136(Pt 1): 43-64 (2013).
68. Omalu B, Hammers JL, Bailes J, Hamilton RL, Kamboh MI, Webster G, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in an Iraqi war veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder who committed suicide. Neurosurg Focus 31(5): E3 (2011).
69. Goldstein LE, Fisher AM, Tagge CA, Zhang XL, Velisek L, Sullivan JA, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model. Sci Transl Med 4(134): 134ra60 (2012).
70. Sivanandam TM, Thakur MK Traumatic brain injury: A risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 36(5): 1376-1381 (2012).
71. Zhou W, Xu D, Peng X, Zhang Q, Jia J, Crutcher KA. Metaanalysis of APOE4 allele and outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 25(4): 279-290 (2008).
72. Han SD, Drake AI, Cessante LM, Jak AJ, Houston WS, Delis DC, et al. Apolipoprotein E and traumatic brain injury in a military population: evidence of a neuropsychological compensatory mechanism? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78(10): 1103-1108 (2007).
73. Sundstrom A, Nilsson LG, Cruts M, Adolfsson R, Van Broeckho-ven C, Nyberg L. Increased risk of dementia following mild head injury for carriers but not for non-carriers of the APOE epsilon4 allele. Int Psychogeriatr 19(1): 159-165 (2007).
74. Teasdale GM, Nicoll JA, Murray G, Fiddes M. Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with outcome after head injury. Lancet 350(9084): 1069-1071 (1997).
75. Chiang MF, Chang JG, Hu CJ. Association between apolipoprotein E genotype and outcome of traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 145(8): 649-653 (2003).
76. Isoniemi H, Tenovuo O, Portin R, Himanen L, Kairisto V. Outcome of traumatic brain injury after three decades--relationship to ApoE genotype. J Neurotrauma 23(11): 1600-1608 (2006).
77. Graham DI, Horsburgh K, Nicoll JA, Teasdale GM. Apolipoprotein E and the response of the brain to injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 73: 89-92 (1999).
78. Alford PW, Dabiri BE, Goss JA, Hemphill MA, Brigham MD, Parker KK. Blast-induced phenotypic switching in cerebral vasospasm. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(31): 12705-12710 (2011).
79. Armonda RA, Bell RS, Vo AH, Ling G, DeGraba TJ, Crandall B, et al. Wartime traumatic cerebral vasospasm: recent review of combat casualties. Neurosurgery 59(6): 1215-1225 (2006).
80. Ling G, Bandak F, Armonda R, Grant G, Ecklund J. Explosive blast neurotrauma. J Neurotrauma 26(6): 815-825 (2009).
81. Armin SS, Colohan AR, Zhang JH. Vasospasm in traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 104(13): 421-425 (2008).
82. Faul M XL, Wald MM, Coronado VG. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2010).
83. Zaloshnja E, Miller T, Langlois JA, Selassie AW. Prevalence of long-term disability from traumatic brain injury in the civilian population of the United States, 2005. J Head Trauma Rehabil 23(6): 394-400 (2008).
84. Terrio H, Brenner LA, Ivins BJ, Cho JM, Helmick K, Schwab K, et al. Traumatic brain injury screening: preliminary findings in a US Army Brigade Combat Team. J Head Trauma Rehabil 24(1): 14-23 (2009).
85. Wilk JE, Herrell RK, Wynn GH, Riviere LA, Hoge CW. Mild traumatic brain injury (concussion), posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in u.s. Soldiers involved in combat deployments: association with postdeployment symptoms. Psychosom Med 74(3): 249-257 (2012).
86. Taylor BC, Hagel EM, Carlson KF, Cifu DX, Cutting A, Bidel-spach DE, et al. Prevalence and Costs of Co-occurring Traumatic Brain Injury With and Without Psychiatric Disturbance and Pain Among Afghanistan and Iraq War Veteran VA Users. Med Care 50(4): 342-346 (2012).
87. Center. DaVBI. Department of Defense Worldwide numbers for TBI. http://wwwdvbicorg/dod-worldwide-numbers-tbi2012.
88. Kazis LE, Miller DR, Skinner KM, Lee A, Ren XS, Clark JA, et al. Patient-reported measures of health: The Veterans Health Study. J Ambul Care Manage 27(1): 70-83 (2004).
89. Frayne SM, Parker VA, Christiansen CL, Loveland S, Seaver MR, Kazis LE, et al. Health status among 28,000 women veterans. The VA Women's Health Program Evaluation Project. J Gen Intern Med 21(3): S40-S46 (2006).
90. Health status of Vietnam veterans. III. Reproductive outcomes and child health. The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study. JAMA 259(18): 2715-2719 (1988).
91. Schneiderman AI, Braver ER, Kang HK. Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Epidemiol 167(12): 1446-1452 (2008).
92. Byers AL, Covinsky KE, Barnes DE, Yaffe K. Dysthymia and Depression Increase Risk of Dementia and Mortality Among Older Veterans. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 20(8): 664-672 (2012).
93. Enache D, Winblad B, Aarsland D. Depression in dementia: epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry 24(6): 461-472 (2011).
94. Spira AP, Rebok GW, Stone KL, Kramer JH, Yaffe K. Depressive Symptoms in Oldest-Old Women: Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 20(12): 1006-1015 (2012).
95. Wint D. Depression: a shared risk factor for cardiovascular and Alzheimer disease. Cleve Clin J Med 78(1): S44-S46 (2011).
96. Barber R. Inflammatory signaling in Alzheimer disease and depression. Cleve Clin J Med 78(1): S47-S49 (2011).
97. Zunszain PA, Anacker C, Cattaneo A, Carvalho LA, Pariante CM. Glucocorticoids, cytokines and brain abnormalities in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35(3): 722-729 (2011).
98. Leonard BE. Inflammation, depression and dementia: are they connected? Neurochem Res 32(10): 1749-1756 (2007).
99. Goh C, Agius M. The stress-vulnerability model how does stress impact on mental illness at the level of the brain and what are the consequences? Psychiatr Danub 22(2): 198-202 (2010).
100. Sierksma AS, van den Hove DL, Steinbusch HW, Prickaerts J. Major depression, cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease: is there a link? Eur J Pharmacol 626(1): 72-82 (2010).
101. Nation DA, Hong S, Jak AJ, Delano-Wood L, Mills PJ, Bondi MW, et al. Stress, exercise, and Alzheimer's disease: a neurovascular pathway. Med Hypotheses 76(6): 847-854 (2011).
102. Caraci F, Copani A, Nicoletti F, Drago F. Depression and Alzheimer's disease: neurobiological links and common pharmacological targets. Eur J Pharmacol 626(1): 64-71 (2010).
103. Wells TS, LeardMann CA, Fortuna SO, Smith B, Smith TC, Ryan MA, et al. A prospective study of depression following combat deployment in support of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Am J Public Health 100(1): 90-99 (2010).
104. Hasin DS, Goodwin RD, Stinson FS, Grant BF. Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62(10): 1097-1106 (2005).
105. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 289(23): 3095-3105 (2003).
106. Army US. Army Regulation 40-501. Standards of Medical Fitness. 4 August 2011;Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington DC.
107. Coughlin SS, Kang HK, Mahan CM. Selected Health Conditions Among Overweight, Obese, and Non-Obese Veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: Results from a Survey Conducted in 2003-2005. Open Epidemiol J 4: 140-146 (2011).
108. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med 351(1): 13-22 (2004).
109. Hankin CS, Spiro A, 3rd, Miller DR, Kazis L. Mental disorders and mental health treatment among U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs outpatients: the Veterans Health Study. Am J Psychiatry 156(12): 1924-1930 (1999).
110. McDonald M, Hertz R. Utilization of Veterans Affairs Medical Care Services by United States Veterans Pfizer Facts. 1-22 (2003).
111. Yaffe K, Vittinghoff E, Lindquist K, Barnes D, Covinsky KE, Neylan T, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US veterans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(6): 608-613 (2010).
112. Qureshi SU, Kimbrell T, Pyne JM, Magruder KM, Hudson TJ, Petersen NJ, et al. Greater prevalence and incidence of dementia in older veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Am Geriatr Soc 58(9): 1627-1633 (2010).
113. Sperling W, Kreil SK, Biermann T. Posttraumatic stress disorder and dementia in Holocaust survivors. J Nerv Ment Dis 199(3): 196-198 (2011).
114. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 20 (2): S69-S74 (2006).
115. Bremner JD. Stress and brain atrophy. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 5(5): 503-512 (2006).
116. Bremner JD, Randall P, Scott TM, Bronen RA, Seibyl JP, South-wick SM, et al. MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152(7): 973-981 (1995).
117. Apfel BA, Ross J, Hlavin J, Meyerhoff DJ, Metzler TJ, Marmar CR, et al. Hippocampal volume differences in Gulf War veterans with current versus lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Biol Psychiatry 69(6): 541-548 (2011).
118. Wang Z, Neylan TC, Mueller SG, Lenoci M, Truran D, Marmar CR, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampal subfields in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(3): 296-303 (2010).
119. Schuff N, Marmar CR, Weiss DS, Neylan TC, Schoenfeld F, Fein G, et al. Reduced hippocampal volume and n-acetylaspartate in post traumatic stress disorder. The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1997 1997///;Supplement on Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (821): 516-50.
120. Schuff N, Neylan TC, Lenoci MA, Du AT, Weiss DS, Marmar CR, et al. Decreased hippocampal N-acetylaspartate in the absence of atrophy in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 50(12): 952-959 (2001).
121. Schuff N, Neylan TC, Fox-Bosetti S, Lenoci M, Samuelson KW, Studholme C, et al. Abnormal N-acetylaspartate in hippocampus and anterior cingulate in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res 162(2): 147-157 (2008).
122. Woodward SH, Schaer M, Kaloupek DG, Cediel L, Eliez S. Smaller global and regional cortical volume in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(12): 1373-1382 (2009).
123. Ahmadi N, Hajsadeghi F, Mirshkarlo HB, Budoff M, Yehuda R, Ebrahimi R. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, Coronary Atherosclerosis, and Mortality. Am J Cardiol 108(1): 29-33 (2011).
124. Cohen BE, Marmar C, Ren L, Bertenthal D, Seal KH. Association of cardiovascular risk factors with mental health diagnoses in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans using VA health care. JAMA 302(5): 489-492 (2009).
125. Coughlin SS. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Disease. Open Cardiovasc Med J 5: 164-170 (2011).
126. Johnson AM, Rose KM, Elder GH, Jr., Chambless LE, Kaufman JS, Heiss G. Military combat and risk of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke in aging men: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Ann Epidemiol 20(2): 143-150 (2010).
127. Kubzansky LD, Koenen KC, Spiro A, 3rd, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D. Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and coronary heart disease in the Normative Aging Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(1): 109-116 (2007).
128. Dobie DJ, Kivlahan DR, Maynard C, Bush KR, Davis TM, Bradley KA. Posttraumatic stress disorder in female veterans: association with self-reported health problems and functional impairment. Arch Intern Med 164(4): 394-400 (2004).
129. Babic D, Jakovljevic M, Martinac M, Saric M, Topic R, Maslov B. Metabolic syndrome and combat post-traumatic stress disorder intensity: preliminary findings. Psychiatr Danub 19(1-2): 68-75 (2007).
130. Jakovljevic M, Crncevic Z, Ljubicic D, Babic D, Topic R, Saric M. Mental disorders and metabolic syndrome: a fatamorgana or warning reality? Psychiatr Danub 19(1-2): 76-86 (2007).
131. Jakovljevic M, Saric M, Nad S, Topic R, Vuksan-Cusa B. Metabolic syndrome, somatic and psychiatric comorbidity in war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: Preliminary findings. Psychiatr Danub 18(3-4): 169-176 (2006).
132. Heppner PS, Crawford EF, Haji UA, Afari N, Hauger RL, Dashevsky BA, et al. The association of posttraumatic stress disorder and metabolic syndrome: a study of increased health risk in veterans. BMC Med 7: 1 (2009).
133. Smith TC, Wingard DL, Ryan MA, Kritz-Silverstein D, Slymen DJ, Sallis JF. PTSD prevalence, associated exposures, and functional health outcomes in a large, population-based military cohort. Public Health Rep 124(1): 90-102 (2009).
134. Levine J, Timinsky I, Vishne T, Dwolatzky T, Roitman S, Kaplan Z, et al. Elevated serum homocysteine levels in male patients with PTSD. Depress Anxiety 25(11): E154-E157 (2008).
135. Abouzeid M, Kelsall HL, Forbes AB, Sim MR, Creamer MC. Posttraumatic stress disorder and hypertension in Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. J Psychosom Res 72(1): 33-38 (2012).
136. LeardMann CA, Kelton ML, Smith B, Littman AJ, Boyko EJ, Wells TS, et al. Prospectively assessed posttraumatic stress disorder and associated physical activity. Public Health Rep 126(3): 371-383 (2011).
137. Chwastiak LA, Rosenheck RA, Kazis LE. Association of psychiatric illness and obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking among a national sample of veterans. Psychosomatics 52(3): 230-236 (2011).
138. Bentley S. A Short History of PTSD: From Thermopylae to Hue Soldiers Have Always Had a Disturbing Reaction To War. The VVA Veteran. 1991.
139. Richardson LK, Frueh BC, Acierno R. Prevalence estimates of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: critical review. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 44(1): 4-19 (2010).
140. Hamilton JD, Workman RH, Jr. Persistence of combat-related posttraumatic stress symptoms for 75 years. J Trauma Stress 11(4):763-768 (1998).
141. Spiro A, 3rd, Schnurr PP, Aldwin CM. Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in older men. Psychol Aging 9(1): 17-26 (1994).
142. Dohrenwend BP, Turner JB, Turse NA, Adams BG, Koenen KC, Marshall R. The psychological risks of Vietnam for U.S. veterans: a revisit with new data and methods. Science 313(5789): 979-982 (2006).
143. Hankin CS, Spiro A, 3rd, Mansell D, Miller DR, Kazis LE. Mental disorders and medical care utilization of VA ambulatory care patients: the veterans health study. J Ambul Care Manage 29(1): 51-60 (2006).
144. Li B, Mahan CM, Kang HK, Eisen SA, Engel CC. Longitudinal health study of US 1991 Gulf War veterans: changes in health status at 10-year follow-up. Am J Epidemiol 174(7): 761-768 (2011).
145. Polusny MA, Kehle SM, Nelson NW, Erbes CR, Arbisi PA, Thuras P. Longitudinal effects of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder comorbidity on postdeployment outcomes in national guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(1): 79-89 (2011).
146. Eskridge SL, Macera CA, Galarneau MR, Holbrook TL, Woodruff SI, Macgregor AJ, et al. Influence of Combat Blast-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Acute Symptoms on Mental Health and Service Discharge Outcomes. J Neurotrauma 30(16): 1391-1397 (2013).
147. Carlson KF, Kehle SM, Meis LA, Greer N, Macdonald R, Rutks I, et al. Prevalence, assessment, and treatment of mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the evidence. J Head Trauma Rehabil 26(2): 103-115 (2011).
148. O'Donnell ML, Creamer M, Pattison P. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma: understanding comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 161(8): 1390-1396 (2004).
149. Shalev AY, Freedman S, Peri T, Brandes D, Sahar T, Orr SP, et al. Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. Am J Psychiatry 155(5): 630-637 (1998).
150. Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Moser D, Tateno A, Crespo-Facorro B, Arndt S. Major depression following traumatic brain injury. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61(1): 42-50 (2004).
151. Kreutzer JS, Seel RT, Gourley E. The prevalence and symptom rates of depression after traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive examination. Brain Inj 15(7): 563-576 (2001).
152. Rogers JM, Read CA. Psychiatric comorbidity following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 21(13-14): 1321-1333 (2007).
153. Pietrzak RH, Johnson DC, Goldstein MB, Malley JC, Southwick SM. Posttraumatic stress disorder mediates the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury and health and psychosocial functioning in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. J Nerv Ment Dis 197(10): 748-753 (2009).
154. Guillamondegui OD, Montgomery SA, Phibbs FT, McPheeters ML, Alexander PT, Jerome RN, et al. Traumatic Brain Injury and Depression. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews Report no: 11-EHC017-EF (2011).
155. Marx BP, Brailey K, Proctor SP, Macdonald HZ, Graefe AC, Amoroso P, et al. Association of time since deployment, combat intensity, and posttraumatic stress symptoms with neuropsychological outcomes following Iraq war deployment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66(9): 996-1004 (2009).
156. Shih RA, Schell TL, Hambarsoomian K, Belzberg H, Marshall GN. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression after trauma center hospitalization. J Trauma 69(6): 1560-1566 (2010).
157. Whelan-Goodinson R, Ponsford J, Johnston L, Grant F. Psychiatric disorders following traumatic brain injury: their nature and frequency. J Head Trauma Rehabil 24(5): 324-332 (2009).
158. Holsinger T, Steffens DC, Phillips C, Helms MJ, Havlik RJ, Breit-ner JC, et al. Head injury in early adulthood and the lifetime risk of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59(1): 17-22 (2002).
159. Silver JM, McAllister TW, Arciniegas DB. Depression and cognitive complaints following mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry 166(6): 653-661 (2009).
160. Lew HL, Vanderploeg RD, Moore DF, Schwab K, Friedman L, Yesavage J, et al. Overlap of mild TBI and mental health conditions in returning OIF/OEF service members and veterans. J Reha-bil Res Dev 45(3): xi-xvi (2008).
161. Vanderploeg RD, Belanger HG, Curtiss G. Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder and their associations with health symptoms. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 90(7): 1084-1093 (2009).
162. Health status of Vietnam veterans. II. Physical Health. The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study. JAMA 259(18): 2708-2714 (1998).
163. Study CVE. Health status of Vietnam veterans. I. Psychosocial characteristics. The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study. JAMA 259(18): 2701-2707 (1988).
164. Voelker MD, Saag KG, Schwartz DA, Chrischilles E, Clarke WR, Woolson RF, et al. Health-related quality of life in Gulf War era military personnel. Am J Epidemiol 155(10): 899-907 (2002).
165. Proctor SP, Harley R, Wolfe J, Heeren T, White RF. Health-related quality of life in Persian Gulf War Veterans. Mil Med 166(6): 510-519 (2001).
166. Littman AJ, Forsberg CW, Koepsell TD. Physical activity in a national sample of veterans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41(5): 1006-1013 (2009).
167. Thomas JL, Wilk JE, Riviere LA, McGurk D, Castro CA, Hoge CW. Prevalence of mental health problems and functional impairment among active component and National Guard soldiers 3 and 12 months following combat in Iraq. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67(6): 614-623 (2010).
168. Jordan BK, Schlenger WE, Hough R, Kulka RA, Weiss D, Fair-bank JA, et al. Lifetime and current prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders among Vietnam veterans and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48(3): 207-215 (1991).
169. O'Toole BI, Marshall RP, Grayson DA, Schureck RJ, Dobson M, Ffrench M, et al. The Australian Vietnam Veterans Health Study: III. psychological health of Australian Vietnam veterans and its relationship to combat. Int J Epidemiol 25(2): 331-340 (1996).
170. Boscarino JA. Post-traumatic stress and associated disorders among Vietnam veterans: the significance of combat exposure and social support. J Trauma Stress 8(2): 317-336 (1995).
171. David AS, Farrin L, Hull L, Unwin C, Wessely S, Wykes T. Cognitive functioning and disturbances of mood in UK veterans of the Persian Gulf War: a comparative study. Psychol Med 32(8): 1357-1370 (2002).
172. Dlugosz LJ, Hocter WJ, Kaiser KS, Knoke JD, Heller JM, Hamid NA, et al. Risk factors for mental disorder hospitalization after the Persian Gulf War: U.S. Armed Forces, June 1, 1991-September 30, 1993. J Clin Epidemiol 52(12): 1267-1278 (1999).
173. Stimpson NJ, Thomas HV, Weightman AL, Dunstan F, Lewis G. Psychiatric disorder in veterans of the Persian Gulf War of 1991. Systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 182: 391-403 (2003).
174. Fiedler N, Ozakinci G, Hallman W, Wartenberg D, Brewer NT, Barrett DH, et al. Military deployment to the Gulf War as a risk factor for psychiatric illness among US troops. Br J Psychiatry 188: 453-459 (2006).
175. Ryan MA, Smith TC, Smith B, Amoroso P, Boyko EJ, Gray GC, et al. Millennium Cohort: enrollment begins a 21-year contribution to understanding the impact of military service. J Clin Epidemiol 60(2): 181-191 (2007).
176. Smith TC, Ryan MA, Wingard DL, Slymen DJ, Sallis JF, Kritz-Silverstein D. New onset and persistent symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: prospective population based US military cohort study. BMJ 336(7640): 366-371 (2008).
177. Hoge CW, Auchterlonie JL, Milliken CS. Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA 295(9): 1023-1032 (2006).
178. Sareen J, Cox BJ, Afifi TO, Stein MB, Belik SL, Meadows G, et al. Combat and peacekeeping operations in relation to prevalence of mental disorders and perceived need for mental health care: findings from a large representative sample of military personnel. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64(7): 843-852 (2007).
179. LeardMann CA, Smith TC, Smith B, Wells TS, Ryan MA. Baseline self reported functional health and vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder after combat deployment: prospective US military cohort study. BMJ 338: b1273 (2009).
180. Goldberg J, True WR, Eisen SA, Henderson WG. A twin study of the effects of the Vietnam War on posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA 263(9): 1227-1232 (1990).
181. Kulka RA, Schlenger, W.E., Fairbank, J.A., et al. Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report of Findings From the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York, NY: Brun-ner/Mazel. 1990.
182. Pinder RJ, Greenberg N, Boyko EJ, Gackstetter GD, Hooper TI, Murphy D, et al. Profile of two cohorts: UK and US prospective studies of military health. Int J Epidemiol 41(5): 1272-1282 (2012).
183. Granado NS, Smith TC, Swanson GM, Harris RB, Shahar E, Smith B, et al. Newly reported hypertension after military combat deployment in a large population-based study. Hypertension 54(5): 966-973 (2009).
184. Smith B, Ryan MA, Wingard DL, Patterson TL, Slymen DJ, Mac-era CA. Cigarette smoking and military deployment: a prospective evaluation. Am J Prev Med 35(6): 539-546 (2008).
185. Eisen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM, Blanchard MS, Reda DJ, Henderson WG, et al. Gulf War veterans' health: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort. Ann Intern Med 142(11): 881-890 (2005).
186. Kang HK, Li B, Mahan CM, Eisen SA, Engel CC. Health of US veterans of 1991 Gulf War: a follow-up survey in 10 years. J Oc-cup Environ Med 51(4): 401-410 (2009).
187. Xu W, Qiu C, Gatz M, Pedersen NL, Johansson B, Fratiglioni L. Mid- and late-life diabetes in relation to the risk of dementia: a population-based twin study. Diabetes 58(1): 71-77 (2009).
188. Kimm H, Lee PH, Shin YJ, Park KS, Jo J, Lee Y, et al. Mid-life and late-life vascular risk factors and dementia in Korean men and women. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 52(3): e117-e122 (2011).
189. Bendlin BB, Carlsson CM, Gleason CE, Johnson SC, Sodhi A, Gallagher CL, et al. Midlife predictors of Alzheimer's disease. Maturitas 65(2): 131-137 (2010).
190. de Toledo Ferraz ATC, Ferreira LK, Wajngarten M, Busatto GF. Cardiac disorders as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 20(3): 749-763 (2010).
191. Whitmer RA, Sidney S, Selby J, Johnston SC, Yaffe K. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life. Neurology 64(2): 277-281 (2005).
192. Henriksen GL, Ketchum NS, Michalek JE, Swaby JA. Serum di-oxin and diabetes mellitus in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand. Epidemiology 8(3): 252-258 (1997).
193. Kang HK, Dalager NA, Needham LL, Patterson DG, Jr., Lees PS, Yates K, et al. Health status of Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans who sprayed defoliant in Vietnam. Am J Ind Med 49(11): 875-884 (2006).
194. Kim JS, Lim HS, Cho SI, Cheong HK, Lim MK. Impact of Agent Orange exposure among Korean Vietnam veterans. Ind Health 41(3): 149-157 (2003).
195. Cypel Y, Kang H. Mortality patterns of Army Chemical Corps veterans who were occupationally exposed to herbicides in Vietnam. Ann Epidemiol 20(5): 339-346 (2010).
196. Kern PA, Said S, Jackson WG, Jr., Michalek JE. Insulin sensitivity following agent orange exposure in Vietnam veterans with high blood levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(9): 4665-4672 (2004).
197. Cranmer M, Louie S, Kennedy RH, Kern PA, Fonseca VA. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Toxicol Sci 56(2): 431-436 (2000).
198. Lim S, Cho YM, Park KS, Lee HK. Persistent organic pollutants, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1201: 166-176 (2010).
199. Lee HK, Cho YM, Kwak SH, Lim S, Park KS, Shim EB. Mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic syndrome-looking for environmental factors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1800(3): 282-289 (2010).
200. Kopf PG, Huwe JK, Walker MK. Hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, and impaired vascular relaxation induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin are associated with increased superoxide. Cardiovasc Toxicol 8(4): 181-193 (2008).
201. Kopf PG, Scott JA, Agbor LN, Boberg JR, Elased KM, Huwe JK, et al. Cytochrome P4501A1 is required for vascular dysfunction and hypertension induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Toxicol Sci 117(2): 537-546 (2010).
202. Flesch-Janys D, Berger J, Gurn P, Manz A, Nagel S, Waltsgott H, et al. Exposure to polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) and mortality in a cohort of workers from a herbicide-producing plant in Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Am J Epidemiol 142(11): 1165-1175 (1995).
203. Kogevinas M, Becher H, Benn T, Bertazzi PA, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, et al. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins. An expanded and updated international cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 145(12): 1061-1075 (1997).
204. Humblet O, Birnbaum L, Rimm E, Mittleman MA, Hauser R. Dioxins and cardiovascular disease mortality. Environ Health Per-spect 116(11): 1443-1448 (2008).
205. Puga A. Perspectives on the potential involvement of the AH re-ceptor-dioxin axis in cardiovascular disease. Toxicol Sci 120(2): 256-261 (2011).
206. Milionis HJ, Florentin M, Giannopoulos S. Metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: a link to a vascular hypothesis? CNS Spectr 13(7): 606-613 (2008).
207. Panza F, Frisardi V, Capurso C, Imbimbo BP, Vendemiale G, Santamato A, et al. Metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment: current epidemiology and possible underlying mechanisms. J Alz-heimers Dis 21(3): 691-724 (2010).
208. Program NCE. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executie Summary of the Thrid Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285: 2486-2497 (2001).
209. Yaffe K, Kanaya A, Lindquist K, Simonsick EM, Harris T, Shorr RI, et al. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA 292(18): 2237-2242 (2004).
210. Ambrus JL, Islam A, Akhter S, Dembinski W, Kulaylat M, Ambrus CM. Multiple medical problems following agent orange exposure. J Med 35(1-6): 265-269 (2004).
211. Uemura H, Arisawa K, Hiyoshi M, Kitayama A, Takami H, Sawa-chika F, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome associated with body burden levels of dioxin and related compounds among Japan's general population. Environ Health Perspect 117(4): 568-573 (2009).
212. Pelclova D, Fenclova Z, Urban P, Ridzon P, Preiss J, Kupka K, et al. Chronic health impairment due to 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin exposure. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 30(1): 219-224 (2009).
213. Chang JW, Ou HY, Chen HL, Guo HR, Liao PC, Lee CC. Interrelationship between exposure to PCDD/Fs and hypertension in metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese living near a highly contaminated area. Chemosphere 81(8): 1027-1032 (2010).
214. Kim MJ, Pelloux V, Guyot E, Tordjman J, Bui LC, Chevallier A, et al. Inflammatory pathway genes belong to major targets of persistent organic pollutants in adipose cells. Environ Health Perspect 120(4): 508-514 (2012).
215. Peckerman A, LaManca JJ, Smith SL, Taylor A, Tiersky L, Pollet C, et al. Cardiovascular stress responses and their relation to symptoms in Gulf War veterans with fatiguing illness. Psychosom Med 62(4): 509-516 (2000).
216. Bunegin L, Mitzel HC, Miller CS, Gelineau JF, Tolstykh GP. Cognitive performance and cerebrohemodynamics associated with the Persian Gulf Syndrome. Toxicol Ind Health 17(4): 128-137 (2001).
217. Thomas HV, Stimpson NJ, Weightman AL, Dunstan F, Lewis G. Systematic review of multi-symptom conditions in Gulf War veterans. Psychol Med 36(6): 735-747 (2006).
218. Ismail K, Lewis G. Multi-symptom illnesses, unexplained illness and Gulf War Syndrome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361(1468): 543-551 (2006).
219. Greenberg N, Wessely S. Gulf War syndrome: an emerging threat or a piece of history? Emerg Health Threats J 1: e10 (2008).
220. Blanchard MS, Eisen SA, Alpern R, Karlinsky J, Toomey R, Reda DJ, et al. Chronic multisymptom illness complex in Gulf War I veterans 10 years later. Am J Epidemiol 163(1): 66-75 (2006).
221. Kelsall HL, McKenzie DP, Sim MR, Leder K, Forbes AB, Dwyer T. Physical, psychological, and functional comorbidities of multi-symptom illness in Australian male veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. Am J Epidemiol 170(8): 1048-1056 (2009).
222. Kang HK, Natelson BH, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Murphy FM. Posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. Am J Epidemiol 157(2): 141-148 (2003).
223. War CoGWaHHEoSitG. Gulf War and Health. Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Press. 8 (2009).
224. Weiner MW, Meyerhoff DJ, Neylan TC, Hlavin J, Ramage ER, McCoy D, et al. The relationship between Gulf War illness, brain N-acetylaspartate, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Mil Med 176(8): 896-902 (2011).
225. Haley RW, Marshall WW, McDonald GG, Daugherty MA, Petty F, Fleckenstein JL. Brain abnormalities in Gulf War syndrome: evaluation with 1H MR spectroscopy. Radiology 215(3): 807-817 (2000).
226. Proctor SP, Heaton KJ, Heeren T, White RF. Effects of sarin and cyclosarin exposure during the 1991 Gulf War on neurobehavioral functioning in US army veterans. Neurotoxicology 27(6): 931-939 (2006).
227. Heaton KJ, Palumbo CL, Proctor SP, Killiany RJ, Yurgelun-Todd DA, White RF. Quantitative magnetic resonance brain imaging in US army veterans of the 1991 Gulf War potentially exposed to sarin and cyclosarin. Neurotoxicology 28(4): 761-769 (2007).
228. Chao LL, Abadjian L, Hlavin J, Meyerhoff DJ, Weiner MW. Effects of low-level sarin and cyclosarin exposure and Gulf War Illness on brain structure and function: a study at 4T. Neurotoxicology 32(6): 814-822 (2011).
229. Chao LL, Rothlind JC, Cardenas VA, Meyerhoff DJ, Weiner MW. Effects of low-level exposure to sarin and cyclosarin during the 1991 Gulf War on brain function and brain structure in US veterans. Neurotoxicology 31(5): 493-501 (2010).
230. Hunt SC, Jakupcak M, McFall M, Orsborn M, Felker B, Larson S, et al. Re: Chronic multisymptom illness complex in Gulf War I veterans 10 years later. Am J Epidemiol 164(7): 708-709 (2006).
231. Fukuda K, Nisenbaum R, Stewart G, Thompson WW, Robin L, Washko RM, et al. Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. JAMA 280(11): 981-988 (1998).
232. Iversen A, Chalder T, Wessely S. Gulf War Illness: lessons from medically unexplained symptoms. Clin Psychol Rev 27(7): 842-854 (2007).
233. Luchsinger JA, Gustafson DR. Adiposity, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 16(4): 693-704 (2009).
234. McGraw LK, Turner BS, Stotts NA, Dracup KA. A review of cardiovascular risk factors in US military personnel. J Cardiovasc Nurs 23(4): 338-344 (2008).
235. Kress AM, Hartzel MC, Peterson MR. Burden of disease associated with overweight and obesity among U.S. military retirees and their dependents, aged 38-64, 2003. Prev Med 41(1): 63-69 (2005).
236. Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y. Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 9(3): 204-218 (2008).
237. Koepsell TD, Forsberg CW, Littman AJ. Obesity, overweight, and weight control practices in U.S. veterans. Prev Med 48(3): 267-271 (2009).
238. Gibson TB, Lee TA, Vogeli CS, Hidalgo J, Carls GS, Sredl K, et al. A four-system comparison of patients with chronic illness: the Military Health System, Veterans Health Administration, Medicaid, and commercial plans. Mil Med 174(9): 936-943 (2009).
239. Nelson KM. The burden of obesity among a national probability sample of veterans. J Gen Intern Med 21(9): 915-919 (2006).
240. Amdur RL, Chawla LS, Amodeo S, Kimmel PL, Palant CE. Outcomes following diagnosis of acute renal failure in U.S. veterans: focus on acute tubular necrosis. Kidney Int 76(10): 1089-1097 (2009).
241. Arora P, Rajagopalan S, Patel N, Nainani N, Venuto RC, Lohr JW. The MDRD equation underestimates the prevalence of CKD among blacks and overestimates the prevalence of CKD among whites compared to the CKD-EPI equation: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Nephrol 13(1): 4 (2012).
242. Ouseph R, Hendricks P, Hollon JA, Bhimani BD, Lederer ED. Under-recognition of chronic kidney disease in elderly outpatients. Clin Nephrol 68(6): 373-378 (2007).
243. Yaffe K, Ackerson L, Kurella Tamura M, Le Blanc P, Kusek JW, Sehgal AR, et al. Chronic kidney disease and cognitive function in older adults: findings from the chronic renal insufficiency cohort cognitive study. J Am Geriatr Soc 58(2): 338-345 (2010).
244. Almond N, Kahwati L, Kinsinger L, Porterfield D. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among U.S. military veterans. Mil Med 173(6): 544-549 (2008).
245. Das SR, Kinsinger LS, Yancy WS, Jr., Wang A, Ciesco E, Burdick M, et al. Obesity prevalence among veterans at Veterans Affairs medical facilities. Am J Prev Med 28(3): 291-294 (2005).
246. Richlie DG, Winters S, Prochazka AV. Dyslipidemia in veterans. Multiple risk factors may break the bank. Arch Intern Med 151(7): 1433-1436 (1991).
247. McAuley P, Myers J, Abella J, Froelicher V. Body mass, fitness and survival in veteran patients: another obesity paradox? Am J Med 120(6): 518-524 (2007).
248. Reiber GE, Koepsell TD, Maynard C, Haas LB, Boyko EJ. Diabetes in nonveterans, veterans, and veterans receiving Department of Veterans Affairs health care. Diabetes Care 27(2): B3-B9 (2004).
249. Miller DR, Safford MM, Pogach LM. Who has diabetes? Best estimates of diabetes prevalence in the Department of Veterans Affairs based on computerized patient data. Diabetes Care 27(2): B10-B21 (2004).
250. Cheng D, Noble J, Tang MX, Schupf N, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Type 2 diabetes and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 31(6): 424-430 (2011).
251. Kang HK, Bullman TA, Taylor JW. Risk of selected cardiovascular diseases and posttraumatic stress disorder among former World War II prisoners of war. Ann Epidemiol 16(5): 381-386 (2006).
252. Carmelli D, Swan GE, Reed T, Miller B, Wolf PA, Jarvik GP, et al. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors, ApoE, and cognitive decline in elderly male twins. Neurology 50(6): 1580-1585 (1998).
253. Newman AB, Fitzpatrick AL, Lopez O, Jackson S, Lyketsos C, Jagust W, et al. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease incidence in relationship to cardiovascular disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc 53(7): 1101-1107 (2005).