Effects of low-level sarin and cyclosarin exposure and Gulf War Illness on Brain Structure and Function: A study at 4T

NeuroToxicology

Volumn 32, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 814-822

  Chao, Linda L ^a,b,c   Abadjian, Linda ^a   Hlavin, Jennifer ^a   Meyerhoff, Deiter J ^a,c   Weiner, Michael W ^a,b,c  

^a SAN FRANCISCO VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain; Central nervous system; Chemical warfare agents; Cognitive functioning; Cyclosarin; Gulf War veterans; Magnetic resonance imaging; Morphometric analysis; Sarin

Indexed keywords

CYCLOSARIN; SARIN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN RADIOGRAPHY; BRAIN SIZE; BRAIN TISSUE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID EXAMINATION; CHEMICAL WARFARE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; FEMALE; GRAY MATTER; HUMAN; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL FUNCTION; MICROMORPHOLOGY; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; VETERANS HEALTH; VOXEL BASED MORPHOMETRY; WAR; WHITE MATTER;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION; BRAIN; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; COGNITION; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; FEMALE; GULF WAR; HUMANS; IMAGE INTERPRETATION, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; INHALATION EXPOSURE; LINEAR MODELS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MEMORY; MIDDLE AGED; MILITARY PERSONNEL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; PERSIAN GULF SYNDROME; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SARIN; TIME FACTORS; UNITED STATES; VETERANS;

EID: 80055085156     PISSN: 0161813X     EISSN: 18729711     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.06.006     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Anger W.K., Storzbach D., Binder L.M., Campbell K.A., Rohlman D.S., McCauley L., et al. Neurobehavioral deficits in Persian Gulf veterans: evidence from a population-based study. J Int Neuropyschol Soc 1999, 5:203-212.
2. Ashburner J. A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage 2007, 38:95-113.
3. Ashburner J., Friston K.J. Unified segmentation. Neuroimage 2005, 26:839-851.
4. Binder L.M., Storzbach D., Campbell K.A., Rohlman D.S., Anger W.K. Neurobehavioral deficits associated with chronic fatigue syndrome in veterans with Gulf War unexplained illnesses. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2001, 7:835-839. Members of the Portland Environmental Hazards Research Center.
5. Blake D., Weathers F., Nagy L., Kaloupek D., Klauminzer G., Charney D., et al. Clinician administered PTSD scale 1990, West Haven, CT.
6. Bullman T.A., Mahan C.M., Kang H.K., Page W.F. Mortality in US army Gulf War veterans exposed to 1991 Khamisiyah chemical munitions destruction. Am J Public Health 2005, 95:1382-1388.
7. Chao L.L., Rothlind J.C., Cardenas V.A., Meyerhoff D.J., Weiner M.W. Effects of low-level exposure to sarin and cyclosarin during the 1991 Gulf War on brain function and brain structure in US veterans. Neurotoxicology 2010, 31:493-501.
8. Corkin S., Rosen T.J., Sullivan E.V., Clegg R.A. Penetrating head injury in young adulthood exacerbates cognitive decline in later years. J Neurosci 1989, 9:3876-3883.
9. Deli D.C., Kramer J.H., Kaplan E., Ober B.A. California Verbal Learning Test 2000, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
10. Directorate for Deployment Health Support of the Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of Defense (Personnel and Readiness) for Gulf War Illness Medical Readiness and Military Deployments. Potential exposure to sarin from the demolitions at Khamisiyah, Iraq on March 10, 1991. Available from: http://www.gulflink.osd.mil;%201997/.
11. Friston K.J., Worsley K.J., Frackowiak R.S., Mazziotta J.C., Evans A.C. Assessing the significance of focal activations using their spatial extent. Hum Brain Mapp 1994, 1:214-220.
12. Fukuda K., Nisenbaum R., Stewart G., Thompson W.W., Robin L., Washko R.M., et al. Chronic multisymptom illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. JAMA 1998, 280:981-988.
13. Goldstein G., Beers S.R., Morrow L.A., Shemansky W.J., Steinhauer S.R. A preliminary neuropsychological study of Persian Gulf veterans. J Prev Med 1996, 26:443-452.
14. Haley R.W., Hom J., Roland P.S., Bryan W.W., Van Ness P.C., Bonte F.J., et al. Evaluation of neurologic function in Gulf War veterans. A blinded case-control study. JAMA 1997, 277:223-230.
15. Haley R.W., Marshall W.W., McDonald G.G., Daugherty M.A., Petty F., Fleckenstein J.L. Brain abnormalities in Gulf War Syndrome: Evaluation with 1H MR Spectroscopy. Neuroradiology 2000, 215:807-817.
16. Heaton K.J., Palumbo C.L., Proctor S.P., Killiany R.J., Yurgelun-Todd D.A., White R.F. Quantitative magnetic resonance brain imaging in US army veterans of the 1991 Gulf War potentially exposed to sarin and cyclosarin. Neurotoxicology 2007, 28:761-769.
17. Himanen L., Portin R., Isoniemi H., Helenius H., Kurki T., Tenovuo O. Longitudinal cognitive changes in traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study. Neurology 2006, 66:187-192.
18. Hom J., Haley R.W., Kurt T.L. Neuropsychological correlates of Gulf War syndrome. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1997, 12:531-544.
19. Klein M., Houx P., Jolles J. Long term persisting cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury and the effect of age. J Nerv Ment Dis 1996, 184:459-467.
20. Kokmen E., Whisnant J.P., O'Fallon W.M., Chu C.P., Beard C.M. Dementia after ischemic stroke: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960-1984). Neurology 1996, 46:154-159.
21. Lange G., Tiersky L.A., Scharer J.B., Policastro T., Fiedler N., Morgan T.E., et al. Cognitive functioning in Gulf War Illness. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2001, 23:240-249.
22. Letz R.L. NES2 user's manual 1991, Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
23. Liou H.H., Tsai M.C., Chen C.J., Jeng J.S., Chang Y.C., Chen S.Y., et al. Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Taiwan. Neurology 1997, 48:1583-1588.
24. Luchsinger J.A., Reitz C., Honig L.S., Tang M.X., Shea S., Mayeux R. Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005, 65:545-551.
25. McNamara B., Leitnaker F. Toxicological basis for controlling emission of GB into the environment 1971, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, US Army Medical Research Laboratories, MD, Edgewood Arsenal.
26. Menon P.M., Nasrallah H.A., Reeves R.R., Ali J.A. Hippocampal dysfunction in Gulf War Syndrome. A proton MR spectroscopy study. Brain Res 2004, 1009:189-194.
27. Mielke M.M., Rosenberg P.B., Tschanz J., Cook L., Corcoran C., Hayden K.M., et al. Vascular factors predict rate of progression in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2007, 69:1850-1858.
28. Persian Gulf War Illness Task Force. Khamisiyah: a historical perspective on related intelligence. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency; 1997.
29. Proctor S.P., Heaton K.J., Heeren T., White R.F. Effects of chemical warfare agent exposure on central nervous system functioning in US army veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. Neurotoxicology 2006, 27:931-939.
30. Reitan R.M., Wolfson D. The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: theory and interpetation 1985, Neuropsychological Press, Tucson, AZ.
31. Riddle J.R., Brown M., Smith T., Ritchie E.C., Brix K.A., Romano J. Chemical warfare and the Gulf War: a review of the impact on Gulf veterans' health. Mil Med 2003, 168:606-613.
32. Satz P. Brain reserve capacity on symptom onset after brain injury: a formulation and review of evidence for threshold theory. Neuropsychology 1993, 7:273-295.
33. Seidler A., Hellenbrand W., Robra B.P., Vieregge P., Nischan P., Joerg J., et al. Possible environmental, occupational, and other etiologic factors for Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Germany. Neurology 1996, 46:1275-1284.
34. Semchuk K.M., Love E.J., Lee R.G. Parkinson's disease and exposure to agricultural work and pesticide chemicals. Neurology 1992, 42:1328-1335.
35. Smith T.C., Gray G.C., Weir J.C., Heller J.M., Ryan M.A. Gulf War veterans and Iraqi nerve agents at Khamisiyah: postwar hospitalization data revisited. Am J Epidemiol 2003, 158:457-467.
36. Spitzer R., Williams J., Gibbon M., First M. The structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Diagnosis (SCID) 1992, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
37. Steele L. Prevalence and patterns of Gulf War illness in Kansas veterans: association of symptoms with characteristics of person, place, and time of military service. Am J Epidemiol 2000, 152:992-1002.
38. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve - theory and applications 2006, Psychology Press.
39. Storzbach D., Rohlman D.S., Anger W.K., Binder L.M., Campbell K.A. Neurobehavioral deficits in Persian Gulf veterans: additional evidence from a population-based study. Environ Res 2001, 85:1-13.
40. Sullivan K., Krengel M., Proctor S.P., Devine S., Heeren T., White R.F. Cognitive functioning in treatment-seeking Gulf War veterans: pyridostigmine bromide use and PTSD. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2003, 25:95-103.
41. Tatemichi T.K., Paik M., Bagiella E., Desmond D.W., Stern Y., Sano M., et al. Risk of dementia after stroke in a hospitalized cohort: results of a longitudinal study. Neurology 1994, 44:1885-1891.
42. Tombaugh T.N. Tests of memory malingering 1995, Multi-Health Systems, Inc., Toronto, ON.
43. United States General Accounting Office DoD's conclusions about U.S. troops' exposure cannot be adequately supported 2004, United States General Accounting Office, Washington, DC.
44. Unwin C., Blatchley N., Coker W., Ferry S., Hotofp M., Hull L., et al. Health of UK servicemen who served in Persian Gulf War. Lancet 1999, 353:169-178.
45. Vasterling J.J., Brailey K., Tomlin H., Rice J., Sutker P.B. Olfactory functioning in Gulf War-era veterans: relationships to war-zone duty, self-reported hazards exposures, and psychological distress. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2003, 9:407-418.
46. Wechsler D. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 1997, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
47. Wetzel L., Boll T. Short Category Test, Booklet Format 1987, Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles, CA.
48. White R.F., Proctor S.P., Heeren T., Wolfe J., Krengel M., Vasterling J., et al. Neuropsychological function in Gulf War veterans: relationships to self reported toxicant exposures. Am J Ind Med 2001, 40:42-54.
49. Wolfe J., Proctor S., Erickson D., Hu H. Risk factors for multisymptom illness in US Army veterans of the Gulf War. J Occup Environ Med 2002, 44:271-281.