Risk profiles of alzheimer disease

Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences

Volumn 38, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 580-592

  Bilbul, Melanie ^a   Schipper, Hyman ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; ASCORBIC ACID; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CYANOCOBALAMIN; CYSTATIN C; FOLIC ACID; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE; HERBICIDE; HOMOCYSTEINE; ILLICIT DRUG; INSULIN; LIPID; MELATONIN; MERCURY; METHAMPHETAMINE; NICOTINIC ACID; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PESTICIDE; PRESENILIN 1; PRESENILIN 2; PYRIDOXINE; SEX HORMONE; THIAMINE; THYROID HORMONE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BRAIN HYPOXIA; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CANADA; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DETERIORATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEREDITY; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NUTRITION; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SYMPTOM; ARTICLE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CANADA; HUMANS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 80052319713     PISSN: 03171671     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0317167100012129     Document Type: Review

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158. Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, et al. Donepezil and vitamin E in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2379-88.
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170. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287(24): 3230-7.
171. Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, et al. Donepezil and vitamin E in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2379-88.
172. Clarke R, Smith AD, Jobst KA, Refsum H, Sutton L, Ueland PM. Folate, Vitamin B12, and Serum Total Homocysteine Levels in Confirmed Alzheimer Disease. Arch Neurol. 1998;55(11): 1449-55.
173. Wang H-X, Wahlin A, Basun H, Fastbom J, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Vitamin B12 and folate in relation to the development of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 2001;56(9):1188-94.
174. Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:476-83.
175. Hooshmand B, Solomon A, Kareholt I, et al. Homocysteine and holotranscobalamin and the risk of Alzheimer disease: A longitudinal study. Neurology. 2010;75(16):1408-14.
176. Wald DS, Bishop L, Wald NJ, et al. Randomized trial of folic acid supplementation and serum homocysteine levels. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(5):695-700.
177. McMahon JA, Green TJ, Skeaff CM, Knight RG, Mann JI, Williams SM. A controlled trial of homocysteine lowering and cognitive performance. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(26):2764-72.
178. Tucker KL, Olson B, Bakun P, Dallal GE, Selhub J, Rosenberg IH. Breakfast cereal fortified with folic acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 increases vitamin concentrations and reduces homocysteine concentrations: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(5):805-11.
179. Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, et al. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS1. 2010;5(9):e12244.
180. Durga J, van Boxtel MPJ, Schouten EG, et al. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369(9557):208-16.
181. Ford AH, Flicker L, Alfonso H, et al. Vitamins B(12), B(6), and folic acid for cognition in older men. Neurology. 2010;75(17): 1540-7.
182. Malouf M, Grimley EJ, Areosa SA. Folic acid with or without vitamin B12 for cognition and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003(4):CD004514.
183. Kang JH, Cook N, Manson J, Buring JE, Albert CM, Grodstein F. A trial of B vitamins and cognitive function among women at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Amer J Clin Nutr. 2008;88 (6):1602-10.
184. Yang Q, Botto LD, Erickson JD, et al. Improvement in stroke mortality in Canada and the United States, 1990 to 2002. Circulation. 2006;113(10):1335-43.
185. Blass JP, Gleason P, Brush D, DiPonte P, Thaler H. Thiamine and Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Arch Neurol. 1988;45(8): 833-5.
186. Gehlert DR, Morey WA, Wamsley JK. Alterations in muscarinic cholinergic receptor densities induced by thiamine deficiency: Autoradiographic detection of changes in high-and low-affinity agonist binding. J Neurosci Res. 1985;13(3):443-52.
187. Kril JJ. Neuropathology of thiamine deficiency disorders. Metabol Brain Dis 1996;11(1):9-17.
188. Mimori Y, Katsuoka H, Nakamura S. Thiamine therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Metabol Brain Dis. 1996;11(1):89-94.
189. Nolan KA, Black RS, Sheu KFR, Langberg J, Blass JP. A trial of thiamine in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol. 1991;48(1):81-3.
190. Meador K, Loring D, Nichols M, et al. Preliminary findings of high-dose thiamine in dementia of Alzheimer's type. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1993;6(4):222-9.
191. Hageman GJ, Stierum RH. Niacin, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and genomic stability. Mutat Res Fund Molec Mech Mutag. 2001;475(1-2):45-56.
192. Melo SS, Arantes MR, Meirelles MS, Jordao Jr AA, Vannucchi H. Lipid peroxidation in nicotinamide-deficient and nicotinamidesupplemented rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2000;37(1):33-9.
193. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease and of cognitive decline. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(8):1093-9.
194. Bourre JM. Dietary omega-3 Fatty acids and Psychiatry: mood, behaviour, stress, depression, dementia and aging. J Nutr Health Aging. 2005;9(1):31-8.
195. Bourre JM. Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 2: macronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2006;10 (5):386-99.
196. Conquer JA, Tierney MC, Zecevic J, Bettger WJ, Fisher RH. Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment. Lipids. 2000;35(12):1305-12.
197. Maia L, dev Mendonca A. Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer's disease? Eur J Neurol. 2002;9:377-82.
198. Quintana JLB, Allam MF, Del Castillo AS, Navajas RF-C. Alzheimer's disease and coffee: a quantitative review. Neurol Res. 2007;29(1):91-5(5).
199. Eskelinena MH, Ngandua T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Midlife coffee and tea drinking and the risk of late-life dementia: a population-based CAIDE study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;16:85-91.
200. Larrieu S, Letenneur L, Helmer C, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. Nutritional factors and risk of incident dementia in the PAQUID longitudinal cohort. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8(3): 150-4.
201. Mortimer J. Brain reserve and the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease. Geriatrics. 1997;52(Suppl 2):S50-53.
202. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK, Tang MX, Wilder D, Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. J Am Med Assoc. 1994;271(13):1004-10.
203. Crowe M, Andel R, Pedersen NL, Johansson B, Gatz M. Does participation in leisure activities lead to reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease? a prospective study of Swedish twins. J Gerontol. 2003;58(5):P249-55.
204. Scarmeas N, Levy G, Tang MX, Manly J, Stern Y. Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 2001;57(12):2236-42.
205. Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev P. Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2006;36(04):441-54.
206. Stern C, Munn Z. Cognitive leisure activities and their role in preventing dementia: a systematic review. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2010;8(1):2-17.
207. Ball K, Berch DB, Helmers KF, et al., for the ASG. Effects of Cognitive Training Interventions With Older Adults. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288(18):2271-81.
208. Valenzuela M, Sachdev P. Can cognitive exercise prevent the onset of dementia? Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with longitudinal follow-up. Am J Geriat Psychiatry. 2009;17 (3):179-87.
209. Neely AS, Backman L. Effects of multifactorial memory training in old age: generalizability across tasks and individuals. J Gerontol. 1995;50B(3):P134-40.
210. Verhaeghen P, Marcoen A, Goossens L. Improving memory performance in the aged through mnemonic training: a metaanalytic study. Psychol Aging. 1992;7(2):242-51.
211. Mahncke HW, Connor BB, Appelman J, et al. Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticitybased training program: A randomized, controlled study. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103(33):12523-8.
212. Optale G, Urgesi C, Busato V, et al. Controlling memory impairment in elderly adults using virtual reality memory training: A randomized controlled pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010;24(4):348-57.
213. Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, et al. Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(2):234-40.
214. Helmer C, Damon D, Letenneur L, et al. Marital status and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a French population-based cohort study. Neurology. 1999;53(9):1953-8.
215. Guo Z, Cupples LA, Kurz A, et al. Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study. Neurology. 2000;54(6):1316-23.
216. Jordan BD, Relkin NR, Ravdin LD, Jacobs AR, Bennett A, Gandy S. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing. J Am Med Assoc. 1997;278(2):136-40.
217. Mayeux R, Ottman R, Maestre G, et al. Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein-epsilon 4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1995;45(3 Pt 1):555-7.
218. Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, et al. Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology. 2000;55(8):1158-66.
219. Szczygielski J, Mautes A, Steudel WI, Falkai P, Bayer TA, Wirths O. Traumatic brain injury: cause or risk of Alzheimer's disease? A review of experimental studies. J Neural Transm. 2005;112 (11):1547-64.
220. Wilson M, Montgomery H. Impact of genetic factors on outcome from brain injury. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(1):43-8.
221. McCrory P, Zazryn T, Cameron P. The evidence for chronic traumatic encephalopathy in boxing. Sports Med. 2007;37(6): 467-76.
222. Rabadi MH, Jordan BD. The cumulative effect of repetitive concussion in sports. Clin J Sport Med. 2001;11(3):194-8.
223. Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology. 1967;17:427-42.
224. Marder K, Tang M-X, Cote L, Stern Y, Mayeux R. The frequency and associated risk factors for dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(7):695-701.
225. Breteler MMB, Groot RFM, Romunde LKJ, Hofman A. Risk of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and severe head trauma: a register-based follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142(12).
226. Kempster PA, O'Sullivan SS, Holton JL, Revesz T, Lees AJ. Relationships between age and late progression of Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study. Brain. 2010;133(6): 1755-62.
227. Schipper HM. The role of biologic markers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dementia. 2007;3:325-32.
228. Tsuboi Y, Josephs KA, Cookson N, Dickson aDW. APOE E4 is a determinant for Alzheimer type pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 2003;60:240-5.
229. Mackenzie IRA, Miller LA. Senile plaques in temporal lobe epilepsy. Acta Neuropathol. 1994;87:504-10.
230. GriffinWST, Mrak RE. Interleukin-1 in the genesis and progression of and risk for development of neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. J Leukocyte Biol. 2002;72:233-8.
231. Sheng J, Boop F, Mrak R, Griffin W. Increased neuronal betaamyloid precursor protein expression in human temporal lobe epilepsy: association with IL-1 alpha immunoreactivity. J Neurochem. 1994;63:1872-9.
232. Gouras GK, Relkin NR, Sweeney D, Munoz DG, Mackenzie IR, Gandy SE. Increased apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 in epilepsy with senile plaques. Ann Neurol. 1997 Mar;41(3):402-4.
233. Alisky JM. The coming problem of HIV-associated Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypoth. 2007;69(5):1140-3.
234. Guillemin GJ, Brew BJ. Chronic HIV infection leads to an Alzheimer's disease like illness: involvement of the kynurenine pathway. Internat Cong Ser. 2007;1304:324-34.
235. Clifford DB, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, et al. CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer disease in HIV-associated neurologic disease. J Neurol. 2009;73(23):1982-7.
236. Butters MA, Young JB, Lopez O, et al. Pathways linking late-life depression to persistent cognitive impairment and dementia. Dialog Clin Neurosci 2008;10:345-57.
237. Ownby RL, Crocco E, Acevedo A, John V, Loewenstein D. Depression and risk for Alzheimer disease: systematic review, meta-analysis, and metaregression analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(5):530-8.
238. Chen P, Ganguli M, Mulsant B, DeKosky S. The temporal relationship between depressive symptoms and dementia: a community-based prospective study.Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999; 56(3):261-6.
239. Zalsman G, Aizenberg D, Sigler M, Nahshony E, Karp L, Weizman A. Increased risk for dementia in elderly psychiatric inpatients with late-onset major depression. J Nerv Mental Dis. 2000;188 (4):242-3.
240. Baldessarini R, Hegarty J, Bird E, Benes F. Meta-analysis of postmortem studies of Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:861-3.
241. Harrison P, Weinberger D. Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol Psychiatry. 2005;10:40-68.
242. Jellinger KA, Gabriel E. No increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease in elderly schizophrenics. Acta Neuropathol. 1999;97: 165-9.
243. Thibaut F, Coron B, Hannequin D, et al. No association of apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele with schizophrenia even in cognitively impaired patients. Schizophr Res. 1998;30(2): 149-53.
244. Digman JM. Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Ann Rev Psychiatry. 1990;41(1):417-40.
245. Wilson RS, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Mendes de Leon CF, Schneider JA, Bennett DA. Proneness to psychological distress is associated with risk ofAlzheimer's disease. Neurology. 2003;61: 1479-85.
246. Wilson RS, Schneider JA, Arnold SE, Bienias JL, Bennett DA. Conscientiousness and the incidence of Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(10): 1204-12.
247. Dominick K, Ahern F, Gold C, Heller D. Relationship of healthrelated quality of life to health care utilization and mortality among older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2002 Dec;14(6): 499-508.
248. Koenig H, Cohen H, George L, Hays J, Larson D, Blazer D. Attendance at religious services, interleukin-6, and other biological parameters of immune function in older adults. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1997;27(3):233-50.
249. Koenig H, Cohen H, Blazer D, et al. Religious coping and depression among elderly, hospitalized medically ill men. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:1693-700.
250. Kang JH, Cook N, Manson J, Buring JE, Albert CM, Grodstein F. A trial of B vitamins and cognitive function among women at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Amer J Clin Nutr. 2008;88 (6):1602-10.
251. Yang Q, Botto LD, Erickson JD, et al. Improvement in stroke mortality in Canada and the United States, 1990 to 2002. Circulation. 2006;113(10):1335-43.
252. Blass JP, Gleason P, Brush D, DiPonte P, Thaler H. Thiamine and Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Arch Neurol. 1988;45(8): 833-5.
253. Gehlert DR, Morey WA, Wamsley JK. Alterations in muscarinic cholinergic receptor densities induced by thiamine deficiency: Autoradiographic detection of changes in high-and low-affinity agonist binding. J Neurosci Res. 1985;13(3):443-52.
254. Kril JJ. Neuropathology of thiamine deficiency disorders. Metabol Brain Dis 1996;11(1):9-17.
255. Mimori Y, Katsuoka H, Nakamura S. Thiamine therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Metabol Brain Dis. 1996;11(1):89-94.
256. Nolan KA, Black RS, Sheu KFR, Langberg J, Blass JP. A trial of thiamine in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol. 1991;48(1):81-3.
257. Meador K, Loring D, Nichols M, et al. Preliminary findings of high-dose thiamine in dementia of Alzheimer's type. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1993;6(4):222-9.
258. Hageman GJ, Stierum RH. Niacin, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and genomic stability. Mutat Res Fund Molec Mech Mutag. 2001;475(1-2):45-56.
259. Melo SS, Arantes MR, Meirelles MS, Jordao Jr AA, Vannucchi H. Lipid peroxidation in nicotinamide-deficient and nicotinamidesupplemented rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2000;37(1):33-9.
260. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, et al. Dietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease and of cognitive decline. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(8):1093-9.
261. Bourre JM. Dietary omega-3 Fatty acids and Psychiatry: mood, behaviour, stress, depression, dementia and aging. J Nutr Health Aging. 2005;9(1):31-8.
262. Bourre JM. Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 2: macronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2006;10 (5):386-99.
263. Conquer JA, Tierney MC, Zecevic J, Bettger WJ, Fisher RH. Fatty acid analysis of blood plasma of patients with Alzheimer's disease, other types of dementia, and cognitive impairment. Lipids. 2000;35(12):1305-12.
264. Maia L, dev Mendonca A. Does caffeine intake protect from Alzheimer's disease? Eur J Neurol. 2002;9:377-82.
265. Quintana JLB, Allam MF, Del Castillo AS, Navajas RF-C. Alzheimer's disease and coffee: a quantitative review. Neurol Res. 2007;29(1):91-5(5).
266. Eskelinena MH, Ngandua T, Tuomilehto J, Soininen H, Kivipelto M. Midlife coffee and tea drinking and the risk of late-life dementia: a population-based CAIDE study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;16:85-91.
267. Larrieu S, Letenneur L, Helmer C, Dartigues JF, Barberger-Gateau P. Nutritional factors and risk of incident dementia in the PAQUID longitudinal cohort. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8(3): 150-4.
268. Mortimer J. Brain reserve and the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease. Geriatrics. 1997;52(Suppl 2):S50-53.
269. Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK, Tang MX, Wilder D, Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. J Am Med Assoc. 1994;271(13):1004-10.
270. Crowe M, Andel R, Pedersen NL, Johansson B, Gatz M. Does participation in leisure activities lead to reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease? a prospective study of Swedish twins. J Gerontol. 2003;58(5):P249-55.
271. Scarmeas N, Levy G, Tang MX, Manly J, Stern Y. Influence of leisure activity on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 2001;57(12):2236-42.
272. Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev P. Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2006;36(04):441-54.
273. Stern C, Munn Z. Cognitive leisure activities and their role in preventing dementia: a systematic review. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2010;8(1):2-17.
274. Ball K, Berch DB, Helmers KF, et al., for the ASG. Effects of Cognitive Training Interventions With Older Adults. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;288(18):2271-81.
275. Valenzuela M, Sachdev P. Can cognitive exercise prevent the onset of dementia? Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with longitudinal follow-up. Am J Geriat Psychiatry. 2009;17 (3):179-87.
276. Neely AS, Backman L. Effects of multifactorial memory training in old age: generalizability across tasks and individuals. J Gerontol. 1995;50B(3):P134-40.
277. Verhaeghen P, Marcoen A, Goossens L. Improving memory performance in the aged through mnemonic training: a metaanalytic study. Psychol Aging. 1992;7(2):242-51.
278. Mahncke HW, Connor BB, Appelman J, et al. Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticitybased training program: A randomized, controlled study. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103(33):12523-8.
279. Optale G, Urgesi C, Busato V, et al. Controlling memory impairment in elderly adults using virtual reality memory training: A randomized controlled pilot study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2010;24(4):348-57.
280. Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, et al. Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(2):234-40.
281. Helmer C, Damon D, Letenneur L, et al. Marital status and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a French population-based cohort study. Neurology. 1999;53(9):1953-8.
282. Guo Z, Cupples LA, Kurz A, et al. Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study. Neurology. 2000;54(6):1316-23.
283. Jordan BD, Relkin NR, Ravdin LD, Jacobs AR, Bennett A, Gandy S. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing. J Am Med Assoc. 1997;278(2):136-40.
284. Mayeux R, Ottman R, Maestre G, et al. Synergistic effects of traumatic head injury and apolipoprotein-epsilon 4 in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 1995;45(3 Pt 1):555-7.
285. Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, et al. Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology. 2000;55(8):1158-66.
286. Szczygielski J, Mautes A, Steudel WI, Falkai P, Bayer TA, Wirths O. Traumatic brain injury: cause or risk of Alzheimer's disease? A review of experimental studies. J Neural Transm. 2005;112 (11):1547-64.
287. Wilson M, Montgomery H. Impact of genetic factors on outcome from brain injury. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(1):43-8.
288. McCrory P, Zazryn T, Cameron P. The evidence for chronic traumatic encephalopathy in boxing. Sports Med. 2007;37(6): 467-76.
289. Rabadi MH, Jordan BD. The cumulative effect of repetitive concussion in sports. Clin J Sport Med. 2001;11(3):194-8.
290. Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology. 1967;17:427-42.
291. Marder K, Tang M-X, Cote L, Stern Y, Mayeux R. The frequency and associated risk factors for dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol. 1995;52(7):695-701.
292. Breteler MMB, Groot RFM, Romunde LKJ, Hofman A. Risk of dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and severe head trauma: a register-based follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142(12).
293. Kempster PA, O'Sullivan SS, Holton JL, Revesz T, Lees AJ. Relationships between age and late progression of Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study. Brain. 2010;133(6): 1755-62.
294. Schipper HM. The role of biologic markers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease Alzheimers Dementia. 2007;3:325-32.
295. Tsuboi Y, Josephs KA, Cookson N, Dickson aDW. APOE E4 is a determinant for Alzheimer type pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology. 2003;60:240-5.
296. Mackenzie IRA, Miller LA. Senile plaques in temporal lobe epilepsy. Acta Neuropathol. 1994;87:504-10.
297. GriffinWST, Mrak RE. Interleukin-1 in the genesis and progression of and risk for development of neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. J Leukocyte Biol. 2002;72:233-8.
298. Sheng J, Boop F, Mrak R, Griffin W. Increased neuronal betaamyloid precursor protein expression in human temporal lobe epilepsy: association with IL-1 alpha immunoreactivity. J Neurochem. 1994;63:1872-9.
299. Gouras GK, Relkin NR, Sweeney D, Munoz DG, Mackenzie IR, Gandy SE. Increased apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 in epilepsy with senile plaques. Ann Neurol. 1997 Mar;41(3):402-4.
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