Midlife predictors of Alzheimer's disease

Maturitas

Volumn 65, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 131-137

  Bendlin, B B ^a,b   Carlsson, C M ^a,b   Gleason, C E ^a,b   Johnson, S C ^a,b   Sodhi, A ^a,b   Gallagher, C L ^a,b   Puglielli, L ^a,b   Engelman, C D ^b   Ries, M L ^a,b   Xu, G ^a,b   Wharton, W ^a,b   Asthana, S ^a,b  

^a WILLIAM S MIDDLETON MEMORIAL VETERANS HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Dementia; Education; Estrogen; Family history; Genes; Midlife; MRI; Vascular risk

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FAMILY HISTORY; FEMALE; GENDER AND SEX; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; MALE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 74649084820     PISSN: 03785122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.12.014     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. International AD. World Alzheimer Report (2009)
2. Plassman B.L., Langa K.M., Fisher G.G., et al. Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. Neuroepidemiology 29 1-2 (2007) 125-132
3. Berr C., Wancata J., and Ritchie K. Prevalence of dementia in the elderly in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 15 4 (2005) 463-471
4. Savva G.M., Wharton S.B., Ince P.G., Forster G., Matthews F.E., and Brayne C. Age, neuropathology, and dementia. N Engl J Med 360 22 (2009) 2302-2309
5. Nelson P.T., Braak H., and Markesbery W.R. Neuropathology and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease: a complex but coherent relationship. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 68 1 (2009) 1-14
6. Price J.L., McKeel Jr. D.W., Buckles V.D., et al. Neuropathology of nondemented aging: presumptive evidence for preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 30 7 (2009) 1026-1036
7. Braak H., and Braak E. Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiol Aging 18 4 (1997) 351-357
8. Corder E.H., Saunders A.M., Strittmatter W.J., et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261 5123 (1993) 921-923
9. Sando S.B., Melquist S., Cannon A., et al. APOE epsilon 4 lowers age at onset and is a high risk factor for Alzheimer's disease; a case control study from central Norway. BMC Neurol 8 (2008) 9
10. Corbo R.M., and Scacchi R. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele distribution in the world. Is APOE*4 a 'thrifty' allele?. Ann Hum Genet 63 Pt 4 (1999) 301-310
11. Caselli R.J., Dueck A.C., Osborne D., et al. Longitudinal modeling of age-related memory decline and the APOE epsilon4 effect. N Engl J Med 361 3 (2009) 255-263
12. Reiman E.M., Caselli R.J., Yun L.S., et al. Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer's disease in persons homozygous for the epsilon 4 allele for apolipoprotein E. N Engl J Med 334 12 (1996) 752-758
13. Lind J., Larsson A., Persson J., et al. Reduced hippocampal volume in non-demented carriers of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4: relation to chronological age and recognition memory. Neurosci Lett 396 1 (2006) 23-27
14. Wishart H.A., Saykin A.J., McAllister T.W., et al. Regional brain atrophy in cognitively intact adults with a single APOE epsilon4 allele. Neurology 67 7 (2006) 1221-1224
15. Bookheimer S.Y., Strojwas M.H., Cohen M.S., et al. Patterns of brain activation in people at risk for Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 343 7 (2000) 450-456
16. Fleisher A.S., Bondi M.W., Taylor C., et al. IC-P-043 functional perfusion MRI shows decreased hippocampal signal with normal aging in ApoE4 carriers. Alzheimers Demen 2 3 (Suppl. 1) (2006) S671-S672
17. Reiman E.M., Chen K., Liu X., et al. Fibrillar amyloid-beta burden in cognitively normal people at 3 levels of genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106 16 (2009) 6820-6825
18. Nierenberg J., Pomara N., Hoptman M.J., Sidtis J.J., Ardekani B.A., and Lim K.O. Abnormal white matter integrity in healthy apolipoprotein E epsilon4 carriers. Neuroreport 16 12 (2005) 1369-1372
19. Persson J., Lind J., Larsson A., et al. Altered brain white matter integrity in healthy carriers of the APOE epsilon4 allele: a risk for AD?. Neurology 66 7 (2006) 1029-1033
20. Lambert J.C., Heath S., Even G., et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and CR1 associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet 41 10 (2009) 1094-1099
21. Harold D., Abraham R., Hollingworth P., et al. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and PICALM associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nat Genet 41 10 (2009) 1088-1093
22. Bertram L., and Tanzi R.E. Thirty years of Alzheimer's disease genetics: the implications of systematic meta-analyses. Nat Rev Neurosci 9 10 (2008) 768-778
23. Mayeux R., Sano M., Chen J., Tatemichi T., and Stern Y. Risk of dementia in first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Arch Neurol 48 3 (1991) 269-273
24. Green R.C., Cupples L.A., Go R., et al. Risk of dementia among white and African American relatives of patients with Alzheimer disease. JAMA 287 3 (2002) 329-336
25. Jayadev S., Steinbart E.J., Chi Y.Y., Kukull W.A., Schellenberg G.D., and Bird T.D. Conjugal Alzheimer disease: risk in children when both parents have Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 65 3 (2008) 373-378
26. Martinez M., Campion D., Brice A., et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele and familial aggregation of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 55 6 (1998) 810-816
27. Coats M., and Morris J.C. Antecedent biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: the adult children study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 18 4 (2005) 242-244
28. Sager M.A., Hermann B., and La Rue A. Middle-aged children of persons with Alzheimer's disease: APOE genotypes and cognitive function in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 18 4 (2005) 245-249
29. La Rue A., Hermann B., Jones J.E., Johnson S., Asthana S., and Sager M.A. Effect of parental family history of Alzheimer's disease on serial position profiles. Alzheimers Demen 4 4 (2008) 285-290
30. Xu G., McLaren D.G., Ries M.L., et al. The influence of parental history of Alzheimer's disease and apolipoprotein Eε4 on the BOLD signal during recognition memory. Brain (2008)
31. Johnson S.C., Schmitz T.W., Trivedi M.A., et al. The influence of Alzheimer disease family history and apolipoprotein E epsilon4 on mesial temporal lobe activation. J Neurosci 26 22 (2006) 6069-6076
32. Trivedi M.A., Schmitz T.W., Ries M.L., et al. Johnson SC: fMRI activation during episodic encoding and metacognitive appraisal across the lifespan: Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia (2007)
33. Johnson S.C., Ries M.L., Hess T.M., et al. Effect of Alzheimer disease risk on brain function during self-appraisal in healthy middle-aged adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64 10 (2007) 1163-1171
34. Schmitz T.W., Kawahara-Baccus T.N., Sager M., Rowley H.A., Asthana S., and Johnson S.C. Apolipoprotein E genotype affects neural activation in the mesial temporal lobe of a cognitively normal cohort with familial history of AD. International Neuropsychological Society annual meeting: 2004. Baltimore (2004)
35. Bassett S.S., Yousem D.M., Cristinzio C., et al. Familial risk for Alzheimer's disease alters fMRI activation patterns. Brain 129 Pt 5 (2006) 1229-1239
36. Fleisher A.S., Podraza K.M., Bangen K.J., et al. Cerebral perfusion and oxygenation differences in Alzheimer's disease risk. Neurobiol Aging (2008)
37. Bendlin BB, Ries ML, Canu E, et al. White matter is altered with parental family history of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Demen; in press, doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2009.11.003.
38. Mosconi L., Mistur R., Switalski R., et al. Declining brain glucose metabolism in normal individuals with a maternal history of Alzheimer disease. Neurology (2008)
39. Mosconi L., Brys M., Switalski R., et al. Maternal family history of Alzheimer's disease predisposes to reduced brain glucose metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 48 (2007) 19067-19072
40. Baum L.W. Sex, hormones, and Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60 6 (2005) 736-743
41. Gandy S., and Duff K. Post-menopausal estrogen deprivation and Alzheimer's disease. Exp Gerontol 35 4 (2000) 503-511
42. Manly J.J., Merchant C.A., Jacobs D.M., et al. Endogenous estrogen levels and Alzheimer's disease among postmenopausal women. Neurology 54 4 (2000) 833-837
43. Chang D., Kwan J., and Timiras P.S. Estrogens influence growth, maturation, and amyloid beta-peptide production in neuroblastoma cells and in a beta-APP transfected kidney 293 cell line. Adv Exp Med Biol 429 (1997) 261-271
44. Morinaga A., Hirohata M., Ono K., and Yamada M. Estrogen has anti-amyloidogenic effects on Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 359 3 (2007) 697-702
45. Marin R., Guerra B., Hernandez-Jimenez J.G., et al. Estradiol prevents amyloid-beta peptide-induced cell death in a cholinergic cell line via modulation of a classical estrogen receptor. Neuroscience 121 4 (2003) 917-926
46. Carroll J.C., and Pike C.J. Selective estrogen receptor modulators differentially regulate Alzheimer-like changes in female 3xTg-AD mice. Endocrinology 149 5 (2008) 2607-2611
47. Carroll J.C., Rosario E.R., Chang L., et al. Progesterone and estrogen regulate Alzheimer-like neuropathology in female 3xTg-AD mice. J Neurosci 27 48 (2007) 13357-13365
48. Levin-Allerhand J.A., Lominska C.E., Wang J., and Smith J.D. 17Alpha-estradiol and 17beta-estradiol treatments are effective in lowering cerebral amyloid-beta levels in AbetaPPSWE transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 4 6 (2002) 449-457
49. Petanceska S.S., Nagy V., Frail D., and Gandy S. Ovariectomy and 17beta-estradiol modulate the levels of Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptides in brain. Exp Gerontol 35 9-10 (2000) 1317-1325
50. Zhang Q.H., Huang Y.H., Hu Y.Z., et al. Disruption of estrogen receptor beta in mice brain results in pathological alterations resembling Alzheimer disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 25 4 (2004) 452-457
51. Coma M., Guix F.X., Uribesalgo I., et al. Lack of oestrogen protection in amyloid-mediated endothelial damage due to protein nitrotyrosination. Brain 128 Pt 7 (2005) 1613-1621
52. Green P.S., Bales K., Paul S., and Bu G. Estrogen therapy fails to alter amyloid deposition in the PDAPP model of Alzheimer's disease. Endocrinology 146 6 (2005) 2774-2781
53. Chakrabarti E., Wang J., Claire-Olsen J., and Smith J.D. Lack of protective effect of estrogens on cerebral A-beta levels in intact female and male APP transgenic mice. Drug Dev Res 66 2 (2006) 136-141
54. Zandi P.P., Carlson M.C., Plassman B.L., et al. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of Alzheimer disease in older women: the Cache County Study. JAMA 288 17 (2002) 2123-2129
55. Kawas C., Resnick S., Morrison A., et al. A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurology 48 6 (1997) 1517-1521
56. Tang M.X., Jacobs D., Stern Y., et al. Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 348 9025 (1996) 429-432
57. Paganini-Hill A., and Henderson V.W. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 156 19 (1996) 2213-2217
58. Espeland M.A., Rapp S.R., Shumaker S.A., et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA 291 24 (2004) 2959-2968
59. Du Y., Scheidt-Nave C., Schaffrath Rosario A., Ellert U., Doren M., and Knopf H. Changes of menopausal hormone therapy use pattern since 2000: results of the Berlin Spandau Longitudinal Health Study. Climacteric (2009) 1-12
60. Sawka A.M., Huh A., Dolovich L., et al. Attitudes of women who are currently using or recently stopped estrogen replacement therapy with or without progestins: results of the AWARE survey. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 26 11 (2004) 967-973
61. Barber C.A., Margolis K., Luepker R.V., and Arnett D.K. The impact of the Women's Health Initiative on discontinuation of postmenopausal hormone therapy: the Minnesota Heart Survey (2000-2002). J Womens Health (Larchmt) 13 9 (2004) 975-985
62. Blumel J.E., Castelo-Branco C., Chedraui P.A., et al. Patients' and clinicians' attitudes after the Women's Health Initiative study. Menopause 11 1 (2004) 57-61
63. Travers C., O'Neill S.M., Khoo S.K., and King R. Hormones down under: hormone therapy use after the Women's Health Initiative. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 46 4 (2006) 330-335
64. Bush T.M., Bonomi A.E., Nekhlyudov L., et al. How the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) influenced physicians' practice and attitudes. J Gen Intern Med 22 9 (2007) 1311-1316
65. Rossouw J.E., Anderson G.L., Prentice R.L., et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288 3 (2002) 321-333
66. Mastorakos G., Sakkas E.G., Xydakis A.M., and Creatsas G. Pitfalls of the WHIs: Women's Health Initiative. Ann NY Acad Sci 1092 (2006) 331-340
67. Harman S.M., Brinton E.A., Clarkson T., et al. Is the WHI relevant to HRT started in the perimenopause?. Endocrine 24 3 (2004) 195-202
68. Ostrzenski A., and Ostrzenska K.M. WHI clinical trial revisit: imprecise scientific methodology disqualifies the study's outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193 5 (2005) 1599-1604 discussion 1605-1596
69. Garbe E., and Suissa S. Issues to debate on the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study. Hum Reprod 19 1 (2004) 8-13
70. Savonenko A.V., and Markowska A.L. The cognitive effects of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement are modulated by aging. Neuroscience 119 3 (2003) 821-830
71. Joseph J.A., Shukitt-Hale B., Casadesus G., and Fisher D. Oxidative stress and inflammation in brain aging: nutritional considerations. Neurochem Res 30 6-7 (2005) 927-935
72. Marriott L.K., Hauss-Wegrzyniak B., Benton R.S., Vraniak P.D., and Wenk G.L. Long-term estrogen therapy worsens the behavioral and neuropathological consequences of chronic brain inflammation. Behav Neurosci 116 5 (2002) 902-911
73. Henderson V.W. Estrogens, episodic memory, and Alzheimer's disease: a critical update. Semin Reprod Med 27 3 (2009) 283-293
74. Kivipelto M., Helkala E.L., Laakso M.P., et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med 137 3 (2002) 149-155
75. Gustafson D., Rothenberg E., Blennow K., Steen B., and Skoog I. An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 163 13 (2003) 1524-1528
76. Arvanitakis Z., Wilson R.S., Bienias J.L., Evans D.A., and Bennett D.A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function. Arch Neurol 61 5 (2004) 661-666
77. Launer L.J., Ross G.W., Petrovitch H., et al. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging 21 1 (2000) 49-55
78. Schmidt R., Schmidt H., Curb J.D., Masaki K., White L.R., and Launer L.J. Early inflammation and dementia: a 25-year follow-up of the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Ann Neurol 52 2 (2002) 168-174
79. Craft S. Insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: potential mechanisms and implications for treatment. Curr Alzheimer Res 4 2 (2007) 147-152
80. Qiu C., Winblad B., and Fratiglioni L. The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia. Lancet Neurol 4 8 (2005) 487-499
81. Johnson K.C., Margolis K.L., Espeland M.A., et al. A prospective study of the effect of hypertension and baseline blood pressure on cognitive decline and dementia in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 56 8 (2008) 1449-1458
82. Notkola I.L., Sulkava R., Pekkanen J., et al. Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology 17 1 (1998) 14-20
83. Evans R.M., Emsley C.L., Gao S., et al. Serum cholesterol, APOE genotype, and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study of African Americans. Neurology 54 1 (2000) 240-242
84. Dufouil C., Richard F., Fievet N., et al. APOE genotype, cholesterol level, lipid-lowering treatment, and dementia: the Three-City Study. Neurology 64 9 (2005) 1531-1538
85. Whitmer R.A., Gunderson E.P., Quesenberry Jr. C.P., Zhou J., and Yaffe K. Body mass index in midlife and risk of Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 4 2 (2007) 103-109
86. Fitzpatrick A.L., Kuller L.H., Lopez O.L., et al. Midlife and late-life obesity and the risk of dementia: cardiovascular health study. Arch Neurol 66 3 (2009) 336-342
87. Kivipelto M., Ngandu T., Laatikainen T., Winblad B., Soininen H., and Tuomilehto J. Risk score for the prediction of dementia risk in 20 years among middle aged people: a longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet neurology 5 9 (2006) 735-741
88. Ott A., Stolk R.P., Hofman A., van Harskamp F., Grobbee D.E., and Breteler M.M. Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: the Rotterdam Study. Diabetologia 39 11 (1996) 1392-1397
89. Luchsinger J.A., Tang M.X., Shea S., and Mayeux R. Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 63 7 (2004) 1187-1192
90. Xu W., Qiu C., Gatz M., Pedersen N.L., Johansson B., and Fratiglioni L. Mid- and late-life diabetes in relation to the risk of dementia: a population-based twin study. Diabetes 58 1 (2009) 71-77
91. Farris W., Mansourian S., Chang Y., et al. Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 7 (2003) 4162-4167
92. Stolerman E.S., and Florez J.C. Genomics of type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications for the clinician. Nat Rev Endocrinol 5 8 (2009) 429-436
93. Ackermann R.T., Finch E.A., Brizendine E., Zhou H., and Marrero D.G. Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program into the community. The DEPLOY Pilot Study. Am J Prev Med 35 4 (2008) 357-363
94. Scarmeas N., Luchsinger J.A., Schupf N., et al. Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA 302 6 (2009) 627-637
95. Anstey K.J., Mack H.A., and Cherbuin N. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17 7 (2009) 542-555
96. Peters R., Peters J., Warner J., Beckett N., and Bulpitt C. Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age Ageing 37 5 (2008) 505-512
97. Hakansson K., Rovio S., Helkala E.L., et al. Association between mid-life marital status and cognitive function in later life: population based cohort study. BMJ 339 (2009) b2462
98. Fratiglioni L., Paillard-Borg S., and Winblad B. An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurol 3 6 (2004) 343-353
99. Sando S.B., Melquist S., Cannon A., et al. Risk-reducing effect of education in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23 11 (2008) 1156-1162
100. Stern Y., Gurland B., Tatemichi T.K., Tang M.X., Wilder D., and Mayeux R. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. JAMA 271 13 (1994) 1004-1010
101. Gatz M., Svedberg P., Pedersen N.L., Mortimer J.A., Berg S., and Johansson B. Education and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: findings from the study of dementia in Swedish twins. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 56 5 (2001) P292-300
102. Querbes O., Aubry F., Pariente J., et al. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using cortical thickness: impact of cognitive reserve. Brain 132 Pt 8 (2009) 2036-2047
103. Kemppainen N.M., Aalto S., Karrasch M., et al. Cognitive reserve hypothesis: Pittsburgh Compound B and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in relation to education in mild Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 63 1 (2008) 112-118
104. Stern Y. Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia 47 10 (2009) 2015-2028
105. Friedland R.P., Fritsch T., Smyth K.A., et al. Patients with Alzheimer's disease have reduced activities in midlife compared with healthy control-group members. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 6 (2001) 3440-3445
106. Hamer M., and Chida Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med 39 1 (2009) 3-11
107. Lautenschlager N.T., Cox K.L., Flicker L., et al. Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 300 9 (2008) 1027-1037
108. Rovio S., Kareholt I., Helkala E.L., et al. Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 4 11 (2005) 705-711
109. Andel R., Crowe M., Pedersen N.L., Fratiglioni L., Johansson B., and Gatz M. Physical exercise at midlife and risk of dementia three decades later: a population-based study of Swedish twins. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63 1 (2008) 62-66
110. Masley S., Roetzheim R., and Gualtieri T. Aerobic exercise enhances cognitive flexibility. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 16 2 (2009) 186-193
111. Pepeu G., and Giovannini M.G. Cholinesterase inhibitors and beyond. Curr Alzheimer Res 6 2 (2009) 86-96
112. Kavirajan H. Memantine: a comprehensive review of safety and efficacy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 8 1 (2009) 89-109
113. Camins A., Verdaguer E., Junyent F., et al. Potential mechanisms involved in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases by lithium. CNS Neurosci Ther 15 4 (2009) 333-344
114. Orgogozo J.M., Gilman S., Dartigues J.F., et al. Subacute meningoencephalitis in a subset of patients with AD after Abeta42 immunization. Neurology 61 1 (2003) 46-54
115. Tuszynski M.H., Thal L., Pay M., et al. A phase 1 clinical trial of nerve growth factor gene therapy for Alzheimer disease. Nat Med 11 5 (2005) 551-555
116. Pasqualetti P., Bonomini C., Dal Forno G., et al. A randomized controlled study on effects of ibuprofen on cognitive progression of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 21 2 (2009) 102-110
117. Martin B.K., Szekely C., Brandt J., et al. Cognitive function over time in the Alzheimer's disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT): results of a randomized, controlled trial of naproxen and celecoxib. Arch Neurol 65 7 (2008) 896-905
118. Petersen R.C., Thomas R.G., Grundman M., et al. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med 352 23 (2005) 2379-2388
119. Lee M.S., Yang E.J., Kim J.I., and Ernst E. Ginseng for cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis 18 2 (2009) 339-344
120. DeKosky S.T., Williamson J.D., Fitzpatrick A.L., et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 300 19 (2008) 2253-2262
121. Baum L., Lam C.W., Cheung S.K., et al. Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 28 1 (2008) 110-113
122. Markesbery W.R., Schmitt F.A., Kryscio R.J., Davis D.G., Smith C.D., and Wekstein D.R. Neuropathologic substrate of mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 63 1 (2006) 38-46
123. Gatz M., Fratiglioni L., Johansson B., et al. Complete ascertainment of dementia in the Swedish Twin Registry: the HARMONY study. Neurobiol Aging 26 4 (2005) 439-447
124. Feng L., Li J., Yap K.B., Kua E.H., and Ng T.P. Vitamin B-12, apolipoprotein E genotype, and cognitive performance in community-living older adults: evidence of a gene-micronutrient interaction. Am J Clin Nutr 89 4 (2009) 1263-1268
125. Carmelli D., Swan G.E., Reed T., Schellenberg G.D., and Christian J.C. The effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 in the relationships of smoking and drinking to cognitive function. Neuroepidemiology 18 3 (1999) 125-133
126. Bernstein M.S., Costanza M.C., James R.W., et al. Physical activity may modulate effects of ApoE genotype on lipid profile. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 1 (2002) 133-140
127. Yun S.H., Park K.A., Kwon S., et al. Estradiol enhances long term potentiation in hippocampal slices from aged apoE4-TR mice. Hippocampus 17 12 (2007) 1153-1157
128. Rippon G.A., Tang M.X., Lee J.H., Lantigua R., Medrano M., and Mayeux R. Familial Alzheimer disease in Latinos: interaction between APOE, stroke, and estrogen replacement. Neurology 66 1 (2006) 35-40
129. Peila R., White L.R., Petrovich H., et al. Joint effect of the APOE gene and midlife systolic blood pressure on late-life cognitive impairment: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Stroke 32 12 (2001) 2882-2889
130. Christensen H., Batterham P.J., Mackinnon A.J., et al. The association of APOE genotype and cognitive decline in interaction with risk factors in a 65-69 year old community sample. BMC Geriatr 8 (2008) 14
131. Brookmeyer R., Gray S., and Kawas C. Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am J Public Health 88 9 (1998) 1337-1342
132. Harman S.M., Brinton E.A., Cedars M., Lobo R., Manson J.E., Merriam G.R., Miller V.M., Naftolin F., and Santoro N. KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study. Climacteric 8 (2005) 3-12