Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronic and Photovoltaic Applications

Chemistry of Nanocarbons

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 333-363

  Campidelli, Stéphane ^a   Prato, Maurizio ^b  

^a CNRS UMR 3299   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TRIESTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

'Fluoronanotubes' by direct fluorination of SWNTs with F2 gas; Aryl diazonium on carbon nanotubes popular reaction for nanotube functionalization; Carbon nanotube functionalization for nanoelectronic and photovoltaic applications; Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalization and CNT hybrids; CNT FETs for biosensing and biodetection; Covalent functionalization of SWNTs with poly(m aminobenzenesulfonic acid) (PABS); Electrical conductivity, morphology, and good chemical stability of SWNTs; Electron transfer properties and photovoltaic applications; Functionalized carbon nanotubes (f CNTs); Functionalized carbon nanotubes for electrical measurements and field effect transistors

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886116690     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470660188.ch13     Document Type: Chapter

References (137)

1. J. Liu, A. G. Rinzler, H. Dai, J. H. Hafner, R. K. Bradley, P. J. Boul, A. Lu, T. Iverson, K. Shelimov, C. B. Huffman, F. Rodriguez-Marcias, Y.-S. Shon, T. R. Lee, D. T. Colbert and R. E. Smalley, Fullerene Pipes, Science, 280, 1253-1256 (1998).
2. K. J. Ziegler, Z. Gu, H. Peng, E. L. Flor, R. H. Hauge and R. E. Smalley, Controlled Oxidative Cutting of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 1541-1547 (2005).
3. L. Capes, E.Valentin, S. Esnouf, A. Ribayrol, O. Jost, A. Filoramo and J.-N. Patillon,9 High yield non destructive purification of single wall carbon nanotubes monitored by EPR measurements, Proc. of the 2002 2nd IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology, 439-442 (2002).
4. C. G. Salzmann, S. A. Llewellyn, G. Tobias, M. A.H. Ward, Y. Huh and M. L.H. Green, The Role of Carboxylated Carbonaceous Fragments in the Functionalization and Spectroscopy of a Single-Walled Carbon-Nanotube Material, Adv. Mater., 19, 883-887 (2007).
5. J. Chen, M. A. Hamon, H. Hu, Y. Chen, A. M. Rao, P. C. Eklund and R. C. Haddon, Solution Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Science, 282, 95-98 (1998).
6. D. Tasis, N. Tagmatarchis, A. Bianco and M. Prato, Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes, Chem. Rev., 106, 1105-1136 (2006).
7. P. Singh, S. Campidelli, S. Giordani, D. Bonifazi, A. Bianco and M. Prato, Organic functionalisation and characterisation of single-walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, 2214-2230 (2009).
8. D. Bonifazi, C. Nacci, R. Marega, S. Campidelli, G. Ceballos, S. Modesti, M. Meneghetti and M. Prato, Microscopic and Spectroscopic Characterization of Paintbrush-like Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes, Nano Lett., 6, 1408-1414 (2006).
9. J. L. Delgado, P. de la Cruz, F. Langa, A. Urbina, J. Casado and J. T. López Navarrete,9 Microwave-assisted sidewall functionalization of single-wall carbon nanotubes by Diels-Alder cycloaddition, Chem. Commun., 1734-1735 (2004).
10. H. Li, R. B. Martin, B. A. Harruff, R. A. Carino, L. F. Allard and Y.-P. Sun, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Tethered with Porphyrins: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties, Adv. Mater., 16, 896-900 (2004).
11. M. A. Herranz, N. Martín, S. Campidelli, M. Prato, G. Brehm and D. M. Guldi, Control over Electron Transfer in Tetrathiafulvalene-Modified Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 45, 4478-4482 (2006).
12. L. Sheeney-Haj-Ichia, B. Basnar and I.Willner, Efficient Generation of Photocurrents by Using CdS/Carbon Nanotube Assemblies on Electrodes, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 44, 78-83 (2005).
13. S. Banerjee and S. S.Wong, Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube-Nanocrystal Heterostructures, Nano Lett., 2, 195-200 (2002).
14. B. Zhao, H. Hu and R. C. Haddon, Synthesis and Properties of aWater-Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Poly(m-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) Graft Copolymer, Adv. Funct. Mater., 14, 71-76 (2004).
15. M. D'Este, M. De Nardi and E. Menna, A Co-Functionalization Approach to Soluble and Functional Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2517-2522 (2006).
16. N. Wong Shi Kam, T. C. Jessop, P. A. Wender and H. Dai, Nanotube Molecular Transporters: Internalization of Carbon Nanotube-Protein Conjugates into Mammalian Cells, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126, 6850-6851 (2004).
17. F. Pompeo and D. E. Resasco, Water Solubilization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Functionalization with Glucosamine, Nano Lett., 2, 369-373 (2002).
18. K. A. Williams, P. T.M. Veenhuizen, B. G. de la Torre, R. Eritja and C. Dekker, Carbon nanotubes with DNA recognition, Nature, 420, 761-1761 (2002).
19. M. Holzinger, O. Vostrowsky, A. Hirsch, F. Hennrich, M. Kappes, R. Weis and F. Jellen, Sidewall Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 40, 4002-4005 (2001).
20. M. Holzinger, J. Abraham, P. Whelan, R. Graupner, L. Ley, F. Hennrich, M. Kappes and A. Hirsch, Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with (R-)Oxycarbonyl Nitrenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 8566-8580 (2003).
21. H. Peng, P. Reverby, V. N. Khabashesku and J. L. Margrave, Sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with organic peroxides, Chem. Commun., 362-363 (2003).
22. H. Peng, L. B. Alemany, J. L. Margrave and V. N. Khabashesku, Sidewall Carboxylic Acid Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 15174-15182 (2003).
23. Y. Ying, R. K. Saini, F. Liang, A. K. Sadana and W. E. Billups, Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes by Free Radicals, Org. Lett., 5, 1471-1473 (2003).
24. F. Liang, A. K. Sadana, A. Peera, J. Chattopadhyay, Z. Gu, R. H. Hauge and W. E. Billups, A Convenient Route to Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes, Nano Lett., 4, 1257-1260 (2004).
25. J. Bahr, J. Yang, D. V. Kosynkin, M. J. Bronikowski, R. E. Smalley and J. M. Tour, Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes by Electrochemical Reduction of Aryl Diazonium Salts: A Bucky Paper Electrode, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 6536-6542 (2001).
26. J. Bahr and J. M. Tour, Highly Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Using in Situ Generated Diazonium Compounds, Chem. Mater., 13, 3823-3824 (2001).
27. C. A. Dyke and J. M. Tour, Solvent-Free Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 1156-1157 (2003).
28. C. A. Dyke and J. M. Tour, Unbundled and Highly Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes from Aqueous Reactions, Nano Lett., 3, 1215-1218 (2003).
29. V. Georgakilas, K. Kordatos, M. Prato, D. M. Guldi, M. Holzinger and A. Hirsch, Organic Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 760-761 (2002).
30. V. Georgakilas, N. Tagmatarchis, D. Pantarotto, A. Bianco, J.-P. Briand and M. Prato, Amino acid functionalisation of water soluble carbon nanotubes, Chem. Commun.,, 3050-3051 (2002).
31. M. Alvaro, P. Atienzar, P. de la Cruz, J. L. Delgado, H. Garcia and F. Langa, Sidewall Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Nitrile Imines. Electron Transfer from the Substituent to the Carbon Nanotube, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 12691-12697 (2004).
32. W. Zhang and T. M. Swager, Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes via a Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate-4-Dimethylaminopyridine Zwitterion Approach, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 7714-7715 (2007).
33. M. Alvaro, P. Atienzar, P. de la Cruz, J. L. Delgado, V. Troiani, H. Garcia, F. Langa, A. Palkar and L. Echegoyen, Synthesis, Photochemistry, and Electrochemistry of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes with Pendent Pyridyl Groups and of Their Metal Complexes with Zinc Porphyrin. Comparison with Pyridyl-Bearing Fullerenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 6626-6635 (2006).
34. C. M-enard-Moyon, F. Dumas, E. Doris and C. Mioskowski, Functionalization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Tandem High-Pressure/Cr(CO)6 Activation of Diels-Alder Cycloaddition, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 14764-14765 (2006).
35. V. N. Khabashesku, W. E. Billups and J. L. Margrave, Fluorination of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Subsequent Derivatization Reactions, Acc. Chem. Res., 35, 1087-1095 (2002).
36. R. K. Saini, I.W. Chiang, H. Peng, R. E. Smalley,W. E. Billups, R. H. Hauge and J. L. Margrave, Covalent Sidewall Functionalization of SingleWall Carbon Nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 3617-3621 (2003).
37. J. L. Stevens, A. Y. Huang, H. Peng, I. W. Chiang, V. N. Khabashesku and J. L. Margrave, Sidewall Amino-Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Fluorination and Subsequent Reactions with Terminal Diamines, Nano Lett., 3, 331-336 (2003).
38. L. Zhang, J. Yang, C. L. Edwards, L. B. Alemany, V. N. Khabashesku and A. R. Barron, Diels- Alder addition to fluorinated single walled carbon nanotubes, Chem. Commun., 3265-3267 (2005).
39. A. Javey, J. Guo, Q. Wang, M. Lundstrom and H. Dai, Ballistic carbon nanotube field-effect transistors, Nature, 424, 654-657 (2003).
40. S. Latil, S. Roche and J.-C. Charlier, Electronic Transport in Carbon Nanotubes with Random Coverage of Physisorbed Molecules, Nano Lett., 5, 2216-2219 (2005).
41. T. Umeyama, M. Fujita, N. Tezuka, N. Kadota, Y. Matano, K. Yoshida and H. Imahori, Electrophoretic Deposition of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Covalently Modified with Bulky Porphyrins on Nanostructured SnO2 Electrodes for Photoelectrochemical Devices, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 11484-11493 (2007).
42. D. M. Guldi, M. Marcaccio, D. Paolucci, F. Paolucci, N. Tagmatarchis, D. Tasis, E. Vázquez and M. Prato, Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube-Ferrocene Nanohybrids: Observing Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Functionalized SWNTs, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 42, 4206-4209 (2003).
43. B. Ballesteros, S. Campidelli, G. de la Torre, C. Ehli, D. M. Guldi, M. Prato and T. Torres, Synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of a SWNT-phthalocyanine hybrid, Chem. Commun., 2950-2952 (2007).
44. C. Ehli, S. Campidelli, F. G. Brunetti, M. Prato and D. M. Guldi, Single-wall carbon nanotube porphyrin nanoconjugates, J. Porphyr. Phthalocyanines, 11, 442-447 (2007).
45. S. Campidelli, B. Ballesteros, A. Filoramo, D. Díaz-Díaz, G. de la Torre, T. Torres, G. M.A. Rahman, C. Ehli, D. Kiessling, F. Werner, V. Sgobba, D. M. Guldi, C. Cioffi, M. Prato and J.-P. Bourgoin, Facile Decoration of Functionalized Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes with Phthalocyanines via 'Click Chemistry', J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 11503-11509 (2008).
46. H. C. Kolb, M. G. Finn and K. B. Sharpless, Click Chemistry: Diverse Chemical Function from a Few Good Reactions, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 40, 2004-2021 (2001).
47. R. Huisgen, Cycloadditions - Definition, Classification, and Characterization, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 7, 321-328 (1968).
48. V. D. Bock, H. Hiemstra and J. H. van Maarseveen, Cu(I)-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide 'Click' Cycloadditions from a Mechanistic and Synthetic Perspective, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 51-68 (2006).
49. J.-F. Lutz, 1.3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Azides and Alkynes: A Universal Ligation Tool in Polymer and Materials Science, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 46, 1018-1025 (2007).
50. M. Meldal and C. W. Tornøe, Cu-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition, Chem. Rev., 108, 2952-3015 (2008).
51. W. H. Binder and R. Sachsenhofer, 'Click' Chemistry in Polymer and Material Science: An Update, Macromol. Rapid. Commun., 29, 952-981 (2008).
52. H. Li, F. Cheng, A. M. Duft and A. Adronov, Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Well-Defined Polystyrene by 'Click' Coupling, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 14518-14524 (2005).
53. Z. Guo, L. Liang, J.-J. Liang, Y.-F. Ma, X.-Y. Yang, D.-M. Ren, Y.-S. Chen and J.-Y. Zheng, Covalently b-cyclodextrin modified single-walled carbon nanotubes: a novel artificial receptor synthesized by 'click' chemistry, J. Nanopart. Res., 10, 1077-1083 (2008).
54. J. Bahr and J. M. Tour, Covalent chemistry of single-wall carbon nanotubes, J. Mater. Chem., 12, 1952-1958 (2002).
55. F. Vogtle,9 Dendrimers II Architecture, Nanostructure and Supramolecular Chemistry; Springer Berlin, Germany (2000).
56. J.-P. Majoral and A.-M. Caminade, Dendrimers Containing Heteroatoms (Si, P, B, Ge, or Bi), Chem. Rev., 99, 845-880 (1999).
57. A. W. Bosman, H. M. Janssen and E. W. Meijer, About Dendrimers: Structure, Physical Properties, and Applications, Chem. Rev., 99, 1665-1668 (1999).
58. G. R. Newkome, E. He and C. N. Moorefield, Suprasupermolecules with Novel Properties: Metallodendrimers, Chem. Rev., 99, 1689-1746 (1999).
59. S. M. Grayson and J. M.J. Fréchet, Convergent Dendrons and Dendrimers: from Synthesis to Applications, Chem. Rev., 101, 3819-3867 (2001).
60. D. A. Tomalia, H. Baker, J. R. Dewald, M. Hall, G. Kallos, S. Martin, J. Roeck, J. Ryder and P. Smith, ANewClass of Polymers: Starburst-Dendritic Macromolecules, Polym. J., 17, 117-132 (1985).
61. S. Campidelli, C. Sooambar, E. Lozano-Diz, C. Ehli, D. M. Guldi and M. Prato, Dendrimer- Functionalized Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photoinduced Electron Transfer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 12544-12552 (2006).
62. L. Tao, G. Chen, G. Mantovani, S. York and D. M. Haddleton,9 Modification of multi-wall carbon nanotube surfaces with poly(amidoamine) dendrons: Synthesis and metal templating, Chem. Commun., 4949-4951 (2006).
63. S.-H. Hwang, C. N. Moorefield, P. Wang, K.-U. Jeong, S. Z.D. Cheng, K. K. Kotta and G. R. Newkome, Dendron-Tethered and Templated CdS Quantum Dots on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 7505-7509 (2006).
64. S. Qin, D. Qin, W. T. Ford, J. E. Herrera, D. E. Resasco, S. M. Bachilo and R. B. Weisman, Solubilization and Purification of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Water by in Situ Radical Polymerization of Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate, Macromolecules, 37, 3965-3967 (2004).
65. D. M. Guldi, G. M.A. Rahman, J. Ramey, M. Marcaccio, D. Paolucci, F. Paolucci, S. Qin,W. T. Ford, D. Balbinot, N. Jux, N. Tagmatarchis and M. Prato,9 Donor-acceptor nanoensembles of soluble carbon nanotubes, Chem. Commun., 2034-2035 (2004).
66. D. M. Guldi, G. M.A. Rahman, M. Prato, N. Jux, S. Qin and W. T. Ford, Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes as Integrative Building Blocks for Solar-Energy Conversion, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 44, 2015-2018 (2005).
67. G. M.A. Rahman, A. Troeger, V. Sgobba, D. M. Guldi, N. Jux, M. N. Tchoul, W. T. Ford, A. Mateo-Alonso and M. Prato, Improving Photocurrent Generation: Supramolecularly and Covalently Functionalized Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes-Polymer/Porphyrin Donor- Acceptor Nanohybrids, Chem. Eur. J., 14, 8837-8846 (2008).
68. D. M. Guldi, G. M.A. Rahman, S. Qin, M. Tchoul, W. T. Ford, M. Marcaccio, D. Paolucci, F. Paolucci, S. Campidelli and M. Prato, Versatile Coordination Chemistry towards Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Nanohybrids, Chem. Eur. J., 12, 2152-2161 (2006).
69. M. J. O'Connell, P. Boul, L. M. Ericson, C. Huffman,Y.Wang, E. Haroz, C. Kuper, J.Tour, K. D. Ausman and R. E. Smalley, Reversible water-solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by polymer wrapping, Chem. Phys. Lett., 342, 265-271 (2001).
70. A. Star, J. F. Stoddart, D. Steuerman, M. Diehl, A. Boukai, E.W.Wong, X. Yang, S.-W. Chung, H. Choi and J. R. Heath, Preparation and Properties of Polymer-Wrapped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 40, 1721-1725 (2001).
71. A. Star, D. W. Steuerman, J. R. Heath and J. F. Stoddart, Starched Carbon Nanotubes, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 41, 2508-2512 (2002).
72. N. Nakashima, Y. Tomonari and H. Murakami,9 Water-Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes via Noncovalent Sidewall-Functionalization with a Pyrene-Carrying Ammonium Ion, Chem. Lett., 638-639 (2002).
73. Y. Tomonari, H. Murakami and N. Nakashima, Solubilization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by using Polycyclic Aromatic Ammonium Amphiphiles in Water-Strategy for the Design of High-Performance Solubilizers, Chem. Eur. J., 12, 4027-4034 (2006).
74. D. M. Guldi, H. Taieb, G. M.A. Rahman, N. Tagmatarchis and M. Prato, Novel Photoactive Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Porphyrin Polymer Wraps: Efficient and Long-Lived Intracomplex Charge Separation, Adv. Mater., 17, 871-875 (2005).
75. K. Saito, V. Troiani, H. Qiu, N. Solladié, T. Sakata, H. Mori, M. Ohama and S. Fukuzumi, Nondestructive Formation of Supramolecular Nanohybrids of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Flexible Porphyrinic Polypeptides, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 1194-1199 (2007).
76. E. Kymakis and G. A.J. Amaratunga, Single-wall carbon nanotube/conjugated polymer photovoltaic devices, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80, 112-114 (2002).
77. H. Murakami, T. Nomura and N. Nakashima, Noncovalent porphyrin-functionalized singlewalled carbon nanotubes in solution and the formation of porphyrin-nanotube nanocomposites, Chem. Phys. Lett., 378, 481-485 (2003).
78. J. Chen and C. P. Collier, Noncovalent Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Water-Soluble Porphyrins, J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, 7605-7609 (2005).
79. G. M.A. Rahman, D. M. Guldi, S. Campidelli and M. Prato, Electronically interacting single wall carbon nanotube-porphyrin nanohybrids, J. Mater. Chem., 16, 62-65 (2006).
80. D. R. Kauffman, O. Kuzmych and A. Star, Interactions between Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Tetraphenyl Metalloporphyrins: Correlation between Spectroscopic and FET Measurements, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 3539-3543 (2007).
81. F. Cheng and A. Adronov, Noncovalent Functionalization and Solubilization of Carbon Nanotubes by Using a Conjugated Zn-Porphyrin Polymer, Chem. Eur. J., 12, 5053-5059 (2006).
82. F. Cheng, S. Zhang, A. Adronov, L. Echegoyen and F. Diederich, Triply Fused ZnII-Porphyrin Oligomers: Synthesis, Properties, and Supramolecular Interactions with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs), Chem. Eur. J., 12, 6062-6070 (2006).
83. R. Chitta, A. D. Sandanayaka, A. L. Schumacher, L. D'Souza, Y. Araki, O. Ito and F. D'Souza, Donor-Acceptor Nanohybrids of Zinc Naphthalocyanine or Zinc Porphyrin Noncovalently Linked to Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes for Photoinduced Electron Transfer, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 6947-6955 (2007).
84. F. D'Souza, R. Chitta, A. S.D. Sandanayaka, N. K. Subbaiyan, L. D'Souza, Y. Araki and O. Ito, Self-Assembled Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube: Zinc-Porphyrin Hybrids throughAmmonium Ion-Crown Ether Interaction: Construction and Electron Transfer, Chem. Eur. J., 13, 8277-8284 (2007).
85. M. A. Herranz, C. Ehli, S. Campidelli, M. Gutiérrez, G. L. Hug, K. Ohkubo, S. Fukuzumi, M. Prato, N. Martín and D. M. Guldi, Spectroscopic Characterization of Photolytically Generated Radical Ion Pairs in Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Bearing Surface-Immobilized Tetrathiafulvalenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 66-73 (2008).
86. C. Ehli, D. M. Guldi, M. A. Herranz, N. Martín, S. Campidelli and M. Prato, Pyrenetetrathiafulvalene supramolecular assembly with different types of carbon nanotubes, J. Mater. Chem., 18, 1498-1503 (2008).
87. D. M. Guldi, G. M.A. Rahman, N. Jux, N. Tagmatarchis and M. Prato, Integrating Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes into Donor-Acceptor Nanohybrids, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 43, 5526-5530 (2004).
88. C. Ehli, G. M.A. Rahman, N. Jux, D. Balbinot, D. M. Guldi, F. Paolucci, M. Marcaccio, D. Paolucci, M. Melle-Franco, F. Zerbetto, S. Campidelli and M. Prato, Interactions in SingleWall Carbon Nanotubes/Pyrene/Porphyrin Nanohybrids, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 11222-11231 (2006).
89. V. Sgobba, G. M.A. Rahman, D. M. Guldi, N. Jux, S. Campidelli and M. Prato, Supramolecular Assemblies of Different Carbon Nanotubes for Photoconversion Processes, Adv. Mater., 18, 2264-2269 (2006).
90. G. M.A. Rahman, D. M. Guldi, R. Cagnoli, A. Mucci, L. Schenetti, L. Vaccari and M. Prato, Combining Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes and Photoactive Polymers for Photoconversion, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 10051-10057 (2005).
91. W. Lee, J. Lee, S.-H. Lee, J. Chang, W. Yi and S.-H. Han, Improved Photocurrent in Ru(2,20-bipyridine-4,40-dicarboxylic acid)-2(NCS)2/di(3-aminopropyl) viologen/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Indium Tin Oxide System: Suppression of Recombination Reaction by Use of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 9110-9115 (2007).
92. R. Saito, M. Fujita, G. Dresselhaus and M. S. Dresselhaus, Electronic structure of chiral graphene tubules, Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, 2204-2206 (1992).
93. M. Freitag,9 Carbon nanotube electronics and devices; In Carbon Nanotubes: Properties and Applicatons; M. J. O'Connell, ed. CRC Press: 2006; pp. 83-117.
94. R. Martel, T. Schmidt, H. R. Shea, T. Hertel and P. Avouris, Single- and multi-wall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors, Appl. Phys. Lett., 73, 2447-2449 (1998).
95. S. J. Tans, A. R.M. Verschueren and C. Dekker, Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube, Nature, 393, 49-52 (1998).
96. M. Kanungo, H. Hu, G. G. Malliaras and G. B. Blanchet, Suppression of Metallic Conductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Cycloaddition Reactions, Science, 323, 234-237 (2009).
97. M. S. Strano, C. A. Dyke, M. L. Ursey, P.W. Barone, M. J. Allen, H.W. Shan, C. Kittrell, R. H. Hauge, J. M. Tour and R. E. Smalley, Electronic Structure Control of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Functionalization, Science, 301, 1519-1522 (2003).
98. J. Cabana and R. Martel, Probing the Reversibility of Sidewall Functionalization Using Carbon Nanotube Transistors, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 2244-2245 (2007).
99. J. Kong, N. R. Franklin, C. Zhou, M. G. Chapline, S. Peng, K. Cho and H. Dai, Nanotube Molecular Wires as Chemical Sensors, Science, 287, 622-625 (2000).
100. P. G. Collins, K. Bradley, M. Ishigami and A. Zettl, Extreme Oxygen Sensitivity of Electronic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, Science, 287, 1801-1804 (2000).
101. P. Qi, O. Vermesh, M. Grecu, Q.Wang, H. Dai, S. Peng and K. J. Cho, Toward Large Arrays of Multiplex Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Highly Sensitive and Selective Molecular Detection, Nano Lett., 3, 347-351 (2003).
102. E. S. Forzani, X. Li, P. Zhang, N. Tao and R. Zhang, Tuning the Chemical Selectivity of SWNTFETs for Detection of Heavy-Metal Ions, Small, 2, 1283-1291 (2006).
103. E. Bekyarova, M. Davis, T. Burch, M. E. Itkis, B. Zhao, S. Sunshine and R. C. Haddon, Chemically Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Ammonia Sensors, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 19717-19720 (2004).
104. E. Bekyarova, I. Kalinina, M. E. Itkis, L. Beer, N. Cabrera and R. C. Haddon, Mechanism of Ammonia Detection by Chemically Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: In Situ Electrical and Optical Study of Gas Analyte Detection, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 10700-10706 (2007).
105. A. Star, J. C.P. Gabriel, K. Bradley and G. Gruner, Electronic Detection of Specific Protein Binding Using Nanotube FET Devices, Nano Lett., 3, 459-463 (2003).
106. A. Star, T.-R. Han,V. Joshi, D. Steuerman and J. R. Stetter, Sensing with Nafion Coated Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors, Electroanalysis, 16, 108-112 (2004).
107. A. Star, T.-R. Han, V. Joshi, J. C.P. Gabriel and G. Gruner, Nanoelectronic Carbon Dioxide Sensors, Adv. Mater., 16, 2049-2052 (2004).
108. A. Star, E. Tu, J. Niemann, J. C.P. Gabriel, C. S. Joiner and C. Valcke, Label-free detection of DNA hybridization using carbon nanotube network field-effect transistors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 921-926 (2006).
109. A. Star,V. Joshi, S. Skarupo, D. Thomas and J. C. P. Gabriel, Gas Sensor Array Based on Metal- Decorated Carbon Nanotubes, J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 21014-21020 (2006).
110. D. S. Hecht, R. J.A. Ramirez, M. Briman, E. Artukovic, K. S. Chichak, J. F. Stoddart and G. Gruner, Bioinspired Detection of Light Using a Porphyrin-Sensitized Single-Wall Nanotube Field Effect Transistor, Nano Lett., 6, 2031-2036 (2006).
111. G. Berkovic, V. Krongauz and V. Weiss, Spiropyrans and Spirooxazines for Memories and Switches, Chem. Rev., 100, 1741-1753 (2000).
112. X. Guo, L. Huang, S. O'Brien, P. Kim and C. Nuckolls, Directing and Sensing Changes in Molecular Conformation on Individual Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 15045-15047 (2005).
113. J. M. Simmons, I. In, V. E. Campbell, T. J. Mark, F. Léonard, P. Gopalan and M. A. Eriksson, Optically Modulated Conduction in Chromophore-Functionalized Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes, Phys. Rev. Lett., 98, 086802-1-4 (2007)
114. X. Zhou, T. Zifer, B. M. Wong, K. L. Krafcik, F. Léonard and A. L. Vance, Color Detection Using Chromophore-Nanotube Hybrid Devices, Nano Lett., 9, 1028-1033 (2009).
115. X. Guo, J. P. Small, J. E. Klare, Y.Wang, M. S. Purewal, I.W. Tam, B. H. Hong, R. Caldwell, L. Huang, S. O'Brien, J. Yan, R. Breslow, S. J.Wind, J. Hone, P. Kim and C. Nuckolls, Covalently Bridging Gaps in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Conducting Molecules, Science, 311, 356-359 (2006).
116. A. C. Whalley, M. L. Steigerwald, X. Guo and C. Nuckolls, Reversible Switching in Molecular Electronic Devices, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 12590-12591 (2007).
117. M. Irie, Diarylethenes for Memories and Switches, Chem. Rev., 100, 1685-1716 (2000).
118. X. Guo, A. C. Whalley, J. E. Klare, L. Huang, S. O'Brien, M. L. Steigerwald and C. Nuckolls, Single-Molecule Devices as Scaffolding for Multicomponent Nanostructure Assembly, Nano Lett., 7, 1119-1122 (2007).
119. X. Guo, A. A. Gorodetsky, J. Hone, J. K. Barton and C. Nuckolls, Conductivity of a singleDNA duplex bridging a carbon nanotube gap, Nat. Nanotechnol., 3, 163-167 (2008).
120. A. Star, Y. Lu, K. Bradley and G. Gruner, Nanotube Optoelectronic Memory Devices, Nano Lett., 4, 1587-1591 (2004).
121. J. Borghetti,V. Derycke, S. Lenfant, P. Chenevier, A. Filoramo, M. Goffman, D. Vuillaume and J.-P. Bourgoin, Optoelectronic Switch and Memory Devices Based on Polymer-Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Transistors, Adv. Mater., 18, 2535-2540 (2006).
122. E. Katz and I. Willner, Biomolecule-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Nanobioelectronics, ChemPhysChem., 5, 1084-1104 (2004).
123. G. Gruner, Carbon nanotube transistors for biosensing applications, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 384, 322-325 (2006).
124. K. Balasubramanian and M. Burghard, Biosensors based on carbon nanotubes, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 385, 452-468 (2006).
125. B. L. Allen, P. D. Kichambare and A. Star, Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Biosensors, Adv. Mater., 19, 1439-1451 (2007).
126. M. Shim, N. Wong Shi Kam, R. J. Chen, Y. Li and H. Dai, Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Biocompatibility and Biomolecular Recognition, Nano Lett., 2, 285-288 (2002).
127. R. J. Chen, S. Bangsaruntip, K. A. Drouvalakis, N.Wong Shi Kam, M. Shim,Y. Li,W. Kim, P. J. Utz and H. Dai, Noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes for highly specific electronic biosensors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 4984-4989 (2003).
128. H.-M. So, K. Won, Y. H. Kim, B.-K. Kim, B. H. Ryu, P. S. Na, H. Kim and J.-O. Lee, Single- Walled Carbon Nanotube Biosensors Using Aptamers as Molecular Recognition Elements, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 11906-11907 (2005).
129. K. Besteman, J.-O. Lee, F. G.M.Wiertz, H. A. Heering and C. Dekker, Enzyme-Coated Carbon Nanotubes as Single-Molecule Biosensors, Nano Lett., 3, 727-730 (2003).
130. C. Li, M. Curreli, H. Lin, B. Lei, F. N. Ishikawa, R. Datar, R. J. Cote, M. E. Thompson and C. Zhou, Complementary Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen Using In2O3 Nanowires and Carbon Nanotubes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 12484-12485 (2005).
131. J.Wang, Carbon-Nanotube Based Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review, Electroanalysis, 17, 7-17 (2005).
132. G. A. Rivas, M. D. Rubianes, M. C. Rodr-guez, N. F. Ferreyra, G. L. Luque, M. L. Pedano, S. A. Miscoria and C. Parrado, Carbon nanotubes for electrochemical biosensing, Talanta, 74, 291-307 (2007).
133. J. Li, H. T. Ng, A. Cassell, W. Fan, H. Chen, Q. Ye, J. Koehne, J. Han and M. Meyyappan, Carbon Nanotube Nanoelectrode Array for Ultrasensitive DNA Detection, Nano Lett., 3, 597-602 (2003).
134. H. Cai, X. Cao, Y. Jiang, P. He and Y. Fang, Carbon nanotube-enhanced electrochemical DNA biosensor for DNA hybridization detection, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 375, 287-293 (2004).
135. S. G. Wang, R. Wang, P. J. Sellin and Q. Zhang, DNA biosensors based on self-assembled carbon nanotubes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 325, 1433-1437 (2004).
136. F. Patolsky, Y.Weizmann and I.Willner, Long-Range Electrical Contacting of Redox Enzymes by SWCNT Connectors, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 43, 2113-2117 (2004).
137. A. Callegari, S. Cosnier, M. Marcaccio, D. Paolucci, F. Paolucci, V. Georgakilas, N. Tagmatarchis, E. Vázquez and M. Prato, Functionalised single wall carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole composites for the preparation of amperometric glucose biosensors, J. Mater. Chem., 14, 807-810 (2003).