Surveying for "artifacts": The susceptibility of the ocb-performance evaluation relationship to common rater, item, and measurement context effects

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 98, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 863-874

  Podsakoff, Nathan P ^a   Whiting, Steven W ^b   Welsh, David T ^a   Mai, Ke Michael ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Common method variance bias; Employee performance evaluations; Organizational citizenship behaviors; Rating source; Scale anchor points

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; ORGANIZATION; PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICAL BIAS; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS; WORKPLACE;

BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL; HUMANS; MODELS, STATISTICAL; ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE; PERSONNEL LOYALTY; RESEARCH DESIGN; WORKPLACE;

EID: 84884217277     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0032588     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Allen, T. D., & Rush, M. C. (1998). The effects of organizational citizenship behavior on performance judgments: A field study and a laboratory experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 247-260. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.247
2. Allen, T. D., & Rush, M. C. (2001). The influence of rate gender on ratings of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 2561-2587. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00191.x
3. Ang, S., & Slaughter, S. A. (2001). Work outcomes and job design for contract versus permanent information systems professionals on software development teams. MIS Quarterly, 25, 321-350. doi:10.2307/3250920
4. Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Begley, T. M. (2003). The employment relationships of foreign workers versus local employees: A field study of organizational justice, job satisfaction, performance, and OCB. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 561-583. doi:10.1002/job.202
5. Aquino, K., & Bommer, W. H. (2003). Preferential mistreatment: How victim status moderates the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and workplace victimization. Organization Science, 14, 374-385. doi:10.1287/orsc.14.4.374.17489
6. Arora, R. (1982). Validation of an S-O-R model for situation, enduring, and response components of involvement. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 505-516. doi:10.2307/3151723
7. Ashkanasy, N. M. (2008). Submitting your manuscript. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 263-264. doi:10.1002/job.524
8. Atteya, N. M. (2012). Testing the impact of the human resource management practices on job performance: An empirical study in the Egyptian joint venture petroleum companies. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3, 105-119.
9. Avila, R. A., Fern, E. F., & Mann, O. K. (1988). Unraveling criteria for assessing the performance of sales people: A causal analysis. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 8, 45-54.
10. Avis, J., Kudisch, J. D., & Fortunato, V. J. (2002). Examining the incremental validity and adverse impact of cognitive ability and conscientiousness on job performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17, 87-105. doi:10.1023/A:1016200317002
11. Bacha, R. R. (2003). Specifying personality and self-monitoring effects on overall, task, and contextual job performance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kent State University, Kent, OH.
12. Barksdale, K., & Werner, J. M. (2001). Managerial ratings of in-role behaviors, organizational citizenship behaviors, and overall performance: Testing different models of their relationship. Journal of Business Research, 51, 145-155. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00061-2
13. Beatty, S. C. (1998). Academic background characteristics and prediction of job performance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). San Jose State University, San Jose, CA.
14. Bhave, D. P. (2008). The invisible eye? Perceptions, use, and outcomes of electronic performance monitoring (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
15. Bishop, J. W., Scott, K. D., & Burroughs, S. M. (2000). Support, commitment, and employee outcomes in a team environment. Journal of Management, 26, 1113-1132. doi:10.1177/014920630002600603
16. Bledow, R., & Frese, M. (2009). A situational judgment test of personal initiative and its relationship to performance. Personnel Psychology, 62, 229-258. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2009.01137.x
17. Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., & Huang, J. L. (2010). Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36, 1065-1105. doi:10.1177/0149206309352880
18. Bolino, M. C., Varela, J. A., Bande, B., & Turnley, W. H. (2006). The impact of impression-management tactics on supervisor ratings of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 281-297. doi:10.1002/job.379
19. Bommer, W. H. (1995). Contextual influences on transformational leader behavior's effectiveness: Transformational leader behavior in a substitutes for leadership framework (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.
20. Bono, J. E., & McNamara, G. (2011). From the editors: Publishing in AMJ: Part 2. Research design. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 657-660.
21. Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71-98). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
22. Brutus, S., Gill, H., & Duniewicz, K. (2010). State of science in industrial and organizational psychology: A review of self-reported limitations. Personnel Psychology, 63, 907-936. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01192.x
23. Burris, E. R., Detert, J. R., & Romney, A. C. (2012). Speaking up vs. being heard: The disagreement around and outcomes of employee voice. Organization Science. Advance online publication. doi:10.1287/orsc.1110.0732
24. Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1979). Effects of message repetition and position on cognitive response, recall, and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 97-109. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.97
25. Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105. doi:10.1037/h0046016
26. Chan, D. (2009). So why ask me? Are self-report data really that bad? In C. E. Lance & R. J. Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends: Doctrine, verity and fable in the organizational and social sciences (pp. 309-336). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.
27. Chan, D., & Schmitt, N. (2002). Situational judgment and job performance. Human Performance, 15, 233-254. doi:10.1207/S15327043HUP1503_01
28. Chiang, C. F., & Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 180-190. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.011
29. Coole, D. R. (2007). Expansion and validation of the Political Skill Inventory (PSI): An examination of the link between charisma, political skill, and performance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
30. Cote, J. A., & Buckley, R. (1987). Estimating trait, method, and error variance: Generalizing across 70 construct validation studies. Journal of Marketing Research, 24, 315-318. doi:10.2307/3151642
31. Dalal, R., Weiss, H., Lam, H., & Welch, E. (2006, May). Momentary versus retrospective reports of mood, behavior, and performance. Paper presented at the 21st annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Dallas, TX.
32. Demuth, R. L. F. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of value expression in the workplace (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL.
33. Dijkman, A. (2012). Appraising proactive behavior: Do supervisors' attributions of employees' motives to engage in proactive behaviors matter? (Unpublished master's thesis). Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
34. Donia, M., Johns, G., & Raja, U. (2010, August). Do motives matter? Uncovering the value of motives underlying Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs). Paper presented at the 70th annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
35. Dulebohn, J. H., Shore, L. M., Kunze, M., & Dookeran, D. (2005). The differential impact of OCBs and influence tactics on leader reward behavior and performance ratings over time. Organizational Analysis, 13, 73-90.
36. Duong, J. (2011). Leaders conceptions and evaluations of followers as antecedents of leadership style, leader-member exchange and employee outcomes (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Alliant International University, Alhambra, CA.
37. Edwards, B. D., Bell, S. T., Arthur, W., & Decuir, A. D. (2008). Relationships between facets of job satisfaction and task and contextual performance. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 441-465. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00328.x
38. Edwards, J. R. (2008). To prosper, organizational psychology should. overcome methodological barriers to progress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 469-491. doi:10.1002/job.529
39. Ellemers, N., de Gilder, D., & van den Heuvel, H. (1998). Career-oriented versus team-oriented commitment and behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 717-730. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.5.717
40. Evans, M. G. (1985). A Monte Carlo study of the effects of correlated method variance in moderated multiple regression analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decisions Processes, 305-323.
41. Farh, J. L., Hackett, R. D., & Liang, J. (2007). Individual-level cultural values as moderators of perceived organizational support-employee outcome relationships in China: Comparing the effects of power distance and traditionality. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 715-729. doi: 10.5465/AMJ.2007.25530866
42. Ferris, G. R., Witt, L. A., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2001). Interaction of social skill and general mental ability on job performance and salary. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1075-1082. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1075
43. Findley, H. M., Giles, W. F., & Mossholder, K. W. (2000). Performance appraisal process and system facets: Relationships with contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 634-640. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.634
44. Gilstrap, J. B. (2009). Deviations from the norm: Vital signs affecting attributions of organizational citizenship behavior motives (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK.
45. Grant, A. M., Parker, S., & Collins, C. (2009). Getting credit for proactive behavior: Supervisor reactions depend on what you value and how you feel. Personnel Psychology, 62, 31-55. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.01128.x
46. Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Neale, M. (2000). The contribution of task performance and contextual performance to effectiveness: Investigating the role of situational constraints. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49, 517-533. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00029
47. Guo, C. (2009). The meaning and effects of organizational justice in a layoffsituation: An indigenous Chinese investigation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA.
48. Harrell, M. M. (2008). The relationships between leader behavior, follower motivation, and performance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.
49. Harris, K. J., Wheeler, A. R., & Kacmar, K. M. (2009). Leader-member exchange and empowerment: Direct and interactive effects on job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 371-382. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.006
50. Hepperlen, T. M. (2002). Leader-member exchange (LMX) or fulfillment? The role of basic psychological needs in LMX relationships (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.
51. Howell, T. M., Harrison, D. A., Burris, E. R., & Detert, J. R. (2012). Can you hear me now? Demographics cues and network position as status signals in voice reception. Paper presented at the 72nd annual conference of the Academy of Management, Boston, MA.
52. Hülsheger, U. R., Anderson, N., & Salgado, J. F. (2009). Team-level predictors of innovation at work: A comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1128-1145. doi:10.1037/a0015978
53. Hung, H.-K., Yeh, R.-S., & Shih, H.-Y. (2012). Voice behavior and performance ratings: The role of political skill. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31, 442-450. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.07.002
54. Johnson, R. E., Rosen, C. C., & Djurdevic, E. (2011). Assessing the impact of common method variance on higher-order multidimensional constructs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 744-761. doi:10.1037/a0021504
55. Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755-768. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755
56. Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Ilies, R. (2004). The forgotten ones? A re-examination of consideration, initiating structure, and leadership effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 36-51. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.1.36
57. Kammeyer-Mueller, J., Steel, P. D. G., & Rubenstein, A. (2010). The other side of method bias: The perils of distinct source research design. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 294-321. doi:10.1080/00273171003680278
58. Kernodle, T. A. (2007). Antecedents and consequences of organizational citizenship behavior: A hierarchical linear modeling study (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Touro University International, Cypress, CA.
59. Kothandapani, V. (1971). Validation of feeling, belief, and intention to act as three components of attitude and their contribution to prediction of contraceptive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 19, 321-333. doi:10.1037/h0031448
60. Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2009). Editorial. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1-4. doi:10.1037/a0014990
61. Lai, Y. M. (2007). Personality similarity effects in rated performance: The roles of organizational citizenship behavior and team culture (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
62. Lauver, K. J., & Kristof-Brown, A. (2001). Distinguishing between employees' perceptions of person-job and person- organization fit. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 454-470. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1807
63. Lefkowitz, J. (2000). The role of interpersonal affective regard in supervisory performance ratings: A literature review and proposed causal model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 67-85. doi:10.1348/096317900166886
64. Liang, J. (2007). Bring leader consideration back in: Examining a dualpath model. Paper presented at the 67th annual conference of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, PA.
65. Lieberman, E. A. (2006). What's fair is fair, or is it? The effects of merit-related managerial behaviors and organizational policies on organizational justice perceptions (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). City University of New York, New York, NY.
66. Linnehan, F. X. (1995). Examining the effectiveness of a career academy program using multiple measures of job attitudes and job performance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Temple University, Philadelphia, PA.
67. Liu, Y., Wu, A. D., & Zumbo, B. D. (2010). The impact of outliers on Cronbach's coefficient alpha estimate of reliability: Ordinal/rating scale item responses. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 5-21. doi:10.1177/0013164409344548
68. Loi, R., Ngo, H. Y., Zhang, L., & Lau, V. P. (2011). The interaction between leader-member exchange and perceived job security in predicting employee altruism and work performance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84, 669-685. doi:10.1348/096317910X510468
69. Lovell, S. E., Kahn, A. S., Anton, J., Davidson, A., Dowling, E., Post, D., & Mason, C. (1999). Does gender affect the link between organizational citizenship behavior and performance evaluations? Sex Roles, 41, 469-478. doi:10.1023/A:1018883018719
70. Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A metaanalytic review of the MLQ literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 7, 385-425. doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90027-2
71. Lowery, C. M., & Krilowicz, T. J. (1994). Relationships among nontask behaviors, rated performance, and objective performance measures. Psychological Reports, 74, 571-578. doi:10.2466/pr0.1994.74.2.571
72. MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Fetter, R. (1991). Organizational citizenship behavior and objective productivity as determinants of managerial evaluations of salesperson's performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 123-150. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90037-T
73. MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Paine, J. E. (1999). Do citizenship behaviors matter more for managers than for salespeople? Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27, 396-410. doi:10.1177/0092070399274001
74. Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S. (2000). Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 738-748. doi:10.2307/1556364
75. Moideenkutty, U., Blau, G., Kumar, R., & Nalakath, A. (2005). Relationship of organizational citizenship behavior and objective productivity to managerial evaluations of performance in India. International Journal of Commerce & Management, 15, 221-229. doi:10.1108/10569210580000198
76. Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence that taskperformance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 475-480. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.475
77. Murphy, K. R., & DeShon, R. (2000). Interrater correlations do not estimate the reliability of job performance ratings. Personnel Psychology, 53, 873-900. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb02421.x
78. Organ, D. W. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10, 85-97. doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1002_2
79. Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. London England: Sage.
80. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. Y. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
81. Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 122-141. doi:10.1037/a0013079
82. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Hui, C. (1993). Organizational citizenship behaviors and managerial evaluations of employee performance: A review and suggestions for future research. In G. R. Ferris & K. M. Rowland (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 1-40). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
83. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
84. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
85. Potisarattana, K. (2000). Managers' perception of employee commitment in Thai organizations (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.
86. Richardson, H. A., Simmering, M. J., & Sturman, M. C. (2009). A tale of three perspectives: Examining post hoc statistical techniques for detection and correction of common method variance. Organizational Research Methods, 12, 762-800. doi:10.1177/1094428109332834
87. Sammons, G. E. (1994). A study of the relationship between service orientation, organizational citizenship behavior and service performance in hotels (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.
88. Schat, A. C. H., & Frone, M. R. (2011). Exposure to psychological aggression at work and job performance: The mediating role of job attitudes and personal health. Work & Stress, 25, 23-40. doi:10.1080/02678373.2011.563133
89. Schaubroeck, J., & Fink, L. S. (1998). Facilitating and inhibiting effects of job control and social support on stress outcomes and role behavior: A contingency model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 167-195. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199803)19:167::AID-JOB8313.0.CO;2-T
90. Schmidt, F. L., Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Reliability is not validity and validity is not reliability. Personnel Psychology, 53, 901-912. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb02422.x
91. Schmitt, N. (1994). Method bias: The importance of theory and measurement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 393-398. doi:10.1002/job.4030150504
92. Schriesheim, C. A., Kopelman, R. E., & Solomon, E. (1989). The effect of grouped versus randomized questionnaire format on scale reliability and validity: A three-study investigation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 49, 487-508. doi:10.1177/001316448904900301
93. Sharma, R., Yetton, P., & Crawford, J. (2009). Estimating the effect of common method variance: The method-method pair technique with an illustration from TAM research. MIS Quarterly, 33, 473-490.
94. Shaw, J. D., Delery, J. E., & Abdulla, M. H. A. (2003). Organizational commitment and performance among guest workers and citizens of an Arab country. Journal of Business Research, 56, 1021-1030. doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00316-2
95. Shore, L. M., Barksdale, K., & Shore, T. H. (1995). Managerial perceptions of employee commitment to the organization. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1593-1615. doi:10.2307/256845
96. Shore, L. M., Tetrick, L. E., Lynch, P., & Barksdale, K. (2006). Social and economic exchange: Construct development and validation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 837-867. doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00046.x
97. Shore, L. M., Tetrick, L. E., Shore, T. H., & Barksdale, K. (2000). Construct validity of measures of Becker's side bet theory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 57, 428-444. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1999.1749
98. Siemsen, E., Roth, A., & Oliveira, P. (2010). Common method bias in regression models with linear, quadratic, and interaction effects. Organizational Research Methods, 13, 456-476. doi:10.1177/1094428109351241
99. Smith, D. A. (2007). Exploring a multidimensional model of employee socialization and role-based performance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL.
100. Spector, P. E. (2006). Method variance in organizational research: Truth or urban legend. Organizational Research Methods, 9, 221-232. doi: 10.1177/1094428105284955
101. Spector, P. E., Bauer, J. A., & Fox, S. (2010). Measurement artifacts in the assessment of counterproductive work and organizational citizenship behavior: Do we know what we think we know. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 781-790. doi:10.1037/a0019477
102. Spector, P. E., & Brannick, M. T. (2009). Common method variance or measurement bias? The problem and possible solutions. In D. Buchanan & A. Bryman (Eds.), The Sage handbook of organizational research methods (pp. 346-362). London, England: Sage.
103. Steel, P. D., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2002). Comparing metaanalytic moderator estimation techniques under realistic conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 96-111. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.96
104. Tiedemann, K. F. (2004). Integrity in military service: A leadership impact study (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Phoenix, Tempe, AZ.
105. Turnipseed, D. L., & Rassuli, A. (2005). Performance perceptions of organizational citizenship behaviours at work: A bi-level study among managers and employees. British Journal of Management, 16, 231-244. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2005.00456.x
106. Tutu, A. (2012). Is competency enough? Understanding job performance in an economic depression context. International Journal of Learning and Development, 2, 320-329. doi:10.5296/ijld.v2i1.1273
107. Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119. doi:10.2307/256902
108. Van Dyne, L., & Pierce, J. L. (2004). Psychological ownership and feelings of possession: Three field studies predicting employee attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 439-459. doi:10.1002/job.249
109. Van Scotter, J. R., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1996). Interpersonal facilitation and job dedication as separate facets of contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 525-531. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.5.525
110. Vilela, B. B., Gonzalez, J. A., & Ferrin, P. F. (2008). Person- organization fit, OCB and performance appraisal: Evidence from matched supervisor-salesperson data set in a Spanish context. Industrial Marketing Management, 37, 1005-1019. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.11.004
111. Wagner, J. A., III, & Gooding, R. Z. (1987). Shared influence and organizational behavior: A meta-analysis of situational variables expected to moderate participation-outcome relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 30, 524-541. doi:10.2307/256012
112. Wang, X. H., & Howell, J. M. (2010). Exploring the dual-level effects of transformational leadership on followers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1134-1144. doi:10.1037/a0020754
113. Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 82-111. doi:10.2307/257021
114. Whittington, J. L., Coker, R. H., Goodwin, V. L., & Ickes, W. (2009). Transactional leadership revisited: Self- other agreement and its consequences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1860-1886. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00507.x
115. Williams, E. A. (1999). A field experimental investigation of relationship based mentoring training in team settings and team characteristics: Effects on employee attitudes and work outcomes (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.
116. Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1994). An alternative approach to method effects by using latent-variable models: Applications in organizational behavior research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 323-331. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.323
117. Wu, Y. (2008). Social skill in the workplace: What is social skill and how does it matter? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Missouri- Columbia, Columbia, MO.
118. Xu, E., Huang, X., Lam, C. K., & Miao, Q. (2012). Abusive supervision and work behaviors: The mediating role of LMX. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 531-543. doi:10.1002/job.768
119. Yang, T. S. (2011). Are coworkers good soldiers or good actors? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX.