Understanding youth antisocial behavior using neuroscience through a developmental psychopathology lens: Review, integration, and directions for research

Developmental Review

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 168-223

  Hyde, Luke W ^a   Shaw, Daniel S ^b   Hariri, Ahmad R ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Callous unemotional traits; Conduct disorder; Developmental psychopathology; FMRI; Neuroimaging; Youth antisocial behavior

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882728447     PISSN: 02732297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2013.06.001     Document Type: Review

References (392)

1. Adolphs R. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2002, 12:169-177.
2. Adolphs R., Gosselin F., Buchanan T.W., Tranel D., Schyns P., Damasio A.R. A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature 2005, 433:68-72.
3. Adolphs R., Tranel D., Damasio A.R. The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature 1998, 393:470-474.
4. Aguilar B., Sroufe L.A., Egeland B., Carlson E. Distinguishing the early-onset/persistent and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior types: From birth to 16 years. Development and Psychopathology 2000, 12:109-132.
5. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 1994, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
6. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) 1994, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 5th ed.
7. Anderson S.W., Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., Damasio A.R. Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience 1999, 2:1032-1037.
8. Arnsten A.F.T., Rubia K. Neurobiological circuits regulating attention, cognitive control, motivation, and emotion: Disruptions in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2012, 51:356-367.
9. Azmitia E., Gannon P. The primate serotonergic system: A review of human and animal studies and a report on Macaca fascicularis. Advances in Neurology 1986, 43:407-468.
10. Banaschewski T., Hollis C., Oosterlaan J., Roeyers H., Rubia K., Willcutt E., et al. Towards an understanding of unique and shared pathways in the psychopathophysiology of ADHD. Developmental Science 2005, 8:132-140.
11. Beitchman J.H., Baldassarra L., Mik H., De Luca V., King N., Bender D., et al. Serotonin transporter polymorphisms and persistent, pervasive childhood aggression. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 163:1103.
12. Beitchman J.H., Davidge K.M., Kennedy J.L., Atkinson L., Lee V., Shapiro S., et al. The serotonin transporter gene in aggressive children with and without ADHD and nonaggressive matched controls. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2003, 1008:248-251.
13. Belsky J., Jonassaint C., Pluess M., Stanton M., Brummett B., Williams R. Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes?. Molecular Psychiatry 2009, 14:746-754.
14. Belsky J., Pluess M. Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin 2009, 135:885-908.
15. Berridge K.C., Robinson T.E. Parsing reward. Trends in Neurosciences 2003, 26:507-513.
16. Best M., Williams J.M., Coccaro E.F. Evidence for a dysfunctional prefrontal circuit in patients with an impulsive aggressive disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2002, 99:8448-8453.
17. Bezdjian S., Tuvblad C., Raine A., Baker L.A. The genetic and environmental covariation among psychopathic personality traits and reactive and proactive aggression in childhood. Child Development 2011, 82:1267-1281.
18. Birbaumer N., Veit R., Lotze M., Erb M., Hermann C., Grodd W., et al. Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:799-805.
19. Bjork J.M., Chen G., Hommer D.W. Psychopathic tendencies and mesolimbic recruitment by cues for instrumental and passively obtained rewards. Biological Psychology 2012, 89:408-415.
20. Blair K.S., Newman C., Mitchell D.G., Richell R.A., Leonard A., Morton J., et al. Differentiating among prefrontal substrates in psychopathy: Neuropsychological test findings. Neuropsychology 2006, 20:153-165.
21. Blair R. Responsiveness to distress cues in the child with psychopathic tendencies. Personality and individual differences 1999, 27:135-145.
22. Blair R., Colledge E., Murray L., Mitchell D. A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2001, 29:491-498.
23. Blair R., Mitchell D., Leonard A., Budhani S., Peschardt K., Newman C. Passive avoidance learning in individuals with psychopathy: Modulation by reward but not by punishment. Personality and Individual Differences 2004, 37:1179-1192.
24. Blair R.J., Peschardt K.S., Budhani S., Pine D.S. The development of psychopathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2006, 47:262-276.
25. Blair R.J., Peschardt K.S., Budhani S., Pine D.S. Neurobiology of aggression in children. Biology of aggression 2006, Oxford U.P, New York. R.J. Nelson (Ed.).
26. Blair R.J.R. Neurobiological basis of psychopathy. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003, 182:5-7.
27. Blair R.J.R. The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. Brain and Cognition 2004, 55:198-208.
28. Blair R.J.R. The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2007, 11:387-392.
29. Blair R.J.R. Dysfunctions of medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in psychopathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2007, 1121:461-479.
30. Blonigen D.M., Hicks B.M., Krueger R.F., Patrick C.J., Iacono W.G. Continuity and change in psychopathic traits as measured via normal-range personality: A longitudinal-biometric study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 115:85-95.
31. Bobes, M. A., Ostrosky, F., Diaz, K., Romero, C., Borja, K., Santos, Y., et al. (2012). Linkage of functional and structural anomalies in the left amygdala of reactive-aggressive men. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. doi:10.1093/scan/nss1101.
32. Boccardi M., Bocchetta M., Aronen H.J., Repo-Tiihonen E., Vaurio O., Thompson P.M., et al. Atypical nucleus accumbens morphology in psychopathy: Another limbic piece in the puzzle. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 2013.
33. Boes A.D., Bechara A., Tranel D., Anderson S.W., Richman L., Nopoulos P. Right ventromedial prefrontal cortex: A neuroanatomical correlate of impulse control in boys. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2009, 4:1-9.
34. Boes A.D., Tranel D., Anderson S.W., Nopoulos P. Right anterior cingulate: A neuroanatomical correlate of aggression and defiance in boys. Behavioral Neuroscience 2008, 122:677-684.
35. Bogdan R., Hyde L., Hariri A. A neurogenetics approach to understanding individual differences in brain, behavior, and risk for psychopathology. Molecular Psychiatry 2012, 18:288-299.
36. Botvinick M.M., Cohen J.D., Carter C.S. Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2004, 8:539-546.
37. Brody G.H., Beach S.R.H., Philibert R.A., Chen Y., Murry V.M.B. Prevention effects moderate the association of 5-HTTLPR and youth risk behavior initiation: Gene×Environment hypotheses tested via a randomized prevention design. Child Development 2009, 80:645-661.
38. Bronfenbrenner U., Ceci S.J. Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model. Psychological Review 1994, 101:568-586.
39. Brown S.M., Peet E., Manuck S.B., Williamson D.E., Dahl R.E., Ferrell R.E., et al. A regulatory variant of the human tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene biases amygdala reactivity. Molecular Psychiatry 2005, 10:884-888.
40. Buckholtz J.W., Callicott J.H., Kolachana B., Hariri A.R., Goldberg T.E., Genderson M., et al. Genetic variation in MAOA modulates ventromedial prefrontal circuitry mediating individual differences in human personality. Molecular Psychiatry 2008, 13:313-324.
41. Buckholtz J.W., Meyer-Lindenberg A. MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. Trends in Neurosciences 2008, 31:120-129.
42. Buckholtz J.W., Treadway M.T., Cowan R.L., Woodward N.D., Benning S.D., Li R., et al. Mesolimbic dopamine reward system hypersensitivity in individuals with psychopathic traits. Nature Neuroscience 2010, 419-421.
43. Buckholtz J.W., Treadway M.T., Cowan R.L., Woodward N.D., Li R., Ansari M., et al. Dopaminergic network differences in human impulsivity. Science 2010, 329:532.
44. Burke J.D., Loeber R., Lahey B.B. Adolescent conduct disorder and interpersonal callousness as predictors of psychopathy in young adults. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 2007, 36:334-346.
45. Burt S.A. How do we optimally conceptualize the heterogeneity within antisocial behavior? An argument for aggressive versus non-aggressive behavioral dimensions. Clinical Psychology Review 2012, 32:263-279.
46. Burt S.A., Donnellan M.B., Iacono W.G., McGue M. Age-of-onset or behavioral sub-types? A prospective comparison of two approaches to characterizing the heterogeneity within antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2011, 39:633-644.
47. Bush G., Luu P., Posner M.I. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Science 2000, 4:215-222.
48. Bush G., Valera E.M., Seidman L.J. Functional neuroimaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review and suggested future directions. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:1273-1284.
49. Bussing R., Grudnik J., Mason D., Wasiak M., Leonard C. ADHD and conduct disorder: An MRI study in a community sample. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 2002, 3:216-220.
50. Cappadocia M.C., Desrocher M., Pepler D., Schroeder J.H. Contextualizing the neurobiology of conduct disorder in an emotion dysregulation framework. Clinical Psychology Review 2009, 29:506-518.
51. Cardinal R.N., Parkinson J.A., Hall J., Everitt B.J. Emotion and motivation: The role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2002, 26:321-352.
52. Carré J.M., Fisher P.M., Manuck S.B., Hariri A.R. Interaction between trait anxiety and trait anger predict amygdala reactivity to angry facial expressions in men but not women. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2012, 7:213-221.
53. Carre J.M., Hyde L.W., Neumann C.S., Viding E., Hariri A.R. The neural signature of distinct psychopathic traits. Social Neuroscience 2012, 8:122-135.
54. Casey B.J., Tottenham N., Liston C., Durston S. Imaging the developing brain: What have we learned about cognitive development?. Trends in Cognitive Science 2005, 9:104-110.
55. Caspi A., McClay J., Moffitt T.E., Mill J., Martin J., Craig I.W., et al. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 2002, 297:851-854.
56. Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Newman D.L., Silva P.A. Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996, 53:1033-1039.
57. Caspi A., Sugden K., Moffitt T.E., Taylor A., Craig I.W., Harrington H., et al. Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003, 301:386-389.
58. Cicchetti D. Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections, projections. Developmental Review 1993, 13:471-502.
59. Cicchetti D., Rogosch F.A. Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 1996, 8:587-600.
60. Cicchetti D., Rogosch F.A. The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning. Development and Psychopathology 2001, 13:783-804.
61. Cicchetti D., Rogosch F.A., Thibodeau E.L. The effects of child maltreatment on early signs of antisocial behavior: Genetic moderation by tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin transporter, and monoamine oxidase A genes. Development and Psychopathology 2012, 24:907-928.
62. Coccaro E.F. Neurotransmitter correlates of impulsive aggression in humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1996, 794:82-89.
63. Coccaro E.F., Kavoussi R.J. Neurotransmitter correlates of impulsive aggression. Aggression and violence: Genetic, neurobiological and biological perspectives 1996, 67-85. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. D.M. Stoff, R.B. Cairns (Eds.).
64. Coccaro E.F., McCloskey M.S., Fitzgerald D.A., Phan K.L. Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression. Biological Psychiatry 2007, 62:168-178.
65. Cole D.A., Carpentieri S. Social status and the comorbidity of child depression and conduct disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990, 58:748-757.
66. Cole S.W. Social regulation of human gene expression. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2009, 18:132-137.
67. Colman I., Murray J., Abbott R.A., Maughan B., Kuh D., Croudace T.J., et al. Outcomes of conduct problems in adolescence: 40 year follow-up of national cohort. British Medical Journal 2009, 338:a2981.
68. Comings D.E., Blum K. Reward deficiency syndrome: Genetic aspects of behavioral disorders. Progress in Brain Research 2000, 126:325-341.
69. Cope L.M., Shane M.S., Segall J.M., Nyalakanti P.K., Stevens M.C., Pearlson G.D., et al. Examining the effect of psychopathic traits on gray matter volume in a community substance abuse sample. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2012, 204:91-100.
70. Cornell D.G., Warren J., Hawk G., Stafford E., Oram G., Pine D. Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996, 64:783-790.
71. Costello E.J., Foley D.L., Angold A. 10-year research update review: The epidemiology of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders: II. Developmental epidemiology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006, 45:8-25.
72. Craig A.D. How do you feel-Now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2009, 10:59-70.
73. Crowe S.L., Blair R.J.R. The development of antisocial behavior: What can we learn from functional neuroimaging studies?. Development and Psychopathology 2008, 20:1145-1159.
74. Crowley T.J., Dalwani M.S., Mikulich-Gilbertson S.K., Du Y.P., Lejuez C.W., Raymond K.M., et al. Risky decisions and their consequences: Neural processing by boys with antisocial substance disorder. PLoS One 2010, 5:e12835.
75. Cservenka A., Herting M.M., Seghete K.L.M., Hudson K.A., Nagel B.J. High and low sensation seeking adolescents show distinct patterns of brain activity during reward processing. Neuroimage 2013, 66:184-193.
76. Cummings E.M., Davies P.T., Campbell S.B. Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research, and clinical implications 2000, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
77. Cushing B.S., Perry A., Musatov S., Ogawa S., Papademetriou E. Estrogen receptors in the medial amygdala inhibit the expression of male prosocial behavior. Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28:10399-10403.
78. D'Onofrio B.M., Rathouz P.J., Lahey B.B. The importance of understanding gene-environment correlations in the development of antisocial behavior. The dynamic genome and mental health 2011, Oxford, New York. K.S. Kendler, S.R. Jaffee, D. Romer (Eds.).
79. Dabbs J.M., Morris R. Testosterone, social class, and antisocial behavior in a sample of 4,462 men. Psychological Science 1990, 1:209-211.
80. Dadds M.R., Allen J.L., Oliver B.R., Faulkner N., Legge K., Moul C., et al. Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy v. psychopathy. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2012, 200:191-196.
81. Dadds M.R., Cauchi A.J., Wimalaweera S., Hawes D.J., Brennan J. Outcomes, moderators, and mediators of empathic-emotion recognition training for complex conduct problems in childhood. Psychiatry Research 2012, 199:201-207.
82. Dadds M.R., El Masry Y., Wimalaweera S., Guastella A.J. Reduced eye gaze explains "fear blindness" in childhood psychopathic traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008, 47:455-463.
83. Dadds M.R., Jambrak J., Pasalich D., Hawes D.J., Brennan J. Impaired attention to the eyes of attachment figures and the developmental origins of psychopathy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2011, 52:238-245.
84. Dadds M.R., Perry Y., Hawes D.J., Merz S., Riddell A.C., Haines D.J., et al. Attention to the eyes and fear-recognition deficits in child psychopathy. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 189:280-281.
85. Dadds M.R., Rhodes T. Aggression in young children with concurrent callous-unemotional traits: Can the neurosciences inform progress and innovation in treatment approaches?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - B Biological Sciences 2008, 363:2567-2576.
86. Dadds M.R., Salmon K. Punishment insensitivity and parenting: Temperament and learning as interacting risks for antisocial behavior. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2003, 6:69-86.
87. Damasio H., Grabowski T., Frank R., Galaburda A.M., Damasio A.R. The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science 1994, 264:1102-1105.
88. Dannlowski, U., Kugel, H., Huber, F., Stuhrmann, A., Redlich, R., Grotegerd, D., et al. (2012). Childhood maltreatment is associated with an automatic negative emotion processing bias in the amygdala. Human Brain Mapping. doi:10.1002/hbm.22112.
89. Dannlowski U., Ohrmann P., Bauer J., Deckert J., Hohoff C., Kugel H., et al. 5-HTTLPR biases amygdala activity in response to masked facial expressions in major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 33:418-424.
90. Davidson R.J., Pizzagalli D., Nitschke J.B., Putnam K. Depression: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annual Review of Psychology 2002, 53:545-574.
91. Davidson R.J., Putnam K.M., Larson C.L. Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation - A possible prelude to violence. Science 2000, 289:591-594.
92. Davis F.C., Johnstone T., Mazzulla E.C., Oler J.A., Whalen P.J. Regional response differences across the human amygdaloid complex during social conditioning. Cerebral Cortex 2010, 20:612-621.
93. De Brito S.A., Mechelli A., Wilke M., Laurens K.R., Jones A.P., Barker G.J., et al. Size matters: Increased grey matter in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. Brain 2009, 843-852.
94. de Oliveira-Souza R., Hare R.D., Bramati I.E., Garrido G.J., Azevedo Ignacio F., Tovar-Moll F., et al. Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: Fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage 2008, 40:1202-1213.
95. Deater-Deckard K., Dodge K.A., Bates J.E., Pettit G.S. Multiple risk factors in the development of externalizing behavior problems: Group and individual differences. Development and Psychopathology 1998, 10:469-493.
96. Decety J. The neurodevelopment of empathy in humans. Developmental Neuroscience 2010, 32:257-276.
97. Decety J., Jackson P.L. A social-neuroscience perspective on empathy. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2006, 15:54-58.
98. Decety J., Michalska K.J., Akitsuki Y., Lahey B.B. Atypical empathic responses in adolescents with aggressive conduct disorder: A functional MRI investigation. Biological Psychology 2009, 80:203-211.
99. Deeley Q., Daly E., Surguladze S., Tunstall N., Mezey G., Beer D., et al. Facial emotion processing in criminal psychopathy. Preliminary functional magnetic resonance imaging study. British Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 189:533-539.
100. Demos K.E., Kelley W.M., Ryan S.L., Davis F.C., Whalen P.J. Human amygdala sensitivity to the pupil size of others. Cerebral Cortex 2008, 18:2729.
101. den Heijer T., Schuit S.C., Pols H.A., van Meurs J.B., Hofman A., Koudstaal P.J., et al. Variations in estrogen receptor alpha gene and risk of dementia, and brain volumes on MRI. Molecular Psychiatry 2004, 9:1129-1135.
102. DeRubeis R.J., Siegle G.J., Hollon S.D. Cognitive therapy versus medication for depression: Treatment outcomes and neural mechanisms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2008, 9:788-796.
103. Devinsky O., Morrell M.J., Vogt B.A. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain 1995, 118:279-306.
104. Dick D., Aliev F., Krueger R., Edwards A., Agrawal A., Lynskey M., et al. Genome-wide association study of conduct disorder symptomatology. Molecular Psychiatry 2011, 16:800-808.
105. Dishion T.J., Patterson G.R. The development and ecology of antisocial behavior. Risk, disorder and adaptations 2006, Vol. 3:503-541. Wiley, New York. D. Cicchetti, D.J. Cohen (Eds.).
106. Dishion T.J., Patterson G.R., Stoolmiller M., Skinner M.L. Family, school, and behavioral antecedents to early adolescent involvement with antisocial peers. Developmental Psychology 1991, 27:172-180.
107. Dodge K.A. Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression. Annual Review of Psychology 1993, 44:559-584.
108. Dodge K.A., Bates J.E., Pettit G.S. Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science 1990, 250:1678-1683.
109. Dodge K.A., Greenberg M.T., Malone P.S. Testing an idealized dynamic cascade model of the development of serious violence in adolescence. Child Development 2008, 79:1907-1927.
110. Dodge K.A., Lochman J.E., Harnish J.D., Bates J.E., Pettit G.S. Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1997, 106:37-51.
111. Dodge K.A., Schwartz D. Social information processing mechanisms in aggressive behavior. Handbook of antisocial behavior 1997, 171-180. Wiley, New York. D.M. Stoff, J. Breiling (Eds.).
112. Dolan R.J. Neuroimaging of cognition: Past, present, and future. Neuron 2008, 60:496-502.
113. Durston S. A review of the biological bases of ADHD: What have we learned from imaging studies?. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 2003, 9:184-195.
114. Durston S., Davidson M.C., Tottenham N., Galvan A., Spicer J., Fossella J.A., et al. A shift from diffuse to focal cortical activity with development. Developmental Science 2006, 9:1-8.
115. Ellis B.J., Boyce W.T. Differential susceptibility to the environment: Toward an understanding of sensitivity to developmental experiences and context. Development and Psychopathology 2011, 23:1-5.
116. Ermer E., Cope L.M., Nyalakanti P.K., Calhoun V.D., Kiehl K.A. Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in incarcerated male adolescents with psychopathic traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2013, 52:94-103.
117. Fahim C., He Y., Yoon U., Chen J., Evans A., Pérusse D. Neuroanatomy of childhood disruptive behavior disorders. Aggressive Behavior 2011, 37:1-12.
118. Fairchild G., Hagan C.C., Walsh N.D., Passamonti L., Calder A.J., Goodyer I.M. Brain structure abnormalities in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2013, 54:86-95.
119. Fairchild, G., Passamonti, L., Hurford, G., Hagan, C. C., von dem Hagen, E. A. H., van Goozen, S. H. M., et al. (2011). Brain structure abnormalities in early-onset and adolescent-onset conduct disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2010.10081184.
120. Fairchild G., van Goozen S.H., Stollery S.J., Goodyer I.M. Fear conditioning and affective modulation of the startle reflex in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder and healthy control subjects. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 63:279-285.
121. Fairchild G., Van Goozen S.H.M., Calder A.J., Stollery S.J., Goodyer I.M. Deficits in facial expression recognition in male adolescents with early onset or adolescence onset conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2009, 50:627-636.
122. Fairchild G., van Goozen S.H.M., Stollery S.J., Aitken M.R.F., Savage J., Moore S.C., et al. Decision making and executive function in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder and control subjects. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 66:162-168.
123. Fairchild G., van Goozen S.H.M., Stollery S.J., Brown J., Gardiner J., Herbert J., et al. Cortisol diurnal rhythm and stress reactivity in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 64:599-606.
124. Fakra E., Hyde L.W., Gorka A., Fisher P.M., Munoz K.E., Kimak M., et al. Effects of HTR1A C(-1019)G on amygdala reactivity and trait anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry 2009, 66:33-40.
125. Fannin N., Dabbs J.M. Testosterone and the work of firefighters: Fighting fires and delivering medical care. Journal of Research in Personality 2003, 37:107-115.
126. Feilhauer J., Cima M., Korebrits A., Kunert H.J. Differential associations between psychopathy dimensions, types of aggression, and response inhibition. Aggressive Behavior 2011, 38:77-88.
127. Fineberg N.A., Potenza M.N., Chamberlain S.R., Berlin H.A., Menzies L., Bechara A., et al. Probing compulsive and impulsive behaviors, from animal models to endophenotypes: A narrative review. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009, 35:591-604.
128. Finger E.C., Marsh A., Blair K.S., Majestic C., Evangelou I., Gupta K., et al. Impaired functional but preserved structural connectivity in limbic white matter tracts in youth with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder plus psychopathic traits. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2012, 202:239-244.
129. Finger E.C., Marsh A.A., Blair K.S., Reid M.E., Sims C., Ng P., et al. Disrupted reinforcement signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate in youths with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and a high level of psychopathic traits. American Journal of Psychiatry 2011, 168:152-162.
130. Finger E.C., Marsh A.A., Mitchell D.G., Reid M.E., Sims C., Budhani S., et al. Abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with psychopathic traits during reversal learning. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008, 65:586-594.
131. Foll B.L., Gallo A., Le Strat Y., Lu L., Gorwood P. Genetics of dopamine receptors and drug addiction: A comprehensive review. Behavioral Pharmacology 2009, 20:1-17.
132. Fonseca A., Yule W. Personality and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: An enquiry into Eysenck's and Gray's theories. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1995, 23:767-781.
133. Fontaine N.M., McCrory E.J.P., Boivin M., Moffitt T.E., Viding E. Predictors and outcomes of joint trajectories of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in childhood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2011, 120:730-742.
134. Fontaine N.M.G., Rijsdijk F.V., McCrory E.J.P., Viding E. Etiology of different developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2010, 49:656-664.
135. Forbes C.E., Grafman J. The role of the human prefrontal cortex in social cognition and moral judgment. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2010, 33:299-324.
136. Forbes E.E., Brown S.M., Kimak M., Ferrell R.E., Manuck S.B., Hariri A.R. Genetic variation in components of dopamine neurotransmission impacts ventral striatal reactivity associated with impulsivity. Molecular Psychiatry 2009, 14:60-70.
137. Fowler T., Langley K., Rice F., van den Bree M., Ross K., Wilkinson L.S., et al. Psychopathy trait scores in adolescents with childhood ADHD: The contribution of genotypes affecting MAOA, 5HTT and COMT activity. Psychiatric Genetics 2009, 19:312-319.
138. Frick P.J., Cornell A.H., Barry C.T., Bodin S.D., Dane H.E. Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2003, 31:457-470.
139. Frick P.J., Cornell A.H., Bodin S.D., Dane H.E., Barry C.T., Loney B.R. Callous-unemotional traits and developmental pathways to severe conduct problems. Developmental Psychology 2003, 39:246-260.
140. Frick P.J., Ellis M. Callous-unemotional traits and subtypes of conduct disorder. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 1999, 2:149-168.
141. Frick P.J., Kimonis E.R., Dandreaux D.M., Farell J.M. The 4 year stability of psychopathic traits in non-referred youth. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2003, 21:713-736.
142. Frick P.J., White S.F. Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2008, 49:359-375.
143. Fries A.B., Ziegler T.E., Kurian J.R., Jacoris S., Pollak S.D. Early experience in humans is associated with changes in neuropeptides critical for regulating social behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2005, 102:17237-17240.
144. Fulwiler C.E., King J.A., Zhang N. Amygdala-orbitofrontal resting-state functional connectivity is associated with trait anger. Neuroreport 2012, 23:606-610.
145. Fuster J.M. The prefrontal cortex - An update: Time is of the essence. Neuron 2001, 30:319-333.
146. Fuster J.M. The prefrontal cortex 2008, Academic Press, San Diego.
147. Galvan A., Hare T.A., Parra C.E., Penn J., Voss H., Glover G., et al. Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:6885-6892.
148. Gao Y., Raine A. Successful and unsuccessful psychopaths: A neurobiological model. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2010, 28:194-210.
149. Gatzke-Kopp L.M., Beauchaine T.P., Shannon K.E., Chipman J., Fleming A.P., Crowell S.E., et al. Neurological correlates of reward responding in adolescents with and without externalizing behavior disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2009, 118:203-213.
150. Giedd J.N. The teen brain: Insights from neuroimaging. Journal of Adolescent Health 2008, 42:335-343.
151. Giedd J.N., Snell J.W., Lange N., Rajapakse J.C., Casey B., Kozuch P.L., et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of human brain development: Ages 4-18. Cerebral Cortex 1996, 6:551-559.
152. Glenn A.L. The other allele: Exploring the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene as a potential risk factor for psychopathy: A review of the parallels in findings. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2011, 35:612-620.
153. Glenn A.L., Raine A. The neurobiology of psychopathy. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2008, 31:463-475.
154. Glenn A.L., Raine A., Schug R.A. The neural correlates of moral decision-making in psychopathy. Molecular Psychiatry 2009, 14:5-6.
155. Gopal A., Clark E., Allgair A., D'Amato C., Furman M., Gansler D.A., et al. Dorsal/ventral parcellation of the amygdala: Relevance to impulsivity and aggression. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2013, 211:24-30.
156. Gordon H.L., Baird A.A., End A. Functional differences among those high and low on a trait measure of psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry 2004, 56:516-521.
157. Gowin, J. L., Green, C. E., Alcorn, J., Swann, A. C., Moeller, F. G., & Lane, S. D. (2013). The role of cortisol and psychopathy in the cycle of violence. Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1007/s00213-00013-02992-00211.
158. Gregg T.R., Siegel A. Brain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: Implications for human aggression. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 2001, 25:91-140.
159. Gregory S., Simmons A., Kumari V., Howard M., Hodgins S., Blackwood N. The antisocial brain: Psychopathy matters: A structural MRI investigation of antisocial male violent offenders. Archives of General Psychiatry 2012, 69:962-972.
160. Guo G. Gene-environment interactoins for delinquency. Gene-environment interactions in developmental psychopathology 2011, 121-139. Guilford, New York. K.A. Dodge, M. Rutter (Eds.).
161. Haberstick B.C., Lessem J.M., Hopfer C.J., Smolen A., Ehringer M.A., Timberlake D., et al. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and antisocial behaviors in the presence of childhood and adolescent maltreatment. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2005, 135:59-64.
162. Han, T., Alders, G. L., Greening, S. G., Neufeld, R. W. J., & Mitchell, D. G. V. (2011). Do fearful eyes activate empathy-related brain regions in individuals with callous traits? Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. (22.10.11). doi:10.1093/scan/nsr1068.
163. Hankin B., Nederhof E., Oppenheimer C., Jenness J., Young J., Abela J., et al. Differential susceptibility in youth: Evidence that 5-HTTLPR x positive parenting is associated with positive affect 'for better and worse'. Translational Psychiatry 2011, 1. 10.1038/tp.2011.1044.
164. Hanson J.L., Chung M.K., Avants B.B., Shirtcliff E.A., Gee J.C., Davidson R.J., et al. Early stress is associated with alterations in the Orbitofrontal Cortex: A tensor-based morphometry investigation of brain structure and behavioral risk. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30:7466-7472.
165. Hare T.A., Tottenham N., Galvan A., Voss H.U., Glover G.H., Casey B. Biological substrates of emotional reactivity and regulation in adolescence during an emotional go-nogo task. Biological Psychiatry 2008, 63:927-934.
166. Hariri A.R. The neurobiology of individual differences in complex behavioral traits. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2009, 32:225-247.
167. Hariri A.R., Drabant E.M., Munoz K.E., Kolachana B.S., Mattay V.S., Egan M.F., et al. A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:146-152.
168. Hariri A.R., Mattay V.S., Tessitore A., Kolachana B., Fera F., Goldman D., et al. Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 2002, 297:400.
169. Hariri, A. R., & Whalen, P. J. (2011). Face to face with the emotional brain. F1000 Biol Reports, 3. <>. http://f1000.com/reports/b/1003/1002.
170. Hawes D.J., Dadds M.R. The treatment of conduct problems in children with callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2005, 73:737-741.
171. Herman A.I., Conner T.S., Anton R.F., Gelernter J., Kranzler H.R., Covault J. Variation in the gene encoding the serotonin transporter is associated with a measure of sociopathy in alcoholics. Addiction Biology 2011, 16:124-132.
172. Herpertz S.C., Huebner T., Marx I., Vloet T.D., Fink G.R., Stoecker T., et al. Emotional processing in male adolescents with childhood-onset conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2008, 49:781-791.
173. Herpertz S.C., Wenning B., Mueller B., Qunaibi M., Sass H., Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Psychophysiological responses in ADHD boys with and without conduct disorder: Implications for adult antisocial behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2001, 40:1222-1230.
174. Hicks B.M., Krueger R.F., Iacono W.G., McGue M., Patrick C.J. Family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders: A twin-family study. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004, 61:922-928.
175. Higley J.D., Mehlman P., Taub D., Higley S., Suomi S.J., Linnoila M., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992, 49:436.
176. Hinshaw S.P., Lee S.S. Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders. Child psychopathology 2003, 144-198. Guilford Press, New York. 2nd ed. E.J. Mash, R.A. Barkley (Eds.).
177. Hipwell A.E., Pardini D.A., Loeber R., Sembower M., Keenan K., Stouthamer-Loeber M. Callous-unemotional behaviors in young girls: Shared and unique effects relative to conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 2007, 36:293-304.
178. Holmes A. Genetic variation in cortico-amygdala serotonin function and risk for stress-related disease. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2008, 32:1293-1314.
179. Hoptman M.J. Neuroimaging studies of violence and antisocial behavior. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2003, 9:265-278.
180. Hyatt C.J., Haney-Caron E., Stevens M.C. Cortical thickness and folding deficits in conduct-disordered adolescents. Biological Psychiatry 2012, 72:207-214.
181. Hyde L.W., Bogdan R., Hariri A.R. Understanding risk for psychopathology through imaging gene-environment interactions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2011, 15:417-427.
182. Hyde L.W., Manuck S.B., Hariri A.R. Social support moderates the link between amygdala reactivity and trait anxiety. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:651-656.
183. Hyde L.W., Shaw D.S., Gardner F., Cheong J.W., Dishion T.J., Wilson M. Dimensions of callousness in early childhood: Links to problem behavior and family intervention effectiveness. Development and Psychopathology 2012, 25:347-363.
184. Jackson P.L., Rainville P., Decety J. To what extent do we share the pain of others? Insight from the neural bases of pain empathy. Pain 2006, 125:5-9.
185. Jaffee S.R. Genotype-environment correlations: Definitions, methods of measurement, and implications for research on adolescent pscyhopathology. The dynamic genome and mental health 2011, 79-102. Oxford, New York, NY. K.S. Kendler, S.R. Jaffee, D. Romer (Eds.).
186. Jaffee S.R., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Dodge K.A., Rutter M., Taylor A., et al. Nature×nurture: Genetic vulnerabilities interact with physical maltreatment to promote conduct problems. Development and Psychopathology 2005, 17:67-84.
187. Jaffee S.R., Strait L.B., Odgers C.L. From correlates to causes: Can quasi-experimental studies and statistical innovations bring us closer to identifying the causes of antisocial behavior?. Psychological Bulletin 2012, 138:272-295.
188. Jones A.P., Happé F.G., Gilbert F., Burnett S., Viding E. Feeling, caring, knowing: Different types of empathy deficit in boys with psychopathic tendencies and autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2010, 51:1188-1197.
189. Jones A.P., Laurens K.R., Herba C.M., Gareth J.B., Viding E. Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 166:95-102.
190. Kable J.W., Glimcher P.W. The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice. Nature Neuroscience 2007, 10:1625-1633.
191. Kalnin A.J., Edwards C.R., Wang Y., Kronenberger W.G., Hummer T.A., Mosier K.M., et al. The interacting role of media violence exposure and aggressive-disruptive behavior in adolescent brain activation during an emotional Stroop task. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2011, 192:12-19.
192. Kaufman J., Charney D. Effects of early stress on brain structure and function: Implications for understanding the relationship between child maltreatment and depression. Development and Psychopathology 2001, 13:451-471.
193. Kendler K.S. A conceptual overview of gene-environment interaction and correlation in a developmental context. The dynamic genome and mental health 2011, Oxford, New York, NY. K.S. Kendler, S.R. Jaffee, D. Romer (Eds.).
194. Kendler K.S. Peer ground deviance, conduct disorder, and alcohol intake. The dynamic genome and mental health 2011, Oxford, New York. K.S. Kendler, S.R. Jaffee, D. Romer (Eds.).
195. Kendler K.S., Aggen S.H., Patrick C.J. Familial influences on conduct disorder reflect 2 genetic factors and 1 shared environmental factorgenetic/environmental factors for conduct disorder. JAMA Psychiatry (Archives of General Psychiatry) 2013, 70:78-86.
196. Kiehl K.A. A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction. Psychiatry Research 2006, 142:107-128.
197. Kiehl K.A., Smith A.M., Hare R.D., Mendrek A., Forster B.B., Brink J., et al. Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychpaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry 2001, 50:677-684.
198. Kim-Cohen J., Caspi A., Taylor A., Williams B., Newcombe R., Craig I.W., et al. MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children's mental health: New evidence and a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry 2006, 11:903-913.
199. Kim S., Nordling J.K., Yoon J.E., Boldt L.J., Kochanska G. Effortful control in "hot" and "cool" tasks differentially predicts children's behavior problems and academic performance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2013, 41:43-56.
200. Koenigs M., Baskin-Sommers A., Zeier J., Newman J.P. Investigating the neural correlates of psychopathy: A critical review. Molecular Psychiatry 2011, 16:792-799.
201. Kotler J.S., McMahon R.J. Child psychopathy: Theories, measurement, and relations with the development and persistence of conduct problems. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2005, 8:291-325.
202. Kringelbach M.L. The human orbitofrontal cortex: Linking reward to hedonic experience. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience 2005, 6:691-702.
203. Kronenberger W.G., Mathews V.P., Dunn D.W., Wang Y., Wood E.A., Giauque A.L., et al. Media violence exposure and executive functioning in aggressive and control adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2005, 61:725-737.
204. Krueger R.F., Markon K.E. Reinterpreting comorbidity: A model-based approach to understanding and classifying psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2006, 2:111-133.
205. Krueger R.F., Markon K.E. A dimensional-spectrum model of psychopathology: Progress and opportunities. Archives of General Psychiatry 2011, 68:10.
206. Krueger R.F., Markon K.E., Patrick C.J., Benning S.D., Kramer M.D. Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2007, 116:645-666.
207. Kruesi M.J., Casanova M.F., Mannheim G., Johnson-Bilder A. Reduced temporal lobe volume in early onset conduct disorder. Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging 2004, 132:1-11.
208. Laakso M.P., Vaurio O., Koivisto E., Savolainen L., Eronen M., Aronen H.J., et al. Psychopathy and the posterior hippocampus. Behavourial Brain Research 2001, 118:187-193.
209. Lahey B.B., Van Hulle C.A., Singh A.L., Waldman I.D., Rathouz P.J. Higher-order genetic and environmental structure of prevalent forms of child and adolescent psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry 2011, 68:181-189.
210. Lahey B.B., Waldman I.D., McBurnett K. Annotation: The development of antisocial behavior: An integrative causal model. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 1999, 40:669-682.
211. Lang P.J., Greenwald M.K., Bradley M.M., Hamm A.O. Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology 2007, 30:261-273.
212. LeDoux J.E. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2000, 23:155-184.
213. LeDoux J.E., Sciller D. The human amygdala: Insights from other animals. The human amygdala 2009, 43-60. Guilford Press, New York. P.J. Whalen, E.A. Phelps (Eds.).
214. Lee J.H., Durand R., Gradinaru V., Zhang F., Goshen I., Kim D.S., et al. Global and local fMRI signals driven by neurons defined optogenetically by type and wiring. Nature 2010, 465:788-792.
215. Lesch K.P., Merschdorf U. Impulsivity, aggression, and serotonin: A molecular psychobiological perspective. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2000, 18:581-604.
216. Lewis M.D., Granic I., Lamm C., Zelazo P.D., Stieben J., Todd R.M., et al. Changes in the neural bases of emotion regulation associated with clinical improvement in children with behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology 2008, 20:913-939.
217. Li T., Mathews V., Wang Y., Dunn D., Kronenberger W. Adolescents with disruptive behavior disorder investigated using an optimized MR diffusion tensor imaging protocol. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2005, 1064:184-192.
218. Lieberman M.D., Eisenberger N.I., Crockett M.J., Tom S.M., Pfeifer J.H., Way B.M. Putting feelings into words. Psychological Science 2007, 18:421.
219. Loeber R. The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behavior: A review. Child Development 1982, 53:1431-1446.
220. Loeber R., Burke J.D., Lahey B.B. What are adolescent antecedents to antisocial personality disorder?. Criminal Behaviour in Mental Health 2002, 12:24-36.
221. Loeber R., Dishion T.J. Early predictors of male delinquency: A review. Psychological Bulletin 1983, 94:68-99.
222. Loeber R., Hay D. Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology 1997, 48:371-410.
223. Loeber R., Stouthamer-Loeber M. Development of juvenile aggression and violence. Some common misconceptions and controversies. American Psychologist 1998, 53:242-259.
224. Logothetis N.K., Pfeuffer J. On the nature of the BOLD fMRI contrast mechanism. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2004, 22:1517-1531.
225. Lopez-Duran N.L., Olson S.L., Hajal N.J., Felt B.T., Vazquez D.M. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis functioning in reactive and proactive aggression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2009, 37:169-182.
226. Luna B., Thulborn K.R., Munoz D.P., Merriam E.P., Garver K.E., Minshew N.J., et al. Maturation of widely distributed brain function subserves cognitive development. Neuroimage 2001, 13:786-793.
227. Ly M., Motzkin J.C., Philippi C.L., Kirk G.R., Newman J.P., Kiehl K.A., et al. Cortical thinning in psychopathy. American Journal of Psychiatry 2012, 169:743-749.
228. Lynam D.R., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Loeber R., Stouthamer-Loeber M. Longitudinal evidence that psychopathy scores in early adolescence predict adult psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2007, 116:155-165.
229. MacKinnon D.P., Krull J.L., Lockwood C.M. Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science 2000, 1:173-181.
230. Manuck S.B. The reaction norm in gene×environment interaction. Molecular Psychiatry 2009, 15:881-882.
231. Manuck S.B., Flory J.D., Ferrell R.E., Dent K.M., Mann J.J., Muldoon M.F. Aggression and anger-related traits associated with a polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. Biological Psychiatry 1999, 45:603-614.
232. Manuck S.B., Flory J.D., Ferrell R.E., Mann J.J., Muldoon M.F. A regulatory polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase-A gene may be associated with variability in aggression, impulsivity, and central nervous system serotonergic responsivity. Psychiatry Research 2000, 95:9-23.
233. Manuck S.B., Kaplan J.R., Lotrich F.E. Brain serotonin and aggressive disposition in humans and nonhuman primates. Biology of aggression 2006, 65-113. Oxford U.P, New York. R.J. Nelson (Ed.).
234. Markon K.E., Krueger R.F. Categorical and continuous models of liability to externalizing disorders: A direct comparison in NESARC. Archives of General Psychiatry 2005, 62:1352-1359.
235. Márquez C., Poirier G., Cordero M., Larsen M., Groner A., Marquis J., et al. Peripuberty stress leads to abnormal aggression, altered amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity and increased prefrontal MAOA gene expression. Translational Psychiatry 2013, 3:e216. 10.1038/tp.2012.1144.
236. Marsh A.A., Blair R.J.R. Deficits in facial affect recognition among antisocial populations: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2008, 32:454-465.
237. Marsh, A. A., & Cardinale, E. M. (2012). When psychopathy impairs moral judgments: Neural responses during judgments about causing fear. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. doi:10.1093/scan/nss1097.
238. Marsh A.A., Finger E.C., Fowler K.A., Jurkowitz I.T.N., Schechter J.C., Yu H.H., et al. Reduced amygdala-orbitofrontal connectivity during moral judgments in youths with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2011, 194.
239. Marsh A.A., Finger E.C., Mitchell D.G.V., Reid M.E., Sims C., Kosson D.S., et al. Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:712-720.
240. Masten A.S. Ordinary magic. Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist 2001, 56:227-238.
241. Masten A.S., Coatsworth J.D. The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments. Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist 1998, 53:205-220.
242. McBurnett K., Lahey B.B., Frick P.J., Risch C., Loeber R., Hart E.L., et al. Anxiety, inhibition, and conduct disorder in children: II. Relation to salivary cortisol. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1991, 30:192-196.
243. McBurnett K., Lahey B.B., Rathouz P.J., Loeber R. Low salivary cortisol and persistent aggression in boys referred for disruptive behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000, 57:38-43.
244. McCrory, E. J., De Brito, S. A., Kelly, P. A., Bird, G., Sebastian, C. L., Mechelli, A., et al. (2013). Amygdala activation in maltreated children during pre-attentive emotional processing. The British Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.1112.116624.
245. McNamee R.L., Dunfee K.L., Luna B., Clark D.B., Eddy W.F., Tarter R.E. Brain activation, response inhibition, and increased risk for substance use disorder. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2008, 32:405-413.
246. Meaney M.J. Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene×environment interactions. Child Development 2010, 81:41-79.
247. Mega M.S., Cummings J.L., Salloway S., Malloy P. The limbic system: An anatomic, phylogenetic, and clinical perspective. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 1997, 9:315-330.
248. Mehlman P., Higley J., Faucher I., Lilly A., Taub D., Vickers J., et al. Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and severe aggression and impaired impulse control in nonhuman primates. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994, 151:1485-1491.
249. Meyer-Lindenberg A., Buckholtz J.W., Kolachana B., Hari A.R., Pezawas L., Blasi G., et al. Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2006, 103:6269-6274.
250. Meyer-Lindenberg A., Kolachana B., Gold B., Olsh A., Nicodemus K.K., Mattay V., et al. Genetic variants in AVPR1A linked to autism predict amygdala activation and personality traits in healthy humans. Molecular Psychiatry 2008.
251. Moffitt T.E. Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review 1993, 100:674-701.
252. Moffitt T.E. The neuropsychology of conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology 1993, 5.
253. Moffitt T.E., Arseneault L., Jaffee S.R., Kim Cohen J., Koenen K.C., Odgers C.L., et al. Research review: DSM V conduct disorder: Research needs for an evidence base. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2008, 49:3-33.
254. Moffitt T.E., Caspi A., Dickson N., Silva P., Stanton W. Childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial conduct problems in males: Natural history from ages 3 to 18 years. Development and Psychopathology 1996, 8:399-424.
255. Moffitt T.E., Caspi A., Harrington H., Milne B.J. Males on the life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways: Follow-up at age 26 years. Development and Psychopathology 2002, 14:179-207.
256. Monk C.S., Klein R.G., Telzer E.H., Schroth E.A., Mannuzza S., Moulton J.L. Amygdala and nucleus accumbens activation to emotional facial expressions in children and adolescents at risk for major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:90-98.
257. Monk C.S., Telzer E.H., Mogg K., Bradley B.P., Mai X., Louro H.M., et al. Amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation to masked angry faces in children and adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2008, 65:568-576.
258. Morris J., DeBonis M., Dolan R. Human amygdala responses to fearful eyes. Neuroimage 2002, 17:214-222.
259. Motzkin J.C., Newman J.P., Kiehl K.A., Koenigs M. Reduced prefrontal connectivity in psychopathy. The Journal of Neuroscience 2011, 31:17348-17357.
260. Moul C., Killcross S., Dadds M.R. A model of differential amygdala activation in psychopathy. Psychological Review 2012, 119:789-806.
261. Muller J.L., Sommer M., Wagner V., Lange K., Taschler H., Roder C.H., et al. Abnormalities in emotion processing within cortical and subcortical regions in criminal psychopaths: Evidence from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using pictures with emotional content. Biological Psychiatry 2003, 54:152-162.
262. Nadder T.S., Rutter M., Silberg J., Maes H., Eaves L. Genetic effects on the variation and covariation of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) symptomatologies across informant and occasion of measurement. Psychological Medicine 2002, 32:39-53.
263. Nagin D.S., Tremblay R.E. Analyzing developmental trajectories of distinct but related behaviors: A group-based method. Psychological Methods 2001, 6:18-34.
264. Naqvi N.H., Bechara A. The hidden island of addiction: The insula. Trends in Neurosciences 2009, 32:56-67.
265. Newman J.P., Baskin-Sommers A.R. Early selective attention abnormalities in psychopathy. Cognitive neuroscience of attention 2011, 421-440. Guilford Press, New York. 2nd ed. M.I. Posner (Ed.).
266. Nock M.K., Kazdin A.E., Hiripi E., Kessler R.C. Prevalence, subtypes, and correlates of DSM-IV conduct disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine 2006, 36:699-710.
267. O'Connor T.G., Rutter M. Risk mechanisms in development: Some conceptual and methodological considerations. Developmental Psychology 1996, 32:787-795.
268. Odgers C.L., Caspi A., Broadbent J.M., Dickson N., Hancox R.J., Harrington H.L., et al. Prediction of differential adult health burden by conduct problem subtypes in males. Archives of General Psychiatry 2007, 64:476.
269. Ofrat S., Krueger R.F. How research on the meta-structure of psychopathology aids in understanding biological correlates of mood and anxiety disorders. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders 2012, 2:13.
270. Olds J., Milner P. Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1954, 47:419-427.
271. Orobio de Castro B., Veerman J.W., Koops W., Bosch J.D., Monshouwer H.J. Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: A meta-analysis. Child Development 2002, 73:916-934.
272. Osumi T., Nakao T., Kasuya Y., Shinoda J., Yamada J., Ohira H. Amygdala dysfunction attenuates frustration-induced aggression in psychopathic individuals in a non-criminal population. Journal of Affective Disorders 2012, 142:331-338.
273. Pardini D., Frick P.J. Multiple developmental pathways to conduct disorder: Current conceptualizations and clinical implications. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2013, 22:20-25.
274. Pardini D.A., Frick P.J., Moffitt T.E. Building an evidence base for DSM-5 conceptualizations of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: Introduction to the special section. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2010, 119:683-688.
275. Pardini D.A., Obradovic J., Loeber R. Interpersonal callousness, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention, and conduct problems as precursors to delinquency persistence in boys: A comparison of three grade-based cohorts. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 2006, 35:46-59.
276. Pardini D.A., Phillips M. Neural responses to emotional and neutral facial expressions in chronically violent men. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 2010, 35:390-398.
277. Parsey R.V., Oquendo M.A., Simpson N.R., Ogden R.T., Van Heertum R., Arango V., et al. Effects of sex, age, and aggressive traits in man on brain serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding potential measured by PET using [C-11]WAY-100635. Brain Research 2002, 954:173-182.
278. Passamonti L., Fairchild G., Fornito A., Goodyer I.M., Nimmo-Smith I., Hagan C.C., et al. Abnormal anatomical connectivity between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex in conduct disorder. PloS One 2012, 7:e48789.
279. Passamonti L., Fairchild G., Goodyer I.M., Hurford G., Hagan C.C., Rowe J.B., et al. Neural abnormalities in early-onset and adolescence-onset conduct disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2010, 67:729-738.
280. Patterson G.R., Reid J.B., Dishion T.J. Antisocial boys 1992, Castalia, Eugene, OR.
281. Paulhus D.L., Robins R.W., Trzesniewski K.H., Tracy J.L. Two replicable suppressor situations in personality research. Multivariate Behavioral Research 2004, 39:303-328.
282. Perez J., Torrubia R. Sensation seeking and antisocial behaviour in a student sample. Personality and Individual Differences 1985, 6:401-403.
283. Pezawas L., Meyer-Lindenberg A., Drabant E.M., Verchinski B.A., Munoz K.E., Kolachana B.S., et al. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: A genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nature Neuroscience 2005, 8:828-834.
284. Pierce R.C., Kumaresan V. The mesolimbic dopamine system: The final common pathway for the reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2006, 30:215-238.
285. Pollak S.D., Sinha P. Effects of early experience on children's recognition of facial displays of emotion. Developmental Psychology 2002, 38:784-791.
286. Pollak S.D., Tolley-Schell S.A. Selective attention to facial emotion in physically abused children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2003, 112:323-338.
287. Pollak S.D., Vardi S., Putzer Bechner A.M., Curtin J.J. Physically abused children's regulation of attention in response to hostility. Child Development 2005, 76:968-977.
288. Posner J., Nagel B.J., Maia T.V., Mechling A., Oh M., Wang Z., et al. Abnormal amygdalar activation and connectivity in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2011, 50:828-837.
289. Pujol J., Batalla I., Contreras-Rodríguez O., Harrison B.J., Pera V., Hernández-Ribas R., et al. Breakdown in the brain network subserving moral judgment in criminal psychopathy. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2011, 7:917-923.
290. Qiao Y., Xie B., Du X. Abnormal response to emotional stimulus in male adolescents with violent behavior in China. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2012, 21:193-198.
291. Raine A. Biosocial studies of antisocial and violent behavior in children and adults: A review. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2002, 30:311-326.
292. Raine A., Buchsbaum M., LaCasse L. Brain abnormalities in murderers indicated by positron emission tomography. Biological Psychiatry 1997, 42:495-508.
293. Raine A., Lencz T., Bihrle S., LaCasse L., Colletti P. Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000, 57:119-127.
294. Raine A., Meloy J.R., Bihrle S., Stoddard J., LaCasse L., Buchsbaum M.S. Reduced prefrontal and increased subcortical brain functioning assessed using positron emission tomography in predatory and affective murderers. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 1998, 16:319-332.
295. Raine A., Yang Y. Neural foundations to moral reasoning and antisocial behavior. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2006, 1:203-213.
296. Reiss D. The interplay between genotype and family relationships: Reframing concepts of development and prevention. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2005, 14:139-143.
297. Rich B.A., Vinton D.T., Roberson-Nay R., Hommer R.E., Berghorst L.H., McClure E.B., et al. Limbic hyperactivation during processing of neutral facial expressions in children with bipolar disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103:8900-8905.
298. Rilling J.K., Glenn A.L., Jairam M.R., Pagnoni G., Goldsmith D.R., Elfenbein H.A., et al. Neural correlates of social cooperation and non-cooperation as a function of psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry 2007, 61:1260-1271.
299. Rubia K. "Cool" inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus "hot" ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: A review. Biological Psychiatry 2011, 69:e69-e87.
300. Rubia K., Halari R., Smith A.B., Mohammad M., Scott S., Brammer M.J. Shared and disorder-specific prefrontal abnormalities in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with pure CD during interference inhibition and attention allocation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2009, 50:669-678.
301. Rubia K., Halari R., Smith A.B., Mohammed M., Scott S., Giampietro V., et al. Dissociated functional brain abnormalities of inhibition in boys with pure conduct disorder and in boys with pure attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:889-897.
302. Rubia K., Smith A.B., Halari R., Matsukura F., Mohammad M., Taylor E., et al. Disorder-specific dissociation of orbitofrontal dysfunction in boys with pure conduct disorder during reward and ventrolateral prefrontal dysfunction in boys with pure ADHD during sustained attention. American Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 166:83-94.
303. Rutter M. Psychosocial influences: Critiques, findings, and research needs. Development and Psychopathology 2000, 12:375-405.
304. Rutter M., Dodge K.A. Gene-environment interactions: The state of science. Gene-environment interaction in developmental psychopathology 2011, 87-101. Guilford, New York. K.A. Dodge, M. Rutter (Eds.).
305. Rutter M., Dunn J., Plomin R., Simonoff E., Pickles A., Maughan B., et al. Integrating nature and nurture: Implications of person-environment correlations and interactions for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 1997, 9:335-364.
306. Rutter M.L. Nature-nurture integration: The example of antisocial behavior. American Psychologist 1997, 52:390-398.
307. Sadeh N., Javdani S., Jackson J.J., Reynolds E.K., Potenza M.N., Gelernter J., et al. Serotonin transporter gene associations with psychopathic traits in youth vary as a function of socioeconomic resources. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2010, 119:604-609.
308. Sadeh, N., Javdani, S., & Verona, E. (2012). Analysis of monoaminergic genes, childhood abuse, and dimensions of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. doi:10.1037/a0029866.
309. Sameroff A.J. General systems theories and developmental psychopathology. Developmental psychopathology, theory and methods 1995, Vol. 1:659-695. John Wiley and Sons, Oxford, England.
310. Sameroff A.J. Developmental systems and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 2000, 12:297-312.
311. Sameroff A.J. A unified theory of development: A dialectic integration of nature and nurture. Child Development 2010, 81:6-22.
312. Sampson R.J., Laub J.H. Crime and deviance in the life course. Annual Review of Sociology 1992, 18:63-84.
313. Sarkar S., Craig M., Catani M., Dell'Acqua F., Fahy T., Deeley Q., et al. Frontotemporal white-matter microstructural abnormalities in adolescents with conduct disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychological Medicine 2013, 43:401-411.
314. Sato J.R., de Oliveira-Souza R., Thomaz C.E., Basílio R., Bramati I.E., Amaro E. Identification of psychopathic individuals using pattern classification of MRI images. Social Neuroscience 2011, 14:1-13.
315. Schiffer B., Muller B.W., Scherbaum N., Hodgins S., Forsting M., Wiltfang J., et al. Disentangling structural brain alterations associated with violent behavior from those associated with substance use disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 2011, 68:1039-1049.
316. Schneider F., Habel U., Kessler C., Posse S., Grodd W., Muller-Gartner H.W. Functional imaging of conditioned aversive emotional responses in antisocial personality disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2000, 42:192-201.
317. Schonberg M.A., Shaw D.S. Do the predictors of child conduct problems vary by high- and low-levels of socioeconomic and neighborhood risk?. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2007, 10:101-136.
318. Scott S., Knapp M., Henderson J., Maughan B. Financial cost of social exclusion: Follow up study of antisocial children into adulthood. BMJ 2001, 323:1-5.
319. Scott S.K., Young A.W., Calder A.J., Hellawell D.J., Aggleton J.P., Johnson M. Impaired auditory recognition of fear and anger following bilateral amygdala lesions. Nature 1997, 385:254-257.
320. Sebastian C.L., McCrory E.J.P., Cecil C.A.M., Lockwood P.L., De Brito S.A., Fontaine N.M.G., et al. Neural responses to affective and cognitive theory of mind in children with conduct problems and varying levels of callous-unemotional traits. Archives of General Psychiatry 2012, 69:814-822.
321. Shannon B.J., Raichle M.E., Snyder A.Z., Fair D.A., Mills K.L., Zhang D., et al. Premotor functional connectivity predicts impulsivity in juvenile offenders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2011, 108:11241-11245.
322. Sharp C., Burton P.C., Ha C. "Better the devil you know": A preliminary study of the differential modulating effects of reputation on reward processing for boys with and without externalizing behavior problems. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2011, 20:581-592.
323. Shaw D.S., Bell R.Q., Gilliom M. A truly early starter model of antisocial behavior revisited. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 2000, 3:155-172.
324. Shaw D.S., Gross H. Early childhood and the development of delinquency: What we have learned from recent longitudinal research. The long view of crime: A synthesis of longitudinal research 2008, 79-127. Springer, New York. A. Lieberman (Ed.).
325. Shaw D.S., Hyde L.W., Brennan L.M. Predictors of boys' antisocial trajectories from toddlerhood through adolescence. Development and Psychopathology 2012, 24:871-888.
326. Shaw P., Kabani N.J., Lerch J.P., Eckstrand K., Lenroot R., Gogtay N., et al. Neurodevelopmental trajectories of the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28:3586-3594.
327. Shirtcliff E.A., Vitacco M.J., Graf A.R., Gostisha A.J., Merz J.L., Zahn-Waxler C. Neurobiology of empathy and callousness: Implications for the development of antisocial behavior. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2009, 27:137-171.
328. Siegel A., Bhatt S., Bhatt R., Zalcman S.S. The neurobiological bases for development of pharmacological treatments of aggressive disorders. Current Neuropharmacology 2007, 5:135-147.
329. Soderstrom H., Tullberg M., Wikkelso C., Ekholm S., Forsman A. Reduced regional cerebral blood flow in non-psychotic violent offenders. Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging 2000, 98:29-41.
330. Somerville L.H., Fani N., McClure-Tone E.B. Behavioral and neural representation of emotional facial expressions across the lifespan. Developmental Neuropsychology 2011, 36:408-428.
331. Soubrie P. Reconciling the role of central serotonin neurons in human and animal behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1986, 9:319-335.
332. Spence S.A., Hunter M.D., Farrow T.F., Green R.D., Leung D.H., Hughes C.J., et al. A cognitive neurobiological account of deception: Evidence from functional neuroimaging. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - B Biological Sciences 2004, 359:1755-1762.
333. Spoont M.R. Modulatory role of serotonin in neural information processing: Implications for human psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin 1992, 112:330-350.
334. Sroufe L.A., Rutter M. The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Development 1984, 55:17-29.
335. Stadler C., Poustka F., Sterzer P. The heterogeneity of disruptive behavior disorders-implications for neurobiological research and treatment. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2010, 1:1-14.
336. Stadler C., Sterzer P., Schmeck K., Krebs A., Kleinschmidt A., Poustka F. Reduced anterior cingulate activation in aggressive children and adolescents during affective stimulation: Association with temperament traits. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2007, 41:410-417.
337. Stein J.L., Wiedholz L.M., Bassett D.S., Weinberger D.R., Zink C.F., Mattay V.S., et al. A validated network of effective amygdala connectivity. Neuroimage 2007, 36:736-745.
338. Steinberg L. Risk taking in adolescence. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2007, 16:55-59.
339. Sterzer P., Stadler C. Neuroimaging of aggressive and violent behaviour in children and adolescents. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2009, 3. 10.3389/neuro.3308.3035.2009.
340. Sterzer P., Stadler C., Krebs A., Kleinschmidt A., Poustka F. Abnormal neural responses to emotional visual stimuli in adolescents with conduct disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:7-15.
341. Sterzer P., Stadler C., Poustka F., Kleinschmidt A. A structural neural deficit in adolescents with conduct disorder and its association with lack of empathy. Neuroimage 2007, 37:335-342.
342. Stickle T.R., Kirkpatrick N.M., Brush L.N. Callous-unemotional traits and social information processing: Multiple risk-factor models for understanding aggressive behavior in antisocial youth. Law and Human Behavior 2009.
343. Stoltenberg S.F., Burmeister M. Recent progress in psychiatric genetics-Some hope but no hype. Human Molecular Genetics 2000, 9:927-935.
344. Talairach J., Tournoux P. Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain (M. Rayport, Trans.) 1988, Thieme Medical Publishers, INC., New York.
345. Tiihonen J., Rossi R., Laakso M.P., Hodgins S., Testa C., Perez J., et al. Brain anatomy of persistent violent offenders: More rather than less. Psychiatry Research 2008, 163:201-212.
346. Toga A.W., Thompson P.M., Sowell E.R. Mapping brain maturation. Trends in Neurosciences 2006, 29:148-159.
347. Tottenham N., Hare T., Millner A., Gilhooly T., Zevin J., Casey B. Elevated amygdala response to faces following early deprivation. Developmental Science 2011, 14:190-204.
348. Tottenham N., Sheridan M.A. A review of adversity, the amygdala and the hippocampus: A consideration of developmental timing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2009, 3:68. 10.3389/neuro.3309.3068.2009.
349. Tremblay R.E., Japel C., Perusse D., McDuff P., Boivin M., Zoccolillo M., et al. The search for the age of 'onset' of physical aggression: Rousseau and Bandura revisited. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 1999, 9:8-23.
350. Trentacosta C.J., Hyde L.W., Shaw D.S., Cheong J.W. Adolescent dispositions for antisocial behavior in context: The roles of neighborhood dangerousness and parental knowledge. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2009, 118:564-575.
351. Tuinier S., Verhoeven W., Van Praag H. Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid and aggression: A critical reappraisal of the clinical data. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1995, 10:147-156.
352. Tuvblad C., Grann M., Lichtenstein P. Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: Gene-environment interaction. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2006, 47:734-743.
353. van Goozen S.H.M., Fairchild G., Snoek H., Harold G.T. The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin 2007, 133:149-182.
354. van Honk J., Schutter D.J.L.G. Testosterone reduces conscious detection of signals serving social correction implications for antisocial behavior. Psychological Science 2007, 18:663-667.
355. van Vliet J., Oates N.A., Whitelaw E. Epigenetic mechanisms in the context of complex diseases. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2007, 64:1531-1538.
356. Varnäs K., Halldin C., Hall H. Autoradiographic distribution of serotonin transporters and receptor subtypes in human brain. Human Brain Mapping 2004, 22:246-260.
357. Veit R., Flor H., Erb M., Hermann C., Lotze M., Grodd W., et al. Brain circuits involved in emotional learning in antisocial behavior and social phobia in humans. Neuroscience Letters 2002, 328:233-236.
358. Velanova K., Wheeler M.E., Luna B. Maturational changes in anterior cingulate and frontoparietal recruitment support the development of error processing and inhibitory control. Cerebral Cortex 2008, 18:2505-2522.
359. Viding E., Blair R.J.R., Moffitt T.E., Plomin R. Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2005, 46:592-597.
360. Viding E., Fontaine N.M.G., McCrory E.J. Antisocial behaviour in children with and without callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2012, 105:195-200.
361. Viding E., Frith U. Genes for susceptibility to violence lurk in the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2006, 103:6085-6086.
362. Viding E., Hanscombe K.B., Curtis C.J.C., Davis O.S.P., Meaburn E.L., Plomin R. In search of genes associated with risk for psychopathic tendencies in children: A two-stage genome-wide association study of pooled DNA. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2010, 51:780-788.
363. Viding E., Jones A.P., Paul J.F., Moffitt T.E., Plomin R. Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: Do callous unemotional traits matter?. Developmental Science 2008, 11:17-22.
364. Viding E., McCrory E.J. Genetic and neurocognitive contributions to the development of psychopathy. Development and Psychopathology 2012, 24:969-983.
365. Viding E., Sebastian C.L., Dadds M.R., Lockwood P.L., Cecil C.A.M., De Brito S.A., et al. Amygdala response to preattentive masked fear in children with conduct problems: The role of callous-unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry 2012, 169:1109-1116.
366. Vitaro F., Brendgen M., Barker E.D. Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: A developmental perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development 2006, 30:12-19.
367. Vitaro F., Gendreau P.L., Tremblay R.E., Oligny P. Reactive and proactive aggression differentially predict later conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1998, 39:377-385.
368. Vloet T.D., Konrad K., Huebner T., Herpertz S., Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Structural and functional MRI-findings in children and adolescents with antisocial behavior. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2008, 26:99-111.
369. Vuilleumier P. The role of the human amygdala in perception and attention. The human amygdala 2009, 220-249. Guilford Press, New York. P.J. Whalen, E.A. Phelps (Eds.).
370. Waller R., Gardner F., Hyde L.W. What are the associations between parenting, callous-unemotional traits, and antisocial behavior in youth? A systematic review of evidence. Clinical Psychology Review 2013, 33:593-608.
371. Walters, G., & Ruscio, J. (2012). Trajectories of youthful antisocial behavior: Categories or continua? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. doi:10.1007/s10802-10012-19700-10801.
372. Walum H., Westberg L., Henningsson S., Neiderhiser J.M., Reiss D., Igl W., et al. Genetic variation in the vasopressin receptor 1a gene (AVPR1A) associates with pair-bonding behavior in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2008, 105:14153-14156.
373. Wang Y., Horst K.K., Kronenberger W.G., Hummer T.A., Mosier K.M., Kalnin A.J., et al. White matter abnormalities associated with disruptive behavior disorder in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 2012, 202:245-251.
374. Weber S., Habel U., Amunts K., Schneider F. Structural brain abnormalities in psychopaths-a review. Behavorial Sciences and the Law 2008, 26:7-28.
375. Weder N., Yang B.Z., Douglas-Palumberi H., Massey J., Krystal J.H., Gelernter J., et al. MAOA genotype, maltreatment, and aggressive behavior: The changing impact of genotype at varying levels of trauma. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:417-424.
376. The human amygdala 2009, Guilford Press, New York. P.J. Whalen, E.A. Phelps (Eds.).
377. Whalen P.J., Shin L.M., McInerney S.C., Fischer H., Wright C.I., Rauch S.L. A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger. Emotion; Emotion 2001, 1:70-83.
378. White, S. F., Brislin, S., Sinclair, S., Fowler, K. A., Pope, K., & Blair, R. J. R. (2012). The relationship between large cavum septum pellucidum and antisocial behavior, callous-unemotional traits and psychopathy in adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02603.x.
379. White S.F., Brislin S.J., Meffert H., Sinclair S., Blair R.J.R. Callous-unemotional traits modulate the neural response associated with punishing another individual during social exchange: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Personality Disorders 2013, 27:99-112.
380. White S.F., Marsh A.A., Fowler K.A., Schechter J.C., Adalio C., Pope K., et al. Reduced Amygdala Response in Youths With Disruptive Behavior Disorders and Psychopathic Traits: Decreased Emotional Response Versus Increased Top-Down Attention to Nonemotional Features. American Journal of Psychiatry 2012, 169:750-758.
381. White S.F., Williams W.C., Brislin S.J., Sinclair S., Blair K.S., Fowler K.A., et al. Reduced activity within the dorsal endogenous orienting of attention network to fearful expressions in youth with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits. Development and Psychopathology 2012, 24:1105-1116.
382. Willard H.F., Ginsburg G.S. Essentials of genomic and personalized medicine 2009, Academic Press, San Diego.
383. Woltering S., Granic I., Lamm C., Lewis M.D. Neural changes associated with treatment outcome in children with externalizing problems. Biological Psychiatry 2011, 70:873-879.
384. Wood J.N., Grafman J. Human prefrontal cortex: Processing and representational perspectives. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2003, 4:139-147.
385. Yang Y., Glenn A.L., Raine A. Brain abnormalities in antisocial individuals: Implications for the law. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 2008, 26:65-83.
386. Yang Y., Raine A. Functional neuroanatomy of psychopathy. Psychiatry 2008, 7:133-136.
387. Yang Y., Raine A. Prefrontal structural and functional brain imaging findings in antisocial, violent, and psychopathic individuals: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research 2009, 174:81-88.
388. Yang Y., Raine A., Lencz T., Bihrle S., LaCasse L., Colletti P. Volume reduction in prefrontal gray matter in unsuccessful criminal psychopaths. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:1103-1108.
389. Yang Y., Raine A., Narr K.L., Lencz T., LaCasse L., Colletti P., et al. Localisation of increased prefrontal white matter in pathological liars. British Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 190:174-175.
390. Young S.E., Smolen A., Hewitt J.K., Haberstick B.C., Stallings M.C., Corley R.P., et al. Interaction between MAO-A genotype and maltreatment in the risk for conduct disorder: Failure to confirm in adolescent patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 163:1019.
391. Young S.N., Leyton M. The role of serotonin in human mood and social interaction. Insight from altered tryptophan levels. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 2002, 71:857-865.
392. Zucker R.A., Heitzeg M.M., Nigg J.T. Parsing the undercontrol-disinhibition pathway to substance use disorders: A multilevel developmental problem. Child Development Perspectives 2011, 5:248-255.