Dysfunctions of medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in psychopathy

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1121, Issue , 2007, Pages 461-479

  Blair, R J R ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Orbitofrontal cortex; Psychopathy

Indexed keywords

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CONFERENCE PAPER; DECISION MAKING; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; FRONTAL CORTEX; HUMAN; LEARNING DISORDER; NONHUMAN; ORBITAL CORTEX; PSYCHOPATHY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOCIALIZATION; STIMULUS RESPONSE;

EID: 37549004298     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1196/annals.1401.017     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (127)

1. FRICK, P.J. 1995. Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems: a two-factor model of psychopathy in children. Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology 24: 47-51.
2. HARPUR, T.J., A.R. HAKSTIAN & R.D. HARE. 1988. The factor structure of the Psychopathy Checklist. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 56: 741-747.
3. HARE, R.D. 1991. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Multi-Health Systems. Toronto, Ontario.
4. FRICK, P.J. & R.D. HARE. 2001. The Antisocial Process Screening Device. Multi-Health Systems. Toronto.
5. HARE, R.D. 2003. Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; 2nd Ed). Multi Health Systems. Toronto.
6. LYNAM, D.R. et al. 2007. Longitudinal evidence that psychopathy scores in early adolescence predict adult psychopathy. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 116: 155-165.
7. BLAIR, R.J.R., D.G.V. MITCHELL & K.S. BLAIR. 2005. The Psychopath: emotion and the Brain. Blackwell. Oxford.
8. FRICK, P.J. et al. 2005. Callous-unemotional traits in predicting the severity and stability of conduct problems and delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 33: 471-487.
9. CORNELL, D.G. et al. 1996. Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64: 783-790.
10. WILLIAMSON, S., R.D. HARE & S. WONG. 1987. Violence: criminal psychopaths and their victims. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 19: 454-462.
11. BERKOWITZ, L. 1993. Aggression: its Causes, Consequences, and Control. Temple University Press. Philadelphia.
12. HART, S., P.R. KROPP & R.D. HARE. 1988. Performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56: 227-232.
13. KAWASAKI, H. et al. 2001. Single-neuron responses to emotional visual stimuli recorded in human ventral prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 4: 15-16.
14. HARE, R.D. et al. 2000. Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: an international perspective. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 18: 623-645.
15. HEMPHILL, J.F., R.D. HARE & S. WONG. 1998. Psychopathy and recidivism: a review. Legal and Criminological Psychology 3: 139-170.
16. HAWES, D.J. & M.R. DADDS. 2005. The treatment of conduct problems in children with callous-unemotional traits. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 73: 737-741.
17. RUTTER, M. 2005. Commentary: what is the meaning and utility of the psychopathy concept? J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol. 33: 499-503.
18. RILLING, J.K. et al. 2001. Neural correlates of maternal separation in rhesus monkeys. Biol. Psychiatry 49: 146-157.
19. BREMNER, J.D. & E. VERMETTEN. 2001. Stress and development: behavioral and biological consequences. Development and Psychopathology 13: 473-489.
20. RAUCH, S.L., L.M. SHIN & E.A. PHELPS. 2006. Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research - past, present, and future. Biological Psychiatry 60: 376-382.
21. VIDING, E. et al. 2005. Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46: 592-597.
22. BLONIGEN, D.M. et al. 2005. Psychopathic personality traits: heritability and genetic overlap with internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Psychological Medicine 35: 637-648.
23. HARIRI, A.R. et al. 2002. Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 297: 400-403.
24. MEYER-LINDENBERG, A. et al. 2006. Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 6269-6274.
25. PEZAWAS, L. et al. 2005. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat. Neurosci. 8: 828-834.
26. FINGER, E.C. et al. 2007. The impact of tryptophan depletion and 5-HTTLPR genotype on passive avoidance and response reversal instrumental learning tasks. Neuropsychopharmacology 32: 206-215.
27. SILVERTHORN, P. & P.J. FRICK. 1999. Developmental pathways to antisocial behavior: the delayed-onset pathway in girls. Dev. Psychopathol. 11: 101-126.
28. DAMASIO, A.R. 1994. Descartes' Error: emotion, Rationality and the Human Brain. Putnam (Grosset Books). New York.
29. BECHARA, A. et al. 2001. Decision-making deficits, linked to a dysfunctional ventromedial prefrontal cortex, revealed in alcohol and stimulant abusers. Neuropsychologia 39: 376-389.
30. BECHARA, A. et al. 1999. Different contributions of the human amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex to decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience 19: 5473-5481.
31. DAMASIO, A. 1998. The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the Prefrontal Cortex. In The Prefrontal Cortex. A.C. Roberts, T.W. Robbins & L. Weiskrantz, Eds.: 36-50. Oxford University Press. New York.
32. GRAFMAN, J. et al. 1996. Frontal lobe injuries, violence, and aggression: a report of the Vietnam head injury study. Neurology 46: 1231-1238.
33. ANDERSON, S.W. et al. 1999. Impairment of social and moral behaviour related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience 2: 1032-1037.
34. PANKSEPP, J. 1998. Affective Neuroscience: the Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. Oxford University Press. New York.
35. GREGG, T.R. & A. SIEGEL. 2001. Brain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: implications for human aggression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry 25: 91-140.
36. BLAIR, R.J.R. 2006. The emergence of psychopathy: implications for the neuropsychological approach to developmental disorders.Cognition 101: 414-442.
37. BIRBAUMER, N. et al. 2005. Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62: 799-805.
38. BLAIR, R.J.R. et al. 2004. Reduced sensitivity to other's fearful expressions in psychopathic individuals. Personality & Individual Differences 37: 1111-1121.
39. ADOLPHS, R. 2002. Neural systems for recognizing emotion. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12: 169-177.
40. HORNAK, J. et al. 2003. Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Brain 126: 1691-1712.
41. KIEHL, K.A. et al. 2001. Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry 50: 677-684.
42. GORDON, H.L., A.A. BAIRD & A. END. 2004. Functional differences among those high and low on a trait measure of psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry 56: 516-521.
43. RILLING, J.K. et al. 2007. Neural correlates of social cooperation and non-cooperation as a function of psychopathy. Biol Psychiatry 61: 1260-1271.
44. BAXTER, M.G. & E.A. MURRAY. 2002. The amygdala and reward. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3: 563-573.
45. EVERITT, B.J. et al. 2003. Appetitive behavior: impact of amygdala-dependent mechanisms of emotional learning. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 985: 233-250.
46. BLAIR, R.J.R. 2004. The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. Brain and Cognition 55: 198-208.
47. FLOR, H. et al. 2002. Aversive Pavlovian conditioning in psychopaths: peripheral and central correlates. Psychophysiology 39: 505-518.
48. NEWMAN, J.P. & D.S. KOSSON. 1986. Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95: 252-256.
49. LEVENSTON, G.K. et al. 2000. The psychopath as observer: emotion and attention in picture processing. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109: 373-386.
50. BLAIR, R.J.R. 2003. Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neurocognitive substrates. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 358: 561-572.
51. HOFFMAN, K.L. et al. 2007. Facial-expression and gaze-selective responses in the monkey amygdala. Curr. Biol. 17: 766-772.
52. MINEKA, S. & M. COOK. 1993. Mechanisms involved in the observational conditioning of fear. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122: 23-38.
53. KLINNERT, M.D. et al. 1987. Social referencing: the infant's use of emotional signals from a friendly adult with mother present. Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development 22: 427-432.
54. WOOTTON, J.M. et al. 1997. Ineffective parenting and childhood conduct problems: the moderating role of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65: 292-300.
55. OXFORD, M., T.A. CAVELL & J.N. HUGHES. 2003. Callous-unemotional traits moderate the relation between ineffective parenting and child externalizing problems: a partial replication and extension. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 32: 577-585.
56. ADOLPHS, R. 2003. Is the human amygdala specialized for processing social information? Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 985: 326-340.
57. BARON-COHEN, S. et al. 2000. The amygdala theory of autism. Neuroscience Biobehavior Review 24: 355-364.
58. ADOLPHS, R., D. TRANEL & A.R. DAMASIO. 1998. The human amygdala in social judgment. Nature 393: 470-474.
59. WINSTON, J.S. et al. 2002. Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces. Nat. Neurosci. 5: 277-283.
60. BARON-COHEN, S., S. WHEELWRIGHT & T. JOLIFFE. 1997. Is there a "language of the eyes"? Evidence from normal adults, and adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Visual Cognition 4: 311-331.
61. ADOLPHS, R., S. BARON-COHEN & D. TRANEL. 2002. Impaired recognition of social emotions following amygdala damage. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14: 1264-1274.
62. STONE, V.E. et al. 2003. Acquired theory ofmind impairments in individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions. Neuropsychologia 41: 209-220.
63. BARON-COHEN, S. et al. 1999. Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience 11: 1891-1898.
64. RICHELL, R.A. et al. 2005. Trust and distrust: the perception of trustworthiness of faces in psychopathic and non-psychopathic offenders. Personality and Individual Differences 38: 1735-1744.
65. RICHELL, R.A. et al. 2003. Theory of mind and psychopathy: can psychopathic individuals read the 'language of the eyes'? Neuropsychologia 41: 523-526.
66. ADOLPHS, R., L. SEARS & J. PIVEN. 2001. Abnormal processing of social information from faces in autism. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13: 232-240.
67. WHITE, S. et al. 2006. An islet of social ability in Asperger syndrome: judging social attributes from faces. Brain Cogn. 61: 69-77.
68. GAIGG, S.B. & D.M. BOWLER. 2007. Differential fear conditioning in Asperger's syndrome: implications for an amygdala theory of autism. Neuropsychologia 45: 2125-2134.
69. BERNIER, R. et al. 2005. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder show normal responses to a fear potential startle paradigm. J. Autism. Dev. Disord. 35: 575-583.
70. GOTTFRIED, J.A. & R.J. DOLAN. 2004. Human orbitofrontal cortex mediates extinction learning while accessing conditioned representations of value. Nature Neuroscience 7: 1144-1152.
71. GOTTFRIED, J.A., J. O'DOHERTY & R.J. DOLAN. 2003. Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Science 301: 1104-1107.
72. KNUTSON, B. & J.C. COOPER. 2005. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward prediction. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 18: 411-417.
73. KNUTSON, B. et al. 2005. Distributed neural representation of expected value. J. Neurosci. 25: 4806-4812.
74. KNUTSON, B. et al. 2001. Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI. Neuroreport 12: 3683-3687.
75. MARSH, A.A. et al. 2007. Response options and expectations of reward in decision-making: the differential roles of dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. Neuroimage 35: 979-988.
76. BLAIR, K.S. et al. 2006. Choosing the lesser of two evils, the better of two goods: specifying the roles of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in object choice. Journal of Neuroscience 26: 11379-11386.
77. KOSSON, D.S. et al. 2006. The role of the amygdala and rostral anterior cingulate in encoding expected outcomes during learning. Neuroimage 29: 1161-1172.
78. KIM, H., S. SHIMOJO & J.P. O'DOHERTY. 2006. Is avoiding an aversive outcome rewarding? Neural substrates of avoidance learning in the human brain. PLoS Biol. 4: e233.
79. VALENTIN, V.V., A. DICKINSON & J.P. O'DOHERTY. 2007. Determining the neural substrates of goal-directed learning in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 27: 4019-4026.
80. ERNST, M. et al. 2004. Choice selection and reward anticipation: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 42: 1585-1597.
81. PAULUS, M.P. et al. 2002. Error rate and outcome predictability affect neural activation in prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate during decision-making. Neuroimage 15: 836-846.
82. ROGERS, R.D. et al. 2004. Distinct portions of anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex are activated by reward processing in separable phases of decision-making cognition. Biological Psychiatry 55: 594-602.
83. SCHOENBAUM, G. et al. 2003. Encoding predicted outcome and acquired value in orbitofrontal cortex during cue sampling depends upon input from basolateral amygdala. Neuron 39: 855-867.
84. SCHOENBAUM, G. et al. 2002. Orbitofrontal lesions in rats impair reversal but not acquisition of go, no-go odor discriminations. Neuroreport 13: 885-890.
85. GALLAGHER, M., R.W. MCMAHAN & G. SCHOENBAUM. 1999. Orbitofrontal cortex and representation of incentive value in associative learning. Journal of Neuroscience 19: 6610-6614.
86. IZQUIERDO, A. & E.A. MURRAY. 2007. Selective bilateral amygdala lesions in rhesus monkeys fail to disrupt object reversal learning. J. Neurosci. 27: 1054-1062.
87. MONTAGUE, P.R. & G.S. BERNS. 2002. Neural economics and the biological substrates of valuation. Neuron 36: 265-284.
88. SCHOENBAUM, G. & M. ROESCH. 2005. Orbitofrontal cortex, associative learning, and expectancies. Neuron 47: 633-636.
89. PADOA-SCHIOPPA, C. & J.A. ASSAD. 2006. Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value. Nature 441: 223-226.
90. RUSHWORTH, M.F. et al. 2007. Contrasting roles for cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex in decisions and social behaviour. Trends Cogn. Sci. 11: 168-176.
91. ARANA, F.S. et al. 2003. Dissociable contributions of the human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex to incentive motivation and goal selection. J. Neurosci. 23: 9632-9638.
92. CARTER, C.S. et al. 2000. Parsing executive processes: strategic vs. evaluative functions of the anterior cingulate cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 1944-1948.
93. COHEN, J.D., M. BOTVINICK & C.S. CARTER. 2000. Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex: who's in control? Nat. Neurosci. 3: 421-423.
94. KERNS, J.G. et al. 2004. Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control. Science 303: 1023-1026.
95. BOTVINICK, M.M., J.D. COHEN & C.S. CARTER. 2004. Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends in Cognitive Science 8: 539-546.
96. BLAIR, K.S. et al. 2006. Impaired decision making on the basis of both reward and punishment information in individuals with psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences 41: 155-165.
97. MURRAY, E.A. & A. IZQUIERDO. In press. Orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala contributions to affect and action in primates. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
98. DIERGAARDE, L. et al. 2005. Early amygdala damage disrupts performance on medial prefrontal cortex-related tasks but spares spatial learning and memory in the rat. Neuroscience 130: 581-590.
99. LUO, Q. et al. 2006. The neural basis of implicit moral attitude - an IAT study using event-related fMRI. Neuroimage 30: 1449-1157.
100. GREENE, J.D. et al. 2001. An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science 293: 1971-1972.
101. MOLL, J. et al. 2002. Functional networks in emotional moral and nonmoral social judgments. Neuroimage 16: 696-703.
102. MOLL, J. et al. 2005. Opinion: the neural basis of human moral cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6: 799-809.
103. BLAIR, R.J.R. 1995. A cognitive developmental approach to morality: investigating the psychopath. Cognition 57: 1-29.
104. KOENIGS, M. et al. 2007. Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature 446: 908-911.
105. MITCHELL, D.G.V. et al. 2002. Risks decisions and response reversal: is there evidence of orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in psychopathic individuals? Neuropsychologia 40: 2013-2022.
106. BLAIR, R.J., E. COLLEDGE & D.G. MITCHELL. 2001. Somatic markers and response reversal: is there orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in boys with psychopathic tendencies? J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol. 29: 499-511.
107. BUDHANI, S. & R.J. BLAIR. 2005. Response reversal and children with psychopathic tendencies: success is a function of salience of contingency change. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry 46: 972-981.
108. BUDHANI, S., R.A. RICHELL & R.J. BLAIR. 2006. Impaired reversal but intact acquisition: probabilistic response reversal deficits in adult individuals with psychopathy. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 115: 552-558.
109. GORRINDO, T. et al. 2005. Deficits on a probabilistic response-reversal task in patients with pediatric bipolar disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 162: 1975-1977.
110. LEIBENLUFT, E. et al. 2003. Irritability in pediatric mania and other childhood psychopathology. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 1008: 201-218.
111. FRICK, P.J. et al. 2003. Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 31: 457-470.
112. COOLS, R. et al. 2002. Defining the neural mechanisms of probabilistic reversal learning using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. 22: 4563-4567.
113. ROGERS, R.D. et al. 2000. Contrasting cortical and subcortical activations produced by attentional-set shifting and reversal learning in humans. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12: 142-162.
114. KRINGELBACH, M.L. & E.T. ROLLS. 2003. Neural correlates of rapid reversal learning in a simple model of human social interaction. NeuroImage 20: 1371-1383.
115. IVERSEN, S.D. & M. MISHKIN. 1970. Perseverative interference in monkeys following selective lesions of the inferior prefrontal convexity. Exp. Brain Res. 11: 376-386.
116. DIAS, R., T.W. ROBBINS & A.C. ROBERTS. 1996. Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts. Nature 380: 69-72.
117. IZQUIERDO, A., R.K. SUDA & E.A. MURRAY. 2004. Bilateral orbital prefrontal cortex lesions in rhesus monkeys disrupt choices guided by both reward value and reward contingency. J. Neurosci. 24: 7540-7548.
118. FELLOWS, L.K. & M.J. FARAH. 2003. Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans: evidence from a reversal learning paradigm. Brain 126: 1830-1837.
119. REMIJNSE, P.L. et al. 2005. Neural correlates of a reversal learning task with an affectively neutral baseline: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 26: 609-618.
120. O'DOHERTY, J. et al. 2003. Dissociating valence of outcome from behavioral control in human orbital and ventral prefrontal cortices. Journal of Neuroscience 23: 7931-7939.
121. O'DOHERTY, J. et al. 2001. Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 4: 95-102.
122. BUDHANI, S. et al. 2007. Neural correlates of response reversal: considering acquisition. Neuroimage 34: 1754-1765.
123. KRINGELBACH, M.L. 2005. The human orbitofrontal cortex: linking reward to hedonic experience. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 6: 691-702.
124. KRINGELBACH, M.L. & E.T. ROLLS. 2004. The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Progressive Neurobiology 72: 341-372.
125. CHUDASAMA, Y., J.D. KRALIK & E.A. MURRAY. 2007. Rhesus monkeys with orbital prefrontal cortex lesions can learn to inhibit prepotent responses in the reversed reward contingency task. Cereb. Cortex 17: 1154-1159.
126. YACUBIAN, J. et al. 2006. Dissociable systems for gain- and loss-related value predictions and errors of prediction in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 26: 9530-9537.
127. O'DOHERTY, J.P. et al. 2003. Temporal difference models and reward-related learning in the human brain. Neuron 38: 329-337.