Feeding control of fatty acid composition and vitamin content in the cow milk;Maîtrise par l'alimentation des teneurs en acides gras et en composés vitaminiques du lait de vache

Productions Animales

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 177-192

  Ferlay, A ^a,b   Graulet, B ^a,b   Chilliard, Y ^a,b  

^a UMR1213 HERBIVORES   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT AUVERGNE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880673113     PISSN: 09900632     EISSN: 11525428     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Agabriel C., Cornu A., Journal C., Sibra C., Grolier P., Martin B., 2007. Tanker milk variability according to farm feeding practices: vitamins A and E, carotenoids, colour and terpenoids. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 4884-4896.
2. Barber M.C., Clegg R.A., Travers M.T., Vernon R.G., 1997. Lipid metabolism in the lactating mammary gland. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1347, 101-126.
3. Bassett C.M.C., Edel A.L., Patenaude A.F., McCullough R.S., Blackwood D.P., Chouinard P.Y., Pacquin P., Lamarche B., Pierce G.N., 2010. Dietary vaccenic acid has antiatherogenic effects in LDR-/- mice. J. Nutr., 140, 18-24.
4. Bauman D.E., Griinari J.M., 2003. Nutritional regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 23, 203-227.
5. Bauman D.E., Harvatine K.J., Lock A.L., 2011 Nutrigenomics, rumen-derived bioactive fatty acids, and the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 31, 299-319.
6. Beaulieu A.D., Palmquist D.L., 1995. Differential effects of high fat diets on fatty acid composition in milk of Jersey and Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 78, 1336-1344.
7. Benchaar C., Petit H.V., Berthiaume R., Whyte T.D., Chouinard P.Y., 2006. Effects of addition of essential oils and monensin premix on digestion, ruminal fermentation, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 4352-4364.
8. Benchaar C., Petit H.V., Berthiaume R., Ouellet D.R., Chiquette J., Chouinard P.Y., 2007. Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 886-897.
9. Benchaar C., Chouinard P.Y., 2009. Short communication: assessment of the potential of cinnamaldehyde, condensed tannins, and saponins to modify milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 3392-3396.
10. Bernard L., Leroux C., Chilliard Y., 2008. Expression and nutritional regulation of lipogenic genes in the ruminant lactating mammary gland. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 606, 67-108.
11. Brunschwig P., Hurtaud C., Chilliard Y., Glasser F., 2010. L'apport de lin dans la ration des vaches laitières : Effets sur la production, la composition du lait et des produits laitiers, les émissions de méthane et les performances de reproduction. INRA Prod. Anim., 23, 307-318.
12. Buccioni A., Decandia M., Minieri S., Molle G., Cabiddu A., 2012. Lipid metabolism in the rumen: New insights on lipolysis and biohydrogenation with an emphasis on the role of endogenous plant factors. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 174, 1-25.
13. Calderón S.F., Chauveau-Duriot B., Pradel P., Martin B., Graulet B., Doreau M., Nozière P., 2007. Variations in carotenoids, vitamins A and E, and color in cow's plasma and milk following a shift from hay diet to diets containing increasing levels of carotenoids and vitamin E. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 5651-5664.
14. Calsamiglia S., Busquet M., Cardozo P.W., Castillejos L., Ferret A., 2007. Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 2580-2595.
15. Chassaing C., Graulet B., Agabriel C., Martin B., Girard C.L., 2011. Vitamin B9, and B12 contents in cow milk according to production system. In: Dairy Production in Mountain: farming systems, milk and cheese quality and implications for the future. Coppa M., Borreani G. (Eds). 35-36.
16. Chilliard Y., Ferlay A., 2004. Dietary lipids and forages interactions on cow and goat milk fatty acid composition and sensory properties. Reprod. Nutr. Dev., 45, 467-492.
17. Chilliard Y., Doreau M., Gagliostro G., Elmeddah Y., 1993. Addition de lipides protégés (encapsulés ou savon de calcium) à la ration des vaches laitières. Effets sur les performances et la composition du lait. INRA Prod. Anim., 6, 139-150.
18. Chilliard Y., Ferlay A., Mansbridge R.M., Doreau M., 2000. Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids. Ann. Zootech., 49, 181-205.
19. Chilliard Y., Glasser F., Ferlay A., Bernard L., Rouel J., Doreau M., 2007. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation, cow and goat milk fat nutritional quality: a review. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 109, 828-855.
20. Chilliard Y., Martin C., Rouel J., Doreau M., 2009. Milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed whole crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil, and their relationship with methane output. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 5199-5211.
21. Chilliard Y., Glasser F., Ferlay A., Bernard L., Rouel J., Martin B., Martin C., Enjalbert F., Schmidely P., 2010. Que peut-on attendre des pratiques d'élevage pour améliorer la qualité nutritionnelle des matières grasses du lait bovin et caprin. Cah. Nutr. Diet., 45, 310-319.
22. Collomb M., Butikofer U., Sieber R., Jeangros B., Bosset J.O., 2002. Correlation between fatty acids in cows' milk fat produced in the Lowlands, Mountains and Highlands of Switzerland and botanical composition of the fodder. Int. Dairy J., 12, 661-666.
23. Coppa M., Ferlay A., Leroux C., Jestin M., Chilliard Y., Martin B., Andueza D., 2010. Prediction of milk fatty acid composition by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). Int. Dairy J., 20, 182-189.
24. Coppa M., Ferlay A., Monsallier F., Verdier-Metz I., Pradel P., Didienne R., Farruggia A., Montel M.C., Martin B., 2011. Milk fatty acid composition and cheese texture and appearance from cows fed hay or different grazing systems on upland pastures. J. Dairy Sci., 94, 1132-1145.
25. Coudray B., 2011. The contribution of dairy products to micronutrient intakes in France. J. Amer. Coll. Nutr., 30, 410S-414S.
26. Couvreur S., Hurtaud C., Lopez C., Peyraud J.L., 2006. The linear relationship between the proportion of fresh grass in the cow diet, milk fatty acid composition, and butter properties. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 1956-1969.
27. Destaillats, F., Trottier J.P., Galvez J.M.G, Angers P., 2005. Analysis of alpha-linolenic acid biohydrogenation intermediates in milk fat with emphasis on conjugated linolenic acids. J. Dairy Sci., 88, 3231-3239.
28. Dewhurst R.J., Shingfield K.J., Lee M.R.F., Scollan N.D., 2006. Increasing the concentrations of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk produced by dairy cows in high-forage systems. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 131, 168-206.
29. Dhiman T.R., Zanten K.V., Satter L.D., 1995. Effect of dietary fat source on fatty acid composition of cow's milk. J. Sci. Food Agric., 69, 101-107.
30. Doreau M., Ferlay A., 1994. Digestion and utilisation of fatty acids by ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 45, 379-396.
31. Doreau M., Bauchart D., Chilliard Y., 2011. Enhancing fatty acid composition of milk and meat through animal feeding. Anim. Prod. Sci., 51, 19-29.
32. Dreiucker J., Vetter W., 2011. Fatty acids patterns in camel, moose, cow and human milk as determined with GC/MS after silver ion solid phase extraction. Food Chem., 126, 45-750.
33. Drewnowski A., 2011. The contribution of milk and dairy products to micronutrient density and affordability of the U.S. diet. J. Amer. Coll. Nutr., 30, 422S-428S.
34. Elder S., Haytowitz D.B., Howe J., Peterson J.W. and Booth S.L., 2006. Vitamin K contents of meat, dairy, and fast food in the US diet. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 463-467.
35. Enjalbert F., Videau Y., Nicot M.C., Troegeler-Meynadier A., 2008. Effects of induced subacute ruminal acidosis on milk fat content and milk fatty acid profile. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 92, 284-291.
36. Falchero L., Lombardi G., Gorlier A., Lonati M., Odoardi M., Cavallero A., 2010. Variation in fatty acid composition of milk and cheese from cows grazed on two alpine pastures. Dairy Sci. Technol., 90, 657-672.
37. FAO, 2001. Human energy requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation: FAO, Food and Nutrition Technical Report Series. FAO. 2012. FAO Stat. http://faostat.fao.org/
38. Fearon A. M., Mayne C. S., Beattie J.A.M., Bruce D.W. 2004. Effect of level of oil inclusion in the diet of dairy cows at pasture on animal performance and milk composition and properties. J. Sci. Food Agric., 84, 497-504.
39. Ferlay A., Martin B., Pradel Ph., Coulon J.B., Chilliard Y. 2006. Influence of grassbased diets on milk fatty acid composition and milk lipolytic system in Tarentaise and Montbéliarde cow breeds. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 4026-4041.
40. Ferlay A., Agabriel C., Sibra C., Journal C., Martin B., Chilliard Y., 2008. Tanker milk variability of fatty acids according to farm feeding and husbandry practices in a French semi-mountain area. Dairy Sci. Technol., 88, 193-215.
41. Ferlay A., Martin B., Lerch S., Gobert M., Pradel P., Chilliard Y., 2010. Effects of supplementation of maize silage diets with extruded linseed, vitamin E and plant extracts rich in polyphenols, and morning vs. evening milking on milk fatty acid profiles in Holstein and Montbéliarde cows. Animal, 4, 627-640.
42. Fievez V., Colman E., Castro-Montoya J.M., Stefanov I., Vlaemink B., 2012. Milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids as biomarlers of rumen function - An update. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 172, 51-65.
43. Flowers G., Ibrahim S. A., AbuGhazaleh A.A., 2008. Milk fatty acid composition of grazing dairy cows when supplemented with linseed oil. J. Dairy Sci., 91, 722-730.
44. Focant M., Mignolet E., Marique M., Clabots F., Breyne T., Dalemans D., Larondelle Y., 1998. The effect of vitamin E supplementation of cow diets containing rapeseed and linseed on the prevention of milk fat oxidation. J. Dairy Sci., 81, 1095-1101.
45. Fournier B., Sann L., Guillaumont M., Leclercq M., 1987. Variations of phylloquinone concentration in human milk at various stages of lactation and in cow's milk at various seasons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 45, 551-558.
46. Giesy J.G., McGuire M.A., Shafii B., Hanson T.W., 2002. Effect of dose of calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on percentage and fatty acid content of milk fat in midlactation holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 85, 2023-2029.
47. Givens D.I., 2010. Milk and meat in our diet: good or bad for health? Animal, 4, 1941-1952.
48. Glasser F., Ferlay A., Chilliard Y., 2008. Oilseed lipid supplements and fatty acid composition of cow milk: a meta-analysis. J. Dairy Sci., 91, 4687-4703.
49. Graulet B., 2010. Vitamins naturally occuring in bovine milk. In: Improving the safety and quality of milk. Griffiths M. (Ed). Wood-head Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, UK, 2, 231-251.
50. Graulet B., Matte J.J., Desrochers A., Doeppel L., Palin M.F., Girard C.L., 2007. Effects of dietary supplements of folic acid and vitamin B12 on metabolism of dairy cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 3442-3455.
51. Graulet B., Piquet M., Duriot B., Pradel P., Hulin S., Cornu A., Portelli J., Martin B., Farruggia A., 2012. Variations des teneurs en micronutriments de l'herbe de prairies de moyenne montagne et transfert au lait. Fourrages, 209, 59-68.
52. Hartman A.M., Dryden L.P., 1965. Vitamins in milk and milk products. American Dairy Science Association, Champaign, IL, USA, 123p.
53. Harvatine K.J., Allen M.S., 2006. Effects of fatty acid supplements on milk yield and energy balance of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 1081-1091.
54. Hulshof P.J.M., van Roekel-Jansen T., van de Bovenkamp P., West C.E., 2006. Variation in retinol and carotenoids content of milk and milk products in The Netherlands. J. Food Comp. Anal., 19, 67-75.
55. Jensen R.G., 2002. The composition of bovine milk lipids: January 1995 to December 2000. J. Dairy Sci., 85, 295-350.
56. Kamao M., Tsugawa N., Suhara Y., Okano T., 2007. Determination of fat-soluble vitamins in human plasma, breast milk and food samples: application in nutrition survey for establishment of dietary reference intakes for Japanese. J. Health Sci., 53, 257-262.
57. Legrand P., Astorg P.O., Bougnoux P., Calvarin J., Chalon S., Dallongeville J., Dumas C., Friocourt P., Gerber M., Guesnet P., Kalonji E., Lapillonne A., Morise A., Lecerf J.M., Margaritis I., Moulin P., Pieroni G., 2010. Avis de l'Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments relatif à l'actualisation des apports nutritionnels conseillés pour les acides gras. Afssa, saisine n° 2006-SA-0359. http://www.afssa.fr/Documents/NUT2006sa0359.pdf
58. Leiber F., Kreuze M., Nigg D., Wettstein H.R., Scheeder M.R.L., 2005. A study on the causes for the elevated n-3 fatty acids in cows' milk of alpine origin. Lipids, 40, 191-202.
59. Lerch S., Ferlay A., Pomiès D., Martin B., Pires J.A.A., Chilliard Y., 2012a. Rapeseed or linseed supplementation of grass-based diets: effects on dairy performance of Holstein cows over two consecutive lactations. J. Dairy Sci., 95, 1956-1970.
60. Lerch S., Ferlay A., Shingfield K.J., Martin B., Pomiès D., Chilliard Y., 2012b. Rapeseed or linseed supplements in grass-based diets: effects on milk fatty acid composition of Holstein cows over two consecutive lactations. J. Dairy Sci., 95, 5221-5241.
61. Lerch S., Shingfield K.J., Ferlay A., Vanhatalo A., Chilliard Y., 2012c. Rapeseed or linseed supplementation of grass-based diets: effects on conjugated linoleic and conjugated linolenic acid isomers in milk fat from Holstein cows over two consecutive lactations. J. Dairy Sci., 95, 7269-7287.
62. Loor J.J., Ferlay A., Ollier A., Doreau M., Chilliard Y., 2005a. Relationship among trans and conjugated fatty acids and bovine milk fat yield due to dietary concentrate and linseed oil. J. Dairy Sci., 88, 726-740.
63. Loor J.J., Ueda K., Ferlay A., Chilliard Y., Doreau M., 2005b. Intestinal flow and digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in dairy cows fed a highconcentrate diet supplemented with fish oil, linseed oil, and sunflower oil. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 119, 203-225.
64. Martin B., Fedele V., Ferlay A., Grolier P., Rock E., Gruffat D., Chilliard Y., 2004. Effects of grass-based diets on the content of micronutrients and fatty acids in bovine and caprine dairy products. In : Land use systems in grassland dominated regions. Lüscher A., Jeangros B., Kessler W., Huguenin O., Lobsiger M., Millar N., Suter D. (Eds). Vdf, Zürich, Swiss, 9, 876-886.
65. Martin S.A., Jenkins T.C., 2002. Factors affecting conjugated linoleic acid and trans- C18:1 fatty acid production by mixed ruminal bacteria. J. Anim. Sci., 80, 3347-3352.
66. McDermott C.M., Beitz D.C., Littledike E.T., Horst R.L., 1985. Effects of dietary vitamin D3 on concentrations of vitamin D and its metabolites in blood plasma and milk of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 68, 1959-1967.
67. Mensink R.P., Zock P.L., Kester A.D., Katan M.B., 2003. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77, 1146- 1155.
68. Meschy F., 2007. Alimentation minérale et vitaminique des ruminants : actualisation des connaissances. INRA Prod. Anim., 20, 119-128.
69. Moore C.E., Hafliger H.C., Mendivil O.B., Sanders S.R., Bauman D.E., Baumgard L.H., 2004. Increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid progressively reduces milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum. J. Dairy Sci., 87, 1886-95.
70. National Research Council, 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th revised edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
71. Nozière P., Graulet B., Lucas A., Martin B., Grolier P., Doreau M., 2006. Carotenoids for ruminants: from forages to dairy products. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 131, 418-450.
72. Palmquist, D.L., Beaulieu, A.D., Barbano, D.M., Feed and animal factors influencing milk fat composition. J. Dairy Sci., 01993, 76, 1753-1771.
73. Pandya A.J., Ghodke K.M., 2007. Goat and sheep milk products other than cheeses and yoghurt. Small Rum. Res., 68, 193-206.
74. Park Y.W., Guo M.R., 2006. Goat milk products: Types of products, manufacturing technology, chemical composition and marketing. In: Handbook of Milk of Non-Bovine Mammals. Park Y.W., Haenlein G.F.W. (Eds). Blackwell Publishers. Ames, Iowa and Oxford, England. 59-106.
75. Park Y.W., Juarez M., Ramos M., and Haenlein G.F.W., 2007. Physico-chemical characteristics of goat and sheep milk. Small Rum. Res., 68, 88-113.
76. Petit H.V., 2010. Review: Feed intake, milk production and milk composition of dairy cows fed flaxseed. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 90, 115-127.
77. Plourde M., Destaillats F., Chouinard P.Y., Angers P., 2007. Conjugated alpha-linolenic acid isomers in bovine milk and muscle. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 5269-5275.
78. Rabiee A.R., Breinhild K., Scott W., Golder H.M., Block E., Lean I.J., 2012. Effect of fat additions to diets of dairy cattle on milk production and components: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. J. Dairy Sci., 95, 3225-3247.
79. Ragaller V., Lebzien P., Bigalke W., Südekum K.H., Hüther L., Flachowsky G., 2010. Effects of a pantothenic acid supplementation to different rations on ruminal fermentation, nutrient flow at the duodenum, and on blood and milk variables of dairy cows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 95, 730-743.
80. Ragaller V., Lebzien P., Südekum K.H., Lüther L., Flachowsky G., 2011. Pantothenic acid in ruminant nutrition: a review. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 95, 6-16.
81. Raynal-Ljutovac K., Lagriffoul G., Paccard P., Guillet I., Chilliard Y., 2008. Composition of goat and sheep milk products: an update. Small Rum. Res., 79, 57-72.
82. Renna M., Collomb M., Münger A., Wyss U., 2010. Influence of low-level supplementation of grazing dairy cows with cereals or sugar beet pulp on the concentrations of CLA isomers in milk. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90, 1256-1267.
83. Roy A., Ferlay A., Shingfield K. J., Chilliard Y., 2006. Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to plant oils in cows given different basal diets, with particular emphasis on trans-C-18:1 fatty acids and isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Anim. Sci., 82, 479-492.
84. Santschi D.E., Berthiaume R., Matte J.J., Mustafa A.F., Girard C.L., 2005. Fate of supplementary B-vitamins in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 88, 2043- 2054.
85. Schmidely P., Glasser F., Doreau M., Sauvant D., 2008. Digestion of fatty acids in ruminants: a meta-analysis of flows and variation factors. 1. Total fatty acids. Animal, 2, 677-690.
86. Schwab E.C., Schwab C.G., Shaver R.D., Girard C.L., Putnam D.E., Whitehouse N.L., 2006. Dietary forage and nonfiber carbohydrate contents influence B-vitamin intake, duodenal flow, and apparent ruminal synthesis in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 174- 187.
87. Seck M., Voelker Linton J.A., Allen M.S., Chouinard P.Y., Girard C.L., 2010a. Effects of forage family (alfalfa vs orchardgrass) on apparent ruminal synthesis of niacin and vitamin B6 in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 93, 152.
88. Seck M., Voelker Linton J.A., Allen M.S., Chouinard P.Y., Girard C.L., 2010b. Effects of forage-to-concentrate ratio and rumen fermentation characteristics on apparent ruminal synthesis of niacin and vitamin B6 in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 93, 435.
89. Seck M., Allen M.S., Chouinard P.Y., Girard C.L., 2011. Particle size and endosperm type of dry ground corn alter apparent ruminal synthesis of B-vitamins in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 94, 378.
90. Selberg KT, Lowe AC, Staples CR, Luchini ND, Badinga L., 2004. Production and metabolic responses of periparturient Holstein cows to dietary conjugated linoleic acid and transoctadecenoic acids. J. Dairy Sci., 87, 158-68.
91. Shea M.K., Booth S.L., 2008. Update on the role of vitamin K in skeletal health. Nutr. Rev., 66, 549-557.
92. Shingfield K.J., Chilliard Y., Toivonen V., Kairenius P., Givens D.I., 2008. Trans fatty acids and bioactive lipids in ruminant milk. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 606, 3-65.
93. Shingfield K.J., Sæbø A., Sæbø P.C., Toivonen V., Griinari J.M., 2009. Effect of abomasal infusions of a mixture of octadecenoic acids on milk fat synthesis in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 4317-4329.
94. Shingfield, K.J., Bernard L., Leroux C., Chilliard Y., 2010. Role of trans fatty acids in the nutritional regulation of mammary lipogenesis in ruminants. Animal, 4, 1140-1166.
95. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride. www.nap.edu
96. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline. www.nap.edu
97. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and carotenoids. www.nap.edu
98. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenium, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc. www.nap.edu
99. Vanhatalo A., Kuoppala K., Toivonen V., Shingfield K.J., 2007. Effects of forage species and stage of maturity on bovine milk fatty acid composition. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 109, 856-867.
100. Vasta V., Makkar H.P.S., Mele M., Priolo A., 2009. Ruminal biohydrogenation as affected by tannins in vitro. Br. J. Nutr., 102, 82-92.
101. Vasta V., Yanez-Ruiz D.R., Mele M., Serra A., Lucinao G., Lanza M., Biondi L., Priolo A., 2010. Bacterial and protozoal communities and fatty acid profile in the rumen of sheep fed a diet containing added tannins. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76, 2549-2555.
102. Vissers P., Streppel M., Feskens E., de Groot L., 2011. The contribution of dairy products to micronutrient intake in The Netherlands. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 30, 415S- 421S.
103. Vlaeminck B., Fievez V., Cabrita A.R.J., Fonseca A.J.M., Dewhurst R.J., 2006. Factors affecting odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in milk: a review. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 131, 389-417.
104. Weiss W.P., Ferreira G., 2006. Water soluble vitamins for dairy cattle. In: 15th Tri-State Dairy Nutr. Conf. Proc. held at Fort-Wayne, USA, 51-63.
105. Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Manson J.E., Colditz G.A., Speizer F.E., Rosner B.A.,Sampson L.A., Hennekens C.H. 1993. Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women. Lancet, 341, 581-585.
106. Wolter R., 1988. Besoins vitaminiques des ruminants. INRA Prod. Anim., 1, 311-318.
107. Zened A., Troegeler-Meynadier A., Nicot M. C., Combos S., Cauquil L., Farizon Y., Enjalbert F. 2011. Starch and oil in the donor cow diet and starch in substrate differently affect the in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acids. J. Dairy Sci., 94, 5634-5645.