Organ dysfunction following regional and global ischemia/ reperfusion.: Intervention with Postconditioning and adenocaine

Danish Medical Journal

Volumn 59, Issue 8, 2012, Pages

  Granfeldt, Asger ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE; CALCIUM; LIDOCAINE; MAGNESIUM; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; ADENOCAINE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; VASODILATOR AGENT;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BRAIN INJURY; CORONARY ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; HEART FUNCTION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIA; ISCHEMIC POSTCONDITIONING; KIDNEY FUNCTION; MITOCHONDRION; NEUTROPHIL; NO REFLOW PHENOMENON; NONHUMAN; PH; REPERFUSION INJURY; ANIMAL; DRUG COMBINATION; HEART ARREST; HUMAN; REVIEW;

ADENOSINE; ANIMALS; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; DRUG COMBINATIONS; HEART ARREST; HUMANS; ISCHEMIA; ISCHEMIC POSTCONDITIONING; LIDOCAINE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; REPERFUSION INJURY; SHOCK, HEMORRHAGIC; VASODILATOR AGENTS;

EID: 84873185754     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22451919     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (371)

1. Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Adams RJ, Berry JD, Brown TM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123(4):e18-e209.
2. Videbæk J, Andersen LV, Bentzen J. Hjertestatistik 2010. Hjerteforeningen i samarbejde med Statens Institut for Folkesundhed. 2010.
3. Arntz HR, Bossaert LL, Danchin N, Nikolaou NI. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 5. Initial management of acute coronary syndromes. Resuscitation 2010;81(10):1353-63.
4. Sunde K, Pytte M, Jacobsen D, Mangschau A, Jensen LP, Smedsrud C, et al. Implementation of a standardised treatment protocol for post resuscitation care after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2007;73(1):29-39.
5. Atwood C, Eisenberg MS, Herlitz J, Rea TD. Incidence of EMS-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe. Resuscitation 2005;67(1):75-80.
6. Sasson C, Rogers MA, Dahl J, Kellermann AL. Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010;3(1):63-81.
7. Kauvar DS, Lefering R, Wade CE. Impact of hemorrhage on trauma outcome: an overview of epidemiology, clinical presentations, and therapeutic considerations. J Trauma 2006;60(6 Suppl):S3-11.
8. Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, Sitter H, Stadlbauer KH, Lindner KH. A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med 2004;350(2):105-13.
9. Bøtker HE, Kharbanda R, Schmidt MR, Bøttcher M, Kaltoft AK, Terkelsen CJ, et al. Remote ischaemic conditioning before hospital admission, as a complement to angioplasty, and effect on myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomised trial. The Lancet 2010;375(9716):727-34.
10. Zhao ZQ, Corvera JS, Halkos ME, Kerendi F, Wang NP, Guyton RA, et al. Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: comparison with ischemic preconditioning. AmJPhysiol Heart CircPhysiol 2003;285(2):H579-H88.
11. Dobson GP, Jones MW. Adenosine and lidocaine: a new concept in nondepolarizing surgical myocardial arrest, protection, and preservation. JThoracCardiovascSurg 2004;127(3):794-805.
12. Imahashi K, Kusuoka H, Hashimoto K, Yoshioka J, Yamaguchi H, Nishimura T. Intracellular sodium accumulation during ischemia as the substrate for reperfusion injury. Circ Res 1999;84(12):1401-6.
13. Inserte J, Garcia-Dorado D, Ruiz-Meana M, Solares J, Soler J. The role of Na+-H+ exchange occurring during hypoxia in the genesis of reoxygenation-induced myocardial oedema. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1997;29(4):1167-75.
14. Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM, Jennings RB. The wavefront phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size vs duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation 1977;56(5):786-94.
15. Maroko PR, Libby P, Ginks WR, Bloor CM, Shell WE, Sobel BE, et al. Coronary artery reperfusion. I. Early effects on local myocardial function and the extent of myocardial necrosis. J Clin Invest 1972;51(10):2710-6.
16. Vinten-Johansen J, Johnston WE, Mills SA, Faust KB, Geisinger KR, De-Masi RJ, et al. Reperfusion injury after temporary coronary occlusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988;95(6):960-8.
17. Robicsek F, Schaper J. Reperfusion injury: fact or myth? J Card Surg 1997;12(3):133-7; discussion 8.
18. Matsumura K, Jeremy RW, Schaper J, Becker LC. Progression of myocardial necrosis during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. Circulation 1998;97(8):795-804.
19. Gourdin MJ, Bree B, De Kock M. The impact of ischaemia-reperfusion on the blood vessel. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009;26(7):537-47.
20. Ganote CE. Contraction band necrosis and irreversible myocardial injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1983;15(2):67-73.
21. Piper HM, Garcia-Dorado D, Ovize M. A fresh look at reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular Research 1998;38(2):291-300.
22. Inserte J, Barrabes JA, Hernando V, Garcia-Dorado D. Orphan targets for reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 2009;83(2):169-78.
23. Inserte J, Ruiz-Meana M, Rodriguez-Sinovas A, Barba I, Garcia-Dorado D. Contribution of delayed intracellular pH recovery to ischemic postconditioning protection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011;14(5):923-39.
24. Zweier JL, Talukder MA. The role of oxidants and free radicals in reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 2006;70(2):181-90.
25. Zweier JL, Flaherty JT, Weisfeldt ML. Direct measurement of free radical generation following reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987;84(5):1404-7.
26. Sakamoto A, Ohnishi ST, Ohnishi T, Ogawa R. Relationship between free radical production and lipid peroxidation during ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat brain. Brain Res 1991;554(1-2):186-92.
27. Ambrosio G, Weisfeldt ML, Jacobus WE, Flaherty JT. Evidence for a reversible oxygen radical-mediated component of reperfusion injury: reduction by recombinant human superoxide dismutase administered at the time of reflow. Circulation 1987;75(1):282-91.
28. Penna C, Rastaldo R, Mancardi D, Raimondo S, Cappello S, Gattullo D, et al. Post-conditioning induced cardioprotection requires signaling through a redox-sensitive mechanism, mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel and protein kinase C activation. Basic ResCardiol 2006;101(2):180-9.
29. Arumugam TV, Okun E, Tang SC, Thundyil J, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM. Toll-like receptors in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Shock 2009;32(1):4-16.
30. Frangogiannis NG, Smith CW, Entman ML. The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular Research 2002;53(1):31-47.
31. Frantz S, Bauersachs J, Ertl G. Post-infarct remodelling: contribution of wound healing and inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2009;81(3):474-81.
32. Dreyer WJ, Michael LH, Nguyen T, Smith CW, Anderson DC, Entman ML, et al. Kinetics of C5a release in cardiac lymph of dogs experiencing coronary artery ischemia-reperfusion injury. CircRes 1992;71(6):1518-24.
33. Zhang C, Xu X, Potter BJ, Wang W, Kuo L, Michael L, et al. TNF-alpha contributes to endothelial dysfunction in ischemia/reperfusion injury. ArteriosclerThrombVascBiol 2006;26(3):475-80.
34. Frangogiannis NG, Lindsey ML, Michael LH, Youker KA, Bressler RB, Mendoza LH, et al. Resident cardiac mast cells degranulate and release preformed TNF-alpha, initiating the cytokine cascade in experimental canine myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Circulation 1998;98(7):699-710.
35. Vinten-Johansen J. Involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of lethal myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular Research 2004;61(3):481-97.
36. Baxter GF. the neutrophils as a mediator of myocardial ishemiareperfusion injury time to move on. Basic ResCardiol 2002;97(4):268-75.
37. Zhao ZQ, Nakamura M, Wang NP, Velez DA, Hewan-Lowe KO, Guyton RA, et al. Dynamic progression of contractile and endothelial dysfunction and infarct extension in the late phase of reperfusion. JSurgRes 2000;94(2):133-44.
38. Sheppard FR, Kelher MR, Moore EE, McLaughlin NJ, Banerjee A, Silliman CC. Structural organization of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase: phosphorylation and translocation during priming and activation. J Leukoc Biol 2005;78(5):1025-42.
39. Shandelya SM, Kuppusamy P, Weisfeldt ML, Zweier JL. Evaluation of the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes on contractile function in myocardial reperfusion injury. Evidence for plasma-mediated leukocyte activation. Circulation 1993;87(2):536-46.
40. Tsao PS, Ma XL, Lefer AM. Activated neutrophils aggravate endothelial dysfunction after reperfusion of the ischemic feline myocardium. Am Heart J 1992;123(6):1464-71.
41. Ma XL, Weyrich AS, Lefer DJ, Lefer AM. Diminished basal nitric oxide release after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion promotes neutrophil adherence to coronary endothelium. CircRes 1993;72(2):403-12.
42. Chia S, Nagurney JT, Brown DF, Raffel OC, Bamberg F, Senatore F, et al. Association of leukocyte and neutrophil counts with infarct size, left ventricular function and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2009;103(3):333-7.
43. Romson JL, Hook BG, Kunkel SL, Abrams GD, Schork MA, Lucchesi BR. Reduction of the extent of ischemic myocardial injury by neutrophil depletion in the dog. Circulation 1983;67(5):1016-23.
44. Montrucchio G, Alloatti G, Mariano F, Comino A, Cacace G, Polloni R, et al. Role of platelet-activating factor in polymorphonuclear neutrophil recruitment in reperfused ischemic rabbit heart. Am J Pathol 1993;142(2):471-80.
45. Zhao ZQ, Lefer DJ, Sato H, Hart KK, Jefforda PR, Vinten-Johansen J. Monoclonal antibody to ICAM-1 preserves postischemic blood flow and reduces infarct size after ischemia-reperfusion in rabbit. J Leukoc Biol 1997;62(3):292-300.
46. Tanaka M, Brooks SE, Richard VJ, FitzHarris GP, Stoler RC, Jennings RB, et al. Effect of anti-CD18 antibody on myocardial neutrophil accumulation and infarct size after ischemia and reperfusion in dogs. Circulation 1993;87(2):526-35.
47. Yang XM, Philipp S, Downey JM, Cohen MV. Postconditioning's protection is not dependent on circulating blood factors or cells but involves adenosine receptors and requires PI3-kinase and guanylyl cyclase activation. Basic ResCardiol 2005;100(1):57-63.
48. Kevin LG, Camara AK, Riess ML, Novalija E, Stowe DF. Ischemic preconditioning alters real-time measure of O2 radicals in intact hearts with ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;284(2):H566-74.
49. Haramaki N, Stewart DB, Aggarwal S, Ikeda H, Reznick AZ, Packer L. Networking antioxidants in the isolated rat heart are selectively depleted by ischemia-reperfusion. Free RadicBiolMed 1998;25(3):329-39.
50. Arthur JR. The glutathione peroxidases. Cell MolLife Sci 2000;57(13-14):1825-35.
51. Zachara BA, Gromadzinska J, Wasowicz W, Zbrog Z. Red blood cell and plasma glutathione peroxidase activities and selenium concentration in patients with chronic kidney disease: A review. Acta BiochimPol 2006;53(4):663-77.
52. Zatta AJ, Kin H, Yoshishige D, Jiang R, Wang N, Reeves JG, et al. Evidence that cardioprotection by postconditioning involves preservation of myocardial opioid content and selective opioid receptor activation. Am-JPhysiol Heart CircPhysiol 2008.
53. Shimizu M, Tropak M, Diaz RJ, Suto F, Surendra H, Kuzmin E, et al. Transient limb ischaemia remotely preconditions through a humoral mechanism acting directly on the myocardium: evidence suggesting crossspecies protection. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009;117(5):191-200.
54. Jordan JE, Thourani VH, Auchampach JA, Robinson JA, Wang NP, Vinten-Johansen J. A(3) adenosine receptor activation attenuates neutrophil function and neutrophil-mediated reperfusion injury. AmJPhysiol 1999;277(5 Pt 2):H1895-H905.
55. Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB. The "no-reflow" phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J Clin Invest 1974;54(6):1496-508.
56. Krug A, Du Mesnil de R, Korb G. Blood supply of the myocardium after temporary coronary occlusion. Circ Res 1966;19(1):57-62.
57. Ames A, 3rd, Wright RL, Kowada M, Thurston JM, Majno G. Cerebral ischemia. II. The no-reflow phenomenon. Am J Pathol 1968;52(2):437-53.
58. Schwartz BG, Kloner RA. Coronary no reflow. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011.
59. Lefer AM, Tsao PS, Lefer DJ, Ma XL. Role of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury after myocardial ischemia. FASEB J 1991;5(7):2029-34.
60. Ambrosio G, Weisman HF, Mannisi JA, Becker LC. Progressive impairment of regional myocardial perfusion after initial restoration of postischemic blood flow. Circulation 1989;80:1846-61.
61. Kloner RA, Giacomelli F, Alker KJ, Hale SL, Matthews R, Bellows S. Influx of neutrophils into the walls of large epicardial coronary arteries in response to ischemia/reperfusion. Circulation 1991;84(4):1758-72.
62. Golino P, Maroko PR, Carew TE. Efficacy of platelet depletion in counteracting the detrimental effect of acute hypercholesterolemia on infarct size and the no-reflow phenomenon in rabbits undergoing coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion. Circulation 1987;76(1):173-80.
63. Lefer AM, Ma XL, Weyrich A, Lefer DJ. Endothelial dysfunction and neutrophil adherence as critical events in the development of reperfusion injury. Agents Actions Suppl 1993;41:127-35.
64. Zhao ZQ, Velez DA, Wang NP, Hewan-Lowe KO, Nakamura M, Guyton RA, et al. Progressively developed myocardial apoptotic cell death during late phase of reperfusion. Apoptosis 2001;6(4):279-90.
65. Zhao ZQ, Nakamura M, Wang NP, Wilcox JN, Shearer S, Ronson RS, et al. Reperfusion induces myocardial apoptotic cell death. Cardiovasc Res 2000;45(3):651-60.
66. Eefting F, Rensing B, Wigman J, Pannekoek WJ, Liu WM, Cramer MJ, et al. Role of apoptosis in reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular Research 2004;61(3):414-26.
67. Thornberry NA, Lazebnik Y. Caspases: enemies within. Science 1998;281(5381):1312-6.
68. Hotchkiss RS, Nicholson DW. Apoptosis and caspases regulate death and inflammation in sepsis. NatRevImmunol 2006;6(11):813-22.
69. Halestrap AP, Clarke SJ, Javadov SA. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening during myocardial reperfusion--a target for cardioprotection. Cardiovascular Research 2004;61(3):372-85.
70. Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Yaniv Y, Nuss HB, Wang S, Sollott SJ. Regulation and pharmacology of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Cardiovasc Res 2009;83(2):213-25.
71. Crompton M, Costi A. A heart mitochondrial Ca2(+)-dependent pore of possible relevance to re-perfusion-induced injury. Evidence that ADP facilitates pore interconversion between the closed and open states. Biochem J 1990;266(1):33-9.
72. Piot C, Croisille P, Staat P, Thibault H, Rioufol G, Mewton N, et al. Effect of cyclosporine on reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction. NEnglJMed 2008;359(5):473-81.
73. Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA. Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 1989 to 1998. Circulation 2001;104(18):2158-63.
74. Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Copass MK. Changing incidence of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation, 1980-2000. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 2002;288(23):3008-13.
75. Nichol G, Thomas E, Callaway CW, Hedges J, Powell JL, Aufderheide TP, et al. Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 2008;300(12):1423-31.
76. Nolan JP, Soar J, Zideman DA, Biarent D, Bossaert LL, Deakin C, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation 2010;81(10):1219-76.
77. Brown CG, Werman HA, Davis EA, Hamlin R, Hobson J, Ashton JA. Comparative effect of graded doses of epinephrine on regional brain blood flow during CPR in a swine model. Ann Emerg Med 1986;15(10):1138-44.
78. Chandra NC. Mechanisms of blood flow during CPR. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22(2 Pt 2):281-8.
79. Michael JR, Guerci AD, Koehler RC, Shi AY, Tsitlik J, Chandra N, et al. Mechanisms by which epinephrine augments cerebral and myocardial perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation 1984;69(4):822-35.
80. Negovsky VA. The second step in resuscitation--the treatment of the 'post-resuscitation disease'. Resuscitation 1972;1(1):1-7.
81. Safar P. Effects of the postresuscitation syndrome on cerebral recovery from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 1985;13(11):932-5.
82. Olasveengen TM, Sunde K, Brunborg C, Thowsen J, Steen PA, Wik L. Intravenous drug administration during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009;302(20):2222-9.
83. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002;346(8):557-63.
84. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002;346(8):549-56.
85. Neumar RW, Nolan JP, Adrie C, Aibiki M, Berg RA, Bottiger BW, et al. Post-cardiac arrest syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognostication. A consensus statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, Australian and New Zealand Council on Resuscitation, European Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Council of Asia, and the Resuscitation Council of Southern Africa); the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; the Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; the Council on Clinical Cardiology; and the Stroke Council. Circulation 2008;118(23):2452-83.
86. Spadaro J, Bing OH, Gaasch WH, Laraia P, Franklin A, Weintraub RM. Effects of perfusion pressure on myocardial performance, metabolism, wall thickness, and compliance: comparison of the beating and fibrillating heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982;84(3):398-405.
87. Yaku H, Goto Y, Ohgoshi Y, Kawaguchi O, Oga K, Oka T, et al. Determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption in fibrillating dog hearts. Comparison between normothermia and hypothermia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;105(4):679-88.
88. Lindner KH, Brinkmann A, Pfenninger EG, Lurie KG, Goertz A, Lindner IM. Effect of vasopressin on hemodynamic variables, organ blood flow, and acid-base status in a pig model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. AnesthAnalg 1993;77(3):427-35.
89. Ristagno G, Tang W, Huang L, Fymat A, Chang YT, Sun S, et al. Epinephrine reduces cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2009;37(4):1408-15.
90. Xie J, Weil MH, Sun S, Tang W, Sato Y, Jin X, et al. High-energy defibrillation increases the severity of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Circulation 1997;96(2):683-8.
91. Rivers EP, Rady MY, Martin GB, Fenn NM, Smithline HA, Alexander ME, et al. Venous hyperoxia after cardiac arrest. Characterization of a defect in systemic oxygen utilization. Chest 1992;102(6):1787-93.
92. Kern KB, Hilwig RW, Rhee KH, Berg RA. Myocardial dysfunction after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an example of global myocardial stunning. JAmCollCardiol 1996;28(1):232-40.
93. Jennings RB, Reimer KA. Factors involved in salvaging ischemic myocardium: effect of reperfusion of arterial blood. Circulation 1983;68(2 Pt 2):I25-36.
94. Senthil M, Brown M, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Feketeova E, Deitch EA. Gut-lymph hypothesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome/multipleorgan dysfunction syndrome: validating studies in a porcine model. J Trauma 2006;60(5):958-65; discussion 65-7.
95. Cerchiari EL, Safar P, Klein E, Diven W. Visceral, hematologic and bacteriologic changes and neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest in dogs. The visceral post-resuscitation syndrome. Resuscitation 1993;25(2):119-36.
96. Adrie C, Monchi M, Laurent I, Um S, Yan SB, Thuong M, et al. Coagulopathy after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation following cardiac arrest: implication of the protein C anticoagulant pathway. JAmCollCardiol 2005;46(1):21-8.
97. Adrie C, Laurent I, Monchi M, Cariou A, Dhainaou JF, Spaulding C. Postresuscitation disease after cardiac arrest: a sepsis-like syndrome? Curr Opin Crit Care 2004;10(3):208-12.
98. Adrie C, dib-Conquy M, Laurent I, Monchi M, Vinsonneau C, Fitting C, et al. Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest as a "sepsis-like" syndrome. Circulation 2002;106(5):562-8.
99. Geppert A, Zorn G, Karth GD, Haumer M, Gwechenberger M, Koller-Strametz J, et al. Soluble selectins and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2000;28(7):2360-5.
100. Gando S, Nanzaki S, Morimoto Y, Kobayashi S, Kemmotsu O. Alterations of soluble L-and P-selectins during cardiac arrest and CPR. Intensive Care Med 1999;25(6):588-93.
101. Gando S, Nanzaki S, Morimoto Y, Kobayashi S, Kemmotsu O. Out-ofhospital cardiac arrest increases soluble vascular endothelial adhesion molecules and neutrophil elastase associated with endothelial injury. Intensive Care Med 2000;26(1):38-44.
102. Fink K, Schwarz M, Feldbrugge L, Sunkomat JN, Schwab T, Bourgeois N, et al. Severe endothelial injury and subsequent repair in patients after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care 2010;14(3):R104.
103. Hayakawa M, Sawamura A, Yanagida Y, Sugano M, Kubota N, Hoshino H, et al. Insufficient production of urinary trypsin inhibitor for neutrophil elastase release after cardiac arrest. Shock 2008;29(5):549-52.
104. Huet O, Dupic L, Batteux F, Matar C, Conti M, Chereau C, et al. Postresuscitation syndrome: potential role of hydroxyl radical-induced endothelial cell damage. Crit Care Med 2011;39(7):1712-20.
105. Basu S, Liu X, Nozari A, Rubertsson S, Miclescu A, Wiklund L. Evidence for time-dependent maximum increase of free radical damage and eicosanoid formation in the brain as related to duration of cardiac arrest and cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. Free RadicRes 2003;37(3):251-6.
106. Niemann JT, Garner D, Lewis RJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is associated with early postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2004;32(8):1753-8.
107. Niemann JT, Rosborough JP, Youngquist S. Is the tumour necrosis factoralpha response following resuscitation gender dependent in the swine model? Resuscitation 2008;77(2):258-63.
108. Laurent I, Monchi M, Chiche JD, Joly LM, Spaulding C, Bourgeois B, et al. Reversible myocardial dysfunction in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAmCollCardiol 2002;40(12):2110-6.
109. Xu T, Tang W, Ristagno G, Wang H, Sun S, Weil MH. Postresuscitation myocardial diastolic dysfunction following prolonged ventricular fibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2008;36(1):188-92.
110. Gazmuri RJ, Weil MH, Bisera J, Tang W, Fukui M, McKee D. Myocardial dysfunction after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 1996;24(6):992-1000.
111. Deantonio HJ, Kaul S, Lerman BB. Reversible myocardial depression in survivors of cardiac arrest. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology: PACE 1990;13(8):982-5.
112. Mullner M, Domanovits H, Sterz F, Herkner H, Gamper G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Measurement of myocardial contractility following successful resuscitation: quantitated left ventricular systolic function utilising noninvasive wall stress analysis. Resuscitation 1998;39(1-2):51-9.
113. Ruiz-Bailen M, Aguayo de Hoyos E, Ruiz-Navarro S, Diaz-Castellanos MA, Rucabado-Aguilar L, Gomez-Jimenez FJ, et al. Reversible myocardial dysfunction after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2005;66(2):175-81.
114. Bolli R, Marban E. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of myocardial stunning. Physiol Rev 1999;79(2):609-34.
115. Heyndrickx GR, Millard RW, McRitchie RJ, Maroko PR, Vatner SF. Regional myocardial functional and electrophysiological alterations after brief coronary artery occlusion in conscious dogs. J Clin Invest 1975;56(4):978-85.
116. Spaulding CM, Joly LM, Rosenberg A, Monchi M, Weber SN, Dhainaut JF, et al. Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1997;336(23):1629-33.
117. Niemann JT, Rosborough JP, Youngquist S, Thomas J, Lewis RJ. Is all ventricular fibrillation the same? A comparison of ischemically induced with electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in a porcine cardiac arrest and resuscitation model. Crit Care Med 2007;35(5):1356-61.
118. Palmaers T, Albrecht S, Leuthold C, Heuser F, Schuettler J, Schmitz B. Post-resuscitation haemodynamics in a novel acute myocardial infarction cardiac arrest model in the pig. EurJAnaesthesiol 2007;24(7):580-8.
119. Song F, Shan Y, Cappello F, Rappa F, Ristagno G, Yu T, et al. Apoptosis is not involved in the mechanism of myocardial dysfunction after resuscitation in a rat model of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 2010.
120. Radhakrishnan J, Ayoub IM, Gazmuri RJ. Activation of caspase-3 may not contribute to postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009;296(4):H1164-74.
121. Klouche K, Weil MH, Sun S, Tang W, Povoas HP, Kamohara T, et al. Evolution of the stone heart after prolonged cardiac arrest. Chest 2002;122(3):1006-11.
122. Zaugg CE, Ziegler A, Lee RJ, Barbosa V, Buser PT. Postresuscitation stunning: postfibrillatory myocardial dysfunction caused by reduced myofilament Ca2+ responsiveness after ventricular fibrillation-induced myocyte Ca2+ overload. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2002;13(10):1017-24.
123. Basu S, Nozari A, Liu XL, Rubertsson S, Wiklund L. Development of a novel biomarker of free radical damage in reperfusion injury after cardiac arrest. FEBS Lett 2000;470(1):1-6.
124. Wang J, Weil MH, Kamohara T, Tang W, Sun S, Klouche K, et al. A lazaroid mitigates postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care Med 2004;32(2):553-8.
125. Kern KB, Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Larson DF, Gaballa MA. Myocardial cytokine IL-8 and nitric oxide synthase activity during and after resuscitation: Preliminary observations in regards to post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Resuscitation 2008;77(3):401-9.
126. Han F, Da T, Riobo NA, Becker LB. Early mitochondrial dysfunction in electron transfer activity and reactive oxygen species generation after cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 2008;36(11 Suppl):S447-53.
127. Griffiths EJ, Halestrap AP. Protection by Cyclosporin A of ischemia/ reperfusion-induced damage in isolated rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1993;25(12):1461-9.
128. Cour M, Loufouat J, Paillard M, Augeul L, Goudable J, Ovize M, et al. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition to prevent the postcardiac arrest syndrome: a pre-clinical study. Eur Heart J 2011;32(2):226-35.
129. Laver S, Farrow C, Turner D, Nolan J. Mode of death after admission to an intensive care unit following cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 2004;30(11):2126-8.
130. Harukuni I, Bhardwaj A. Mechanisms of brain injury after global cerebral ischemia. Neurologic clinics 2006;24(1):1-21.
131. Neumar RW. Molecular mechanisms of ischemic neuronal injury. Ann Emerg Med 2000;36(5):483-506.
132. Shaffner DH, Eleff SM, Brambrink AM, Sugimoto H, Izuta M, Koehler RC, et al. Effect of arrest time and cerebral perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, adenosine triphosphate recovery, and pH in dogs. Crit Care Med 1999;27(7):1335-42.
133. White BC, Winegar CD, Jackson RE, Joyce KM, Vigor DN, Hoehner TJ, et al. Cerebral cortical perfusion during and following resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs. Am J Emerg Med 1983;1(2):128-38.
134. de la Torre JC, Saunders J, Fortin T, Butler K, Richard M. Return of ATP/PCr and EEG after 75 min of global brain ischemia. Brain Res 1991;542(1):71-6.
135. Ginsberg MD, Graham DI, Welsh FA, Budd WW. Diffuse cerebral ischemia in the cat: III. Neuropathological sequelae of severe ischemia. Annals of neurology 1979;5(4):350-8.
136. Pulsinelli WA. Selective neuronal vulnerability: morphological and molecular characteristics. Progress in brain research 1985;63:29-37.
137. Silver IA, Erecinska M. Intracellular and extracellular changes of [Ca2+] in hypoxia and ischemia in rat brain in vivo. J Gen Physiol 1990;95(5):837-66.
138. Silver IA, Erecinska M. Ion homeostasis in rat brain in vivo: intra-and extracellular [Ca2+] and [H+] in the hippocampus during recovery from short-term, transient ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992;12(5):759-72.
139. Chan PH, Yurko M, Fishman RA. Phospholipid degradation and cellular edema induced by free radicals in brain cortical slices. Journal of neurochemistry 1982;38(2):525-31.
140. White BC, Daya A, DeGracia DJ, O'Neil BJ, Skjaerlund JM, Trumble S, et al. Fluorescent histochemical localization of lipid peroxidation during brain reperfusion following cardiac arrest. Acta Neuropathol 1993;86(1):1-9.
141. Deshpande JK, Siesjo BK, Wieloch T. Calcium accumulation and neuronal damage in the rat hippocampus following cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987;7(1):89-95.
142. Beckstead JE, Tweed WA, Lee J, MacKeen WL. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in man following cardiac arrest. Stroke 1978;9(6):569-73.
143. Leonov Y, Sterz F, Safar P, Johnson DW, Tisherman SA, Oku K. Hypertension with hemodilution prevents multifocal cerebral hypoperfusion after cardiac arrest in dogs. Stroke 1992;23(1):45-53.
144. Mortberg E, Cumming P, Wiklund L, Rubertsson S. Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2) in pig brain determined by PET after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2009;80(6):701-6.
145. Committee on Injury Prevention and Control: Magnitude and costs. Reducing the Burden of Injury: Advancing Prevention and Treatment 1999:41-59.
146. Stewart RM, Myers JG, Dent DL, Ermis P, Gray GA, Villarreal R, et al. Seven hundred fifty-three consecutive deaths in a level I trauma center: the argument for injury prevention. J Trauma 2003;54(1):66-70; discussion-1.
147. Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE, Moser KS, Brennan R, Read RA, et al. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment. J Trauma 1995;38(2):185-93.
148. Barbee RW, Reynolds PS, Ward KR. Assessing shock resuscitation strategies by oxygen debt repayment. Shock 2010;33(2):113-22.
149. Peitzman AB, Harbrecht BG, Udekwu AO, Billiar TR, Kelly E, Simmons RL. Hemorrhagic shock. Current Problems in Surgery 1995;32(11):925-1002.
150. Ida T, Ukikusa M, Yamamoto M, Nakase A, Ozawa K, Tobe R. Stimulatory effect of adenosine on hepatic adenine nucleotide and energy charge levels in shocked rats. Circ Shock 1978;5(4):383-91.
151. Shoemaker WC, Peitzman AB, Bellamy R, Bellomo R, Bruttig SP, Capone A, et al. Resuscitation from severe hemorrhage. Crit Care Med 1996;24(2 Suppl):S12-23.
152. Bickell WH, Wall MJ, Jr., Pepe PE, Martin RR, Ginger VF, Allen MK, et al. Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 1994;331(17):1105-9.
153. McSwain NEMD, Champion HRMD, Fabian TCMD, Hoyt DBMD, Wade CEP, Eastridge BJMD, et al. State of the Art of Fluid Resuscitation 2010: Prehospital and Immediate Transition to the Hospital. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 2011;70(5) Supplement, 2010 Prehospital Fluid Resuscitation(Supplement):S2-S10.
154. Morrison CA, Carrick MM, Norman MA, Scott BG, Welsh FJ, Tsai P, et al. Hypotensive resuscitation strategy reduces transfusion requirements and severe postoperative coagulopathy in trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma 2011;70(3):652-63.
155. Cotton BA, Guy JS, Morris JA, Jr., Abumrad NN. The cellular, metabolic, and systemic consequences of aggressive fluid resuscitation strategies. Shock 2006;26(2):115-21.
156. Stern SA, Dronen SC, Birrer P, Wang X. Effect of blood pressure on hemorrhage volume and survival in a near-fatal hemorrhage model incorporating a vascular injury. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22(2):155-63.
157. Cotton BAMDMPH. Alternative Fluids for Prehospital Resuscitation: "Pharmacological" Resuscitation Fluids. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care 2011;70(5) Supplement, 2010 Prehospital Fluid Resuscitation(Supplement):S30-S1.
158. Napolitano LM, Faist E, Wichmann MW, Coimbra R. Immune dysfunction in trauma. Surg Clin North Am 1999;79(6):1385-416.
159. Hierholzer C, Billiar TR. Molecular mechanisms in the early phase of hemorrhagic shock. Langenbecks ArchSurg 2001;386(4):302-8.
160. Hierholzer C, Kalff JC, Omert L, Tsukada K, Loeffert JE, Watkins SC, et al. Interleukin-6 production in hemorrhagic shock is accompanied by neutrophil recruitment and lung injury. Am J Physiol 1998;275(3 Pt 1):L611-21.
161. Ayala A, Wang P, Ba ZF, Perrin MM, Ertel W, Chaudry IH. Differential alterations in plasma IL-6 and TNF levels after trauma and hemorrhage. Am J Physiol 1991;260(1 Pt 2):R167-71.
162. Hasko G, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Nemeth ZH, Jabush J, Berezina TL, et al. Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces lung injury in trauma/hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med 2006;34(4):1119-25.
163. Mileski WJ, Winn RK, Vedder NB, Pohlman TH, Harlan JM, Rice CL. Inhibition of CD18-dependent neutrophil adherence reduces organ injury after hemorrhagic shock in primates. Surgery 1990;108(2):206-12.
164. van Meurs M, Wulfert FM, Jongman RM, Schipper M, Houwertjes MC, Vaneker M, et al. Hemorrhagic shock-induced endothelial cell activation in a spontaneous breathing and a mechanical ventilation hemorrhagic shock model is induced by a proinflammatory response and not by hypoxia. Anesthesiology 2011;115(3):474-82.
165. Zakaria el R, Spain DA, Harris PD, Garrison RN. Resuscitation regimens for hemorrhagic shock must contain blood. Shock 2002;18(6):567-73.
166. Ayala A, Perrin MM, Wagner MA, Chaudry IH. Enhanced susceptibility to sepsis after simple hemorrhage. Depression of Fc and C3b receptormediated phagocytosis. Arch Surg 1990;125(1):70-4; discussion 4-5.
167. Stephan RN, Kupper TS, Geha AS, Baue AE, Chaudry IH. Hemorrhage without tissue trauma produces immunosuppression and enhances susceptibility to sepsis. Arch Surg 1987;122(1):62-8.
168. Chatpun S, Cabrales P. Cardiac systolic function recovery after hemorrhage determines survivability during shock. J Trauma 2011;70(4):787-93.
169. Welte M, Zwissler B, Frey L, Goresch T, Kleen M, Holzer K, et al. Hypovolemic shock and cardiac contractility: assessment by end-systolic pressure-volume relations. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1996;196(2):87-104.
170. Horton JW. Hemorrhagic shock depresses myocardial contractile function in the guinea pig. Circ Shock 1989;28(1):23-35.
171. Chendrasekhar A, Barringer LS, Fagerli JC, Dulaney J, Pillai S, Timberlake GA. Load-independent left ventricular function in a hemorrhagic shock model. J Surg Res 1996;62(1):49-52.
172. Vallejo JG, Nemoto S, Ishiyama M, Yu B, Knuefermann P, Diwan A, et al. Functional significance of inflammatory mediators in a murine model of resuscitated hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005;288(3):H1272-7.
173. Yang S, Hu S, Hsieh YC, Choudhry MA, Rue LW, 3rd, Bland KI, et al. Mechanism of IL-6-mediated cardiac dysfunction following traumahemorrhage. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006;40(4):570-9.
174. Shahani R, Klein LV, Marshall JG, Nicholson S, Rubin BB, Walker PM, et al. Hemorrhage-induced alpha-adrenergic signaling results in myocardial TNF-alpha expression and contractile dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001;281(1):H84-92.
175. Brandt MM, Falvo AJ, Rubinfeld IS, Blyden D, Durrani NK, Horst HM. Renal dysfunction in trauma: even a little costs a lot. J Trauma 2007;62(6):1362-4.
176. Sondeen JL, Gonzaludo GA, Loveday JA, Deshon GE, Clifford CB, Hunt MM, et al. Renal responses to graded hemorrhage in conscious pig. Am J Physiol 1990;259(1 Pt 2):R119-25.
177. Chintala MS, Jandhyala BS. Renal failure in haemorrhagic shock in dogs: salutary effects of the calcium entry blocker felodipine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1990;341(4):357-63.
178. Mayeur N, Minville V, Jaafar A, Allard J, Al Saati T, Guilbeau-Frugier C, et al. Morphologic and functional renal impact of acute kidney injury after prolonged hemorrhagic shock in mice. Crit Care Med 2011;39(9):2131-8.
179. Bonventre JV, Weinberg JM. Recent advances in the pathophysiology of ischemic acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14(8):2199-210.
180. Jang HR, Ko GJ, Wasowska BA, Rabb H. The interaction between ischemia-reperfusion and immune responses in the kidney. J Mol Med 2009;87(9):859-64.
181. Tanaka T, Sato H, Kita T, Tanaka N. Involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase in renal failure after mild hemorrhage. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2004;6(4):203-12.
182. Sato H, Tanaka T, Kita T, Yamaguchi H, Tanaka N. The role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha in renal dysfunction following mild haemorrhage in rats. IntJExpPathol 2004;85(6):345-53.
183. Yu L, Seguro AC, Rocha AS. Acute renal failure following hemorrhagic shock: protective and aggravating factors. Ren Fail 1992;14(1):49-55.
184. Burns RJ, Gibbons RJ, Yi Q, Roberts RS, Miller TD, Schaer GL, et al. The relationships of left ventricular ejection fraction, end-systolic volume index and infarct size to six-month mortality after hospital discharge following myocardial infarction treated by thrombolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39(1):30-6.
185. Halkos ME, Kerendi F, Corvera JS, Wang NP, Kin H, Payne CS, et al. Myocardial protection with postconditioning is not enhanced by ischemic preconditioning. AnnThoracSurg 2004;78(3):961-9.
186. Halkos ME, Zhao ZQ, Kerendi F, Wang NP, Jiang R, Schmarkey LS, et al. Intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells enhances regional perfusion and improves ventricular function in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2008;103(6):525-36.
187. Yang XM, Proctor JB, Cui L, Krieg T, Downey JM, Cohen MV. Multiple, brief coronary occlusions during early reperfusion protect rabbit hearts by targeting cell signaling pathways. J Am CollCardiol 2004;44(5):1103-10.
188. Zhao ZQ, Corvera JS, Halkos ME, Kerendi F, Wang NP, Guyton RA, et al. Inhibition of myocardial injury by ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion: comparison with ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;285(2):H579-H88.
189. Iliodromitis EK, Georgiadis M, Cohen MV, Downey JM, Bofilis E, Kremastinos DT. Protection from postconditioning depends on the number of short ischemic insults in anesthetized pigs. Basic ResCardiol 2006;101(6):502-7.
190. Staat P, Rioufol G, Piot C, Cottin Y, Cung TT, L'Huillier I, et al. Postconditioning the human heart. Circulation 2005;112(14):2143-8.
191. Kin H, Zhao ZQ, Sun HY, Wang NP, Corvera JS, Halkos ME, et al. Postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting events in the early minutes of reperfusion. Cardiovascular Research 2004;62(1):74-85.
192. Yang XM, Proctor JB, Cui L, Krieg T, Downey JM, Cohen MV. Multiple, brief coronary occlusions during early reperfusion protect rabbit hearts by targeting cell signaling pathways. JAmCollCardiol 2004;44(5):1103-10.
193. Piper HM, Abdallah Y, Schafer C. The first minutes of reperfusion: a window of opportunity for cardioprotection. Cardiovascular Research 2004;61(3):365-71.
194. Kloner RA, Dow J, Bhandari A. Postconditioning markedly attenuates ventricular arrhythmias after ischemia-reperfusion. JCardiovascPharmacolTher 2006;11(1):55-63.
195. Kin H, Wang NP, Mykytenko J, Reeves J, Deneve J, Jiang R, et al. Inhibition of myocardial apoptosis by postconditioning is associated with attenuation of oxidative stress-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B translocation and TNF alpha release. Shock 2008;29(6):761-8.
196. Inserte J, Barba I, Hernando V, Garcia-Dorado D. Delayed recovery of intracellular acidosis during reperfusion prevents calpain activation and determines protection in postconditioned myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 2009;81(1):116-22.
197. Kin H, Zatta AJ, Lofye MT, Amerson BS, Halkos ME, Kerendi F, et al. Postconditioning reduces infarct size via adenosine receptor activation by endogenous adenosine. Cardiovascular Research 2005;67(1):124-33.
198. Zatta AJ, Kin H, Yoshishige D, Jiang R, Wang N, Reeves JG, et al. Evidence that cardioprotection by postconditioning involves preservation of myocardial opioid content and selective opioid receptor activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008;294(3):H1444-51.
199. Penna C, Mancardi D, Tullio F, Pagliaro P. Postconditioning and intermittent bradykinin induced cardioprotection require cyclooxygenase activation and prostacyclin release during reperfusion. Basic Res Cardiol 2008;103(4):368-77.
200. Sun HY, Wang NP, Kerendi F, Halkos M, Kin H, Guyton RA, et al. Hypoxic postconditioning reduces cardiomyocyte loss by inhibiting ROS generation and intracellular Ca2+ overload. AmJPhysiol Heart CircPhysiol 2005;288(4):H1900-H8.
201. Dong S, Teng Z, Lu FH, Zhao YJ, Li H, Ren H, et al. Post-conditioning protects cardiomyocytes from apoptosis via PKC(epsilon)-interacting with calcium-sensing receptors to inhibit endo(sarco)plasmic reticulummitochondria crosstalk. Mol Cell Biochem 2010;341(1-2):195-206.
202. Vinten-Johansen J, Zhao ZQ, Jiang R, Zatta AJ, Dobson GP. Preconditioning and Postconditioning: Innate Cardioprotection From Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. JApplPhysiol 2007;103(4):1441-8.
203. Cohen MV, Yang XM, Downey JM. The pH hypothesis of postconditioning: staccato reperfusion reintroduces oxygen and perpetuates myocardial acidosis. Circulation 2007;115(14):1895-903.
204. Cohen MV, Yang XM, Downey JM. Acidosis, oxygen, and interference with mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation in the early minutes of reperfusion are critical to postconditioning's success. Basic ResCardiol 2008.
205. Halestrap AP. Calcium-dependent opening of a non-specific pore in the mitochondrial inner membrane is inhibited at pH values below 7. Implications for the protective effect of low pH against chemical and hypoxic cell damage. Biochem J 1991;278 (Pt 3):715-9.
206. Lefer DJ, Nakanishi K, Vinten-Johansen J, Ma XL, Lefer AM. Cardiac venous endothelial dysfunction after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in dogs. AmJPhysiol 1992;263(3 Pt 2):H850-H6.
207. Zhao JL, Yang YJ, You SJ, Cui CJ, Gao RL. Different effects of postconditioning on myocardial no-reflow in the normal and hypercholesterolemic mini-swines. MicrovascRes 2007;73(2):137-42.
208. Sun HY, Wang NP, Halkos M, Kerendi F, Kin H, Guyton RA, et al. Postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocyte apoptosis via inhibition of JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Apoptosis 2006;11(9):1583-93.
209. Kin H, Wang NP, Mykytenko J, Reeves J, Deneve J, Jiang R, et al. Inhibition of myocardial apoptosis by postconditioning is associated with attenuation of oxidative stress-mediated NF kappa B translocation and cytokine release. Shock 2007.
210. Mykytenko J, Kerendi F, Reeves JG, Kin H, Zatta AJ, Jiang R, et al. Longterm inhibition of myocardial infarction by postconditioning during reperfusion. Basic ResCardiol 2007;102(1):90-100.
211. Lin XM, Zhang ZY, Wang LF, Zhang L, Liu Y, Liu XL, et al. Attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha elevation and improved heart function by postconditioning for 60 seconds in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010;123(14):1833-9.
212. Hale SL, Mehra A, Leeka J, Kloner RA. Postconditioning fails to improve no reflow or alter infarct size in an open-chest rabbit model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. AmJPhysiol Heart CircPhysiol 2008;294(1):H421-H5.
213. Skyschally A, van Caster P, Boengler K, Gres P, Musiolik J, Schilawa D, et al. Ischemic postconditioning in pigs: no causal role for RISK activation. Circ Res 2009;104(1):15-8.
214. Tsang A, Hausenloy DJ, Mocanu MM, Yellon DM. Postconditioning: a form of "modified reperfusion" protects the myocardium by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway. CircRes 2004;95(3):230-2.
215. Zatta AJ, Kin H, Lee G, Wang N, Jiang R, Lust R, et al. Infarct-sparing effect of myocardial postconditioning is dependent on protein kinase C signalling. Cardiovascular Research 2006;70(2):315-24.
216. Hausenloy DJ, Lecour S, Yellon DM. Reperfusion injury salvage kinase and survivor activating factor enhancement prosurvival signaling pathways in ischemic postconditioning: two sides of the same coin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011;14(5):893-907.
217. Jin ZQ, Karliner JS, Vessey DA. Ischaemic postconditioning protects isolated mouse hearts against ischaemia/reperfusion injury via sphingosine kinase isoform-1 activation. Cardiovasc Res 2008;79(1):134-40.
218. Belosjorow S, Bolle I, Duschin A, Heusch G, Schulz R. TNF-alpha antibodies are as effective as ischemic preconditioning in reducing infarct size in rabbits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;284(3):H927-30.
219. Lacerda L, Somers S, Opie LH, Lecour S. Ischaemic postconditioning protects against reperfusion injury via the SAFE pathway. Cardiovasc Res 2009;84(2):201-8.
220. Boengler K, Buechert A, Heinen Y, Roeskes C, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Heusch G, et al. Cardioprotection by ischemic postconditioning is lost in aged and STAT3-deficient mice. CircRes 2008;102(1):131-5.
221. Agullo L, Garcia-Dorado D, Escalona N, Ruiz-Meana M, Inserte J, Soler-Soler J. Effect of ischemia on soluble and particulate guanylyl cyclasemediated cGMP synthesis in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;284(6):H2170-6.
222. Padilla F, Garcia-Dorado D, Agullo L, Inserte J, Paniagua A, Mirabet S, et al. L-Arginine administration prevents reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte hypercontracture and reduces infarct size in the pig. Cardiovasc Res 2000;46(3):412-20.
223. Inserte J, Barba I, Poncelas-Nozal M, Hernando V, Agullo L, Ruiz-Meana M, et al. cGMP/PKG pathway mediates myocardial postconditioning protection in rat hearts by delaying normalization of intracellular acidosis during reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011;50(5):903-9.
224. Penna C, Cappello S, Mancardi D, Raimondo S, Rastaldo R, Gattullo D, et al. Post-conditioning reduces infarct size in the isolated rat heart: role of coronary flow and pressure and the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway. Basic ResCardiol 2006;101(2):168-79.
225. Gomez L, Paillard M, Thibault H, Derumeaux G, Ovize M. Inhibition of GSK3beta by postconditioning is required to prevent opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore during reperfusion. Circulation 2008;117(21):2761-8.
226. Nishino Y, Webb IG, Davidson SM, Ahmed AI, Clark JE, Jacquet S, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inactivation is not required for ischemic preconditioning or postconditioning in the mouse. Circ Res 2008;103(3):307-14.
227. Tian Y, Zhang W, Xia D, Modi P, Liang D, Wei M. Postconditioning inhibits myocardial apoptosis during prolonged reperfusion via a JAK2-STAT3-Bcl-2 pathway. J Biomed Sci 2011;18(1):53.
228. Penna C, Mancardi D, Rastaldo R, Losano G, Pagliaro P. Intermittent activation of bradykinin B2 receptors and mitochondrial KATP channels trigger cardiac postconditioning through redox signaling. Cardiovasc Res 2007;75(1):168-77.
229. Downey JM, Cohen MV. A really radical observation--a comment on Penna et al. in Basic Res Cardiol (2006) 101:180-189. Basic ResCardiol 2006;101(2):190-1.
230. Argaud L, Gateau-Roesch O, Raisky O, Loufouat J, Robert D, Ovize M. Postconditioning inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition. Circulation 2005;111(2):194-7.
231. Jang Y, Xi J, Wang H, Mueller RA, Norfleet EA, Xu Z. Postconditioning prevents reperfusion injury by activating delta-opioid receptors. Anesthesiology 2008;108(2):243-50.
232. Deussen A, Lloyd HG, Schrader J. Contribution of Sadenosylhomocysteine to cardiac adenosine formation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1989;21(8):773-82.
233. Fredholm BB. Adenosine, an endogenous distress signal, modulates tissue damage and repair. Cell Death Differ 2007;14(7):1315-23.
234. Zhang Y, Lautt WW. Arterial and venous plasma concentrations of adenosine during haemorrhage. Br J Pharmacol 1992;105(4):765-7.
235. Lerman BB, Engelstein ED. Metabolic determinants of defibrillation. Role of adenosine. Circulation 1995;91(3):838-44.
236. Fredholm BB, AP IJ, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J. International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2001;53(4):527-52.
237. Mustafa SJ, Morrison RR, Teng B, Pelleg A. Adenosine receptors and the heart: role in regulation of coronary blood flow and cardiac electrophysiology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009(193):161-88.
238. Berne RM. The role of adenosine in the regulation of coronary blood flow. Circ Res 1980;47(6):807-13.
239. O'Regan M. Adenosine and the regulation of cerebral blood flow. Neurol Res 2005;27(2):175-81.
240. Blackburn MR, Vance CO, Morschl E, Wilson CN. Adenosine receptors and inflammation. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009(193):215-69.
241. Olafsson B, Forman MB, Puett DW, Pou A, Cates CU, Friesinger GC, et al. Reduction of reperfusion injury in the canine preparation by intracoronary adenosine: importance of the endothelium and the no-reflow phenomenon. Circulation 1987;76(5):1135-45.
242. Micari A, Belcik TA, Balcells EA, Powers E, Wei K, Kaul S, et al. Improvement in microvascular reflow and reduction of infarct size with adenosine in patients undergoing primary coronary stenting. Am J Cardiol 2005;96(10):1410-5.
243. Cronstein BN, Kramer SB, Weissmann G, Hirschhorn R. Adenosine: a physiological modulator of superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils. J Exp Med 1983;158(4):1160-77.
244. Hasko G, Szabo C, Nemeth ZH, Kvetan V, Pastores SM, Vizi ES. Adenosine receptor agonists differentially regulate IL-10, TNF-alpha, and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages and in endotoxemic mice. JImmunol 1996;157(10):4634-40.
245. Jordan JE, Zhao ZQ, Sato H, Taft S, Vinten-Johansen J. Adenosine A2 receptor activation attenuates reperfusion injury by inhibiting neutrophil accumulation, superoxide generation and coronary endothelial adherence. JPharmacolExpTher 1997;280(1):301-9.
246. Fredholm BB, Chen JF, Masino SA, Vaugeois JM. Actions of adenosine at its receptors in the CNS: insights from knockouts and drugs. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005;45:385-412.
247. Johansson B, Halldner L, Dunwiddie TV, Masino SA, Poelchen W, Gimenez-Llort L, et al. Hyperalgesia, anxiety, and decreased hypoxic neuroprotection in mice lacking the adenosine A1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98(16):9407-12.
248. Xu K, Puchowicz MA, Lust WD, LaManna JC. Adenosine treatment delays postischemic hippocampal CA1 loss after cardiac arrest and resuscitation in rats. Brain Res 2006;1071(1):208-17.
249. Edlund A, Ohlsen H, Sollevi A. Renal effects of local infusion of adenosine in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 1994;87(2):143-9.
250. Edlund A, Sollevi A. Renal effects of i.v. adenosine infusion in humans. Clin Physiol 1993;13(4):361-71.
251. Osswald H, Vallon V, Muhlbauer B. Role of adenosine in tubuloglomerular feedback and acute renal failure. J Auton Pharmacol 1996;16(6):377-80.
252. Vallon V, Osswald H. Adenosine receptors and the kidney. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009(193):443-70.
253. Lee HT, Emala CW. Systemic adenosine given after ischemia protects renal function via A(2a) adenosine receptor activation. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;38(3):610-8.
254. Okusa MD, Linden J, Macdonald T, Huang L. Selective A2A adenosine receptor activation reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1999;277(3 Pt 2):F404-12.
255. Day YJ, Huang L, McDuffie MJ, Rosin DL, Ye H, Chen JF, et al. Renal protection from ischemia mediated by A2A adenosine receptors on bone marrow-derived cells. J Clin Invest 2003;112(6):883-91.
256. Klabunde RE. Dipyridamole inhibition of adenosine metabolism in human blood. Eur J Pharmacol 1983;93(1-2):21-6.
257. Moser GH, Schrader J, Deussen A. Turnover of adenosine in plasma of human and dog blood. Am J Physiol 1989;256(4 Pt 1):C799-806.
258. Hawkins CF, Kyd JM, Bagnara AS. Adenosine metabolism in human erythrocytes: a study of some factors which affect the metabolic fate of adenosine in intact red cells in vitro. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 1980;202(2):380-7.
259. Blardi P, Laghi Pasini F, Urso R, Frigerio C, Volpi L, De Giorgi L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of exogenous adenosine in man after infusion. European journal of clinical pharmacology 1993;44(5):505-7.
260. Marzilli M, Orsini E, Marraccini P, Testa R. Beneficial effects of intracoronary adenosine as an adjunct to primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2000;101(18):2154-9.
261. Wyman MG, Wyman RM, Cannom DS, Criley JM. Prevention of primary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction with prophylactic lidocaine. Am J Cardiol 2004;94(5):545-51.
262. Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B, Cooper R, Gelaznikas R, Barr A. Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;346(12):884-90.
263. Perlmutter NS, Wilson RA, Edgar SW, Sanders W, Greenberg BH, Tanz R. Vasodilatory effects of lidocaine on epicardial porcine coronary arteries. Pharmacology 1990;41(5):280-5.
264. Lan W, Harmon D, Wang JH, Shorten G, Redmond P. The effect of lidocaine on neutrophil CD11b/CD18 and endothelial ICAM-1 expression and IL-1beta concentrations induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2004;21(12):967-72.
265. Lahat A, Ben-Horin S, Lang A, Fudim E, Picard O, Chowers Y. Lidocaine down-regulates nuclear factor-kappaB signalling and inhibits cytokine production and T cell proliferation. Clin Exp Immunol 2008;152(2):320-7.
266. Cassuto J, Sinclair R, Bonderovic M. Anti-inflammatory properties of local anesthetics and their present and potential clinical implications. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2006;50(3):265-82.
267. Lesnefsky EJ, VanBenthuysen KM, McMurtry IF, Shikes RH, Johnston RB, Jr., Horwitz LD. Lidocaine reduces canine infarct size and decreases release of a lipid peroxidation product. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1989;13(6):895-901.
268. Vitola JV, Forman MB, Holsinger JP, Atkinson JB, Murray JJ. Reduction of myocardial infarct size in rabbits and inhibition of activation of rabbit and human neutrophils by lidocaine. Am Heart J 1997;133(3):315-22.
269. Lei B, Popp S, Capuano-Waters C, Cottrell JE, Kass IS. Lidocaine attenuates apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra and reduces infarct size after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neuroscience 2004;125(3):691-701.
270. Gallos G, Jones DR, Nasr SH, Emala CW, Lee HT. Local anesthetics reduce mortality and protect against renal and hepatic dysfunction in murine septic peritonitis. Anesthesiology 2004;101(4):902-11.
271. Lee HT, Krichevsky IE, Xu H, Ota-Setlik A, D'Agati VD, Emala CW. Local anesthetics worsen renal function after ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004;286(1):F111-9.
272. Carroll RG, Iams SG, Pryor WH, Jr., Allison EJ, Jr. Serum magnesium increases following severe hemorrhage in dogs blocked by verapamil treatment. Resuscitation 1990;19(1):41-52.
273. Sayeed MM, Zhu M, Maitra SR. Alterations in cellular calcium and magnesium during circulatory/septic shock. Magnesium 1989;8(3-4):179-89.
274. Mubagwa K, Gwanyanya A, Zakharov S, Macianskiene R. Regulation of cation channels in cardiac and smooth muscle cells by intracellular magnesium. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 2007;458(1):73-89.
275. Altura BM, Altura BT. Magnesium, electrolyte transport and coronary vascular tone. Drugs 1984;28 Suppl 1:120-42.
276. Chakraborti S, Chakraborti T, Mandal M, Mandal A, Das S, Ghosh S. Protective role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases: a review. Mol Cell Biochem 2002;238(1-2):163-79.
277. Shechter M. Magnesium and cardiovascular system. Magnes Res 2010;23(2):60-72.
278. Lin CY, Tsai PS, Hung YC, Huang CJ. L-type calcium channels are involved in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of magnesium sulphate. Br J Anaesth 2010;104(1):44-51.
279. Matsusaka T, Hasebe N, Jin YT, Kawabe J, Kikuchi K. Magnesium reduces myocardial infarct size via enhancement of adenosine mechanism in rabbits. Cardiovasc Res 2002;54(3):568-75.
280. Dobson GP. Organ arrest, protection and preservation: natural hibernation to cardiac surgery. Comp BiochemPhysiol B BiochemMolBiol 2004;139(3):469-85.
281. Dobson GP. Membrane polarity: a target for myocardial protection and reduced inflammation in adult and pediatric cardiothoracic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140(6):1213-7.
282. O'Rullian JJ, Clayson SE, Peragallo R. Excellent outcomes in a case of complex re-do surgery requiring prolonged cardioplegia using a new cardioprotective approach: adenocaine. JExtraCorporTechnol 2008;40(3):203-5.
283. Canyon SJ, Dobson GP. Pretreatment with an adenosine A1 receptor agonist and lidocaine: a possible alternative to myocardial ischemic preconditioning. JThoracCardiovascSurg 2005;130(2):371-7.
284. Canyon SJ, Dobson GP. Protection against ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac death using adenosine and lidocaine during regional ischemia in the in vivo rat. AmJPhysiol Heart CircPhysiol 2004;287(3):H1286-H95.
285. Corvera JS, Kin H, Dobson GP, Kerendi F, Halkos ME, Katzmark S, et al. Polarized arrest with warm or cold adenosine/lidocaine blood cardioplegia is equivalent to hypothermic potassium blood cardioplegia. JThoracCardiovascSurg 2005;129(3):599-606.
286. Benkwitz C, Garrison JC, Linden J, Durieux ME, Hollmann MW. Lidocaine enhances Galphai protein function. Anesthesiology 2003;99(5):1093-101.
287. Shi W, Jiang R, Dobson GP, Granfeldt A, Vinten-Johansen J. The nondepolarizing, normokalemic cardioplegia formulation adenosine-lidocaine (adenocaine) exerts anti-neutrophil effects by synergistic actions of its components. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011.
288. Homeister JW, Hoff PT, Fletcher DD, Lucchesi BR. Combined adenosine and lidocaine administration limits myocardial reperfusion injury. Circulation 1990;82(2):595-608.
289. Keith JC, Jr. Effect of lidocaine pretreatment on acute hemorrhagic shock in the anesthetized rat. Circ Shock 1986;19(3):283-92.
290. Abdel-Zaher AO, Abdel-Aal RA, Aly SA, Khalifa MM. Adenosine for reversal of hemorrhagic shock in rabbits. Jpn J Pharmacol 1996;72(3):247-54.
291. Letson HL, Dobson GP. Ultra-small intravenous bolus of 7.5% NaCl/Mg(2) with adenosine and lidocaine improves early resuscitation outcome in the rat after severe hemorrhagic shock in vivo. J Trauma 2011;71(3):708-19.
292. Granfeldt A, Shi W, Schmarkey LS, Jiang R, Bone CC, Wogensen L, et al. Abstract 68: The Combination of Adenosine and Lidocaine (Adenocaine) Improves Postresuscitation Cardiac Function Following Cardiac Arrest. Circulation 2010;122(21_MeetingAbstracts):A68-.
293. Staat P, Rioufol G, Piot C, Cottin Y, Cung TT, L'Huillier I, et al. Postconditioning the human heart. Circulation 2005;112(14):2143-8.
294. Thibault H, Piot C, Staat P, Bontemps L, Sportouch C, Rioufol G, et al. Long-Term Benefit of Postconditioning. Circulation 2008.
295. Schaper W, Gorge G, Winkler B, Schaper J. The collateral circulation of the heart. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1988;31(1):57-77.
296. Dewald O, Ren G, Duerr GD, Zoerlein M, Klemm C, Gersch C, et al. Of mice and dogs: species-specific differences in the inflammatory response following myocardial infarction. Am J Pathol 2004;164(2):665-77.
297. Skyschally A, van Caster P, Iliodromitis EK, Schulz R, Kremastinos DT, Heusch G. Ischemic postconditioning: experimental models and protocol algorithms. Basic Res Cardiol 2009.
298. Bhindi R, Witting PK, McMahon AC, Khachigian LM, Lowe HC. Rat models of myocardial infarction. Pathogenetic insights and clinical relevance. ThrombHaemost 2006;96(5):602-10.
299. Sheridan BC, McIntyre RC, Jr., Meldrum DR, Cleveland JC, Jr., Agrafojo J, Eisenach JH, et al. Antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion preserves pulmonary vasomotor function. JSurgRes 1996;62(1):74-8.
300. Kin H, Wang NP, Halkos ME, Kerendi F, Guyton RA, Zhao ZQ. Neutrophil depletion reduces myocardial apoptosis and attenuates NFkappaB activation/ TNFalpha release after ischemia and reperfusion. JSurgRes 2006;135(1):170-8.
301. de Lorgeril M, Basmadjian A, Lavallee M, Clement R, Millette D, Rousseau G, et al. Influence of leukopenia on collateral flow, reperfusion flow, reflow ventricular fibrillation, and infarct size in dogs. Am Heart J 1989;117(3):523-32.
302. Litt MR, Jeremy RW, Weisman HF, Winkelstein JA, Becker LC. Neutrophil depletion limited to reperfusion reduces myocardial infarct size after 90 minutes of ischemia. Evidence for neutrophil-mediated reperfusion injury. Circulation 1989;80(6):1816-27.
303. Vinten-Johansen J, Johnston WE, Crystal GJ, Mills SA, Santamore WP, Cordell AR. Validation of local venous sampling within the at risk left anterior descending artery vascular bed in the canine left ventricle. Cardiovasc Res 1987;21(9):646-51.
304. Dalmose AL, Hvistendahl JJ, Olsen LH, Eskild-Jensen A, Djurhuus JC, Swindle MM. Surgically induced urologic models in swine. J Invest Surg 2000;13(3):133-45.
305. Heusch G, Skyschally A, Schulz R. The in-situ pig heart with regional ischemia/ reperfusion-Ready for translation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011.
306. Jelsing J, Nielsen R, Olsen AK, Grand N, Hemmingsen R, Pakkenberg B. The postnatal development of neocortical neurons and glial cells in the Gottingen minipig and the domestic pig brain. The Journal of experimental biology 2006;209(Pt 8):1454-62.
307. Katz L, Ebmeyer U, Safar P, Radovsky A, Neumar R. Outcome model of asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995;15(6):1032-9.
308. Reis AG, Nadkarni V, Perondi MB, Grisi S, Berg RA. A prospective investigation into the epidemiology of in-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the international Utstein reporting style. Pediatrics 2002;109(2):200-9.
309. Cerchiari EL, Safar P, Klein E, Cantadore R, Pinsky M. Cardiovascular function and neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest in dogs. The cardiovascular post-resuscitation syndrome. Resuscitation 1993;25(1):9-33.
310. Menegazzi JJ, Ramos R, Wang HE, Callaway CW. Post-resuscitation hemodynamics and relationship to the duration of ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2008;78(3):355-8.
311. Nolan JP, Deakin CD, Soar J, Bottiger BW, Smith G. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 4. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 2005;67 Suppl 1:S39-S86.
312. Youngquist ST, Heyming T, Rosborough JP, Niemann JT. Hypocalcemia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest revisited. Resuscitation 2010;81(1):117-22.
313. Kamohara T, Weil MH, Tang W, Sun S, Yamaguchi H, Klouche K, et al. A comparison of myocardial function after primary cardiac and primary asphyxial cardiac arrest. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164(7):1221-4.
314. Wiggers CJ. Experimental hemorrhagic shock. In: Physiology of shock. New York: Commonwealth,1950. 121-45 p.
315. Letson HL, Dobson G. Unexpected 100% survival following 60% blood loss using small-volume 7.5% NaCl with adenocaine and Mg2+ in the rat model of extreme hemorrhagic shock. Shock 2011;36(6):586-94.
316. Moochhala S, Wu J, Lu J. Hemorrhagic shock: an overview of animal models. Front Biosci 2009;14:4631-9.
317. Lomas-Niera JL, Perl M, Chung CS, Ayala A. Shock and hemorrhage: an overview of animal models. Shock 2005;24 Suppl 1:33-9.
318. Rady MY, Kirkman E, Cranley J, Little RA. A comparison of the effects of skeletal muscle injury and somatic afferent nerve stimulation on the response to hemorrhage in anesthetized pigs. J Trauma 1993;35(5):756-61.
319. Sondeen JL, Dubick MA, Holcomb JB, Wade CE. Uncontrolled hemorrhage differs from volume-or pressure-matched controlled hemorrhage in swine. Shock 2007;28(4):426-33.
320. Rana MW, Singh G, Wang P, Ayala A, Zhou M, Chaudry IH. Protective effects of preheparinization on the microvasculature during and after hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 1992;32(4):420-6.
321. Wang P, Singh G, Rana MW, Ba ZF, Chaudry IH. Preheparinization improves organ function after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Am J Physiol 1990;259(3 Pt 2):R645-50.
322. Frankel DA, Acosta JA, Anjaria DJ, Porcides RD, Wolf PL, Coimbra R, et al. Physiologic response to hemorrhagic shock depends on rate and means of hemorrhage. J Surg Res 2007;143(2):276-80.
323. Jiang R, Zatta AJ, Kin H, Wang N, Reeves JG, Mykytenko J, et al. PAR2 Activation at the Time of Reperfusion Salvages Myocardium via an ERK 1/2 Pathway in in vivo Rat Hearts. AmJPhysiol Heart CircPhysiol 2007.
324. Nakanishi K, Vinten-Johansen J, Lefer DJ, Zhao Z, Fowler WC, 3rd, McGee DS, et al. Intracoronary L-arginine during reperfusion improves endothelial function and reduces infarct size. Am J Physiol 1992;263(6 Pt 2):H1650-8.
325. Toombs CF, McGee S, Johnston WE, Vinten-Johansen J. Myocardial protective effects of adenosine. Infarct size reduction with pretreatment and continued receptor stimulation during ischemia. Circulation 1992;86(3):986-94.
326. Taylor RB, Brown CG, Bridges T, Werman HA, Ashton J, Hamlin RL. A model for regional blood flow measurements during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a swine model. Resuscitation 1988;16(2):107-18.
327. Voorhees WD, Babbs CF, Tacker WA, Jr. Regional blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Crit Care Med 1980;8(3):134-6.
328. Niemann JT, Rosborough JP, Ung S, Criley JM. Coronary perfusion pressure during experimental cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 1982;11(3):127-31.
329. Ditchey RV, Winkler JV, Rhodes CA. Relative lack of coronary blood flow during closed-chest resuscitation in dogs. Circulation 1982;66(2):297-302.
330. Bellamy RF, DeGuzman LR, Pedersen DC. Coronary blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in swine. Circulation 1984;69(1):174-80.
331. Kern KB, Hilwig R, Ewy GA. Retrograde coronary blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in swine: intracoronary Doppler evaluation. Am Heart J 1994;128(3):490-9.
332. Ralston SH, Voorhees WD, Babbs CF. Intrapulmonary epinephrine during prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation: improved regional blood flow and resuscitation in dogs. Ann Emerg Med 1984;13(2):79-86.
333. Halperin HR, Tsitlik JE, Guerci AD, Mellits ED, Levin HR, Shi AY, et al. Determinants of blood flow to vital organs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. Circulation 1986;73(3):539-50.
334. Halperin HR, Lee K, Zviman M, Illindala U, Lardo A, Kolandaivelu A, et al. Outcomes from low versus high-flow cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a swine model of cardiac arrest. Am J Emerg Med 2010;28(2):195-202.
335. Kern KB, Sanders AB, Badylak SF, Janas W, Carter AB, Tacker WA, et al. Long-term survival with open-chest cardiac massage after ineffective closed-chest compression in a canine preparation. Circulation 1987;75(2):498-503.
336. Paradis NA, Martin GB, Rivers EP, Goetting MG, Appleton TJ, Feingold M, et al. Coronary perfusion pressure and the return of spontaneous circulation in human cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA 1990;263(8):1106-13.
337. Idris AH, Becker LB, Ornato JP, Hedges JR, Bircher NG, Chandra NC, et al. Utstein-Style Guidelines for Uniform Reporting of Laboratory CPR Research-A statement for healthcare professionals from a task force of the American Heart Association, the American College of Emergency Physicians, the American College of Cardiology, the European Resuscitation Council, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Institute of Critical Care Medicine, the Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. Circulation 1996;94(9):2324-36.
338. Otlewski MP, Geddes LA, Pargett M, Babbs CF. Methods for calculating coronary perfusion pressure during CPR. Cardiovasc Eng 2009;9(3):98-103.
339. Wallace AG, Skinner NS, Jr., Mitchell JH. Hemodynamic determinants of the maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure. Am J Physiol 1963;205:30-6.
340. Henning RJ, Levy MN. Effects of autonomic nerve stimulation, asynchrony, and load on dP/dtmax and on dP/dtmin. Am J Physiol 1991;260(4 Pt 2):H1290-8.
341. Fioretto JR, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K, Cicogna AC, Bonatto RC, Padovani CR, et al. The rate of force generation by the myocardium is not influenced by afterload. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira de Biofisica [et al] 1997;30(12):1471-7.
342. Quinones MA, Gaasch WH, Alexander JK. Influence of acute changes in preload, afterload, contractile state and heart rate on ejection and isovolumic indices of myocardial contractility in man. Circulation 1976;53(2):293-302.
343. Wildenthal K, Mierzwiak DS, Mitchell JH. Effect of sudden changes in aortic pressure on left ventricular dp/dt. Am J Physiol 1969;216(1):185-90.
344. Burkhoff D, Mirsky I, Suga H. Assessment of systolic and diastolic ventricular properties via pressure-volume analysis: a guide for clinical, translational, and basic researchers. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005;289(2):H501-12.
345. Glower DD, Spratt JA, Snow ND, Kabas JS, Davis JW, Olsen CO, et al. Linearity of the Frank-Starling relationship in the intact heart: the concept of preload recruitable stroke work. Circulation 1985;71(5):994-1009.
346. Suga H, Sagawa K, Shoukas AA. Load independence of the instantaneous pressure-volume ratio of the canine left ventricle and effects of epinephrine and heart rate on the ratio. Circ Res 1973;32(3):314-22.
347. Kass DA, Maughan WL, Guo ZM, Kono A, Sunagawa K, Sagawa K. Comparative influence of load versus inotropic states on indexes of ventricular contractility: experimental and theoretical analysis based on pressure-volume relationships. Circulation 1987;76(6):1422-36.
348. Baan J, van der Velde ET, de Bruin HG, Smeenk GJ, Koops J, van Dijk AD, et al. Continuous measurement of left ventricular volume in animals and humans by conductance catheter. Circulation 1984;70(5):812-23.
349. Toombs CF, Vinten-Johansen J, Yokoyama H, Johnston WE, Julian JS, Cordell AR. Nonlinearity of indexes of left ventricular performance: effects on estimation of slope and diameter axis intercepts. Am J Physiol 1991;260(6 Pt 2):H1802-9.
350. Koehler RC, Chandra N, Guerci AD, Tsitlik J, Traystman RJ, Rogers MC, et al. Augmentation of cerebral perfusion by simultaneous chest compression and lung inflation with abdominal binding after cardiac arrest in dogs. Circulation 1983;67(2):266-75.
351. Reinhardt CP, Dalhberg S, Tries MA, Marcel R, Leppo JA. Stable labeled microspheres to measure perfusion: validation of a neutron activation assay technique. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001;280(1):H108-16.
352. Kingma JG, Jr., Simard D, Rouleau JR. Comparison of neutron activated and radiolabeled microsphere methods for measurement of transmural myocardial blood flow in dogs. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2005;19(3):201-.
353. Heymann MA, Payne BD, Hoffman JI, Rudolph AM. Blood flow measurements with radionuclide-labeled particles. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1977;20(1):55-79.
354. Buckberg GD, Luck JC, Payne DB, Hoffman JI, Archie JP, Fixler DE. Some sources of error in measuring regional blood flow with radioactive microspheres. Journal of Applied Physiology 1971;31(4):598-604.
355. von Ritter C, Hinder RA, Womack W, Bauerfeind P, Fimmel CJ, Kvietys PR, et al. Microsphere estimates of blood flow: methodological considerations. Am J Physiol 1988;254(2 Pt 1):G275-9.
356. Baer RW, Payne BD, Verrier ED, Vlahakes GJ, Molodowitch D, Uhlig PN, et al. Increased number of myocardial blood flow measurements with radionuclide-labeled microspheres. Am J Physiol 1984;246(3 Pt 2):H418-34.
357. Palnaes Hansen C, Bie P, Stadil F. Assessment of renal function by 51Cr-EDTA and endogenous creatinine clearances in the pig. Acta Physiol Scand 1997;161(2):253-60.
358. Tang XL, Sato H, Tiwari S, Dawn B, Bi Q, Li Q, et al. Cardioprotection by postconditioning in conscious rats is limited to coronary occlusions <45 min. AmJPhysiol Heart CircPhysiol 2006;291(5):H2308-H17.
359. Entman ML, Youker K, Shoji T, Kukielka G, Shappell SB, Taylor AA, et al. Neutrophil induced oxidative injury of cardiac myocytes. A compartmented system requiring CD11b/CD18-ICAM-1 adherence. JClinInvest 1992;90(4):1335-45.
360. Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S, Noc M, Yang L, Gazmuri RJ. Epinephrine increases the severity of postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Circulation 1995;92(10):3089-93.
361. Rushing GD, Britt LD. Reperfusion injury after hemorrhage: a collective review. Ann Surg 2008;247(6):929-37.
362. Wu X, Kentner R, Stezoski J, Kochanek PM, Jackson EK, Carlos TM, et al. Intraperitoneal, but not enteric, adenosine administration improves survival after volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock in rats. Crit Care Med 2001;29(9):1767-73.
363. Berne RM. Cardiac nucleotides in hypoxia: possible role in regulation of coronary blood flow. Am J Physiol 1963;204:317-22.
364. Blood AB, Hunter CJ, Power GG. Adenosine mediates decreased cerebral metabolic rate and increased cerebral blood flow during acute moderate hypoxia in the near-term fetal sheep. J Physiol 2003;553(Pt 3):935-45.
365. Jinka TR, Toien O, Drew KL. Season primes the brain in an arctic hibernator to facilitate entrance into torpor mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors. J Neurosci 2011;31(30):10752-8.
366. Karimi A, Ball KT, Power GG. Exogenous infusion of adenosine depresses whole body O2 use in fetal/neonatal sheep. J Appl Physiol 1996;81(2):541-7.
367. Owall A, Lagerkranser M, Sollevi A. Effects of adenosine-induced hypotension on myocardial hemodynamics and metabolism during cerebral aneurysm surgery. Anesth Analg 1988;67(3):228-32.
368. Astrup J, Sorensen PM, Sorensen HR. Inhibition of cerebral oxygen and glucose consumption in the dog by hypothermia, pentobarbital, and lidocaine. Anesthesiology 1981;55(3):263-8.
369. Romano FD, Naimi TS, Dobson JG, Jr. Adenosine attenuation of catecholamine-enhanced contractility of rat heart in vivo. Am J Physiol 1991;260(5 Pt 2):H1635-9.
370. Scheeren TW, Arndt JO. Different response of oxygen consumption and cardiac output to various endogenous and synthetic catecholamines in awake dogs. Crit Care Med 2000;28(12):3861-8.
371. McMurtrey RJ, Zuo Z. Isoflurane preconditioning and postconditioning in rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 2010;1358:184-90.