Timing deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Evidence from neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies

Neuropsychologia

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 235-266

  Noreika, Valdas ^a,b,c   Falter, Christine M ^a,d   Rubia, Katya ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

^c MRC COGNITION AND BRAIN SCIENCES UNIT   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^e KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

ADHD; Cerebellum; Executive functions; FMRI; Inferior frontal cortex; Motor timing; Neural mechanisms; Parietal lobe; Perceptual timing; Prefrontal cortex; Supplementary motor area; Temporal foresight

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; METHYLPHENIDATE;

ANTICIPATION; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN MAPPING; CELL SYNCHRONIZATION; COGNITION; COMORBIDITY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; HUMAN; IMPULSIVENESS; MOTOR TIMIMG; NERVOUS SYSTEM PARAMETERS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; PERCEPTUAL TIMING; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; SENSORIMOTOR INTEGRATION; TEMPORAL FORESIGHT; TREATMENT DURATION; WORKING MEMORY;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PERCEPTUAL DISORDERS; TIME PERCEPTION;

EID: 84872361206     PISSN: 00283932     EISSN: 18733514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.036     Document Type: Article

References (243)

1. Adler C.M., Sax K.W., Holland S.K., Schmithorst V., Rosenberg L., Strakowski S.M. Changes in neuronal activation with increasing attention demand in healthy volunteers: An fMRI study. Synapse 2001, 42:266-272.
2. Alho K. Cerebral generators of mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic counterpart (MMNm) elicited by sound changes. Ear and Hearing 1995, 16:38-51.
3. Allman M.J., Pelphrey K.A., Meck W.M. Developmental neuroscience of time and number: Implications for autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 2012, 6:7. 10.3389/fnint.2012.00007.
4. Allman M.J., Meck W.H. Pathophysiological distortions in time perception and timed performance. Brain 2012, 135:656-677.
5. Arns M., de Ridder S., Strehl U., Breteler M., Coenen A. Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: The effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: A meta-analysis. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 2009, 40:180-189.
6. Antrop I., Stock P., Verté S., Wiersema J.R., Baeyens D., Roeyers H. ADHD and delay aversion: The influence of non-temporal stimulation on choice for delayed rewards. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2006, 47:1152-1158.
7. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 4th ed.-Test Revision (DSM-IV-TR).
8. Aso K., Hanakawa T., Aso T., Fukuyama H. Cerebro-cerebellar interactions underlying temporal information processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2010, 22:2913-2925.
9. Baier B., Karnath H.O., Dieterich M., Birklein F., Heinze C., Muller N.G. Keeping memory clear and stable-the contribution of human basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex to working memory. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30:9788-9792.
10. Baldwin R.L., Chelonis J.J., Flake R.A., Edwards M.C., Field C.R., Meaux J.B., Paule M.G. Effect of methylphenidate on time processing in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2004, 12:57-64.
11. Ballard K., Knutson B. Dissociable neural representations of future reward magnitude and delay during temporal discounting. NeuroImage 2009, 45:143-150.
12. Barkley R.A., Koplowitz S., Anderson T., McMurray M.B. Sense of time in children with ADHD: Effects of duration, distraction, and stimulant medication. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1997, 3:359-369.
13. Barkley R.A., Murphy K.R., Bush T. Time processing and reproduction in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 2001, 15:351-360.
14. Barkley R.A., Edwards G., Laneri M., Fletcher K., Metevia L. Executive functioning, temporal discounting, and sense of time in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2001, 29:541-556.
15. Bartscherer M.L., Dole R.L. Interactive Metronome® training for a 9-year-old boy with attention and motor coordination difficulties. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 2005, 21:257-269.
16. Basso G., Nichelli P., Wharton C.M., Peterson M., Grafman J. Distributed neural systems for temporal production: A functional MRI study. Brain Research Bulletin 2003, 59:405-411.
17. Bauermeister J.J., Barkley R.A., Martínez J.V., Cumba E., Ramírez R.R., Reina G., Matos M., Salas C.C. Time estimation and performance on reproduction tasks in subtypes of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2005, 34:151-162.
18. Bechara A., Tranel D., Damasio H. Characterization of the decision-making deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions. Brain 2000, 123:2189-2202.
19. Bechara A., Van der Linden M. Decision-making and impulse control after frontal lobe injuries. Current Opinion in Neurology 2005, 18:734-739.
20. Bengtsson S.L., Ehrsson H.H., Forssberg H., Ullen F. Effector-independent voluntary timing: Behavioural and neuroimaging evidence. European Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 22:3255-3265.
21. Ben-Pazi H., Gross-Tsur V., Bergman H., Shalev R.S. Abnormal rhythmic motor response in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2003, 45:743-745.
22. Ben-Pazi H., Shalev R.S., Gross-Tsur V., Bergman H. Age and medication effects on rhythmic responses in ADHD: Possible oscillatory mechanisms?. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44:412-416.
23. Bickel W.K., Pitcock J.A., Yi R., Angtuaco E.J.C. Congruence of BOLD response across intertemporal choice conditions: fictive and real money gains and losses. The Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29:8839-8846.
24. Biederman J., Faraone S., Milberger S., Curtis S., Chen L., Marrs A., Ouellette C., Moore P., Spencer T. Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: results from a four-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1996, 35:343-351.
25. Biederman J., Monuteaux M.C., Mick E., Spencer T., Wilens T.E., Silva J.M., Snyder L.E., Faraone S.V. Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A controlled 10-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine 2006, 36:167-179.
26. Bindra D., Waksberg H. Methods and terminology in studies of time estimation. Psychological Bulletin 1956, 53:155-159.
27. Bitsakou P., Psychogiou L., Thompson M., Sonuga-Barke E.J.S. Delay aversion in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An empirical investigation of the broader phenotype. Neuropsychologia 2009, 47(2):446-456.
28. Block R.A., Zakay D., Hancock P.A. Developmental changes in human duration judgments: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Review 1999, 19:183-211.
29. Braitenberg V. In defense of the cerebellum. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002, 978:175-183.
30. Braitenberg, V., Onesto, N. (1962). The cerebellar cortex as a timing organ. In: Proceedings of the first international conference on medical cybernetics (pp. 1-19). Gianni: Naples.
31. Bridgett D.J., Walker M.E. Intellectual functioning in adults with ADHD: A meta-analytic examination of full scale IQ differences between adults with and without ADHD. Psychological Assessment 2006, 18:1-14.
32. Broyd S.J., Demanuele C., Debener S., Helps S.K., James C.J., Sonuga-Barke E.J.S. Default-mode brain dysfunction in mental disorders: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2009, 33:279-296.
33. Brunia C.H.M., de Jong B.M., van den Berg-Lenssen M.M.C., Paans A.M.J. Visual feedback about time estimation is related to a right hemisphere activation measured by PET. Experimental Brain Research 2000, 130:328-337.
34. Bueti D., Walsh V., Frith C., Rees G. Different brain circuits underlie motor and perceptual representations of temporal intervals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2008, 20:204-214.
35. Bueti D., Macaluso E. Physiological correlates of subjective time: Evidence for the temporal accumulator hypothesis. NeuroImage 2011, 57:1251-1263.
36. Buonomano D.V., Karmarkar U.R. How do we tell time?. Neuroscientist 2002, 8:42-51.
37. Christakou A., Brammer M., Giampietro V., Rubia K. Right ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices mediate adaptive decisions under ambiguity by integrating choice utility and outcome evaluation. Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29:11020-11028.
38. Christakou A., Brammer M., Rubia K. Maturation of limbic corticostriatal activation and connectivity associated with developmental changes in temporal discounting. NeuroImage 2011, 54:1344-1354.
39. Christakou, A., Murphy, C., Chantiluke, K., Cubillo, A., Smith, A. B., Giampietro, V., et al. MRC AIMS consortium (2012). Disorder-specific functional abnormalities during sustained attention in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and with Autism. Molecular Psychiatry, in press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2011.185.
40. Coull J.T. fMRI studies of temporal attention: Allocating attention within, or towards, time. Cognitive Brain Research 2004, 21:216-226.
41. Coull J., Nobre A. Dissociating explicit timing from temporal expectation with fMRI. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2008, 18:137-144.
42. Coull J.T., Cheng R.-K., Meck W.H. Neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates of timing. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36:3-25.
43. Cubillo A., Halari R., Smith A., Taylor E., Rubia K. Fronto-cortical and fronto-subcortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with ADHD: A review and evidence for fronto-striatal dysfunctions in adults with ADHD followed up from childhood during motivation and attention. Cortex 2012, 48:194-215.
44. Curtis C.E., D'Esposito M. Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003, 7:415-423.
45. Danckert J., Ferber S., Doherty T., Steinmetz H., Nicolle D., Goodale M.A. Selective, non-lateralized impairment of motor imagery following right parietal damage. Neurocase: The Neural Basis of Cognition 2002, 8:194-204.
46. Dickstein S.G., Bannon K., Castellanos F.X., Milham M.P. The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ALE meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2006, 47:1051-1062.
47. Dige N., Maahr E., Backenroth-Ohsako G. Reduced capacity in a dichotic memory test for adult patients with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2010, 13:677-683.
48. Dormal, V., Dormal, G., Joassin, F., & Pesenti, M. (2011). A common right fronto-parietal network for numerosity and duration processing: An fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, epub ahead of print, doi:10.1002/hbm.21300.
49. Drake C., Jones M.R., Baruch C. The development of rhythmic attending in auditory sequences: Attunement, referent period, focal attending. Cognition 2000, 77:251-288.
50. Droit-Volet S., Wearden J.H. Temporal bisection in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2001, 80:142-159.
51. Durston S., Davidson M.C., Mulder M.J., Spicer J.A., Galvan A., Tottenham N., Scheres A., Castellanos X.F., van Engeland H., Casey B.J. Neural and behavioral correlates of expectancy violations in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2007, 48:881-889.
52. Dutke S. Remembered duration: Working memory and the reproduction of intervals. Perception and Psychophysics 2005, 67:1404-1413.
53. Dykman R.A., Ackerman P.T., Oglesby D.M. Selective and sustained attention in hyperactive, learning-disabled and normal boys. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1979, 167:288-297.
54. Eagle D.M., Bari A., Robbins T.W. The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: Cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008, 199:439-456.
55. Falter C.M., Noreika V. Interval timing deficits and abnormal cognitive development. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 2011, 5(26). 10.3389/fnint.2011.00026.
56. Falter, C. M., Noreika, V., Wearden, J. H., & Bailey, A. J. More consistent, yet less sensitive: Interval timing in autism spectrum disorders. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, in press, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.690770.
57. Ferrandez A.M., Hugueville L., Lehericy S., Poline J.B., Marsault C., Pouthas V. Basal ganglia and supplementary motor area subtend duration perception: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2003, 19:1532-1544.
58. Fischer B., Hartnegg K. On the development of low-level auditory discrimination and deficits in dyslexia. Dyslexia 2004, 10:105-118.
59. Frodl T., Skokauskas N. Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2012, 125:114-126.
60. Fusar-Poli P., Rubia K., Rossi G., Sartori G., Ballotin U. Dopamine transporter alterations in ADHD: Pathophysiology or adaptation to psychostimulants? A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 2012, 169:264-272.
61. Fuster J.M. Executive frontal functions. Experimental Brain Research 2000, 133:66-70.
62. Garon N., Moore C., Waschbusch D.A. Decision making in children with ADHD only, ADHD-anxious/depressed, and control children using a child version of the Iowa gambling task. Journal of Attention Disorders 2006, 9:607. 10.1177/1087054705284501.
63. Garraux G., McKinney C., Wu T., Kansaku K., Nolte G., Hallett M. Shared brain areas but not functional connections controlling movement timing and order. Journal of Neuroscience 2005, 25:5290-5297.
64. Gil S., Droit-Volet S. Time perception, depression and sadness. Behavioral Processes 2009, 80:169-176.
65. Gilden D.L., Marusich L.R. Contraction of time in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 2009, 23:265-269.
66. González-Garrido A.A., Gómez-Velázquez F.R., Zarabozo D., López-Elizalde R., Ontiveros A., Madera-Carrillo H., Vega O.L., Oropeza De Alba J.L., De La Serna Tuya J.M. Time reproduction disturbances in ADHD children: An ERP study. International Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 118:119-135.
67. Gooch D., Snowling M., Hulme C. Time perception, phonological skills and executive function in children with dyslexia and/or ADHD symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2011, 52:195-203.
68. Gountouna V.E., Job D.E., McIntosh A.M., Moorhead T.W.J., Lymer G.K.L., Whalley H.C., Hall J., Waiter G.D., Brennan D., McGonigle D.J., Ahearn T.S., Cavanagh J., Condon B., Hadley D.M., Marshall I., Murray A.D., Steele J.D., Wardlaw J.M., Lawrie S.M. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reproducibility and variance components across visits and scanning sites with a finger tapping task. NeuroImage 2010, 49:552-560.
69. Goyette C.H., Conners C.K., Ulrich R.F. Normative data on revised Conners' parent and teacher rating scales. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1978, 6:221-236.
70. Greicius M.D., Krasnow B., Reiss A.L., Menon V. Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 2003, 100:253-258.
71. Gut J., Heckmann C., Meyer C.S., Schmid M., Grob A. Language skills, mathematical thinking, and achievement motivation in children with ADHD, disruptive behavior disorders, and normal controls. Learning and Individual Differences 2012, 22:375-379.
72. Hariri A.R., Brown S.M., Williamson D.E., Flory J.D., de Wit H., Manuck S.B. Preference for immediate over delayed rewards is associated with magnitude of ventral striatal activity. Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:13213-13217.
73. Harrington D.L., Haaland K.Y., Hermanowitz N. Temporal processing in the basal ganglia. Neuropsychology 1998, 12:3-12.
74. Hart E.L., Lahey B.B., Loeber R., Applegate B., Frick P.J. Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: A four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1995, 23:729-749.
75. Hinson J.M., Jameson T.L., Whitney P. Impulsive decision-making and working memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2003, 29:298-306.
76. Hinton S.C., Harrington D.L., Binder J.R., Durgerian S., Rao S.M. Neural systems supporting timing and chronometric counting: An FMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research 2004, 21(2):183-192.
77. Hinvest N.S., Elliott R., McKie S., Anderson I.M. Neural correlates of choice behaviour related to impulsivity and venturesomeness. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:2311-2320.
78. Hoogman M., Aarts E., Zwiers M., Slaats-Willemse D., Naber M., Onnink M., Cools R., Kan C., Buitelaar J., Franke B. Nitric oxide synthase genotype modulation of impulsivity and ventral striatal activity in adult ADHD patients and healthy comparison subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 2011, 168:1099-1106.
79. Huang J., Yang B., Zou X., Jing J., Pen G., McAlonan G.M., Chan R.C.K. Temporal processing impairment in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2012, 33:538-548.
80. Hurks P.P.M., Hendriksen J.G.M. Retrospective and prospective time deficits in childhood ADHD: The effects of task modality, duration, and symptom dimensions. Child Neuropsychology 2010, 17:34-50.
81. Huttunen T., Halonen A., Kaartinen J., Lyytinen H. Does mismatch negativity show differences in reading-disabled children compared to normal children and children with attention deficit?. Developmental Neuropsychology 2007, 31:453-470.
82. Huttunen-Scott T., Kaartinen J., Tolvanen A., Lyytinen H. Mismatch negativity (MMN) elicited by duration deviations in children with reading disorder, attention deficit or both. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2008, 69:69-77.
83. Hwang S.-L., Gau S.S.-F., Hsu W.-Y., Wu Y.-Y. Deficits in interval timing measured by the dual-task paradigm among children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2010, 51:223-232.
84. Ivry R.B., Spencer R.M., Zelaznik H.N., Diedrichsen J. The cerebellum and event timing. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002, 978:302-317.
85. Ivry R.B., Schlerf J.E. Dedicated and intrinsic models of time perception. Trends in Cognitive Science 2008, 12:273-280.
86. Jäncke L., Loose R., Lutz K., Specht K., Shah N.J. Cortical activations during paced finger-tapping applying visual and auditory pacing. Cognitive Brain Research 2000, 10:51-66.
87. Jantzen K.J., Steinberg F.L., Kelso J.A. Brain networks underlying human timing behavior are influenced by prior context. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:6815-6820.
88. Jantzen K.J., Steinberg F.L., Jelso J.A. Functional MRI reveals the existence of modality and coordination-dependent timing networks. Neuroimage 2005, 25:1031-1042.
89. Jantzen K.J., Oullier O., Marshall M., Steinberg F.L., Kelso J.A. A parametric fMRI investigation of context effects in sensorimotor timing and coordination. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:673-684.
90. Jech R., Dusek P., Wackermann J., Vymazal J. Cumulative blood oxygenation-level-dependent signal changes support the 'time accumulator' hypothesis. Neuroreport 2005, 16:1467-1471.
91. Jones C.R.G., Rosenkranz K., Rothwell J.C., Jahanshahi M. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is essential in time reproduction: An investigation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Experimental Brain Research 2004, 158:366-372.
92. Jueptner M., Rijntjes M., Weiller C., Faiss J.H., Timmann D., Mueller S.P., Diener H.C. Localization of a cerebellar timing process using PET. Neurology 1995, 45:1540-1545.
93. Kable J.W., Glimcher P.W. The neurobiology of decision: Consensus and controversy. Neuron 2009, 63:733-745.
94. Kawashima R., Okuda J., Umetsu A., Sugiura M., Inoue K., Suzuki K., Tabuchi M., Tsukiura T., Narayan S.L., Nagasaka T., Yanagawa I., Fujii T., Takahashi S., Fukuda H., Yamadori A. Human cerebellum plays an important role in memory-timed finger movement: An fMRI study. Journal of Neurophysiology 2000, 83:1079-1087.
95. Kerns K.A., McInerney R.J., Wilde N.J. Time reproduction, working memory, and behavioral inhibition in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology 2001, 7:21-31.
96. Korostenskaja M., Kičić D., Kähkönen S. The effect of methylphenidate on auditory information processing in healthy volunteers: A combined EEG/MEG study. Psychopharmacology 2008, 197:475-486.
97. Kuntsi J., Oosterlaan J., Stevenson J. Psychological mechanisms in hyperactivity: I. Response inhibition deficit, working memory impairment, delay aversion, or something?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2001, 42:199-210.
98. Kuntsi J., Eley T.C., Taylor A., Hughes C., Asherson P., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E. Co-occurrence of ADHD and low IQ has genetic origins. American Journal of Medical Genetics 2004, 124B:41-47.
99. Lawrence N.S., Ross T.J., Hoffmann R., Garavan H., Stein E.A. Multiple neuronal networks mediate sustained attention. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2003, 15:1028-1038.
100. Lawrence N.S., Jollant F., O'Daly O., Zelaya F., Phillips M.L. Distinct roles of prefrontal cortical subregions in the Iowa gambling task. Cerebral Cortex 2009, 19:1134-1143.
101. Lejeune H., Maquet P., Bonnet M., Casini L., Ferrara A., Macar F., Pouthas V., Timsit-Berthier M., Vidal F. The basic pattern of activation in motor and sensory temporal tasks: Positron emission tomography data. Neuroscience Letters 1997, 235:21-24.
102. Lewis P.A., Miall R.C. Brain activity during non-automatic motor production of discrete multi-second intervals. Neuroreport 2002, 13:1731-1735.
103. Lewis P.A., Miall R.C. Brain activation patterns during measurement of sub- and supra-second intervals. Neuropsychologia 2003, 41:1583-1592.
104. Lewis P.A., Miall R.C. Distinct systems for automatic and cognitively controlled time measurement: Evidence from neuroimaging. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2003, 13:1-6.
105. Lewis P.A., Wing A.M., Pope P.A., Praamstra P., Miall R.C. Brain activity correlates differentially with increasing temporal complexity of rhythms during initialisation, synchronisation, and continuation phases of paced finger tapping. Neuropsychologia 2004, 42:1301-1312.
106. Lewis P.A., Miall R.C. A right hemispheric prefrontal system for cognitive time measurement. Behavioural Processes 2006, 71:226-234.
107. Liberman A., Harris K.S., Eimas P., Lisker L., Bastian J. An effect of learning on speech perception: The discrimination of durations of silence with and without phonemic significance. Language and Speech 1961, 4:175-195.
108. Livesey A.C., Wall M.B., Smith A.T. Time perception: Manipulation of task difficulty dissociates clock functions from other cognitive demands. Neuropsychologia 2007, 45:321-331.
109. Macar F., Lejeune H., Bonnet M., Ferrara A., Pouthas V., Vidal F., Maquet P. Activation of the supplementary motor area and of attentional networks during temporal processing. Experimental Brain Research 2002, 142:475-485.
110. Macar F., Anton J.L., Bonnet M., Vidal F. Timing functions of the supplementary motor area: An event-related fMRI study. Cognitive Brain Research 2004, 21:206-215.
111. Marco R., Miranda A., Schlotz W., Melia A., Mulligan A., Müller U., Andreou P., Butler L., Christiansen H., Gabriels I., Medad S., Albrecht B., Uebel H., Asherson P., Banaschewski T., Gill M., Kuntsi J., Mulas F., Oades R., Roeyers H., Steinhausen H.-C., Rothenberger A., Faraone S.V., Sonuga-Barke E.J.S. Delay and reward choice in ADHD: An experimental test of the role of delay aversion. Neuropsychology 2009, 23:367-380.
112. Marklund P., Fransson P., Cabeza R., Petersson K.M., Ingvar M., Nyberg L. Sustained and transient neural modulations in prefrontal cortex related to declarative long-term memory, working memory, and attention. Cortex 2007, 43:22-37.
113. Maquet P., Lejeune H., Pouthas V., Bonnet M., Casini L., Macar F., Timsit-Berthier M., Vidal F., Ferrara A., Degueldre C., Quaglia L., Delfiore G., Luxen A., Woods R., Mazziotta J.C., Comar D. Brain activation induced by estimation of duration: A PET study. NeuroImage 1996, 3:119-126.
114. Marx I., Hubner T., Herpertz S.C., Berger C., Reuter E., Kircher T., Herpertz-Dahlmann B., Konrad K. Cross-sectional evaluation of cognitive functioning in children, adolescents and young adults with ADHD. Journal of Neural Transmission 2010, 117:403-419.
115. Matell M.S., Meck W.H. Cortico-striatal circuits and interval timing: Coincidence detection of oscillatory processes. Cognitive Brain Research 2004, 21:139-170.
116. Mayville J.M., Jantzen K.J., Fuchs A., Steinberg F.L., Kelso J.A. Cortical and subcortical networks underlying syncopated and synchronized coordination revealed using fMRI. Human Brain Mapping 2002, 17:214-229.
117. McAuley J., Riess-Jones M., Holub S., Johnston H.M., Miller N.S. The time of our lives: Life span development of timing and event tracking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2006, 135:348-367.
118. McClure S.M., Laibson D.I., Loewenstein G., Cohen J.D. Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science 2004, 306:503-507.
119. McClure S.M., Ericson K.M., Laibson D.I., Loewenstein G., Cohen J.D. Time discounting for primary rewards. The Journal of Neuroscience 2007, 23:5796-5804.
120. McGee R., Brodeur D., Symons D., Andrade B., Fahie C. Time processing: Does it distinguish ADHD and RD children in a clinical sample?. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2004, 32:481-490.
121. McInerney R.J., Kerns K.A. Time reproduction in children with ADHD: Motivation matters. Child Neuropsychology 2003, 9:91-108.
122. Meaux J.B., Chelonis J.J. Time perception differences in children with and without ADHD. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 2003, 17:64-71.
123. Meck W.H. Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception. Cognitive Brain Research 1996, 3:227-242.
124. Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. Anatomical evidence for cerebellar and basal ganglia involvement in higher cognitive function. Science 1994, 266:458-461.
125. Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: Motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Research Reviews 2000, 31:236-250.
126. Moeller F.G., Barratt E.S., Dougherty D.M., Schmitz J.M., Swann A.C. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. American Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 158:1783-1793.
127. Mostofsky S.H., Rimrodt S.L., Schafer J.G.B., Boyce A., Goldberg M.C., Pekar J.J., Denckla M.B. A typical motor and sensory cortex activation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of simple sequential finger tapping. Biological Psychiatry 2006, 59:487-494.
128. Mullins C., Bellgrove M.A., Gill M., Robertson I. Variability in time reproduction: Difference in ADHD combined and inattentive subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005, 44:169-176.
129. Näätänen R., Syssoeva O., Takegata R. Automatic time perception in the human brain for intervals ranging from milliseconds to seconds. Psychophysiology 2004, 41:660-663.
130. Nenadic I., Gaser C., Volz H.-P., Rammsayer T., Hger F., Sauer H. Processing of temporal information and the basal ganglia: New evidence from fMRI. Experimental Brain Research 2003, 148:238-246.
131. Nakao T., Radua C., Rubia K., Mataix-Cols D. Gray matter volume abnormalities in ADHD and the effects of stimulant medication: Voxel-based meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 2011, 168:1154-1163.
132. Opitz B., Rinne T., Mecklinger A., Cramon D.Y., Schröger E. Differential contribution of frontal and temporal cortices to auditory change detection: fMRI and ERP results. NeuroImage 2002, 15:167-174.
133. Oullier O., Jantzen K.J., Steinberg F.L., Kelso J.A. Neural substrates of real and imagined sensorimotor coordination. Cerebral Cortex 2005, 15:975-985.
134. Pedersen C.B., Mirz F., Ovesen T., Ishizu K., Johannsen P., Madsen S., Gjedde A. Cortical centres underlying auditory temporal processing in humans: A PET study. Audiology 2000, 39:30-37.
135. Penhune V.B., Zatorre R.J., Evans A.C. Cerebellar contributions to motor timing: A PET study of auditory and visual rhythm reproduction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1998, 10:752-765.
136. Peters J., Buechel C. Overlapping and distinct neural systems code for subjective value during intertemporal and risky decision making. Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29:15727-15734.
137. Peters J., Buechel C. The neural mechanisms of inter-temporal decision-making: Understanding variability. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2011, 15:227-239.
138. Pitcher T.M., Piek J.P., Barrett N.C. Timing and force control in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Subtype differences and the effect of comorbid developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science 2002, 21:919-945.
139. Plichta M.M., Vasic N., Wolf R.C., Lesch K.-P., Brummer D., Jacob C., Fallgatter A.J., Grön G. Neural hyporesponsiveness and hyperresponsiveness during immediate and delayed reward processing in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2009, 65:7-14.
140. Plummer C., Humphrey N. Time perception in children with ADHD: The effects of task modality and duration. Child Neuropsychology 2009, 15:147-162.
141. Poeppel E. Time perception. Handbook of sensory physiology 1978, vol VIII:713-729. Springer.
142. Polanczyk G., de Lima M.S., Horta B.L., Biederman J., Rohde L.A. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 2007, 164:942-948.
143. Posner M.I., Petersen S.E. The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1990, 13:25-42.
144. Pouthas V., Garnero L., Ferrandez A.M., Renault B. ERPs and PET analysis of time perception: Spatial and temporal brain mapping during visual discrimination tasks. Human Brain Mapping 2000, 10:49-60.
145. Pouthas V., Perbal S. Time perception depends on accurate clock mechanisms as well as unimpaired attention and memory processes. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 2004, 64:367-385.
146. Provasi J., Rattat A.-C., Droit-Volet S. Temporal bisection in 4-month-old infants. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2011, 37:108-113.
147. Radonovich K.J., Mostofsky S.H. Duration judgments in children with ADHD suggest deficient utilization of temporal information rather than general impairment in timing. Child Neuropsychology 2004, 10:162-172.
148. Rammsayer T.H. On dopaminergic modulation of temporal information-processing. Biological Psychology 1993, 36:209-222.
149. Rao S.M., Harrington D.L., Haaland K.Y., Bobholz J.A., Cox R.W., Binder J.R. Distributed neural systems underlying the timing of movements. Journal of Neuroscience 1997, 17:5528-5535.
150. Rao S.M., Mayer A.R., Harrington D.L. The evolution of brain activation during temporal processing. Nature Neuroscience 2001, 4:317-323.
151. Rapport M.D., Tucker S.B., DuPaul G.J., Merlo M., Stoner G. Hyperactivity and frustration: The influence of control over and size of rewards in delaying gratification. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1986, 14:191-204.
152. Repp B.H. Detectability of duration and intensity increments in melody tones: A partial connection between music perception and performance. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics 1995, 57:1217-1232.
153. Reutimann J., Yakovlev V., Fusi S., Senn W. Climbing neuronal activity as an event-based cortical representation of time. Journal of Neuroscience 2004, 24:3295-3303.
154. Richards J.B., Mitchell S.H., de Wit H., Seiden L.S. Determination of discount functions in rats with an adjusting-amount procedure. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 1997, 67:353-366.
155. Richards J.B., Zhang L., Mitchell S.H., de Wit H. Delay or probability discounting in a model of impulsive behavior: Effect of alcohol. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 1999, 71:121-143.
156. Riecker A., Wildgruber D., Mathiak K., Grodd W., Ackermann H. Parametric analysis of rate-dependent hemodynamic response functions of cortical and subcortical brain structures during auditorily cued finger tapping: A fMRI study. Neuroimage 2003, 18:731-739.
157. Rommelse N.N., Oosterlaan J., Buitelaar J., Faraone S.V., Sergeant J.A. Time reproduction in children with ADHD and their nonaffected siblings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007, 46:582-590.
158. Rommelse N.N.J., Altink M.E., Oosterlaan J., Beem J., Buschgens C.J.M., Buitelaar J., Sergeant J.A. Speed, variability, and timing of motor output in ADHD: Which measures are useful for endophenotypic research?. Behavior Genetics 2008, 38:121-132.
159. Rozek F., Wessman A.E., Gorman B.S. Temporal span and delay of gratification as a function of age and cognitive development. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 1977, 131:37-40.
160. Rubia K. The dynamic approach to neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders: Use of fMRI combined with neuropsychology to elucidate the dynamics of psychiatric disorders, exemplified in ADHD and schizophrenia. Behavioral Brain Research 2002, 130:47-56.
161. Rubia K. The neural correlates of timing functions. Timing the future: The case for a time-based prospective memory 2006, 213-238. World Scientific Publishing, Hackensack, NJ. J. Glicksohn, M.S. Myslobodsky (Eds.).
162. Rubia K. "Cool" inferior fronto-striatal dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) versus "hot" ventromedial orbitofronto-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: A review. Biological Psychiatry 2011, 69:e69-e87.
163. Rubia K., Schuri U.v., Cramon I., Poeppel E. Time estimation as a neuronal network property: A lesion study. NeuroReport 1997, 8:1273-1276.
164. Rubia K., Overmeyer S., Taylor E., Brammer M., Williams S., Simmons A., Andrew C., Bullmore E.T. Prefrontal involvement in "temporal bridging" and timing movement. Neuropsychologia 1998, 36(12):1283-1293.
165. Rubia K., Taylor A., Taylor E., Sergeant J.A. Synchronization, anticipation and consistency of motor timing in dimensionally defined children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1999, 89:1237-1258.
166. Rubia K., Overmeyer S., Taylor E., Brammer M., Williams S.C.R., Simmons A., Bullmore E.T. Hypofrontality in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during higher-order motor control: A study with functional MRI. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999, 156:891-896.
167. Rubia K., Overmeyer S., Taylor E., Brammer M., Williams S.C.R., Simmons A., Andrew C., Bullmore E.T. Functional frontalisation with age: Mapping neurodevelopmental trajectories with fMRI. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2000, 24:13-19.
168. Rubia K., Taylor E., Smith A.B., Oksannen H., Overmeyer S., Newman S. Neuropsychological analyses of impulsiveness in childhood hyperactivity. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2001, 179:138-143.
169. Rubia K., Noorloos J., Smith A., Gunning B., Sergeant J. Motor timing deficits in community and clinical boys with hyperactive behavior: The effect of methylphenidate on motor timing. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2003, 31:301-313.
170. Rubia K., Smith A. The neural correlates of cognitive time management: A review. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 2004, 64:329-340.
171. Rubia K., Smith A.B., Brammer M.J., Brian Toone B., Taylor E. Medication-naïve adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder show abnormal brain activation during inhibition and error detection. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:1067-1075.
172. Rubia K., Smith A., Taylor E. Performance of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) on a test battery of impulsiveness. Child Neuropsychology 2007, 13:276-304.
173. Rubia K., Halari R., Smith A.B., Mohammad M., Scott S., Giampietro V., Taylor E., Brammer M.J. Dissociated functional brain abnormalities of inhibition in boys with pure conduct disorder and in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008, 165:889-897.
174. Rubia K., Halari R., Christakou A., Taylor E. Impulsiveness as a timing disturbance: Neurocognitive abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during temporal processes and normalization with methylphenidate. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2009, 364:1919-1931.
175. Rubia K., Halari R., Cubillo A., Mohammad M., Taylor E. Methylphenidate normalises activation and functional connectivity deficits in attention and motivation networks in medication-naïve children with ADHD during a rewarded continuous performance task. Neuropharmacology 2009, 57:640-652.
176. Rubia K., Smith A.B., Halari R., Matsukura F. Disorder-specific dissociation of orbitofrontal dysfunction in boys with pure conduct disorder during reward and ventrolateral prefrontal dysfunction in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during sustained attention. American Journal of Psychiatry 2009, 166:83-94.
177. Rubia K., Halari R., Cubillo A., Mohammad A.-M., Brammer M., Taylor E. Methylphenidate normalises fronto-striatal underactivation during interference inhibition in medication-naive boys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36(8):1575-1586.
178. Rubia K., Halari R., Taylor E., Brammer M. Methylphenidate normalises fronto-cingulate underactivation during error processing in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2011, 70(3):255-262.
179. Sagvolden T., Aase H., Zeiner P., Berger D. Altered reinforcement mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behavioural Brain Research 1998, 94:61-71.
180. Sandrini M., Rossini P.M., Miniussi C. The differential involvement of inferior parietal lobule in number comparison: An rTMS study. Neuropsychologia 2004, 42:1902-1909.
181. Scheres A., Dijkstra M., Ainslie E., Balkan J., Reynolds B., Sonuga-Barke E., Castellanos F.X. Temporal and probabilistic discounting of rewards in children and adolescents: Effects of age and ADHD symptoms. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44:2092-2103.
182. Scheres A., Milham M.P., Knutson B., Castellanos F.X. Ventral striatal hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2007, 61:720-724.
183. Scheres A., Tontsch C., Thoeny A.L., Kaczkurkin A. Temporal reward discounting in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The contribution of symptom domains, reward magnitude, and session length. Biological Psychiatry 2010, 67:641-648.
184. Schwartze M., Rothermich K., Kotz S.A. Functional dissociation of pre-SMA and SMA-proper in temporal processing. NeuroImage 2012, 60:290-298.
185. Schweitzer J.B., Sulzer-Azaroff B. Self-control in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Effects of added stimulation and time. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1995, 36:671-686.
186. Sellitto M., Ciaramelli E., di Pellegrino G. Myopic discounting of future rewards after medial orbitofrontal damage in humans. Journal of Neuroscience 2010, 30:16429-16436.
187. ® training on children with ADHD. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2001, 55:155-162.
188. Shergill S.S., Tracy D.K., Seal M., Rubia K., McGuire P. Timing of covert articulation: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 2006, 44:2573-2577.
189. Shiels K., Hawk L.W., Reynolds B., Mazzullo R.J., Rhodes J.D., Pelham W.E., Waxmonsky J.G., Gangloff B.P. Effects of methylphenidate on discounting of delayed rewards in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2009, 17:291-301.
190. Shih L.Y., Kuo W.J., Yeh T.C., Tzeng O.J., Hsieh J.C. Common neural mechanisms for explicit timing in the sub-second range. Neuroreport 2009, 20:897-901.
191. Siegler R.S., Richards D.D. Development of time, speed, and distance concepts. Developmental Psychology 1979, 15:288-298.
192. Smith A., Taylor E., Rogers J.W., Newman S., Rubia K. Evidence for a pure time processing deficit in children with ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2002, 43:529-542.
193. Smith A., Taylor E., Lidzba K., Rubia K. A right hemispheric frontocerebellar network for time discrimination of several hundreds of milliseconds. Neuroimage 2003, 20:344-350.
194. Smith A.B., Taylor E., Brammer M., Toone B., Rubia K. Task-specific hypoactivation in prefrontal and temporoparietal brain regions during motor inhibition and task switching in medication-naive children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006, 163:1044-1051.
195. Smith A.B., Taylor E., Brammer M., Halari R., Rubia K. Reduced activation in right lateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus in medication-naive adoles-cents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during time discrimination. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2008, 49:977-985.
196. Smith A.B., Giampietro V., Brammer M., Halari R., Simmons A., Rubia K. Functional development of fronto-striato-parietal networks associated with time perception. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2011, 5:136. 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00136.
197. Smith, A., Cubillo, A., Barrett, N., Giampietro, V., Simmons, A., Brammer, M., & Rubia, K., Differential neurofunctional effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during time perception. Biological Psychiatry, in press.
198. Solanto M.V., Abikoff H., Sonuga-Barke E., Schachar R., Logan G., Wigal T., Hechtman L., Hinshaw S., Turkel E. The ecological validity of delay aversion and response inhibition as measures of impulsivity in AD/HD: A supplement to the NIMH multi-modal treatment study of AD/HD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2001, 29:215-228.
199. Solanto M.V., Gilbert S.N., Raj A., Zhu J., Pope-Boyd S., Stepak B., Vail L., Newcorn J.H. Neurocognitive functioning in AD/HD, predominantly inattentive and combined subtypes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2007, 35:729-744.
200. Solanto M.V., Marks D.J., Mitchell K.J., Wasserstein J., Kofman M.D. Development of a new psychosocial treatment for adult ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2008, 11:728-736.
201. Solanto M.V., Marks D.J., Wasserstein J., Mitchell K., Abikoff H., Alvir J.M., Kofman M.D. Efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry 2010, 167:958-968.
202. Sonuga-Barke E.J.S., Taylor E., Sembi S., Smith J. Hyperactivity and delay aversion-I. The effect of delay on choice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1992, 33:387-398.
203. Sonuga-Barke E.J.S., Saxton T., Hall M. The role of interval underestimation in hyperactive children's failure to suppress responses over time. Behavioural Brain Research 1998, 94:45-50.
204. Sonuga-Barke E.J.S., Castellanos F.X. Spontaneous attentional fluctuations in impaired states and pathological conditions: A neurobiological hypothesis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2007, 31:977-986.
205. Stanford M.S., Barratt E.S. Verbal skills, finger tapping, and cognitive tempo define a second-order factor of temporal information processing. Brain and Cognition 1996, 31:35-45.
206. Steinberg L., Graham S., O'Brien L., Woolard J., Cauffman E., Banich M.T. Age differences in future orientation and delay discounting. Child Development 2009, 80:28-44.
207. Stevens M.C., Kiehl K.A., Pearlson G., Calhoun V.D. Functional neural circuits for mental time keeping. Human Brain Mapping 2007, 28:394-408.
208. Stolarski M., Bitner J., Zimbardo P.G. Time perspective, emotional intelligence and discounting of delayed awards. Time and Society 2011, 20:346-363.
209. Stoodley C.J., Valera E.M., Schmahmann J.D. Functional topography of the cerebellum for motor and cognitive tasks: An fMRI study. NeuroImage 2012, 59:1560-1570.
210. Stroehle A., Stoy M., Wrase J., Schwarzer S., Schlagenhauf F., Huss M., Hein J., Nedderhut A., Neumann B., Gregor A., Juckel G., Knutson B., Lehmkuhl U., Bauer M., Heinz A. Reward anticipation and outcomes in adult males with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage 2008, 39:966-972.
211. Stuss D.T., Alexander M.P. Executive functions and the frontal lobes: A conceptual view. Psychological Research 2000, 63:289-298.
212. Tanaka S.C., Doya K., Okada G., Ueda K., Okamoto Y., Yamawaki S. Prediction of immediate and future rewards differentially recruits cortico-basal ganglia loops. Nature Neuroscience 2004, 7:887-893.
213. Tanaka S.C., Schweighofer N., Asahi S., Shishida K., Okamoto Y., Yamawaki S., Doya K. Serotonin differentially regulates short- and long-term prediction of rewards in the ventral and dorsal striatum. PLoS One 2007, 2:1333. 10.1371/journal.pone.0001333.
214. Teki S., Grube M., Kumar S., Griffiths T.D. Distinct neural substrates of duration-based and beat-based auditory timing. The Journal of Neuroscience 2011, 31:3805-3812.
215. Teuscher U., Mitchell S.H. Relation between time perspective and delay discounting: A literature review. The Psychological Record 2011, 61:613-632.
216. Tiffin-Richards M.C., Hasselhorn M., Richards M.L., Banaschewski T., Rothenberger A. Time reproduction in finger tapping tasks by children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or dyslexia. Dyslexia 2004, 10:299-315.
217. Toplak M.E., Rucklidge J.J., Hetherington R., John S.C.F., Tannock R. Time perception deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid reading difficulties in child and adolescent samples. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2003, 44:888-903.
218. Toplak M.E., Tannock R. Time perception: Modality and duration effects in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2005, 33:639-654.
219. Toplak M.E., Tannock R. Tapping and anticipation performance in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2005, 100:659-675.
220. Toplak M.E., Jain U., Tannock R. Executive and motivational processes in adolescents with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behavioral and Brain Function 2005, 1:8. 10.1186/1744-9081-1-8.
221. Toplak M.E., Dockstader C., Tannock R. Temporal information processing in ADHD: Findings to date and new methods. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 2006, 151:15-29.
222. Tracy J.I., Faro S.H., Mohamed F.B., Pinsk M., Pinus A. Functional localization of a "time keeper" function separate from attentional resources and task strategy. Neuroimage 2000, 11:228-242.
223. Tregellas J.R., Davalos D.B., Rojas D.C. Effect of task difficulty on the functional anatomy of temporal processing. Neuroimage 2006, 32:307-315.
224. Tripp G., Alsop B. Sensitivity to reward delay in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2001, 42:691-698.
225. Valera E.M., Faraone S.V., Murray K.E., Seidman L.J. Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2007, 61:1361-1369.
226. Valera E.M., Spencer R.M.C., Zeffiro T.A., Makris N., Spencer T.J., Faraone S.V., Biederman J., Seidman L.J. Neural substrates of impaired sensorimotor timing in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2010, 68:359-367.
227. Valko L., Schneider G., Doehnert M., Müller U., Brandeis D., Steinhausen H.-C., Drechsler R. Time processing in children and adults with ADHD. Journal of Neural Transmission 2010, 117:1213-1228.
228. Vloet T.D., Gilsbach S., Neufang S., Fink G.R., Herpertz-Dahlmann B., Konrad K. Neural mechanisms of interference control and time discrimination in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2010, 49:356-367.
229. Walsh V. A theory of magnitude: Common cortical metrics of time, space and quantity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2003, 7:483-488.
230. Wearden J.H. Applying the scalar timing model to human time psychology: Progress and challenges. Time and mind II: Information processing perspectives 2003, 21-39. Hogrefe & Huber, Gottingen, Germany. E. Helfrich (Ed.).
231. Wearden J.H., Wearden A.J., Rabbitt P.M.A. Age and IQ effects on stimulus and response timing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1997, 23:962-979.
232. Wearden J.H., Bray S. Scalar timing without reference memory? Episodic temporal generalization and bisection in humans. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2001, 54 B:289-309.
233. Wearden J.H., Lejeune H. Scalar properties in human timing: Conformity and violations. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2008, 61:569-587.
234. West J., Douglas G., Houghton S., Lawrence V., Whiting K., Glasgow K. Time processing in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder according to time duration, distraction and mode of presentation. Child Neuropsychology 2000, 6:241-250.
235. Westerberg H., Hirvikoski T., Forssberg H., Klingberg T. Visuo-spatial working memory span: A sensitive measure of cognitive deficits in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology 2004, 10:155-161.
236. Wiener M., Turkeltaub P., Coslett H.B. The image of time: A voxel-wise meta-analysis. Neuroimage 2010, 49:1728-1740.
237. Willcutt E.G., Doyle A.E., Nigg J.T., Faraone S.V., Pennington B.F. Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry 2005, 57:1336-1346.
238. Wittmann M., Fink M. Time and language-critical remarks on diagnosis and training methods of temporal-order judgement. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 2004, 64:341-348.
239. Wittmann M., Leland D.S., Paulus M.P. Time and decision making: Differential contribution of the posterior insular cortex and the striatum during a delay discounting task. Experimental Brain Research 2007, 179:643-653.
240. Wittmann M., Paulus M.P. Decision making, impulsivity, and time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2008, 12:7-12.
241. Wittmann M., Simmons A.N., Aron J.L., Paulus M.P. Accumulation of neural activity in the posterior insula encodes the passage of time. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48:3110-3120.
242. Yang B., Chan R.C.K., Zou X., Jing J., Mai J., Li J. Time perception deficit in children with ADHD. Brain Research 2007, 1170:90-96.
243. Zelaznik H.N., Vaughn A.J., Green J.T., Smith A.L., Hoza B., Linnea K. Motor timing deficits in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Human Movement Science 2012, 31:255-265.