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Tracy J.I., Faro S.H., Mohamed F.B., Pinsk M., Pinus A. Functional localization of a 'Time Keeper' function separate from attentional resources and task strategy. Neuroimage. 11:2000;228-242.
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Parsons L.M. Exploring the functional neuroanatomy of music performance, perception, and comprehension. Ann. NY Acad Sci. 930:2001;211-231.
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The authors describe an fMRI study of schizophrenic patients and healthy controls in an auditory time estimation task, with pitch discrimination as a control. However, we exclude it from Figure 1 because only the schizophrenic versus control group data are reported.
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Volz H., Nenadic I., Gaser C., Rammsayer T., Hager F., Sauer H. Time estimation in schizophrenia: an fMRI study at adjusted levels of difficulty. Neuroreport. 12:2001;313-316 The authors describe an fMRI study of schizophrenic patients and healthy controls in an auditory time estimation task, with pitch discrimination as a control. However, we exclude it from Figure 1 because only the schizophrenic versus control group data are reported.
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Changes in the human brain during rhythm learning
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The authors report a PET study of complex rhythm learning, paced by visual cues, compared to a random interval control condition. There were learning-related increases in the cerebellum, intraparietal and medial parietal cortex, pre-SMA, and lateral premotor cortex. Learning-related decreases were found in the prestriate and inferior temporal cortex. However, we exclude it from Figure 1 because the reported activities are associated with learning rather than timing.
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Ramnani N., Passingham R.E. Changes in the human brain during rhythm learning. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 13:2001;952-966 The authors report a PET study of complex rhythm learning, paced by visual cues, compared to a random interval control condition. There were learning-related increases in the cerebellum, intraparietal and medial parietal cortex, pre-SMA, and lateral premotor cortex. Learning-related decreases were found in the prestriate and inferior temporal cortex. However, we exclude it from Figure 1 because the reported activities are associated with learning rather than timing.
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Dynamic cortical and subcortical networks in learning and delayed recall of timed motor sequences
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The authors used PET to examine learning and retention of timed motor sequences across five days of practice. They suggest that during early learning cerebellar mechanisms are involved to produce accurate motor output; during late learning, the basal ganglia may be involved in automatisation. At recall, there is distributed activity in M1, premotor, and parietal cortex. However, we exclude it from Figure 1 as the results relate to learning and retention rather than to rhythm production.
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Penhune V.B., Doyon J. Dynamic cortical and subcortical networks in learning and delayed recall of timed motor sequences. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;1397-1406 The authors used PET to examine learning and retention of timed motor sequences across five days of practice. They suggest that during early learning cerebellar mechanisms are involved to produce accurate motor output; during late learning, the basal ganglia may be involved in automatisation. At recall, there is distributed activity in M1, premotor, and parietal cortex. However, we exclude it from Figure 1 as the results relate to learning and retention rather than to rhythm production.
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Cortical areas and the control of self-determined finger movements: An fMRI study
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Schubert T., Von Cramon D.Y., Niendorf T., Pollmann S., Bublak P. Cortical areas and the control of self-determined finger movements: an fMRI study. Neuroreport. 9:1998;3171-3176.
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