메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue JUL, 2012, Pages

Basic research in HIV vaccinology is hampered by reductionist thinking

Author keywords

Antibody affinity maturation; Antibody polyspecificity; Discontinuous protein epitopes; Hiv vaccines; Rational vaccine design; Reductionism; Reverse vaccinology; Systems biology

Indexed keywords


EID: 84871403286     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16643224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00194     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (46)

References (245)
  • 1
    • 0742272503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A., systems approach to dissecting immunity and, inflammation
    • A systems approach to dissecting immunity and inflammation. Semin. Immunol. 16,55-67.
    • Semin., Immunol. , vol.16 , pp. 55-67
  • 2
    • 80051558293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative assessment of masking of neutraliza-tion epitopes in HIV-1
    • Agarwal, A., Hioe, C. E., Swet-nam, J., Zolla-Pazner, S., and Cardozo, T. (2011). Quantitative assessment of masking of neutraliza-tion epitopes in HIV-1. Vaccine 29, 6736-6741.
    • (2011) Vaccine , vol.29 , pp. 6736-6741
    • Agarwal, A.1    Hioe, C.E.2    Swet-nam, J.3    Zolla-Pazner, S.4    Cardozo, T.5
  • 4
    • 0035136438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioinformatics and discovery: induction beckons again
    • Allen, J. F. (2001). Bioinformatics and discovery: induction beckons again. Bioessays 23, 104-107.
    • (2001) Bioessays , vol.23 , pp. 104-107
    • Allen, J.F.1
  • 5
    • 0020341117 scopus 로고
    • Mon-oclonal antibodies as probes of the antigenic structure of tobaccomosaic virus
    • Al Moudallal, Z., Briand, J. P., and Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (1982). Mon-oclonal antibodies as probes of the antigenic structure of tobaccomosaic virus. EMBO J. 1, 1005-1010.
    • (1982) EMBO J , vol.1 , pp. 1005-1010
    • Al Moudallal, Z.1    Briand, J.P.2    Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.3
  • 6
    • 0032146301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-based drug design
    • Amzel, L. M. (1998). Structure-based drug design. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9,366-369.
    • (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. , vol.9 , pp. 366-369
    • Amzel, L.M.1
  • 7
    • 0025868277 scopus 로고
    • Molec-ular characterization of five human anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody heavy chains reveals extensive somatic mutation typical of an antigen-driven immune response
    • Andris, J. S., Johnson, S., Zolla-Pazner, S., and Capra, J. D. (1991). Molec-ular characterization of five human anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody heavy chains reveals extensive somatic mutation typical of an antigen-driven immune response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 7783-7787.
    • (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.88 , pp. 7783-7787
    • Andris, J.S.1    Johnson, S.2    Zolla-Pazner, S.3    Capra, J.D.4
  • 11
    • 0005460913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding sci-ence: why causes are not enough
    • Berger, R. (1998). Understanding sci-ence: why causes are not enough. Philos. Sci. 65,306-332.
    • (1998) Philos. Sci. , vol.65 , pp. 306-332
    • Berger, R.1
  • 12
    • 0017875183 scopus 로고
    • Dual binding specificities in MOPC 384 and 870 murine myeloma immunoglobulins
    • Bhattacharjee, A. K., and Glaude-mans, C. P. (1978). Dual binding specificities in MOPC 384 and 870 murine myeloma immunoglobulins. J. Immunol. 120,411-413.
    • (1978) J. Immunol. , vol.120 , pp. 411-413
    • Bhattacharjee, A.K.1    Glaude-mans, C.P.2
  • 13
    • 0025347742 scopus 로고
    • Complementarity of peptides specified by "sense" and "antisense" strands of DNA
    • Blalok, J. (1990). Complementarity of peptides specified by "sense" and "antisense" strands of DNA. Trends Biotechnol. 8, 140-144.
    • (1990) Trends Biotechnol , vol.8 , pp. 140-144
    • Blalok, J.1
  • 15
    • 0035432947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular recognition by induced fit: how fit is the concept?
    • Bosshard, H. R. (2001). Molecular recognition by induced fit: how fit is the concept? News Physiol. Sci. 16, 171-173.
    • (2001) News Physiol. Sci. , vol.16 , pp. 171-173
    • Bosshard, H.R.1
  • 16
    • 84892570630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of What Genes Can't Do by Lenny Moss. A BradfordBook.TheMITPress,Cam-bridge
    • Bradie, M. (2003). Review of What Genes Can't Do by Lenny Moss. A BradfordBook.TheMITPress,Cam-bridge, MA. Hum. Nat. Rev.3, 317-320.
    • (2003) MA. Hum. Nat. Rev , vol.3 , pp. 317-320
    • Bradie, M.1
  • 17
    • 27344445179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rational design of vaccines
    • Bramwell, V. W., and Perrie, Y. (2005). The rational design of vaccines. Drug Discov. Today 10, 1527-1534.
    • (2005) Drug Discov. Today , vol.10 , pp. 1527-1534
    • Bramwell, V.W.1    Perrie, Y.2
  • 19
    • 0028028425 scopus 로고
    • Antigenic implications of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope quaternary struc-ture: oligomer-specific and -sensitive monoclonal antibodies
    • Broder, C. C., Earl, P. L., Long, D., Abedon, S. T., Moss, B., and Doms, R. W. (1994). Antigenic implications of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope quaternary struc-ture: oligomer-specific and -sensitive monoclonal antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 11699-11703.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.91 , pp. 11699-11703
    • Broder, C.C.1    Earl, P.L.2    Long, D.3    Abedon, S.T.4    Moss, B.5    Doms, R.W.6
  • 21
    • 70350714115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural basis of the cross-reactivity of genetically related human anti-HIV-1 monoclonal anti-bodies: implications for design of V3-based immunogens
    • Burke,V.,Williams,C.,Sukumaran,M., Kim,S.S.,Li,H.,Wang,X.H.,Gorny, M. K., Zolla-Pazner, S., and Kong, X. P. (2009). Structural basis of the cross-reactivity of genetically related human anti-HIV-1 monoclonal anti-bodies: implications for design of V3-based immunogens. Structure 17, 1538-1546.
    • (2009) Structure , vol.17 , pp. 1538-1546
    • Burke, V.1    Williams, C.2    Sukumaran, M.3    Kim, S.S.4    Li, H.5    Wang, X.H.6    Gorny, M.K.7    Zolla-Pazner, S.8    Kong, X.P.9
  • 22
    • 0036719574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibodies, viruses and vaccines
    • Burton, D. R. (2002). Antibodies, viruses and vaccines. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2,706-713.
    • (2002) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.2 , pp. 706-713
    • Burton, D.R.1
  • 23
    • 78149277602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaffolding to build a rational vaccine design strat-egy
    • Burton, D. R. (2010). Scaffolding to build a rational vaccine design strat-egy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 17859-17860.
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.107 , pp. 17859-17860
    • Burton, D.R.1
  • 26
    • 2542497597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reductionism: analy-sis and synthesis in biological expla-nations
    • Byerly,H. (2003). Reductionism: analy-sis and synthesis in biological expla-nations. Q. Rev. Biol. 78,336-342.
    • (2003) Q. Rev. Biol. , vol.78 , pp. 336-342
    • Byerly, H.1
  • 29
    • 0030598344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional mapping of con-served residues located at theVL and VH domain interface of a Fab
    • Chatellier, J., Van Regenmortel, M. H. V., Vernet, T., and Altschuh, D. (1996). Functional mapping of con-served residues located at theVL and VH domain interface of a Fab. J. Mol. Biol. 264, 1-6.
    • (1996) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.264 , pp. 1-6
    • Chatellier, J.1    Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.2    Vernet, T.3    Altschuh, D.4
  • 30
    • 65649123444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-activity relationships in peptide-antibody complexes: implications for epitope prediction and development of synthetic peptide vaccines
    • Chen,S.W.,VanRegenmortel,M.H.V., andPellequer,J.-L.(2009).Structure-activity relationships in peptide-antibody complexes: implications for epitope prediction and development of synthetic peptide vaccines. Curr. Med. Chem. 16,953-964.
    • (2009) Curr. Med. Chem. , vol.16 , pp. 953-964
    • Chen, S.W.1    VanRegenmortel, M.H.V.2    Pellequer, J.-L.3
  • 31
    • 84862777880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteriza-tion of germline antibody libraries from human umbilical cord blood and selection of monoclonal anti-bodies to viral envelope glycopro-teins:implicationsformechanismsof immune evasion and design of vac-cine immunogens
    • Chen, W., Streaker, E. D., Russ, D. E., Feng, Y., Prabakaran, P., and Dimitrov, D. (2012). Characteriza-tion of germline antibody libraries from human umbilical cord blood and selection of monoclonal anti-bodies to viral envelope glycopro-teins:implicationsformechanismsof immune evasion and design of vac-cine immunogens. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 417,1164-1169.
    • (2012) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.417 , pp. 1164-1169
    • Chen, W.1    Streaker, E.D.2    Russ, D.E.3    Feng, Y.4    Prabakaran, P.5    Dimitrov, D.6
  • 32
    • 0033809610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification ofgp120 regions targeted by a highly potent neutralizing antiserum elicited in a chimpanzee inoculated with a primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate
    • Cho,M.W.,Lee,M.K.,Chen,C. H., Matthews, T., and Martin, M. A. (2000). Identification ofgp120 regions targeted by a highly potent neutralizing antiserum elicited in a chimpanzee inoculated with a primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate. J. Virol. 74, 9749-9754.
    • (2000) J. Virol. , vol.74 , pp. 9749-9754
    • Cho, M.W.1    Lee, M.K.2    Chen, C.H.3    Matthews, T.4    Martin, M.A.5
  • 34
    • 33750350831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Puttingthe systems back into systems biology
    • Cornish-Bowden,A.(2006).Puttingthe systems back into systems biology. Perspect. Biol. Med. 49, 475-489.
    • (2006) Perspect. Biol. Med. , vol.49 , pp. 475-489
    • Cornish-Bowden, A.1
  • 35
    • 84874200726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systems biology. How far has it come?
    • Cornish-Bowden, A. (2011). Systems biology. How far has it come? Bio-chemist 33, 16-18.
    • (2011) Bio-chemist , vol.33 , pp. 16-18
    • Cornish-Bowden, A.1
  • 39
    • 0027132013 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a structural and a functional epitope
    • Cunningham, B. C., and Wells, J. A. (1993). Comparison of a structural and a functional epitope. J. Mol. Biol. 234,554-563.
    • (1993) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.234 , pp. 554-563
    • Cunningham, B.C.1    Wells, J.A.2
  • 40
    • 77958451546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A decade of vaccines: inte-gratingimmunologyandvaccinology forrationalvaccinedesign
    • D'Argenio, D. A., and Wilson, C. B. (2010). A decade of vaccines: inte-gratingimmunologyandvaccinology forrationalvaccinedesign.Immunity 33, 437-440.
    • (2010) Immunity , vol.33 , pp. 437-440
    • D'Argenio, D.A.1    Wilson, C.B.2
  • 41
    • 0004254633 scopus 로고
    • 2nd Edn. New York: John Wiley and Sons
    • Day, E. D. (1990). Advanced Immuno-chemistry, 2nd Edn. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
    • (1990) Advanced Immuno-chemistry
    • Day, E.D.1
  • 42
    • 70350708165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The history of antiretrovirals: key discoveries over the past 25 years
    • De Clercq, E. (2009). The history of antiretrovirals: key discoveries over the past 25 years. Rev. Med. Virol. 19, 287-299.
    • (2009) Rev. Med. Virol. , vol.19 , pp. 287-299
    • De Clercq, E.1
  • 43
    • 78149356698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apply-ing bioinformatics for antibody epitope prediction using affinity-selected mimotopes -relevance for vaccine design
    • Denisova, G. F., Denisov, D. A., and Bramson, J. L. (2010). Apply-ing bioinformatics for antibody epitope prediction using affinity-selected mimotopes -relevance for vaccine design. Immunome Res. 6(Suppl. 2),S6.
    • (2010) Immunome Res , vol.6 , Issue.SUPPL 2
    • Denisova, G.F.1    Denisov, D.A.2    Bramson, J.L.3
  • 44
    • 34249827906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of human immun-odeficiency virus type 1 monomeric and trimeric gp120 glycoproteins sta-bilized in the CD4-bound state: anti-genicity, biophysics, and immuno-genicity
    • Dey, B., Pancera, M., Svehla, K., Shu, Y., Xiang, S. H., Vainshtein, J., Li, Y., Sodroski, J., Kwong, P. D., Mas-cola, J. R., and Wyatt, R. (2007). Characterization of human immun-odeficiency virus type 1 monomeric andtrimericgp120glycoproteinssta-bilized in the CD4-bound state: anti-genicity, biophysics, and immuno-genicity. J. Virol. 81,5579-5593.
    • (2007) J. Virol. , vol.81 , pp. 5579-5593
    • Dey, B.1    Pancera, M.2    Svehla, K.3    Shu, Y.4    Xiang, S.H.5    Vainshtein, J.6    Li, Y.7    Sodroski, J.8    Kwong, P.D.9    Mas-cola, J.R.10    Wyatt, R.11
  • 46
    • 77953673590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic antibodies, vaccines and antibody-omes
    • Dimitrov, D. S. (2010). Therapeutic antibodies, vaccines and antibody-omes. MAbs 2,347-356.
    • (2010) MAbs , vol.2 , pp. 347-356
    • Dimitrov, D.S.1
  • 48
    • 32944477067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rational design of an AIDS vaccine
    • Douek, D. C., Kwong, P. D., and Nabel, G. J. (2006). The rational design of an AIDS vaccine. Cell 124, 677-681.
    • (2006) Cell , vol.124 , pp. 677-681
    • Douek, D.C.1    Kwong, P.D.2    Nabel, G.J.3
  • 52
    • 78651076742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolving concepts of speci-ficity in immune reactions
    • Eisen, H. N., and Chakraborty, A. K. (2010). Evolving concepts of speci-ficity in immune reactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 22373-22380.
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.107 , pp. 22373-22380
    • Eisen, H.N.1    Chakraborty, A.K.2
  • 53
    • 84857084577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudi-nal analysis of early HIV-1-specific neutralizing activity in an elite neu-tralizer and in five patients who developed cross-reactive neutralizing activity
    • Euler, Z., van den Kerkhof, T. L., van Gils, M. J., Burger, J. A., Edo-Matas, D., Phung, P., Wrin, T., and Schuitemaker, H. (2012). Longitudi-nal analysis of early HIV-1-specific neutralizing activity in an elite neu-tralizer and in five patients who developed cross-reactive neutralizing activity. J. Virol. 86,2045-2055.
    • (2012) J. Virol. , vol.86 , pp. 2045-2055
    • Euler, Z.1    van den Kerkhof, T.L.2    van Gils, M.J.3    Burger, J.A.4    Edo-Matas, D.5    Phung, P.6    Wrin, T.7    Schuitemaker, H.8
  • 54
    • 78651390679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequencing anti-bodyrepertoires,thenextgeneration
    • Fischer, N. (2011). Sequencing anti-bodyrepertoires,thenextgeneration. MAbs 3, 17-20.
    • (2011) MAbs , vol.3 , pp. 17-20
    • Fischer, N.1
  • 56
    • 34547625596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Too complex to comprehend?
    • Gannon, F. (2007). Too complex to comprehend? EMBO Rep. 8,705.
    • (2007) EMBO Rep , vol.8 , pp. 705
    • Gannon, F.1
  • 57
    • 77949479491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • So what do we really mean when we say that systems biology is holistic?
    • doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-22
    • Gatherer, D. (2010). So what do we really mean when we say that systems biology is holistic? BMC Syst. Biol. 4, 22. doi: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-22
    • (2010) BMC Syst Biol , vol.4 , Issue.22
    • Gatherer, D.1
  • 58
    • 0024263266 scopus 로고
    • The chemistry and mechanism of anti-body binding to protein antigens
    • Getzoff, E. D., Tainer, J. A., Lerner, R. A., and Geysen, H. M. (1988). The chemistry and mechanism of anti-body binding to protein antigens. Adv. Immunol. 43,1-98.
    • (1988) Adv. Immunol. , vol.43 , pp. 1-98
    • Getzoff, E.D.1    Tainer, J.A.2    Lerner, R.A.3    Geysen, H.M.4
  • 59
    • 0023953328 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive features of continuous antigenic determinants
    • Geysen,H. M.,Mason,T. J.,and Rodda, S. J. (1988). Cognitive features of continuous antigenic determinants. J. Mol. Recognit. 1,32-41.
    • (1988) J. Mol. Recognit. , vol.1 , pp. 32-41
    • Geysen, H.M.1    Mason, T.J.2    Rodda, S.J.3
  • 60
    • 0004314753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chicago:Universityof ChicagoPress
    • Giere, R. N. (1988). Explaining Science. Chicago:Universityof ChicagoPress. Gigerenzer, G., and Selten, R. (2001). "Rethinking rationality," in Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Tool-box, eds G. Gigerenzer, and R. Selten (Cambridge: MIT Press), 147-171.
    • Explaining Science
    • Giere, R.N.1
  • 61
    • 0008749163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking rationality
    • eds G. Gigerenzer, and R. Selten (Cambridge: MIT Press)
    • Gigerenzer,G.,andSelten,R.(2001). "Rethinking rationality," in Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Tool- box, eds G. Gigerenzer, and R. Selten (Cambridge: MIT Press), 147-171
    • (2001) Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Tool- box , pp. 147-171
    • Gigerenzer, G.1    Selten, R.2
  • 64
    • 39749136530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4E10-resistant variants in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C-infected individ-ualwithananti-membrane-proximal external region-neutralizing anti-body response
    • Gray, E. S., Moore, P. L., Bibollet-Ruche, F., Li, H., Decker, J. M., Meyers, T., Shaw, G. M., and Mor-ris, L. (2008). 4E10-resistant variants in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C-infected individ-ualwithananti-membrane-proximal external region-neutralizing anti-body response. J. Virol. 82, 2367-2375.
    • (2008) J. Virol. , vol.82 , pp. 2367-2375
    • Gray, E.S.1    Moore, P.L.2    Bibollet-Ruche, F.3    Li, H.4    Decker, J.M.5    Meyers, T.6    Shaw, G.M.7    Mor-ris, L.8
  • 65
    • 0032875696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining epitopes: It's not as easy as it seems
    • Greenspan, N. S., and Di Cera, E. (1999). Defining epitopes: It's not as easy as it seems. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 936-937.
    • (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. , vol.17 , pp. 936-937
    • Greenspan, N.S.1    Di Cera, E.2
  • 66
    • 84871753759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Animal models and the development of an HIV vaccine
    • Greek, R. (2012). Animal models and the development of an HIV vaccine. J. AIDS Clin. Res. S8,001.
    • (2012) J. AIDS Clin. Res. S8 , pp. 001
    • Greek, R.1
  • 67
    • 79551556431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterolo-gous epitope-scaffold prime: boost-ing immuno-focuses B cell responses to the HIV-1 gp41 2F5 neutral-ization determinant
    • doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0016074
    • Guenaga, J., Dosenovic, P., Ofek, G., Baker, D., Schief, W. R., Kwong, P. D., Karlsson Hedestam, G. B., and Wyatt, R. T. (2011). Heterolo-gous epitope-scaffold prime: boost-ing immuno-focuses B cell responses to the HIV-1 gp41 2F5 neutral-ization determinant. PLoS ONE 6, e16074. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. 0016074
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6 , pp. 16074
    • Guenaga, J.1    Dosenovic, P.2    Ofek, G.3    Baker, D.4    Schief, W.R.5    Kwong, P.D.6    Karlsson Hedestam, G.B.7    Wyatt, R.T.8
  • 70
    • 0345628019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of hydro-pathic complementarity for the binding of the neuropeptide sub-stance P to a monoclonal antibody: equilibrium and kinetic studies
    • Hanin, V., Déry, O., Boquet, D., Sagot, M. A., Créminon, C., Couraud, J. Y., and Grassi, J. (1997). Importance of hydro-pathic complementarity for the binding of the neuropeptide sub-stance P to a monoclonal antibody: equilibrium and kinetic studies. Mol. Immunol. 34, 829-838
    • (1997) Mol. Immunol. , vol.34 , pp. 829-838
    • Hanin, V.1    Déry, O.2    Boquet, D.3    Sagot, M.A.4    Créminon, C.5    Couraud, J.Y.6    Grassi, J.7
  • 71
    • 65949095479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teleology: the explanation that bedevils biology,"
    • ed. J. Cornwell (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
    • Hanke, D. (2004). "Teleology: the explanation that bedevils biology,"in Explanations: Styles of Explanation in Science, ed. J. Cornwell (Oxford: Oxford University Press),143-155.
    • (2004) Explanations: Styles of Explanation in Science , pp. 143-155
    • Hanke, D.1
  • 72
    • 33750980717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current status of short synthetic peptides as vaccines
    • Hans, D., Young, P. R., and Fairlie, D. P. (2006). Current status of short synthetic peptides as vaccines. Med. Chem. 2,627-646.
    • (2006) Med. Chem. , vol.2 , pp. 627-646
    • Hans, D.1    Young, P.R.2    Fairlie, D.P.3
  • 75
    • 33646780263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody polyspeci-ficity and neutralization of HIV-1: a hypothesis
    • Haynes, B. F., Moody, M. A., Verkoczy, L., Kelsoe, G., and Alam, S. M. (2005b). Antibody polyspeci-ficity and neutralization of HIV-1: a hypothesis. Hum. Antibodies 14, 59-67.
    • (2005) Hum. Antibodies , vol.14 , pp. 59-67
    • Haynes, B.F.1    Moody, M.A.2    Verkoczy, L.3    Kelsoe, G.4    Alam, S.M.5
  • 76
    • 0026592876 scopus 로고
    • Impediments, imponderablesandalternativesinthe attempt to develop an effective vac-cine against AIDS
    • Hilleman, M. R. (1992). Impediments, imponderablesandalternativesinthe attempt to develop an effective vac-cine against AIDS. Vaccine 10, 1053-1058.
    • (1992) Vaccine , vol.10 , pp. 1053-1058
    • Hilleman, M.R.1
  • 77
    • 13444280027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conforma-tional constraints imposed on a pan-neutralizing HIV-1 antibody epitope result in increased antigenicity but notneutralizingresponse
    • Ho, J., Uger, R. A., Zwick, M. B., Luscher, M. A., Barber, B. H., and MacDonald,K.S.(2005).Conforma-tional constraints imposed on a pan-neutralizing HIV-1 antibody epitope result in increased antigenicity but notneutralizingresponse.Vaccine 23, 1559-1573.
    • (2005) Vaccine , vol.23 , pp. 1559-1573
    • Ho, J.1    Uger, R.A.2    Zwick, M.B.3    Luscher, M.A.4    Barber, B.H.5    MacDonald, K.S.6
  • 78
    • 0002716842 scopus 로고
    • Expression of antigens as recom-binant proteins
    • ed. M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press)
    • Hofnung, M., and Charbit, A. (1993). "Expression of antigens as recom-binant proteins," in Structure of Antigens, Vol. 2, ed. M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press), 79-128.
    • (1993) Structure of Antigens , vol.2 , pp. 79-128
    • Hofnung, M.1    Charbit, A.2
  • 79
    • 0004271280 scopus 로고
    • Read-ing,UK: Perseus Books
    • Holland,J. H. (1994). Emergence. Read-ing,UK: Perseus Books.
    • (1994) Emergence
    • Holland, J.H.1
  • 80
    • 33846556067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type-specific epitopes targeted by monoclonal antibodies with excep-tionally potent neutralizing activities forselectedstrainsofhumanimmun-odeficiency virus type 1 map to a common region of the V2 domain of gp120 and differ only at single positions from the clade B consensus sequence
    • Honnen, W. J., Krachmarov, C., Kay-man, S. C., Gorny, M. K., Zolla-Pazner, S., and Pinter, A. (2007). Type-specific epitopes targeted by monoclonal antibodies with excep-tionally potent neutralizing activities forselectedstrainsofhumanimmun-odeficiency virus type 1 map to a common region of the V2 domain of gp120 and differ only at single positions from the clade B consensus sequence. J. Virol. 81,1424-1432.
    • (2007) J. Virol. , vol.81 , pp. 1424-1432
    • Honnen, W.J.1    Krachmarov, C.2    Kay-man, S.C.3    Gorny, M.K.4    Zolla-Pazner, S.5    Pinter, A.6
  • 84
    • 0035358814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Random-peptide libraries and antigen-fragment libraries for epitope mapping and the develop-ment of vaccines and diagnostics
    • Irving, M. B., Pan, O., and Scott, J. K. (2001). Random-peptide libraries and antigen-fragment libraries for epitope mapping and the develop-ment of vaccines and diagnostics. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 5, 314-324.
    • (2001) Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. , vol.5 , pp. 314-324
    • Irving, M.B.1    Pan, O.2    Scott, J.K.3
  • 86
    • 0037470496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody multi-specificity mediated by conformational diver-sity
    • James, L. C., Roversi, P., and Tawfik, D. S. (2003). Antibody multi-specificity mediated by conformational diver-sity. Science 299, 1362-1367.
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 1362-1367
    • James, L.C.1    Roversi, P.2    Tawfik, D.S.3
  • 88
    • 0037195784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of alpha-helicity in the HIV-1 inhibitory peptide DP178 leads to an increased affinity for human monoclonal antibody 2F5 but does not elicit neutralizing responses in vitro. Implications for vaccine design
    • Joyce, J. G., Hurni, W. M., Bogusky, M. J., Garsky, V. M., Liang, X., Citron, M. P.,Danzeisen,R. C.,Miller,M. D., Shiver,J. W.,and Keller,P. M. (2002). Enhancement of alpha-helicity in the HIV-1 inhibitory peptide DP178 leads to an increased affinity for human monoclonal antibody 2F5 but does not elicit neutralizing responses in vitro. Implications for vaccine design. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 45811-45820.
    • (2002) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.277 , pp. 45811-45820
    • Joyce, J.G.1    Hurni, W.M.2    Bogusky, M.J.3    Garsky, V.M.4    Liang, X.5    Citron, M.P.6    Danzeisen, R.C.7    Miller, M.D.8    Shiver, J.W.9    Keller, P.M.10
  • 89
    • 54849416088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Struc-tural details of HIV-1 recognition by the broadly neutralizing mono-clonal antibody 2F5: epitope con-formation, antigen-recognition loop mobility, and anion-binding site
    • Julien, J. P., Bryson, S., Nieva, J. L., and Pai, E. F. (2008). Struc-tural details of HIV-1 recognition by the broadly neutralizing mono-clonal antibody 2F5: epitope con-formation, antigen-recognition loop mobility, and anion-binding site. J. Mol. Biol. 384,377-392.
    • (2008) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.384 , pp. 377-392
    • Julien, J.P.1    Bryson, S.2    Nieva, J.L.3    Pai, E.F.4
  • 91
    • 84892589432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who Wrote the Book of Life: A History of the Genetic Code. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Kell, D. B., and Oliver, S. G. (2004). Here is the evidence, now what is the hypothesis? The complementary roles of inductive and hypothesis-driven science in the post-genomic era
    • Kay, L. E. (2000). Who Wrote the Book of Life: A History of the Genetic Code. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Kell, D. B., and Oliver, S. G. (2004). Here is the evidence, now what is the hypothesis? The complementary roles of inductive and hypothesis-driven science in the post-genomic era. Bioessays 26,99-105.
    • (2000) Bioessays , vol.26 , pp. 99-105
    • Kay, L.E.1
  • 92
    • 57049090485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of biology
    • Kelley, L., and Scott, M. (2008). The evolution of biology. EMBO Rep.9, 1163-1167.
    • (2008) EMBO Rep. 9 , pp. 1163-1167
    • Kelley, L.1    Scott, M.2
  • 93
    • 84856822992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural elucidation of the mecha-nistic basis of degeneracy in the pri-mary humoral response
    • Khan, T., and Salunke, D. M. (2012). Structural elucidation of the mecha-nistic basis of degeneracy in the pri-mary humoral response. J. Immunol. 188,1819-1827.
    • (2012) J. Immunol. , vol.188 , pp. 1819-1827
    • Khan, T.1    Salunke, D.M.2
  • 95
    • 67249134018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human monoclonal antibody 2909 binds to pseudoviri-ons expressing trimers but not monomericHIV-1envelopeproteins
    • Kimura, T., Wang, X. H., Williams, C., Zolla-Pazner, S., and Gorny, M. K. (2009). Human monoclonal antibody 2909 binds to pseudoviri-ons expressing trimers but not monomericHIV-1envelopeproteins. Hum. Antibodies 18,35-40.
    • (2009) Hum. Antibodies , vol.18 , pp. 35-40
    • Kimura, T.1    Wang, X.H.2    Williams, C.3    Zolla-Pazner, S.4    Gorny, M.K.5
  • 96
    • 84874196798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at
    • Kistler, M. (2003). Available at: http://www.institutnicod.org/ reduction.htm
    • (2003)
    • Kistler, M.1
  • 97
    • 0036500993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systems biology: a brief overview
    • Kitano, H. (2002). Systems biology: a brief overview. Science 295, 1662-1664.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 1662-1664
    • Kitano, H.1
  • 99
    • 84866513274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenicity and immunogenicity in HIV-1 antibody-based vaccine design
    • Kong, L., and Sattentau, Q. J. (2012). Antigenicity and immunogenicity in HIV-1 antibody-based vaccine design. J. AIDS Clin. Res. S8,003.
    • (2012) J. AIDS Clin. Res. , vol.S8 , pp. 3
    • Kong, L.1    Sattentau, Q.J.2
  • 100
    • 78650598765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quest for a T cell-basedimmunecorrelateofprotection against HIV: a story of trials and errors
    • Koup, R. A., Graham, B. S., and Douek, D. C. (2011). The quest for a T cell-basedimmunecorrelateofprotection against HIV: a story of trials and errors. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11,65-70.
    • (2011) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.11 , pp. 65-70
    • Koup, R.A.1    Graham, B.S.2    Douek, D.C.3
  • 101
    • 11144233210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibodies that are cross-reactive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade A and clade B V3domains are common in patient sera from Cameroon, but their neutralization activity is usually restricted by epi-tope masking
    • Krachmarov, C., Pinter,A., Honnen,W. J.,Gorny,M.K.,Nyambi,P.N.,Zolla-Pazner, S., and Kayman, S. C. (2005). Antibodies that are cross-reactive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade A and clade B V3domains are common in patient sera from Cameroon, but their neutralization activity is usually restricted by epi-tope masking. J. Virol. 79,780-790.
    • (2005) J. Virol. , vol.79 , pp. 780-790
    • Krachmarov, C.1    Pinter, A.2    Honnen, W.J.3    Gorny, M.K.4    Nyambi, P.N.5    Zolla-Pazner, S.6    Kayman, S.C.7
  • 102
    • 84874217721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting a neutral-izing epitope of HIV envelope gp120 by immune complex vaccine
    • Kumar, R., Visciano, M. L., Li, H., and Hioe, C. (2012). Targeting a neutral-izing epitope of HIV envelope gp120 by immune complex vaccine. J. AIDS Clin. Res. S8,002.
    • (2012) J. AIDS Clin. Res. , vol.S8 , pp. 2
    • Kumar, R.1    Visciano, M.L.2    Li, H.3    Hioe, C.4
  • 103
    • 0026730489 scopus 로고
    • Structure-based strategies for drug design and discov-ery
    • Kuntz, I. D. (1992). Structure-based strategies for drug design and discov-ery. Science 257,1078-1082.
    • (1992) Science , vol.257 , pp. 1078-1082
    • Kuntz, I.D.1
  • 104
    • 84855312552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaccine strategies
    • edsB.W.J. Mahy and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (Oxford:Academic Press Elsevier)
    • Kusters, I., and Almond, J. W. (2010). "Vaccine strategies," in Desk Encyclo-pedia of General Virology,edsB.W.J. Mahy and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (Oxford: Academic Press, Elsevier), 381-389.
    • (2010) Desk Encyclo-pedia of General Virology , pp. 381-389
    • Kusters, I.1    Almond, J.W.2
  • 105
    • 0032543307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody
    • Kwong, P. D., Wyatt, R., Robinson, J., Sweet, R. W., Sodroski, J., and Hen-drickson, W. A. (1998). Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody. Nature 393,648-659.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 648-659
    • Kwong, P.D.1    Wyatt, R.2    Robinson, J.3    Sweet, R.W.4    Sodroski, J.5    Hen-drickson, W.A.6
  • 106
    • 0028234692 scopus 로고
    • Synergistic neutralizationof humanimmunode-ficiency virus type 1 by combinations of human monoclonal antibodies
    • Laal, S., Burda, S., Gorny, M. K., Kar-wowska, S., Buchbinder, A., and Zolla-Pazner, S. (1994). Synergistic neutralizationof humanimmunode-ficiency virus type 1 by combinations of human monoclonal antibodies. J. Virol. 68,4001-4008.
    • (1994) J. Virol. , vol.68 , pp. 4001-4008
    • Laal, S.1    Burda, S.2    Gorny, M.K.3    Kar-wowska, S.4    Buchbinder, A.5    Zolla-Pazner, S.6
  • 109
    • 83755169498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cause and effect in biology revisited: Mayr's proximate-ultimate dichotomy still useful?
    • Laland, K. N., Sterelny, K., Odling-Smee, J., Hoppitt, W., and Uller, T. (2011). Cause and effect in biology revisited: Mayr's proximate-ultimate dichotomy still useful? Science 334, 1512-1516.
    • (2011) Science , vol.334 , pp. 1512-1516
    • Laland, K.N.1    Sterelny, K.2    Odling-Smee, J.3    Hoppitt, W.4    Uller, T.5
  • 110
    • 34247166722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigenic and immunogenic study of membrane-proximal exter-nal region-grafted gp120 antigens by a DNA prime-protein boost immu-nization strategy
    • Law, M., Cardoso, R. M., Wil-son, I. A., and Burton, D. R. (2007). Antigenic and immunogenic study of membrane-proximal exter-nal region-grafted gp120 antigens by a DNA prime-protein boost immu-nization strategy. J. Virol. 81, 4272-4285.
    • (2007) J. Virol. , vol.81 , pp. 4272-4285
    • Law, M.1    Cardoso, R.M.2    Wil-son, I.A.3    Burton, D.R.4
  • 115
  • 118
    • 0037100251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The primary antibody reper-toire represents a linked network of degenerate antigen specificities
    • Manivel, V., Bayiroglu, F., Siddiqui, Z., Salunke, D. M., Rao, and K. V. (2002). The primary antibody reper-toire represents a linked network of degenerate antigen specificities. J. Immunol. 169,888-897.
    • (2002) J. Immunol. , vol.169 , pp. 888-897
    • Manivel, V.1    Bayiroglu, F.2    Siddiqui, Z.3    Salunke, D.M.4    Rao, K.V.5
  • 119
    • 0033634681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mat-uration of an antibody response is governed by modulations in flexi-bility of the antigen-combining site
    • Manivel, V., Sahoo, N. C., Salunke, D. M., and Rao, K. V. (2000). Mat-uration of an antibody response is governed by modulations in flexi-bility of the antigen-combining site. Immunity 13, 611-620.
    • (2000) Immunity , vol.13 , pp. 611-620
    • Manivel, V.1    Sahoo, N.C.2    Salunke, D.M.3    Rao, K.V.4
  • 120
    • 84874200977 scopus 로고
    • eds C. J. Van Oss and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (New York: Marcel Dekker)
    • Marks, J. D. (1994). "Maturation of the immune response,"in Immunochem-istry, eds C. J. Van Oss and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (New York: Marcel Dekker), 1039-1051.
    • (1994) Maturation of the immune response,"in Immunochem-istr , pp. 1039-1051
    • Marks, J.D.1
  • 121
    • 0033612671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herpes simplex virus vaccines -why don't antibod-ies protect?
    • Mascola, J. R. (1999). Herpes simplex virus vaccines -why don't antibod-ies protect? J. Am. Med. Assoc. 281, 379-80.
    • (1999) J. Am. Med. Assoc. , vol.281 , pp. 379-380
    • Mascola, J.R.1
  • 122
    • 0030823325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potent and synergistic neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 primary isolates by hyperim-mune anti-HIV immunoglobulin combined with monoclonal antibod-ies 2F5 and 2G12
    • Mascola, J. R., Louder, M. K., VanCott, T. C., Sapan, C. V., Lambert, J. S., Muenz, L. R., Bunow, B., Birx, D. L., and Robb, M. L. (1997). Potent and synergistic neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 primary isolates by hyperim-mune anti-HIV immunoglobulin combined with monoclonal antibod-ies 2F5 and 2G12. J. Virol. 71, 7198-7206.
    • (1997) J. Virol. , vol.71 , pp. 7198-7206
    • Mascola, J.R.1    Louder, M.K.2    VanCott, T.C.3    Sapan, C.V.4    Lambert, J.S.5    Muenz, L.R.6    Bunow, B.7    Birx, D.L.8    Robb, M.L.9
  • 123
    • 0000995843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concept of information in biology
    • Maynard-Smith, J. (2000). The concept of information in biology. Philos. Sci. 67,177-194.
    • (2000) Philos. Sci. , vol.67 , pp. 177-194
    • Maynard-Smith, J.1
  • 124
    • 0000508160 scopus 로고
    • Cause and effect in biology
    • Mayr, E. (1961). Cause and effect in biology. Science 134, 1501-1506.
    • (1961) Science , vol.134 , pp. 1501-1506
    • Mayr, E.1
  • 125
    • 37849034945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complexity in biology
    • Mazzocchi, F. (2008). Complexity in biology. EMBO Rep. 9,10-14.
    • (2008) EMBO Rep , vol.9 , pp. 10-14
    • Mazzocchi, F.1
  • 126
    • 77958490167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of immunity to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 by vaccination
    • McElrath, M. J., and Haynes, B. F. (2010). Induction of immunity to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 by vaccination. Immunity 33, 542-554.
    • (2010) Immunity , vol.33 , pp. 542-554
    • McElrath, M.J.1    Haynes, B.F.2
  • 128
    • 79952579682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potent and broad neutralization of HIV-1 subtype C by plasma anti-bodies targeting a quaternary epitope including residues in the V2 loop
    • CAPRISA 002 Study
    • Medawar, P. B., and Medawar, J. S.Williamson, C., Pinter, A., Morris, L., and CAPRISA 002 Study. (2011). Potent and broad neutralization of HIV-1 subtype C by plasma anti-bodies targeting a quaternary epitope including residues in the V2 loop. J. Virol. 85,3128-3141.
    • (2011) J. Virol. , vol.85 , pp. 3128-3141
    • Medawar, P.B.1    Medawar, J.S.2    Williamson, C.3    Pinter, A.4    Morris, L.5
  • 129
    • 0027397052 scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to discontinuous or con-formationally sensitive epitopes on the gp120 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are highly prevalent in sera of infected humans
    • Moore, J. P., and Ho, D. D. (1993). Antibodies to discontinuous or con-formationally sensitive epitopes on the gp120 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are highly prevalent in sera of infected humans. J. Virol. 67, 863-875.
    • (1993) J. Virol. , vol.67 , pp. 863-875
    • Moore, J.P.1    Ho, D.D.2
  • 130
    • 0027367543 scopus 로고
    • Variable region genes ofanti-HIVhumanmonoclonalanti-bodies: non-restricted use of the V gene repertoire and extensive somatic mutation
    • Moran, M. J., Andris, J. S., Mat-sumato, Y., Capra, J. D., and Hersh, E. M. (1993). Variable region genes ofanti-HIVhumanmonoclonalanti-bodies: non-restricted use of the V gene repertoire and extensive somatic mutation. Mol. Immunol. 30, 1543-1551.
    • (1993) Mol. Immunol. , vol.30 , pp. 1543-1551
    • Moran, M.J.1    Andris, J.S.2    Mat-sumato, Y.3    Capra, J.D.4    Hersh, E.M.5
  • 133
    • 77952299639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An optimally constrainedV3 peptide is a better immunogen than its linear homolog or HIV-1 gp120
    • Moseri, A., Tantry, S., Sagi, Y., Arshava, B.,Naider,F.,andAnglister,J. (2010). An optimally constrainedV3 peptide is a better immunogen than its linear homolog or HIV-1 gp120. Virology 401,293-304.
    • (2010) Virology , vol.401 , pp. 293-304
    • Moseri, A.1    Tantry, S.2    Sagi, Y.3    Arshava, B.4    Naider, F.5    Anglister, J.6
  • 135
    • 0031595750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of the immunogenicity of antigenic deter-minants by their flanking residues
    • Moudgil, K. D., Sercarz, E. E., and Gre-wal, I. S. (1998). Modulation of the immunogenicity of antigenic deter-minants by their flanking residues. Immunol. Today 19,217-220.
    • (1998) Immunol. Today , vol.19 , pp. 217-220
    • Moudgil, K.D.1    Sercarz, E.E.2    Gre-wal, I.S.3
  • 136
    • 80052531336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mem-ory B cell antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 cloned from individuals infected with clade A and B viruses
    • doi: 10.1371/jour-nal.pone.0024078
    • Mouquet, H., Klein, F., Scheid, J. F., Warncke, M., Pietzsch, J., Oliveira, T. Y., Velinzon, K., Seaman, M. S., and Nussenzweig, M. C. (2011). Mem-ory B cell antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 cloned from individuals infected with clade A and B viruses. PLoS ONE 6, e24078. doi: 10.1371/jour-nal.pone.0024078
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6
    • Mouquet, H.1    Klein, F.2    Scheid, J.F.3    Warncke, M.4    Pietzsch, J.5    Oliveira, T.Y.6    Velinzon, K.7    Seaman, M.S.8    Nussenzweig, M.C.9
  • 140
    • 84857058237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systems vaccinology: its promise and challenge for HIV vaccine develop-ment
    • Nakaya,H.I.,andPulendran,B.(2012). Systems vaccinology: its promise and challenge for HIV vaccine develop-ment. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 7, 24-31.
    • (2012) Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 24-31
    • Nakaya, H.I.1    Pulendran, B.2
  • 141
    • 34247106331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wil-son, I. A., Binley, J. M., Dawson, P. E., Burton, D. R., and Zwick, M. B
    • Nelson, J. D., Brunel, F. M., Jensen, R., Crooks, E. T., Cardoso, R. M., Wang, M., Hessell, A., Wil-son, I. A., Binley, J. M., Dawson, P. E., Burton, D. R., and Zwick, M. B. (2007). An affinity-enhanced neutralizing antibody against the membrane-proximal external region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 recognizes an epitope between those of 2F5 and 4E10. J. Virol. 81,4033-4043.
    • (2007) J. Virol. , vol.81 , pp. 4033-4043
    • Nelson, J.D.1    Brunel, F.M.2    Jensen, R.3    Crooks, E.T.4    Cardoso, R.M.5    Wang, M.6    Hessell, A.7
  • 142
    • 84874215657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody-mediated immunity to viruses
    • eds W. J. Mahy and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (Amsterdam: Elsevier)
    • Neurath, A. R. (2008). "Antibody-mediated immunity to viruses," in DeskEncyclopediaofGeneralVirology, eds B. W. J. Mahy and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 361-375.
    • (2008) Desk Encyclopedia of General Virology , pp. 361-375
    • Neurath, A.R.1
  • 145
    • 0010283413 scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin structure and function
    • eds C. J. van Oss and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (New York: Marcel Dekker
    • Nezlin, R. (1994). "Immunoglobulin structure and function," in Immuno-chemistry, eds C. J. van Oss and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (New York: Marcel Dekker),pp 3-45.
    • (1994) Immunochemistry , pp. 3-45
    • Nezlin, R.1
  • 148
    • 84860909299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theory of bio-logical relativity: no privileged level of causation
    • Noble, D. (2012). A theory of bio-logical relativity: no privileged level of causation. Interface Focus 2, 55-64.
    • (2012) Interface Focus , vol.2 , pp. 55-64
    • Noble, D.1
  • 150
    • 0028814994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • vaccine containing B-and T-cell epitopes from the fusion pro-tein of measles virus
    • vaccine containing B-and T-cell epitopes from the fusion pro-tein of measles virus. J.Virol. 69, 1420-1428.
    • J.Virol , vol.69 , pp. 1420-1428
  • 153
    • 77649132440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between anti-body 2F5 neutralization of HIV-1 andhydrophobicityof itsheavychain third complementarity-determining region
    • Ofek, G., McKee, K., Yang, Y., Yang, Z. Y., Skinner, J., Guenaga, F. J., Wyatt, R., Zwick, M. B., Nabel, G. J., Mascola, J. R., and Kwong, P. D. (2010b). Relationship between anti-body 2F5 neutralization of HIV-1 andhydrophobicityof itsheavychain third complementarity-determining region. J. Virol. 84, 2955-2962.
    • (2010) J. Virol. , vol.84 , pp. 2955-2962
    • Ofek, G.1    McKee, K.2    Yang, Y.3    Yang, Z.Y.4    Skinner, J.5    Guenaga, F.J.6    Wyatt, R.7    Zwick, M.B.8    Nabel, G.J.9    Mascola, J.R.10    Kwong, P.D.11
  • 154
    • 4544379899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Struc-ture and mechanistic analysis of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody 2F5 in complex with its gp41 epitope
    • Ofek, G., Tang, M., Sambor, A., Katinger, H., Mascola, J. R., Wyatt, R., and Kwong, P. D. (2004). Struc-ture and mechanistic analysis of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody 2F5 in complex with its gp41 epitope. J. Virol. 78, 10724-10737.
    • (2004) J. Virol. , vol.78 , pp. 10724-10737
    • Ofek, G.1    Tang, M.2    Sambor, A.3    Katinger, H.4    Mascola, J.R.5    Wyatt, R.6    Kwong, P.D.7
  • 155
    • 84879806870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elite controllers andlong-termnonprogressors:mod-els for HIV vaccine development?
    • Okulicz, J. F. (2012). Elite controllers andlong-termnonprogressors:mod-els for HIV vaccine development? J. AIDS Clin. Res. S8,005.
    • (2012) J. AIDS Clin. Res , pp. 8005
    • Okulicz, J.F.1
  • 156
    • 30444445381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fundamental issues in systems biol-ogy
    • O'Malley, M. A., and Dupré, J. (2005). Fundamental issues in systems biol-ogy. Bioessays 27, 1270-1276.
    • (2005) Bioessays , vol.27 , pp. 1270-1276
    • O'Malley, M.A.1    Dupré, J.2
  • 158
    • 0003749261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2nd Edn. Durham,NC: Duke University Press
    • Oyama, S. (2009). The Ontogeny of Information,2nd Edn. Durham,NC: Duke University Press.
    • (2009) The Ontogeny of Information
    • Oyama, S.1
  • 160
    • 77954982131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crystal structure of PG16 and chimeric dissection with somatically related PG9: structure-function analysis of two quaternary-specific antibodies that effectively neutralize HIV-1
    • Pancera, M., McLellan, J. S., Wu, X., Zhu, J., Changela, A., Schmidt, S. D., Yang, Y., Zhou, T., Phogat, S., Mascola, J. R., and Kwong, P. D. (2010). Crystal structure of PG16 and chimeric dissection with somatically related PG9: structure-function analysis of two quaternary-specific antibodies that effectively neutralize HIV-1. J. Virol. 84, 8098-8110.
    • (2010) J. Virol. , vol.84 , pp. 8098-8110
    • Pancera, M.1    McLellan, J.S.2    Wu, X.3    Zhu, J.4    Changela, A.5    Schmidt, S.D.6    Yang, Y.7    Zhou, T.8    Phogat, S.9    Mascola, J.R.10    Kwong, P.D.11
  • 161
    • 79955688993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibodyepitope exposure and neutralization of HIV-1
    • Pantophlet,R.(2010).Antibodyepitope exposure and neutralization of HIV-1. Curr. Pharm. Des. 16, 3729-3743.
    • (2010) Curr. Pharm. Des. , vol.16 , pp. 3729-3743
    • Pantophlet, R.1
  • 162
    • 0344009558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunofocusing: antigen engineering to promote the induc-tion of HIV-neutralizing antibodies
    • Pantophlet, R., and Burton, D. R. (2003). Immunofocusing: antigen engineering to promote the induc-tion of HIV-neutralizing antibodies. Trends Mol. Med. 9,468-473.
    • (2003) Trends Mol. Med. , vol.9 , pp. 468-473
    • Pantophlet, R.1    Burton, D.R.2
  • 163
    • 0038414622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperglyco-sylated mutants of human immun-odeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 monomeric gp120 as novel antigens for HIV vaccine design
    • Pantophlet, R., Wilson, I. A., and Burton, D. R. (2003a). Hyperglyco-sylated mutants of human immun-odeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 monomeric gp120 as novel antigens for HIV vaccine design. J. Virol. 77, 5889-5901.
    • (2003) J. Virol. , vol.77 , pp. 5889-5901
    • Pantophlet, R.1    Wilson, I.A.2    Burton, D.R.3
  • 164
    • 0037213247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fine mapping of the interaction of neu-tralizing and nonneutralizing mono-clonal antibodies with the CD4 bind-ing site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120
    • Pantophlet, R., Ollmann Saphire, E., Poignard, P., Parren, P. W., Wilson, I. A.,and Burton,D. R. (2003b). Fine mapping of the interaction of neu-tralizing and nonneutralizing mono-clonal antibodies with the CD4 bind-ing site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. J. Virol. 77, 642-658.
    • (2003) J. Virol. , vol.77 , pp. 642-658
    • Pantophlet, R.1    Ollmann Saphire, E.2    Poignard, P.3    Parren, P.W.4    Wilson, I.A.5    Burton, D.R.6
  • 165
    • 1242315571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From interception to incorporation: degeneracy and promiscuous recognition as precur-sors of a paradigm shift in immunol-ogy
    • Parnes, O. (2004). From interception to incorporation: degeneracy and promiscuous recognition as precur-sors of a paradigm shift in immunol-ogy. Mol. Immunol. 40, 985-991.
    • (2004) Mol. Immunol. , vol.40 , pp. 985-991
    • Parnes, O.1
  • 166
    • 79955702711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-based vaccine design in HIV: blind men and the elephant?
    • Pejchal, R., and Wilson, I. A. (2010). Structure-based vaccine design in HIV: blind men and the elephant? Curr. Pharm. Des. 16, 3744-3753.
    • (2010) Curr. Pharm. Des. , vol.16 , pp. 3744-3753
    • Pejchal, R.1    Wilson, I.A.2
  • 168
  • 169
    • 4344686569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chesham and Montreal:Acu-men and McGill-Queen's University Press
    • Psillos, S. (2002). Causation and Expla-nation. Chesham and Montreal:Acu-men and McGill-Queen's University Press.
    • (2002) Causation and Expla-nation
    • Psillos, S.1
  • 171
    • 0035925596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reverse vacci-nology, a genome-based approach to vaccine development
    • Rappuoli, R. (2001). Reverse vacci-nology, a genome-based approach to vaccine development. Vaccine 19, 2688-2691.
    • (2001) Vaccine , vol.19 , pp. 2688-2691
    • Rappuoli, R.1
  • 175
    • 77949411309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qua-ternary epitope specificities of anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies gen-erated in rhesus macaques infected by the simian/human immunodefi-ciency virus SHIVSF162P4
    • Robinson, J. E., Franco, K., Elliott, D. H., Maher, M. J., Reyna, A., Montefiori, D. C., Zolla-Pazner, S., Gorny, M. K., Kraft, Z., and Stamatatos, L. (2010). Qua-ternary epitope specificities of anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies gen-erated in rhesus macaques infected by the simian/human immunodefi-ciency virus SHIVSF162P4. J. Virol. 84,3443-3453.
    • (2010) J. Virol. , vol.84 , pp. 3443-3453
    • Robinson, J.E.1    Franco, K.2    Elliott, D.H.3    Maher, M.J.4    Reyna, A.5    Montefiori, D.C.6    Zolla-Pazner, S.7    Gorny, M.K.8    Kraft, Z.9    Stamatatos, L.10
  • 176
    • 84859166440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EvaluatingimmunecorrelatesinHIV type 1 vaccine efficacy trials: what RV144 may provide
    • Rolland, M., and Gilbert, P. (2012). EvaluatingimmunecorrelatesinHIV type 1 vaccine efficacy trials: what RV144 may provide. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 28,400-404.
    • (2012) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses , vol.28 , pp. 400-404
    • Rolland, M.1    Gilbert, P.2
  • 177
    • 0031604637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is wrong with reductionist explanations of behav-ior?
    • eds G. Bock and J. Goode (Chichester: Wiley)
    • Rose, S. (1998). "What is wrong with reductionist explanations of behav-ior?," in The Limits of Reductionism in Biology. Novartis Foundation Sym-posium No 213, eds G. Bock and J. Goode (Chichester: Wiley),176.
    • (1998) The Limits of Reductionism in Biology. Novartis Foundation Sym-posium No 213 , pp. 176
    • Rose, S.1
  • 182
    • 18244422922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The broadly neutralizing anti-human immunod-eficiency virus type 1 antibody 2G12 recognizes a cluster of alpha1→2 mannose residues on the outer face of gp120
    • Scanlan, C. N., Pantophlet, R., Wormald,M.R.,OllmannSaphire,E., Stanfield, R., Wilson, I. A., Katinger, H., Dwek, R. A., Rudd, P. M., and Burton, D. R. (2002). The broadly neutralizing anti-human immunod-eficiency virus type 1 antibody 2G12 recognizes a cluster of alpha1→2 mannose residues on the outer face of gp120. J. Virol. 76,7306-7321.
    • (2002) J. Virol. , vol.76 , pp. 7306-7321
    • Scanlan, C.N.1    Pantophlet, R.2    Wormald, M.R.3    OllmannSaphire, E.4    Stanfield, R.5    Wilson, I.A.6    Katinger, H.7    Dwek, R.A.8    Rudd, P.M.9    Burton, D.R.10
  • 185
    • 76549125090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aromatic residues at the edge of the antibody combining site facilitate viral glycoprotein recogni-tionthroughmembraneinteractions
    • Scherer,E. M.,Leaman,D. P.,Zwick,M. B., McMichael, A. J., and Burton, D. R. (2010). Aromatic residues at the edge of the antibody combining site facilitate viral glycoprotein recogni-tionthroughmembraneinteractions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 1529-1534.
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.107 , pp. 1529-1534
    • Scherer, E.M.1    Leaman, D.P.2    Zwick, M.B.3    McMichael, A.J.4    Burton, D.R.5
  • 186
    • 70349470783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monkeyingaroundwith HIVvaccines:usingrhesusmacaques to define "gatekeepers" for clinical trials
    • Shedlock,D.J.,Silvestri,G.,andWeiner, D.B.(2009).Monkeyingaroundwith HIVvaccines:usingrhesusmacaques to define "gatekeepers" for clinical trials. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9,717-728.
    • (2009) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.9 , pp. 717-728
    • Shedlock, D.J.1    Silvestri, G.2    Weiner, D.B.3
  • 188
    • 0020510712 scopus 로고
    • Map-pingepitopesontheinsulinmolecule using monoclonal antibodies
    • Schroer, J. A., Bender, T., Feldmann, T., and Kim, K. J. (1983). Map-pingepitopesontheinsulinmolecule using monoclonal antibodies. Eur. J. Immunol. 13, 693-700.
    • (1983) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.13 , pp. 693-700
    • Schroer, J.A.1    Bender, T.2    Feldmann, T.3    Kim, K.J.4
  • 189
    • 70350461889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisitingthecen-tral dogma in the 21st century
    • Shapiro,J.A.(2009). Revisitingthecen-tral dogma in the 21st century. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1178, 6-28.
    • (2009) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.1178 , pp. 6-28
    • Shapiro, J.A.1
  • 191
  • 192
    • 69149083668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutralizing antibodies generated duringnaturalHIV-1infection:good newsforanHIV-1vaccine?Nat
    • Stamatatos, L., Morris, L., Burton, D. R., and Mascola, J. R. (2009). Neutralizing antibodies generated duringnaturalHIV-1infection:good newsforanHIV-1vaccine?Nat.Med. 15,866-870.
    • (2009) Med , vol.15 , pp. 866-870
    • Stamatatos, L.1    Morris, L.2    Burton, D.R.3    Mascola, J.R.4
  • 193
    • 1242351232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural rationale for the broad neutralization of HIV-1 byhumanmonoclonalantibody447-52D
    • Stanfield, R. L., Gorny, M. K.,Williams, C., Zolla-Pazner, S., and Wilson, I. A. (2004). Structural rationale for the broad neutralization of HIV-1 byhumanmonoclonalantibody447-52D. Structure 12,193-204.
    • (2004) Structure , vol.12 , pp. 193-204
    • Stanfield, R.L.1    Gorny, M.K.2    Williams, C.3    Zolla-Pazner, S.4    Wilson, I.A.5
  • 194
    • 0036420965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular recognition in antibody-antigen complexes
    • Sundberg, E. J., and Mariuzza, R. A. (2002). Molecular recognition in antibody-antigen complexes. Adv. Protein Chem. 61,119-160.
    • (2002) Adv. Protein Chem. , vol.61 , pp. 119-160
    • Sundberg, E.J.1    Mariuzza, R.A.2
  • 195
    • 37049242573 scopus 로고
    • Immunologi-cal specificity, unique combinations of selected natural globulins provide analternativetotheclassicalconcept
    • Talmage, D. W. (1959). Immunologi-cal specificity, unique combinations of selected natural globulins provide analternativetotheclassicalconcept. Science 129,1643-1648.
    • (1959) Science , vol.129 , pp. 1643-1648
    • Talmage, D.W.1
  • 196
    • 68349157593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roadblocks in HIV research:fivequestions
    • Thomas, C. (2009). Roadblocks in HIV research:fivequestions.Nat.Med.15, 855-859.
    • (2009) Nat. Med. 15 , pp. 855-859
    • Thomas, C.1
  • 197
    • 0036001491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-affinityrelationshipsinthe gp41 ELDKWA epitope for the HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2F5: effects of side-chain and back-bone modifications and conforma-tional constraints
    • Tian, Y., Ramesh, C. V., Ma, X., Naqvi, S., Patel, T., Cenizal, T., Tiscione, M., Diaz, K., Crea, T., Arnold, E., Arnold,G.F.,andTaylor,J.W.(2002). Structure-affinityrelationshipsinthe gp41 ELDKWA epitope for the HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2F5: effects of side-chain and back-bone modifications and conforma-tional constraints. J. Pept. Res. 59, 264-276.
    • (2002) J. Pept. Res. , vol.59 , pp. 264-276
    • Tian, Y.1    Ramesh, C.V.2    Ma, X.3    Naqvi, S.4    Patel, T.5    Cenizal, T.6    Tiscione, M.7    Diaz, K.8    Crea, T.9    Arnold, E.10    Arnold, G.F.11    Taylor, J.W.12
  • 199
    • 0026879273 scopus 로고
    • Makingsenseofantisense: a review of experimental data and developing ideas on sense-antisense recognition
    • Tropsha,A., Kizler, J. S., and Chaiken, I. M.(1992).Makingsenseofantisense: a review of experimental data and developing ideas on sense-antisense recognition. J. Mol. Recognit. 5, 43-54.
    • (1992) J. Mol. Recognit. , vol.5 , pp. 43-54
    • Tropsha, A.1    Kizler, J.S.2    Chaiken, I.M.3
  • 200
    • 0029091404 scopus 로고
    • Lack of induction of anti-bodiesspecificforconserved,discon-tinuous epitopes of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein by candidate AIDS vac-cines
    • VanCott, T. C., Bethke, F. R., Burke, D. S., Redfield, R. R., and Birx, D. L. (1995). Lack of induction of anti-bodiesspecificforconserved,discon-tinuous epitopes of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein by candidate AIDS vac-cines. J. Immunol. 155, 4100-4110.
    • (1995) J. Immunol. , vol.155 , pp. 4100-4110
    • VanCott, T.C.1    Bethke, F.R.2    Burke, D.S.3    Redfield, R.R.4    Birx, D.L.5
  • 202
    • 0032123275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From absolute to exquisite speci-ficity. Reflections on the fuzzy nature of species, specificity and antigenic sites
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (1998a). From absolute to exquisite speci-ficity. Reflections on the fuzzy nature of species, specificity and antigenic sites. J. Immunol. Methods 216, 37-48.
    • (1998) J. Immunol. Methods , vol.216 , pp. 37-48
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 203
    • 84855315635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mimotopes, continuous paratopes and hydropathic complementar-ity: novel approximations in the description of immunological speci-ficity
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (1998b). Mimotopes, continuous paratopes and hydropathic complementar-ity: novel approximations in the description of immunological speci-ficity. J. Disper. Sci. Technol. 8, 140-144.
    • (1998) J. Disper. Sci. Technol. , vol.8 , pp. 140-144
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 204
    • 0032867504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular design versus empirical discovery in peptide-based vaccines. Coming to terms with fuzzy recog-nition sites and ill-defined structure function relationships in immunol-ogy
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (1999). Molecular design versus empirical discovery in peptide-based vaccines. Coming to terms with fuzzy recog-nition sites and ill-defined structure function relationships in immunol-ogy. Vaccine 18,216-221.
    • (1999) Vaccine , vol.18 , pp. 216-221
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 205
    • 0036760872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reductionism and the search for structure-function relationships in antibody molecules
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2002a). Reductionism and the search for structure-function relationships in antibody molecules. J. Mol. Recognit. 15,240-247.
    • (2002) J. Mol. Recognit. , vol.15 , pp. 240-247
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 207
    • 2542418082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bio-logical complexity emerges from the ashes of genetic reductionism
    • VanRegenmortel,M.H.V.(2004a).Bio-logical complexity emerges from the ashes of genetic reductionism. J. Mol. Recognit. 17, 145-148.
    • (2004) J. Mol. Recognit. , vol.17 , pp. 145-148
    • VanRegenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 208
    • 10044298236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reductionism and complexity in molecular biology, Scientists now have the tools to unravel biological complexity and overcome the limita-tions of reductionism
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2004b). Reductionism and complexity in molecular biology. Scientists now have the tools to unravel biological complexity and overcome the limita-tions of reductionism. EMBO Rep. 5, 1016-1020.
    • (2004) EMBO Rep. , vol.5 , pp. 1016-1020
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 209
    • 33745047144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoinformatics may lead to a reappraisal of the nature of B cell epitopes and of the feasibility of synthetic peptide vaccines
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2006). Immunoinformatics may lead to a reappraisal of the nature of B cell epitopes and of the feasibility of synthetic peptide vaccines. J. Mol. Recognit. 19, 183-187.
    • (2006) J. Mol. Recognit. , vol.19 , pp. 183-187
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 210
    • 33947731954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rational design of biological com-plexity: a deceptive metaphor
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2007). The rational design of biological com-plexity: a deceptive metaphor. Pro-teomics 7,965-975.
    • (2007) Pro-teomics , vol.7 , pp. 965-975
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 211
    • 74449086766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic peptide vaccines and the search for neutralization B cell epi-topes
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2009a). Synthetic peptide vaccines and the search for neutralization B cell epi-topes. Open Vaccine J. 2,33-44.
    • (2009) Open Vaccine J , vol.2 , pp. 33-44
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 212
    • 67650233957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is a B cell epitope?
    • eds, Reineke and M. Schotkowski (Springer: Humana Press)
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2009b). "What is a B cell epitope?," in Epitope Mapping Protocols,eds U. Reineke and M. Schotkowski (Springer: Humana Press) 3-20.
    • (2009) Epitope Mapping Protocols , pp. 3-20
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 213
    • 79959953028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limitations to the structure-based design of HIV-1 vaccine immunogens
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2011a). Limitations to the structure-based design of HIV-1 vaccine immunogens. J. Mol. Recognit. 24, 741-753.
    • (2011) J. Mol. Recognit. , vol.24 , pp. 741-753
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 214
    • 80053638380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two meanings of reverse vaccinology and the empirical nature of vaccine science
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2011b). Two meanings of reverse vaccinology and the empirical nature of vaccine science. Vaccine 29, 7875.
    • (2011) Vaccine , vol.29 , pp. 7875
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 215
    • 84855300573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Requirements for empirical immunogenicity trials, rather thanstructure-based design, for develop-ing an effective HIV vaccine
    • Van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2012). Requirements for empirical immunogenicity trials, rather thanstructure-based design, for develop-ing an effective HIV vaccine. Arch. Virol. 157, 1-20.
    • (2012) Arch. Virol. , vol.157 , pp. 1-20
    • Van Regenmortel, M.H.V.1
  • 219
    • 79957726572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of immunemechanismsininduction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing anti-bodies
    • Verkoczy, L., Kelsoe, G., Moody, M. A., and Haynes, B. F. (2011). Role of immunemechanismsininduction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing anti-bodies. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 23, 383-390.
    • (2011) Curr. Opin. Immunol. , vol.23 , pp. 383-390
    • Verkoczy, L.1    Kelsoe, G.2    Moody, M.A.3    Haynes, B.F.4
  • 220
    • 77949384495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunology and the elusive AIDS vaccine
    • Virgin, H. W., and Walker, B. D. (2010). Immunology and the elusive AIDS vaccine. Nature 464,224-231.
    • (2010) Nature , vol.464 , pp. 224-231
    • Virgin, H.W.1    Walker, B.D.2
  • 221
    • 0002415819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causalityincomplex systems
    • Wagner,A.(1999).Causalityincomplex systems. Biol. Philos. 14,83-101.
    • (1999) Biol. Philos. , vol.14 , pp. 83-101
    • Wagner, A.1
  • 222
    • 77953543379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rational antibody-based HIV-1 vac-cine design: current approaches and future directions
    • Walker,L. M.,and Burton,D. R. (2010). Rational antibody-based HIV-1 vac-cine design: current approaches and future directions. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 22, 358-366.
    • (2010) Curr. Opin. Immunol. , vol.22 , pp. 358-366
    • Walker, L.M.1    Burton, D.R.2
  • 224
    • 77958115264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A limited num-ber of antibody specificities mediate broad and potent serum neutraliza-tion in selected HIV-1 infected indi-viduals
    • doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001028
    • Walker, L. M., Simek, M. D., Priddy, F., Gach, J. S., Wagner, D., Zwick, M. B., Phogat, S. K., Poignard, P., and Burton,D. R. (2010).A limited num-ber of antibody specificities mediate broad and potent serum neutraliza-tion in selected HIV-1 infected indi-viduals. PLoS Pathog. 6, e1001028. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001028
    • (2010) PLoS Pathog , vol.6
    • Walker, L.M.1    Simek, M.D.2    Priddy, F.3    Gach, J.S.4    Wagner, D.5    Zwick, M.B.6    Phogat, S.K.7    Poignard, P.8    Burton, D.R.9
  • 225
    • 0034928130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why the philos-ophy of science actually does matter
    • Wilkins, A. S. (2001). Why the philos-ophy of science actually does matter. Bioessays 23, 561-562.
    • (2001) Bioessays , vol.23 , pp. 561-562
    • Wilkins, A.S.1
  • 226
    • 0028606741 scopus 로고
    • Antibody-antigen interactions: new structures and new conformational changes
    • Wilson,I.A.,andStanfield,R.L.(1994). Antibody-antigen interactions: new structures and new conformational changes. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 4, 857-867.
    • (1994) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. , vol.4 , pp. 857-867
    • Wilson, I.A.1    Stanfield, R.L.2
  • 227
    • 0036176766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rational approach to AIDS drug design through structural biology
    • Wlodawer, A. (2002). Rational approach to AIDS drug design through structural biology. Annu. Rev. Med. 53, 595-514.
    • (2002) Annu. Rev. Med. , vol.53 , pp. 595-514
    • Wlodawer, A.1
  • 233
    • 70449701456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germline-like predeces-sors of broadly neutralizing antibod-ies lack measurable binding to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: implications for evasion of immune responses and design of vaccine immunogens
    • Xiao, X., Chen, W., Feng, Y., Zhu, Z., Prabakaran, P., Wang, Y., Zhang, M. Y., Longo, N. S., and Dimitrov, D. S. (2009). Germline-like predeces-sors of broadly neutralizing antibod-ies lack measurable binding to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: implications for evasion of immune responses and design of vaccine immunogens. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.390, 404-409.
    • (2009) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 390 , pp. 404-409
    • Xiao, X.1    Chen, W.2    Feng, Y.3    Zhu, Z.4    Prabakaran, P.5    Wang, Y.6    Zhang, M.Y.7    Longo, N.S.8    Dimitrov, D.S.9
  • 234
    • 0042744723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural plasticity and the evolution of antibody affin-ity and specificity
    • 4th
    • Yin, J., Beuscher, A. E. 4th, Andryski, S. E., Stevens, R. C., and Schultz, P. G. (2003). Structural plasticity and the evolution of antibody affin-ity and specificity. J. Mol. Biol. 330, 651-656.
    • (2003) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.330 , pp. 651-656
    • Yin, J.1    Beuscher, A.E.2    Andryski, S.E.3    Stevens, R.C.4    Schultz, P.G.5
  • 235
    • 84874198892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell-mediated immunity to viruses
    • eds B. W. J. Mahy and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (Amsterdam: Elsevier)
    • Zajac, A. J., and Harrington, L. E. (2008). "Cell-mediated immunity to viruses,"inDeskEncyclo.ofGen.Virol. eds B. W. J. Mahy and M. H. V. Van Regenmortel (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 354-361.
    • (2008) DeskEncyclo. ofGen. Virol , pp. 354-361
    • Zajac, A.J.1    Harrington, L.E.2
  • 240
    • 1542615646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying epi-topesof HIV-1thatinduceprotective antibodies
    • Zolla-Pazner,S. (2004). Identifying epi-topesof HIV-1thatinduceprotective antibodies. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 199-210.
    • (2004) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.4 , pp. 199-210
    • Zolla-Pazner, S.1
  • 241
    • 77954100808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure-function relationships of HIV-1 envelope sequence-variable regions refocus vaccine design
    • Zolla-Pazner,S.,andCardozo,T.(2010). Structure-function relationships of HIV-1 envelope sequence-variable regions refocus vaccine design. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 10,527-535.
    • (2010) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.10 , pp. 527-535
    • Zolla-Pazner, S.1    Cardozo, T.2
  • 242
    • 80053952246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-clade HIV-1 neutralizing antibod-ies induced with V3-scaffold pro-tein immunogens following priming with gp120 DNA
    • Zolla-Pazner, S., Kong, X. P., Jiang, X., Cardozo, T., Nádas, A., Cohen, S., Totrov, M., Seaman, M. S., Wang, S., and Lu, S. (2011). Cross-clade HIV-1 neutralizing antibod-ies induced with V3-scaffold pro-tein immunogens following priming with gp120 DNA. J. Virol. 85, 9887-9898.
    • (2011) J. Virol. , vol.85 , pp. 9887-9898
    • Zolla-Pazner, S.1    Kong, X.P.2    Jiang, X.3    Cardozo, T.4    Nádas, A.5    Cohen, S.6    Totrov, M.7    Seaman, M.S.8    Wang, S.9    Lu, S.10
  • 243
    • 27544481277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The membrane-proximal external region of HIV-1 gp41: a vaccine target worth explor-ing
    • Zwick, M. B. (2005). The membrane-proximal external region of HIV-1 gp41: a vaccine target worth explor-ing. AIDS 19,1725-1737.
    • (2005) AIDS , vol.19 , pp. 1725-1737
    • Zwick, M.B.1
  • 244
    • 0038032955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular features of the broadly neutralizing immunoglobulinG1b12requiredfor recognition of human immunodefi-ciency virus type 1 gp120
    • Zwick, M. B., Parren, P. W., Saphire, E. O., Church, S., Wang, M., Scott, J. K., Dawson, P. E., Wilson, I. A., and Burton, D. R. (2003). Molecular features of the broadly neutralizing immunoglobulinG1b12requiredfor recognition of human immunodefi-ciency virus type 1 gp120. J.Virol. 77, 5863-5876.
    • (2003) J. Virol. , vol.77 , pp. 5863-5876
    • Zwick, M.B.1    Parren, P.W.2    Saphire, E.O.3    Church, S.4    Wang, M.5    Scott, J.K.6    Dawson, P.E.7    Wilson, I.A.8    Burton, D.R.9
  • 245
    • 0035202616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutral-ization synergy of human immunod-eficiency virus type 1 primary iso-lates by cocktails of broadly neu-tralizing antibodies
    • Zwick, M. B., Wang, M., Poignard, P., Stiegler, G., Katinger, H., Burton, D. R.,and Parren,P.W. (2001). Neutral-ization synergy of human immunod-eficiency virus type 1 primary iso-lates by cocktails of broadly neu-tralizing antibodies. J. Virol. 75, 12198-12208.
    • (2001) J. Virol. , vol.75 , pp. 12198-12208
    • Zwick, M.B.1    Wang, M.2    Poignard, P.3    Stiegler, G.4    Katinger, H.5    Burton, D.R.6    Parren, P.W.7


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.