The B cell response is redundant and highly focused on V1V2 during early subtype C infection in a Zambian seroconverter

Journal of Virology

Volumn 85, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 905-915

  Lynch, Rebecca M ^a   Rong, Rong ^a,b   Boliar, Saikat ^a,b   Sethi, Anurag ^f   Li, Bing ^a   Mulenga, Joseph ^d   Allen, Susan ^a,c   Robinson, James E ^e   Gnanakaran, S ^f   Derdeyn, Cynthia A ^a,b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Zambia Blood Transfusion Service   (Zambia)

^e TULANE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLYCOPROTEIN GP 120; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; VIRUS GLYCOPROTEIN;

ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; SEROCONVERSION; VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIBODIES, NEUTRALIZING; B-LYMPHOCYTES; DNA MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; EPITOPES; GENOTYPE; GLYCOSYLATION; HIV ANTIBODIES; HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; RNA, VIRAL; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; ZAMBIA;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1;

EID: 78650633879     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: 10985514     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02006-10     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Aasa-Chapman, M. M., A. Hayman, P. Newton, D. Cornforth, I. Williams, P. Borrow, P. Balfe, and A. McKnight. 2004. Development of the antibody response in acute HIV-1 infection. AIDS 18:371-381.
2. Arendrup, M., C. Nielsen, J. E. Hansen, C. Pedersen, L. Mathiesen, and J. O. Nielsen. 1992. Autologous HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies: emergence of neutralization-resistant escape virus and subsequent development of escape virus neutralizing antibodies. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 5:303-307.
3. Barin, F., M. F. McLane, J. S. Allan, T. H. Lee, J. E. Groopman, and M. Essex. 1985. Virus envelope protein of HTLV-III represents major target antigen for antibodies in AIDS patients. Science 228:1094-1096.
4. Binley, J. M., E. A. Lybarger, E. T. Crooks, M. S. Seaman, E. Gray, K. L. Davis, J. M. Decker, D. Wycuff, L. Harris, N. Hawkins, B. Wood, C. Nathe, D. Richman, G. D. Tomaras, F. Bibollet-Ruche, J. E. Robinson, L. Morris, G. M. Shaw, D. C. Montefiori, and J. R. Mascola. 2008. Profiling the specificity of neutralizing antibodies in a large panel of plasmas from patients chronically infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes B and C. J. Virol. 82:11651-11668.
5. Bosch, K. A., S. Rainwater, W. Jaoko, and J. Overbaugh. 2010. Temporal analysis of HIV envelope sequence evolution and antibody escape in a subtype A-infected individual with a broad neutralizing antibody response. Virology 398:115-124.
6. Bunnik, E. M., L. Pisas, A. C. van Nuenen, and H. Schuitemaker. 2008. Autologous neutralizing humoral immunity and evolution of the viral envelope in the course of subtype B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Virol. 82:7932-7941.
7. Bures, R., L. Morris, C. Williamson, G. Ramjee, M. Deers, S. A. Fiscus, S. Abdool-Karim, and D. C. Montefiori. 2002. Regional clustering of shared neutralization determinants on primary isolates of clade C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from South Africa. J. Virol. 76:2233-2244.
8. Chackerian, B., L. M. Rudensey, and J. Overbaugh. 1997. Specific N-linked and O-linked glycosylation modifications in the envelope V1 domain of simian immunodeficiency virus variants that evolve in the host alter recognition by neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol. 71:7719-7727.
9. Chen, L., Y. D. Kwon, T. Zhou, X. Wu, S. O'Dell, L. Cavacini, A. J. Hessell, M. Pancera, M. Tang, L. Xu, Z. Y. Yang, M. Y. Zhang, J. Arthos, D. R. Burton, D. S. Dimitrov, G. J. Nabel, M. R. Posner, J. Sodroski, R. Wyatt, J. R. Mascola, and P. D. Kwong. 2009. Structural basis of immune evasion at the site of CD4 attachment on HIV-1 gp120. Science 326:1123-1127.
10. Deeks, S. G., B. Schweighardt, T. Wrin, J. Galovich, R. Hoh, E. Sinclair, P. Hunt, J. M. McCune, J. N. Martin, C. J. Petropoulos, and F. M. Hecht. 2006. Neutralizing antibody responses against autologous and heterologous viruses in acute versus chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: evidence for a constraint on the ability of HIV to completely evade neutralizing antibody responses. J. Virol. 80:6155-6164.
11. Derdeyn, C. A., J. M. Decker, F. Bibollet-Ruche, J. L. Mokili, M. Muldoon, S. A. Denham, M. L. Heil, F. Kasolo, R. Musonda, B. H. Hahn, G. M. Shaw, B. T. Korber, S. Allen, and E. Hunter. 2004. Envelope-constraine d neutralization-sensitive HIV-1 after heterosexual transmission. Science 303:2019-2022. (Pubitemid 38393277)
12. Diskin, R., P. M. Marcovecchio, and P. J. Bjorkman. 2010. Structure of a clade C HIV-1 gp120 bound to CD4 and CD4-induced antibody reveals anti-CD4 polyreactivity. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17:608-613.
13. Doores, K. J., and D. R. Burton. 2010. Variable loop glycan dependency of the broad and potent HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol. 84:10510-10521.
14. Eswar, N., B. Webb, M. A. Marti-Renom, M. S. Madhusudhan, D. Eramian, M. Y. Shen, U. Pieper, and A. Sali. 2006. Comparative protein structure modeling using Modeller, unit 5-6. In Current protocols in bioinformatics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
15. Gaschen, B., J. Taylor, K. Yusim, B. Foley, F. Gao, D. Lang, V. Novitsky, B. Haynes, B. H. Hahn, T. Bhattacharya, and B. Korber. 2002. Diversity considerations in HIV-1 vaccine selection. Science 296:2354-2360.
16. Gorny, M. K., J. P. Moore, A. J. Conley, S. Karwowska, J. Sodroski, C. Williams, S. Burda, L. J. Boots, and S. Zolla-Pazner. 1994. uman anti-V2 monoclonal antibody that neutralizes primary but not laboratory isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 68:8312-8320.
17. Gorny, M. K., L. Stamatatos, B. Volsky, K. Revesz, C. Williams, X. H. Wang, S. Cohen, R. Staudinger, and S. Zolla-Pazner. 2005. Identification of a new quaternary neutralizing epitope on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virus particles. J. Virol. 79:5232-5237.
18. Gray, E. S., P. L. Moore, I. A. Choge, J. M. Decker, F. Bibollet-Ruche, H. Li, N. Leseka, F. Treurnicht, K. Mlisana, G. M. Shaw, S. S. Karim, C. Williamson, and L. Morris. 2007. Neutralizing antibody responses in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C infection. J. Virol. 81:6187-6196.
19. Gray, E. S., N. Taylor, D. Wycuff, P. L. Moore, G. D. Tomaras, C. K. Wibmer, A. Puren, A. DeCamp, P. B. Gilbert, B. Wood, D. C. Montefiori, J. M. Binley, G. M. Shaw, B. F. Haynes, J. R. Mascola, and L. Morris. 2009. Antibody specificities associated with neutralization breadth in plasma from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C-infected blood donors. J. Virol. 83:8925-8937.
20. Guan, Y., M. M. Sajadi, R. Kamin-Lewis, T. R. Fouts, A. Dimitrov, Z. Zhang, R. R. Redfield, A. L. DeVico, R. C. Gallo, and G. K. Lewis. 2009. Discordant memory B cell and circulating anti-Env antibody responses in HIV-1 infection.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:3952-3957.
21. Haaland, R. E., P. A. Hawkins, J. Salazar-Gonzalez, A. Johnson, A. Tichacek, E. Karita, O. Manigart, J. Mulenga, B. F. Keele, G. M. Shaw, B. H. Hahn, S. A. Allen, C. A. Derdeyn, and E. Hunter. 2009. Inflammatory genital infections mitigate a severe genetic bottleneck in heterosexual transmission of subtype A and C HIV-1. PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000274.
22. Honnen, W. J., C. Krachmarov, S. C. Kayman, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and A. Pinter. 2007. Type-specific epitopes targeted by monoclonal antibodies with exceptionally potent neutralizing activities for s elected strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 map to a common region of the V2 domain of gp120 and differ only at single positions from the clade B consensus sequence. J. Virol. 81:1424-1432.
23. Huang, C. C., M. Tang, M. Y. Zhang, S. Majeed, E. Montabana, R. L. Stanfield, D. S. Dimitrov, B. Korber, J. Sodroski, I. A. Wilson, R. Wyatt, and P. D. Kwong. 2005. Structure of a V3-containing HIV-1 gp120 core. Science 310:1025-1028.
24. Huang, C. C., M. Venturi, S. Majeed, M. J. Moore, S. Phogat, M. Y. Zhang, D. S. Dimitrov, W. A. Hendrickson, J. Robinson, J. Sodroski, R. Wyatt, H. Choe, M. Farzan, and P. D. Kwong. 2004. Structural basis of tyrosine sulfation and VH-gene usage in antibodies that recognize the HIV type 1 coreceptor-binding site on gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101:2706-2711.
25. Hunter, E. 1997. Viral entry and receptors, p. 71-121. In J. M. Coffin and H. E. Varmus (ed.), Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Plainview, NY.
26. Kayman, S. C., Z. Wu, K. Revesz, H. Chen, R. Kopelman, and A. Pinter. 1994. Presentation of native epitopes in the V1/V2 and V3 regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 by fusion glycoproteins containing isolated gp120 domains. J. Virol. 68:400-410.
27. Koch, M., M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Kolchinsky, C. Grundner, L. Wang, W. A. Hendrickson, J. Sodroski, and R. Wyatt. 2003. Structure-based, targeted deglycosylation of HIV-1 gp120 and effects on neutralization sensitivity and antibody recognition. Virology 313:387-400.
28. Korber, B., B. Gaschen, K. Yusim, R. Thakallapally, C. Kesmir, and V.Detours. 2001. Evolutionary and immunological implications of contemporary HIV-1 variation. Br. Med. Bull. 58:19-42.
29. Kwong, P. D., R. Wyatt, S. Majeed, J. Robinson, R. W. Sweet, J. Sodroski, and W. A. Hendrickson. 2000. Structures of HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoproteins from laboratory-adapted and primary isolates. Structure 8:1329-1339.
30. Laird, M. E., T. Igarashi, M. A. Martin, and R. C. Desrosiers. 2008. Importance of the V1/V2 loop region of simian-human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp120 in determining the strain specificity of the neutralizing antibody response. J. Virol. 82:11054-11065.
31. Li, B., J. M. Decker, R. W. Johnson, F. Bibollet-Ruche, X. Wei, J. Mulenga, S. Allen, E. Hunter, B. H. Hahn, G. M. Shaw, J. L. Blackwell, and C. A. Derdeyn. 2006. Evidence for potent autologous neutralizing antibody titers and compact envelopes in early infection with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 80:5211-5218.
32. Li, Y., B. Cleveland, I. Klots, B. Travis, B. A. Richardson, D. Anderson, D.Montefiori, P. Polacino, and S. L. Hu. 2008. Removal of a single N-linkedglycan in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 results in an enhanced ability to induce neutralizing antibody responses. J. Virol. 82:638-651.
33. Liu, J., A. Bartesaghi, M. J. Borgnia, G. Sapiro, and S. Subramaniam. 2008. Molecular architecture of native HIV-1 gp120 trimers. Nature 455:109-113.
34. Lohrengel, S., F. Hermann, I. Hagmann, H. Oberwinkler, L. Scrivano, C. Hoffmann, D. von Laer, and M. T. Dittmar. 2005. Determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to membrane-anchored gp41-derived peptides. J. Virol. 79:10237-10246.
35. Ly, A., and L. Stamatatos. 2000. V2 loop glycosylation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 SF162 envelope facilitates interaction of this protein with CD4 and CCR5 receptors and protects the virus from neutralization by anti-V3 loop and anti-CD4 binding site antibodies. J. Virol. 74:6769-6776.
36. Lynch, R. M., R. Rong, B. Li, T. Shen, W. Honnen, J. Mulenga, S. Allen, A. Pinter, S. Gnanakaran, and C. A. Derdeyn. 2010. Subtype-specific conservation of isoleucine 309 in the envelope V3 domain is linked to immune evasion in subtype C HIV-1 infection. Virology 404:59-70.
37. MacKerell, J. A. 1998. All-atom empirical potential for molecular modeling and dynamics studies of proteins. J. Phys. Chem. B 102:3586-3616.
38. Mahalanabis, M., P. Jayaraman, T. Miura, F. Pereyra, E. M. Chester, B. Richardson, B. Walker, and N. L. Haigwood. 2009. Continuous viral escape and selection by autologous neutralizing antibodies in drug-naive human immunodeficiency virus controllers. J. Virol. 83:662-672.
39. McCaffrey, R. A., C. Saunders, M. Hensel, and L. Stamatatos. 2004. Nlinked glycosylation of the V3 loop and the immunologically silent face of gp120 protects human immunodeficiency virus type 1 SF162 from neutralization by anti-gp120 and anti-gp41 antibodies. J. Virol. 78:3279-3295.
40. McKenna, S. L., G. K. Muyinda, D. Roth, M. Mwali, N. Ng'andu, A. Myrick, C. Luo, F. H. Priddy, V. M. Hall, A. A. von Lieven, J. R. Sabatino, K. Mark,and S. A. Allen. 1997. Rapid HIV testing and counseling for voluntary testing centers in Africa. AIDS 11(Suppl. 1):S103-S110.
41. Moore, P. L., N. Ranchobe, B. E. Lambson, E. S. Gray, E. Cave, M. R. Abrahams, G. Bandawe, K. Mlisana, S. S. Abdool Karim, C. Williamson, and L. Morris. 2009. Limited neutralizing antibody specificities drive neutralization escape in early HIV-1 subtype C infection. PLoS Pathog.5:e1000598.
42. Ndung'u, T., B. Renjifo, and M. Essex. 2001. Construction and analysis of an infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C molecular clone. J. Virol. 75:4964-4972.
43. Neumann, T., I. Hagmann, S. Lohrengel, M. L. Heil, C. A. Derdeyn, H. G. Krausslich, and M. T. Dittmar. 2005. T20-insensitive HIV-1 from naïve patients exhibits high viral fitness in a novel dual-color competition assay on primary cells. Virology 333:251-262.
44. Pancera, M., S. Majeed, Y. E. Ban, L. Chen, C. C. Huang, L. Kong, Y. D. Kwon, J. Stuckey, T. Zhou, J. E. Robinson, W. R. Schief, J. Sodroski, R. Wyatt, and P. D. Kwong. 2010. Structure of HIV-1 gp120 with gp41-interactive region reveals layered envelope architecture and basis of conformational mobility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107:1166-1171.
45. Phillips, J. C., R. Braun, W. Wang, J. Gumbart, E. Tajkhorshid, E. Villa, C. Chipot, R. D. Skeel, L. Kale, and K. Schulten. 2005. Scalable molecular dynamics with NAMD. J. Comput. Chem. 26:1781-1802.
46. Pietzsch, J., J. F. Scheid, H. Mouquet, F. Klein, M. S. Seaman, M. Jankovic, D. Corti, A. Lanzavecchia, and M. C. Nussenzweig. 2010. Human anti-HIVneutralizing antibodies frequently target a conserved epitope essential for viral fitness. J. Exp. Med. 207:1995-2002.
47. Pinter, A., W. J. Honnen, Y. He, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and S. C. Kayman. 2004. The V1/V2 domain of gp120 is a global regulator of the sensitivity of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates to neutralization by antibodies commonly induced upon infection. J. Virol. 78: 5205-5215.
48. Quakkelaar, E. D., E. M. Bunnik, F. P. van Alphen, B. D. Boeser-Nunnink, A. C. van Nuenen, and H. Schuitemaker. 2007. Escape of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from broadly neutralizing antibodies is not associated with a reduction of viral replicative capacity in vitro. Virology 363:447-453.
49. Richman, D. D., T. Wrin, S. J. Little, and C. J. Petropoulos. 2003. Rapid evolution of the neutralizing antibody response to HIV type 1 fection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:4144-4149.
50. Robinson, J. E., K. Franco, D. H. Elliott, M. J. Maher, A. Reyna, D. C. Montefiori, S. Zolla-Pazner, M. K. Gorny, Z. Kraft, and L. Stamatatos. 2010. Quaternary epitope specificities of anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies generated in rhesus macaques infected by the simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P4. J. Virol. 84:3443-3453.
51. Rong, R., F. Bibollet-Ruche, J. Mulenga, S. Allen, J. L. Blackwell, and C. A. Derdeyn. 2007. Role of V1V2 and other human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope domains in resistance to autologous neutralization during clade C infection. J. Virol. 81:1350-1359.
52. Rong, R., S. Gnanakaran, J. M. Decker, F. Bibollet-Ruche, J. Taylor, J. N. Sfakianos, J. L. Mokili, M. Muldoon, J. Mulenga, S. Allen, B. H. Hahn, G. M. Shaw, J. L. Blackwell, B. T. Korber, E. Hunter, and C. A. Derdeyn. 2007. Unique mutational patterns in the envelope alpha 2 amphipathic helixand acquisition of length in gp120 hypervariable domains are associated with resistance to autologous neutralization of subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 81:5658-5668.
53. Rong, R., B. Li, R. M. Lynch, R. E. Haaland, M. K. Murphy, J. Mulenga, S. A. Allen, A. Pinter, G. M. Shaw, E. Hunter, J. E. Robinson, S. Gnanakaran, and C. A. Derdeyn. 2009. Escape from autologous neutralizing antibodies in acute/early subtype C HIV-1 infection requires multiple pathways. PLoS Pathog. 5:e1000594.
54. Sagar, M., X. Wu, S. Lee, and J. Overbaugh. 2006. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V1-V2 envelope loop sequences expand and add glycosylation sites over the course of infection, and these modifications affect antibody neutralization sensitivity. J. Virol. 80:9586-9598.
55. Sanders, R. W., M. Venturi, L. Schiffner, R. Kalyanaraman, H. Katinger, K. O. Lloyd, P. D. Kwong, and J. P. Moore. 2002. The mannose-dependent epitope for neutralizing antibody 2G12 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein gp120. J. Virol. 76:7293-7305.
56. Scanlan, C. N., R. Pantophlet, M. R. Wormald, E. Ollmann Saphire, R.Stanfield, I. A. Wilson, H. Katinger, R. A. Dwek, P. M. Rudd, and D. R. Burton. 2002. The broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody 2G12 recognizes a cluster of alpha132 mannose residues on the outer face of gp120. J. Virol. 76:7306-7321.
57. Scheid, J. F., H. Mouquet, N. Feldhahn, M. S. Seaman, K. Velinzon, J. Pietzsch, R. G. Ott, R. M. Anthony, H. Zebroski, A. Hurley, A. Phogat, B.Chakrabarti, Y. Li, M. Connors, F. Pereyra, B. D. Walker, H. Wardemann, D. Ho, R. T. Wyatt, J. R. Mascola, J. V. Ravetch, and M. C. Nussenzweig.2009. Broad diversity of neutralizing antibodies isolated from memory B cells in HIV-infected individuals. Nature 458:636-640.
58. Taylor, B. S., M. E. Sobieszczyk, F. E. McCutchan, and S. M. Hammer. 2008. The challenge of HIV-1 subtype diversity. N. Engl. J. Med. 358:1590-1602.
59. Trask, S. A., C. A. Derdeyn, U. Fideli, Y. Chen, S. Meleth, F. Kasolo, R. Musonda, E. Hunter, F. Gao, S. Allen, and B. H. Hahn. 2002. Molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission in a heterosexual cohort of discordant couples in Zambia. J. Virol. 76:397-405.
60. Trkola, A., M. Purtscher, T. Muster, C. Ballaun, A. Buchacher, N. Sullivan, K. Srinivasan, J. Sodroski, J. P. Moore, and H. Katinger. 1996. Human monoclonal antibody 2G12 defines a distinctive neutralization epitope on the gp120 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 70: 1100-1108. (Pubitemid 26029030)
61. UNAIDS. 2009. AIDS epidemic update. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
62. Walker, L. M., S. K. Phogat, P. Y. Chan-Hui, D. Wagner, P. hung, J. L. Goss, T. Wrin, M. D. Simek, S. Fling, J. L. Mitcham, J. K. Lehrman, F. H.Priddy, O. A. Olsen, S. M. Frey, P. W. Hammond, S. Kaminsky, T. Zamb, M. Moyle, W. C. Koff, P. Poignard, and D. R. Burton. 2009. Broad and potent neutralizing antibodies from an African donor reveal a new HIV-1 vaccine target. Science 326:285-289.
63. Walker, L. M., M. D. Simek, F. Priddy, J. S. Gach, D. Wagner, M. B. Zwick, S. K. Phogat, P. Poignard, and D. R. Burton. 2010. A limited number of antibody specificities mediate broad and potent serum neutralization in selected HIV-1 infected individuals. PLoS Pathog. 6:e1001028.
64. Warrier, S. V., A. Pinter, W. J. Honnen, M. Girard, E. Muchmore, and S. A. Tilley. 1994. A novel, glycan-dependent epitope in the V2 domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 is recognized by a highly potent, neutralizing chimpanzee monoclonal antibody. J. Virol. 68:4636-4642.
65. Wei, X., J. M. Decker, S. Wang, H. Hui, J. C. Kappes, X. Wu, J. F. Salazar- Gonzalez, M. G. Salazar, J. M. Kilby, M. S. Saag, N. L. Komarova, M. A.Nowak, B. H. Hahn, P. D. Kwong, and G. M. Shaw. 2003. Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1. Nature 422:307-312.
66. Wolk, T., and M. Schreiber. 2006. N-glycans in the gp120 V1/V2 domain of the HIV-1 strain NL4-3 are indispensable for viral infectivity and resistance against antibody neutralization. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 195:165-172.
67. Xiang, S. H., N. Doka, R. K. Choudhary, J. Sodroski, and J. E. Robinson. 2002. Characterization of CD4-induced epitopes on the HIV type 1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein recognized by neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 18:1207-1217.
68. Zhou, T., L. Xu, B. Dey, A. J. Hessell, D. Van Ryk, S. H. Xiang, X. Yang, M. Y. Zhang, M. B. Zwick, J. Arthos, D. R. Burton, D. S. Dimitrov, J.Sodroski, R. Wyatt, G. J. Nabel, and P. D. Kwong. 2007. Structural definition of a conserved neutralization epitope on HIV-1 gp120. Nature 445:732-737.