Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: A Rome foundation report

Gut

Volumn 62, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 159-176

  Simreń, Magnus ^a   Barbara, Giovanni ^b   Flint, Harry J ^c   Spiegel, Brennan M R ^d   Spiller, Robin C ^e   Vanner, Stephen ^f   Verdu, Elena F ^g   Whorwell, Peter J ^h   Zoetendal, Erwin G ⁱ  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^c ROWETT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^f QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^g MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEOMYCIN; PLACEBO; PROBIOTIC AGENT; RIFAXIMIN; RNA 16S; SYNBIOTIC AGENT;

BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM DETECTION; BACTEROIDES; BIFIDOBACTERIUM; DIET THERAPY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; ENTEROCOCCUS; ENTEROPATHY; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FUNCTIONAL BOWEL DISORDER; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; IRRITABLE COLON; LACTOBACILLUS; LONG TERM CARE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA SEQUENCE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIET THERAPY; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HUMANS; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; INTESTINES; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME; METAGENOME; METAGENOMICS; PREBIOTICS; PROBIOTICS; RNA, BACTERIAL; RNA, RIBOSOMAL, 16S;

EID: 84871120114     PISSN: 00175749     EISSN: 14683288     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302167     Document Type: Review

References (263)

1. Drossman DA. The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1377-90.
2. Koloski NA, Talley NJ, Boyce PM. Epidemiology and health care seeking in the functional GI disorders: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2290-9.
3. Belsey J, Greenfield S, Candy D, et al. Systematic review: impact of constipation on quality of life in adults and children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:938-49.
4. Gralnek IM, Hays RD, Kilbourne A, et al. The impact of irritable bowel syndrome on health-related quality of life. Gastroenterology 2000;119:654-60.
5. Simren M, Svedlund J, Posserud I, et al. Health-related quality of life in patients attending a gastroenterology outpatient clinic: functional disorders versus organic diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006;4 :187-95. (Pubitemid 43199689)
6. Spiegel BM. The burden of IBS: looking at metrics. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2009;11:265-9.
7. Hillila MT, Farkkila NJ, Farkkila MA. Societal costs for irritable bowel syndromeea population based study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010;45:582-91.
8. Jiang X, Locke GR, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Health care seeking for abdominal bloating and visible distention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;30:775-83.
9. Singh G, Lingala V, Wang H, et al. Use of health care resources and cost of care for adults with constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1053-8.
10. Gunnarsson J, Simren M. Peripheral factors in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 2009;41:788-93.
11. Ohman L, Simren M. New insights into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39:201-15. (Pubitemid 46196435)
12. Ohman L, Simren M. Pathogenesis of IBS: role of inflammation, immunity and neuroimmune interactions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;7:163-73.
13. Young VB, Schmidt TM. Overview of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008;635:29-40.
14. Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LC, et al. Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2010;90:859-904.
15. O'Hara AM, Shanahan F. The gut flora as a forgotten organ. EMBO Rep 2006;7:688-93. (Pubitemid 43986264)
16. Frank DN, St Amand AL, Feldman RA, et al. Molecularphylogenetic characterisation of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104 :13780-5. (Pubitemid 350003397)
17. Swidsinski A, Loening-Baucke V, Lochs H, et al. Spatial organization of bacterial flora in normal and inflamed intestine: a fluorescence in situ hybridization study in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:1131-40. (Pubitemid 40352998)
18. Dethlefsen L, McFall-Ngai M, Relman DA. An ecological and evolutionary perspective on human-microbe mutualism and disease. Nature 2007;449:811-18. (Pubitemid 47598621)
19. Zoetendal EG, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, de Vos WM. High-throughput diversity and functionality analysis of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota. Gut 2008;57:1605-15.
20. Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, et al. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005;308:1635-8. (Pubitemid 40807514)
21. Parkes GC, Brostoff J, Whelan K, et al. Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: their role in its pathogenesis and treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103 :1557-67. (Pubitemid 351813918)
22. Spiller R, Garsed K. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2009;136:1979-88.
23. Quigley EM. Therapies aimed at the gut microbiota and inflammation: antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, anti-inflammatory therapies. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2011;40:207-22.
24. Schmulson M, Chang L. Review article: the treatment of functional abdominal bloating and distension. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33:1071-86.
25. Ford AC, Spiegel BM, Talley NJ, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:1279-86.
26. Salonen A, de Vos WM, Palva A. Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: present state and perspectives. Microbiology 2010;156:3205-15.
27. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 2011;473:174-80.
28. Carroll IM, Chang YH, Park J, et al. Luminal and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Pathog 2010;2:19.
29. Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, et al. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:11971-5.
30. Stark PL, Lee A. The microbial ecology of the large bowel of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the first year of life. J Med Microbiol 1982; 15:189-203. (Pubitemid 12100569)
31. Palmer C, Bik EM, DiGiulio DB, et al. Development of the human infant intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biol 2007;5:e177.
32. Balamurugan R, Janardhan HP, George S, et al. Bacterial succession in the colon during childhood and adolescence: molecular studies in a southern Indian village. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1643-7.
33. Enck P, Zimmermann K, Rusch K, et al. The effects of ageing on the colonic bacterial microflora in adults. Z Gastroenterol 2009;47:653-8.
34. Biagi E, Nylund L, Candela M, et al. Through ageing, and beyond: gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. PLoS One 2010;5:e10667.
35. De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, et al. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:14691-6.
36. Costabile A, Klinder A, Fava F, et al. Whole-grain wheat breakfast cereal has a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Br J Nutr 2008;99:110-20. (Pubitemid 350286144)
37. Walker AW, Ince J, Duncan SH, et al. Dominant and dietresponsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. ISME J 2011;5:220-30.
38. Martinez I, Kim J, Duffy PR, et al. Resistant starches types 2 and 4 have differential effects on the composition of the fecal microbiota in human subjects. PLoS One 2010;5: e15046.
39. Leach ST, Mitchell HM, Eng WR, et al. Sustained modulation of intestinal bacteria by exclusive enteral nutrition used to treat children with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28:724-33.
40. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 2009;457:480-4.
41. Schwiertz A, Taras D, Schafer K, et al. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obes (Silver Spring) 2010;18:190-5.
42. Duncan SH, Lobley GE, Holtrop G, et al. Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:1720-4.
43. Lewis S, Burmeister S, Brazier J. Effect of the prebiotic oligofructose on relapse of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a randomised, controlled study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:442-8. (Pubitemid 40616909)
44. Bouhnik Y, Attar A, Joly FA, et al. Lactulose ingestion increases faecal bifidobacterial counts: a randomised double-blind study in healthy humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:462-6. (Pubitemid 38443706)
45. Bouhnik Y, Neut C, Raskine L, et al. Prospective, randomised, parallel-group trial to evaluate the effects of lactulose and polyethylene glycol-4000 on colonic flora in chronic idiopathic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:889-99. (Pubitemid 38534818)
46. Smith SC, Choy R, Johnson SK, et al. Lupin kernel fiber consumption modifies fecal microbiota in healthy men as determined by rRNA gene fluorescent in situ hybridization. Eur J Nutr 2006;45:335-41. (Pubitemid 44386852)
47. Ramnani P, Gaudier E, Bingham M, et al. Prebiotic effect of fruit and vegetable shots containing Jerusalem artichoke inulin: a human intervention study. Br J Nutr 2010;104:233-40.
48. Cloetens L, Broekaert WF, Delaedt Y, et al. Tolerance of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides and their prebiotic activity in healthy subjects: a randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Br J Nutr 2010;103:703-13.
49. Lewis S, Cochrane S. Alteration of sulfate and hydrogen metabolism in the human colon by changing intestinal transit rate. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:624-33. (Pubitemid 46328140)
50. Oufir LE, Barry JL, Flourie B, et al. Relationships between transit time in man and in vitro fermentation of dietary fiber by fecal bacteria. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:603-9. (Pubitemid 30616335)
51. Kamath PS, Phillips SF, Zinsmeister AR. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate ileal motility in humans. Gastroenterology 1988;95:1496-502. (Pubitemid 19016206)
52. Macpherson AJ, Uhr T. Induction of protective IgA by intestinal dendritic cells carrying commensal bacteria. Science 2004;303 :1662-5. (Pubitemid 38338323)
53. Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Stepankova R, Hudcovic T, et al. Commensal bacteria (normal microflora), mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2004;93:97-108. (Pubitemid 38678650)
54. Shroff KE, Meslin K, Cebra JJ. Commensal enteric bacteria engender a self-limiting humoral mucosal immune response while permanently colonizing the gut. Infect Immun 1995;63:3904-13.
55. Crabbe PA, Nash DR, Bazin H, et al. Immunohistochemical observations on lymphoid tissues from conventional and germfree mice. Lab Invest 1970;22:448-57.
56. Helgeland L, Dissen E, Dai KZ, et al. Microbial colonization induces oligoclonal expansions of intraepithelial CD8 T cells in the gut. Eur J Immunol 2004;34:3389-400. (Pubitemid 40012158)
57. Zoetendal EG, Akkermans AD, Akkermans-van Vliet WM, et al. The host genotype affects the bacterial community in the human gastrointestinal tract. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2001;13:129-34. (Pubitemid 32905860)
58. Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Hrncir T, Liu YJ, et al. Nod2 is required for the regulation of commensal microbiota in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:15813-18.
59. Verdu EF, Bercik P, Verma-Gandhu M, et al. Specific probiotic therapy attenuates antibiotic induced visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Gut 2006;55:182-90. (Pubitemid 43117275)
60. Rousseaux C, Thuru X, Gelot A, et al. Lactobacillus acidophilus modulates intestinal pain and induces opioid and cannabinoid receptors. Nat Med 2007;13:35-7. (Pubitemid 46067383)
61. Eutamene H, Lamine F, Chabo C, et al. Synergy between Lactobacillus paracasei and its bacterial products to counteract stress-induced gut permeability and sensitivity increase in rats. J Nutr 2007; 137:1901-7. (Pubitemid 47292737)
62. Bercik P, Denou E, Collins J, et al. The intestinal microbiota affect central levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor and behavior in mice. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:599-609, e1-3.
63. Moore WE, Moore LH. Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995;61:3202-7.
64. Suau A, Bonnet R, Sutren M, et al. Direct analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA from complex communities reveals many novel molecular species within the human gut. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999;65:4799-807.
65. Zoetendal EG, Akkermans AD, De Vos WM. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA from human fecal samples reveals stable and host-specific communities of active bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3854-9. (Pubitemid 28462983)
66. Andersson AF, Lindberg M, Jakobsson H, et al. Comparative analysis of human gut microbiota by barcoded pyrosequencing. PLoS One 2008;3:e2836.
67. Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Heilig HG, Molenaar D, et al. Development and application of the human intestinal tract chip, a phylogenetic microarray: analysis of universally conserved phylotypes in the abundant microbiota of young and elderly adults. Environ Microbiol 2009;11:1736-51.
68. Nelson KE, Weinstock GM, Highlander SK, et al Human Microbiome Jumpstart Reference Strains Consortium. A catalog of reference genomes from the human microbiome. Science 2010;328:994-9.
69. Kurokawa K, Itoh T, Kuwahara T, et al. Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes. DNA Res 2007;14:169-81.
70. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 2010;464:59-65.
71. Klaassens ES, de Vos WM, Vaughan EE. A metaproteomics approach to study the functionality of the microbiota in the human infant gastrointestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:1388-92.
72. Gosalbes MJ, Durbán A, Pignatelli M, et al. Metatranscriptomic approach to analyze the functional human gut microbiota. PLoS One 2011;6:e17447.
73. Verberkmoes NC, Russell AL, Shah M, et al. Shotgun metaproteomics of the human distal gut microbiota. ISME J 2009;3 :179-89.
74. Rooijers K, Kolmeder C, Juste C, et al. An iterative workflow for mining the human intestinal metaproteome. BMC Genomics 2011;12:6.
75. Gasbarrini A, Corazza GR, Gasbarrini G, et al. Methodology and indications of H2-breath testing in gastrointestinal diseases: the Rome Consensus Conference. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;29 (Suppl 1):1-49.
76. Drasar BS, Shiner M. Studies on the intestinal flora. II. Bacterial flora of the small intestine in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Gut 1969;10:812-19.
77. Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Hoyer E, Bachmann E, et al. Diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. Comparison of the 14C-D-xylose breath test and jejunal cultures in 60 patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985;20:1267-75. (Pubitemid 16192630)
78. Corazza GR, Menozzi MG, Strocchi A, et al. The diagnosis of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Reliability of jejunal culture and inadequacy of breath hydrogen testing. Gastroenterology 1990;98:302-9. (Pubitemid 20037910)
79. Bardhan PK, Gyr K, Beglinger C, et al. Diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth after culturing proximal small-bowel aspirate obtained during routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27:253-6.
80. Lewis SJ, Young G, Mann M, et al. Improvement in specificity of [14C]d-xylose breath test for bacterial overgrowth. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:1587-92. (Pubitemid 27394578)
81. Sullivan A, Tornblom H, Lindberg G, et al. The micro-flora of the small bowel in health and disease. Anaerobe 2003;9 :11-14. (Pubitemid 36773639)
82. Posserud I, Stotzer PO, Bjornsson ES, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2007; 56:802-8. (Pubitemid 46854194)
83. Kerckhoffs AP, Visser MR, Samsom M, et al. Critical evaluation of diagnosing bacterial overgrowth in the proximal small intestine. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42:1095-102.
84. Choung RS, Ruff KC, Malhotra A, et al. Clinical predictors of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth by duodenal aspirate culture. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33:1059-67.
85. Pyleris M, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Koussoulas B, et al. Small bowel culture confirms the presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in a Subset of IBS subjects. Gastroenterology 2011;140:S-152.
86. Booijink CCGM, El-Aidy S, Rajili-c-Stojanovi-c M, et al. High temporal and inter-individual variation detected in the human ileal microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2010;12:3213-27.
87. Guschin DY MB, Proudnikov D, Stahl DA, et al. Oligonucleotide microchips as genosensors for determinative and environmental studies in microbiology. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997;63:6.
88. Ahmed S, Macfarlane GT, Fite A, et al. Mucosa-associated bacterial diversity in relation to human terminal ileum and colonic biopsy samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007;73:8.
89. Zoetendal EG, Raes J, van den Bogert B, et al. The human small intestinal microbiota is driven by rapid uptake and conversion of simple carbohydrates. ISME J. Published Online First: 19 January 2012. doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.212
90. Vanner S. The small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Irritable bowel syndrome hypothesis: implications for treatment. Gut 2008;57:1315-21.
91. Khoshini R, Dai SC, Lezcano S, et al. A systematic review of diagnostic tests for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:1443-54.
92. Compare D, Pica L, Rocco A, et al. Effects of long-term PPI treatment on producing bowel symptoms and SIBO. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:380-6.
93. Lombardo L, Foti M, Ruggia O, et al. Increased incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during proton pump inhibitor therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:504-8.
94. Yu D, Cheeseman F, Vanner S. Combined oro-caecal scintigraphy and lactulose hydrogen breath testing demonstrate that breath testing detects oro-caecal transit, not small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with IBS. Gut 2011;60:334-40.
95. Law D, Pimentel M. Proton pump inhibitor therapy does not affect hydrogen production on lactulose breath test in subjects with IBS. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:2302-8.
96. Balsari A, Ceccarelli A, Dubini F, et al. The fecal microbial population in the irritable bowel syndrome. Microbiologica 1982;5:185-94. (Pubitemid 13228114)
97. Wyatt GM, Bayliss CE, Lakey AF, et al. The faecal flora of two patients with food-related irritable bowel syndrome during challenge with symptom-provoking foods. J Med Microbiol 1988;26:295-9.
98. Si JM, Yu YC, Fan YJ, et al. Intestinal microecology and quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome patients. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:1802-5.
99. Malinen E, Rinttila T, Kajander K, et al. Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:373-82. (Pubitemid 40314522)
100. Matto J, Maunuksela L, Kajander K, et al. Composition and temporal stability of gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndromeea longitudinal study in IBS and control subjects. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2005;43:213-22. (Pubitemid 40170291)
101. Maukonen J, Satokari R, Matto J, et al. Prevalence and temporal stability of selected clostridial groups in irritable bowel syndrome in relation to predominant faecal bacteria. J Med Microbiol 2006;55:625-33.
102. Kassinen A, Krogius-Kurikka L, Makivuokko H, et al. The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 2007;133 :24-33. (Pubitemid 47031125)
103. Rajilic-Stojanovic M. Diversity of the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota: Novel Perspectives from High Throughput Analyses. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen University, 2007.
104. Kerckhoffs AP, Samsom M, van der Rest ME, et al. Lower Bifidobacteria counts in both duodenal mucosa-associated and fecal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome patients. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:2887-92.
105. Krogius-Kurikka L, Lyra A, Malinen E, et al. Microbial community analysis reveals high level phylogenetic alterations in the overall gastrointestinal microbiota of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome sufferers. BMC Gastroenterol 2009;9:95.
106. Lyra A, Rinttila T, Nikkila J, et al. Diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome distinguishable by 16S rRNA gene phylotype quantification. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:5936-45.
107. Tana C, Umesaki Y, Imaoka A, et al. Altered profiles of intestinal microbiota and organic acids may be the origin of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010;22:512-19, e114-15.
108. Codling C, O'Mahony L, Shanahan F, et al. A molecular analysis of fecal and mucosal bacterial communities in irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:392-7.
109. Noor SO, Ridgway K, Scovell L, et al. Ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel patients exhibit distinct abnormalities of the gut microbiota. BMC Gastroenterol 2010;10:134.
110. Malinen E, Krogius-Kurikka L, Lyra A, et al. Association of symptoms with gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16 :4532-40.
111. Ponnusamy K, Choi JN, Kim J, et al. Microbial community and metabolomic comparison of irritable bowel syndrome faeces. J Med Microbiol 2011;60 :817-27.
112. Rinttila T, Lyra A, Krogius-Kurikka L, et al. Real-time PCR analysis of enteric pathogens from fecal samples of irritable bowel syndrome subjects. Gut Pathog 2011;3:6.
113. Saulnier DM, Riehle K, Mistretta TA, et al. Gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of Paediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1782-91.
114. Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Biagi E, Heilig HG, et al. Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1792-801.
115. Carroll IM, Ringel-Kulka T, Keku TO, et al. Molecular analysis of the luminal- and mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011;301 :G799-807.
116. Parkes GC, Rayment NB, Hudspith BN, et al. Distinct microbial populations exist in the mucosa-associated microbiota of subgroups of irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;24:31-9.
117. Jeffery IB, O'Toole PW, Ohman L, et al. An irritable bowel syndrome subtype defined by species-specific alterations in faecal microbiota. Gut 2012;61:997-1006.
118. Lupp C, Robertson ML, Wickham ME, et al. Host-mediated inflammation disrupts the intestinal microbiota and promotes the overgrowth of enterobacteriaceae. Cell Host Microbe 2007;2:204. (Pubitemid 47355207)
119. Barthel M, Hapfelmeier S, Quintanilla-Martinez L, et al. Pretreatment of mice with streptomycin provides a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colitis model that allows analysis of both pathogen and host. Infect Immun 2003;71:2839-58. (Pubitemid 36519898)
120. Wheeler JG, Sethi D, Cowden JM, et al. Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. The Infectious Intestinal Disease Study Executive. BMJ 1999;318:1046-50. (Pubitemid 29191897)
121. Longstreth GF, Hawkey CJ, Mayer EA, et al. Characteristics of patients with irritable bowel syndrome recruited from three sources: implications for clinical trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:959-64. (Pubitemid 32578967)
122. Spiller R, Card T, Mearin F, et al. Incidence and characteristics of postinfectious IBS (PI-IBS): a multinational internet survey. Gut 2010;59:A32.
123. Dunlop SP, Jenkins D, Neal KR, et al. Relative importance of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, anxiety, and depression in postinfectious IBS. Gastroenterology 2003;125:1651-9. (Pubitemid 37500429)
124. Neal KR, Hebden J, Spiller R. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms six months after bacterial gastroenteritis and risk factors for development of the irritable bowel syndrome: postal survey of patients. BMJ 1997;314:779-82. (Pubitemid 27117047)
125. Thabane M, Kottachchi DT, Marshall JK. Systematic review and meta-analysis: the incidence and prognosis of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:535-44. (Pubitemid 47174284)
126. Marshall JK, Thabane M, Borgaonkar MR, et al. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome after a food-borne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis attributed to a viral pathogen. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:457-60. (Pubitemid 46575359)
127. Porter CK, Gormley R, Tribble DR, et al. The incidence and gastrointestinal infectious risk of functional gastrointestinal disorders in a healthy US adult population. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:130-8.
128. Thornley JP, Jenkins D, Neal K, et al. Relationship of Campylobacter toxigenicity in vitro to the development of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. J Infect Dis 2001;184:606-9. (Pubitemid 32783552)
129. Marshall JK, Thabane M, Garg AX, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome after a large waterborne outbreak of bacterial dysentery. Gastroenterology 2006;131:445-50; quiz 660.
130. Cremon C, Carini G, Wang B, et al. Intestinal serotonin release, sensory neuron activation, and abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:1290-8.
131. Park JH, Rhee PL, Kim G, et al. Enteroendocrine cell counts correlate with visceral hypersensitivity in patients with diarrhoeapredominant irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2006;18:539-46. (Pubitemid 43855807)
132. Gwee KA, Leong YL, Graham C, et al. The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. Gut 1999;44 :400-6. (Pubitemid 29119338)
133. Fujita K, Kaku M, Yanagase Y, et al. Physicochemical characteristics and flora of diarrhoeal and recovery faeces in children with acute gastro-enteritis in Kenya. Ann Trop Paediatr 1990;10:339-45.
134. Albert MJ, Bhat P, Rajan D, et al. Faecal flora of South Indian infants and young children in health and with acute gastroenteritis. J Med Microbiol 1978;11:137-43. (Pubitemid 8350533)
135. Balamurugan R, Janardhan HP, George S, et al. Molecular studies of fecal anaerobic commensal bacteria in acute diarrhea in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008;46:514-19.
136. Mai V, Braden CR, Heckendorf J, et al. Monitoring of stool microbiota in subjects with diarrhea indicates distortions in composition. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:4550-2. (Pubitemid 44937093)
137. Rao SS, Edwards CA, Austen CJ, et al. Impaired colonic fermentation of carbohydrate after ampicillin. Gastroenterology 1988;94:928-32.
138. Musch MW, Bookstein C, Xie Y, et al. SCFA increase intestinal Na absorption by induction of NHE3 in rat colon and human intestinal C2/bbe cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001;280:G687-93.
139. Ruppin H, Bar-Meir S, Soergel KH, et al. Absorption of shortchain fatty acids by the colon. Gastroenterology 1980;78:1500-7. (Pubitemid 10116160)
140. Zeissig S, Fromm A, Mankertz J, et al. Butyrate induces intestinal sodium absorption via Sp3-mediated transcriptional up-regulation of epithelial sodium channels. Gastroenterology 2007;132:236-48. (Pubitemid 46108746)
141. Treem WR, Ahsan N, Kastoff G, et al. Fecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: in vitro studies of carbohydrate fermentation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1996;23:280-6. (Pubitemid 26307732)
142. Barbara G, Stanghellini V, Berti-Ceroni C, et al. Role of antibiotic therapy on long-term germ excretion in faeces and digestive symptoms after Salmonella infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:1127-31.
143. Barbara G, Stanghellini V, Brandi G, et al. Interactions between commensal bacteria and gut sensorimotor function in health and disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2560-8.
144. Collins SM, Bercik P. The relationship between intestinal microbiota and the central nervous system in normal gastrointestinal function and disease. Gastroenterology 2009;136 :2003-14.
145. Swidsinski A, Loening-Baucke V, Verstraelen H, et al. Biostructure of fecal microbiota in healthy subjects and patients with chronic idiopathic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 2008;135 :568-79.
146. Langhorst J, Junge A, Rueffer A, et al. Elevated human beta-defensin- 2 levels indicate an activation of the innate immune system in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:404-10.
147. Brint EK, MacSharry J, Fanning A, et al. Differential expression of toll-like receptors in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:329-36.
148. Schoepfer AM, Schaffer T, Seibold-Schmid B, et al. Antibodies to flagellin indicate reactivity to bacterial antigens in IBS patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20:1110-18.
149. Barbara G, Cremon C, Carini G, et al. The immune system in irritable bowel syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;17:349-59.
150. Barbara G, Wang B, Stanghellini V, et al. Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007;132:26-37. (Pubitemid 46108761)
151. Cenac N, Andrews CN, Holzhausen M, et al. Role for protease activity in visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Invest 2007;117:636-47. (Pubitemid 46348522)
152. Barbara G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, et al. Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2004;126:693-702. (Pubitemid 38298317)
153. Round JL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2009;9:313-23.
154. Piche T, Barbara G, Aubert P, et al. Impaired intestinal barrier integrity in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome: involvement of soluble mediators. Gut 2009;58:196-201.
155. Gareau MG, Jury J, MacQueen G, et al. Probiotic treatment of rat pups normalises corticosterone release and ameliorates colonic dysfunction induced by maternal separation. Gut 2007;56:1522-8. (Pubitemid 350033189)
156. Bercik P, Verdu EF, Foster JA, et al. Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice. Gastroenterology 2010;139:2102-12.e1.
157. Wahnschaffe U, Ullrich R, Riecken EO, et al. Celiac disease-like abnormalities in a subgroup of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2001;121 :1329-38. (Pubitemid 33140450)
158. Sapone A, Lammers KM, Casolaro V, et al. Divergence of gut permeability and mucosal immune gene expression in two glutenassociated conditions: celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. BMC Med 2011;9:23.
159. Verdu EF, Huang X, Natividad J, et al. Gliadin-dependent neuromuscular and epithelial secretory responses in glutensensitive HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice. Am J Physiol 2008;294:G217-25.
160. Pinier M, Verdu EF, Nasser-Eddine M, et al. Polymeric binders suppress gliadin-induced toxicity in the intestinal epithelium. Gastroenterology 2009;136:288-98.
161. Natividad JM, Huang X, Slack E, et al. Host responses to intestinal microbial antigens in gluten-sensitive mice. PLoS One 2009;4:e6472.
162. Simren M, Axelsson J, Gillberg R, et al. Quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease in remission: the impact of IBS-like symptoms and associated psychological factors. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:389-96. (Pubitemid 34160766)
163. Pimentel M, Chang M, Chow EJ, et al. Identification of a prodromal period in Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3458-62.
164. Keohane J, O'Mahony C, O'Mahony L, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome-type symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a real association or reflection of occult inflammation? Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105:1788, 1789-94; quiz 95.
165. Quigley EM. Commensal bacteria: the link between IBS and IBD? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011;14:497-503.
166. Scanlan PD, Shanahan F, O'Mahony C, et al. Cultureindependent analyses of temporal variation of the dominant fecal microbiota and targeted bacterial subgroups in Crohn's disease. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:3980-8. (Pubitemid 44737239)
167. Conte MP, Schippa S, Zamboni I, et al. Gut-associated bacterial microbiota in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2006;55:1760-7. (Pubitemid 44893575)
168. Giaffer MH, Holdsworth CD, Duerden BI. The assessment of faecal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease by a simplified bacteriological technique. J Med Microbiol 1991;35:238-43.
169. Giaffer MH, Holdsworth CD, Duerden BI. Virulence properties of Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1992;33:646-50.
170. Andoh A, Sakata S, Koizumi Y, et al. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the diversity of fecal microbiota in patients with ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13:955-62. (Pubitemid 47309966)
171. Lepage P, Seksik P, Sutren M, et al. Biodiversity of the mucosaassociated microbiota is stable along the distal digestive tract in healthy individuals and patients with IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:473-80. (Pubitemid 40704082)
172. Kleessen B, Kroesen AJ, Buhr HJ, et al. Mucosal and invading bacteria in patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with controls. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37:1034-41.
173. Schultsz C, Van Den Berg FM, Ten Kate FW, et al. The intestinal mucus layer from patients with inflammatory bowel disease harbors high numbers of bacteria compared with controls. Gastroenterology 1999;117:1089-97. (Pubitemid 29512667)
174. Swidsinski A, Ladhoff A, Pernthaler A, et al. Mucosal flora in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2002;122:44-54. (Pubitemid 34049193)
175. Swidsinski A, Weber J, Loening-Baucke V, et al. Spatial organization and composition of the mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:3380-9. (Pubitemid 40981351)
176. Gophna U, Sommerfeld K, Gophna S, et al. Differences between tissue-associated intestinal microfloras of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:4136-41. (Pubitemid 44737260)
177. Prindiville T, Cantrell M, Wilson KH. Ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of mucosa-associated bacteria in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10 :824-33. (Pubitemid 39545228)
178. Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:16731-6.
179. Simpson J, Neal KR, Scholefield JH, et al. Patterns of pain in diverticular disease and the influence of acute diverticulitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;15:1005-10. (Pubitemid 37094301)
180. Humes DJ, Simpson J, Neal KR, et al. Psychological and colonic factors in painful diverticulosis. Br J Surg 2008;95:195-8.
181. Humes D, Smith JK, Spiller RC. Colonic diverticular disease. Clin Evid (Online) 2011; 2011:0405.
182. Maxwell PR, Rink E, Kumar D, et al. Antibiotics increase functional abdominal symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:104-8. (Pubitemid 34059772)
183. Mendall MA, Kumar D. Antibiotic use, childhood affluence and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;10:59-62. (Pubitemid 28085501)
184. Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95 :3503-6.
185. Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome. a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:412-19. (Pubitemid 36232393)
186. Koo HL, DuPont HL. Rifaximin: a unique gastrointestinal-selective antibiotic for enteric diseases. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2010;26:17-25.
187. Pimentel M, Park S, Mirocha J, et al. The effect of a nonabsorbed oral antibiotic (rifaximin) on the symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:557-63. (Pubitemid 46780934)
188. Sharara AI, Aoun E, Abdul-Baki H, et al. A randomized doubleblind placebo-controlled trial of rifaximin in patients with abdominal bloating and flatulence. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:326-33. (Pubitemid 43381675)
189. Pimentel M, Lembo A, Chey WD, et al. Rifaximin therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome without constipation. N Engl J Med 2011;364:22-32.
190. Pimentel M, Morales W, Chua K, et al. Effects of rifaximin treatment and retreatment in Nonconstipated IBS subjects. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:2067-72.
191. Di Stefano M, Strocchi A, Malservisi S, et al. Non-absorbable antibiotics for managing intestinal gas production and gas-related symptoms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:1001-8. (Pubitemid 30618160)
192. Cuoco L, Salvagnini M. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth in irritable bowel syndrome: a retrospective study with rifaximin. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2006;52:89-95. (Pubitemid 43672299)
193. Jolley J. High-dose rifaximin treatment alleviates global symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2011;4:43-8.
194. Peralta S, Cottone C, Doveri T, et al. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth and irritable bowel syndrome-related symptoms: experience with Rifaximin. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:2628-31.
195. Yang J, Lee HR, Low K, et al. Rifaximin versus other antibiotics in the primary treatment and retreatment of bacterial overgrowth in IBS. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:169-74. (Pubitemid 350265666)
196. Valentin T, Leitner E, Rohn A, et al. Rifaximin intake leads to emergence of rifampin-resistant staphylococci. J Infect 2011;62:34-8.
197. Curry SR, Marsh JW, Shutt KA, et al. High frequency of rifampin resistance identified in an epidemic Clostridium difficile clone from a large teaching hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:425-9.
198. Jiang ZD, DuPont HL, La Rocco M, et al. In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium difficile to rifaximin and rifampin in 359 consecutive isolates at a university hospital in Houston, Texas J Clin Pathol 2010;63:355-8.
199. Shah D, Dang MD, Hasbun R, et al. Clostridium difficile infection: update on emerging antibiotic treatment options and antibiotic resistance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010;8:555-64.
200. Koo HL, DuPont HL. Current and future developments in travelers' diarrhea therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2006;4:417-27. (Pubitemid 43905464)
201. Tack J. Antibiotic therapy for the irritable bowel syndrome. N Engl J Med 2011;364:81-2.
202. Drossman DA. Treatment for bacterial overgrowth in the irritable bowel syndrome. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:626-8. (Pubitemid 46780942)
203. Guarner F, Requena T, Marcos A. Consensus statements from the workshop "Probiotics and health: scientific evidence". Nutr Hosp 2010;25:700-4.
204. Ait-Belgnaoui A, Han W, Lamine F, et al. Lactobacillus farciminis treatment suppresses stress induced visceral hypersensitivity: a possible action through interaction with epithelial cell cytoskeleton contraction. Gut 2006;55:1090-4. (Pubitemid 44085673)
205. Kamiya T, Wang L, Forsythe P, et al. Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on visceral pain induced by colorectal distension in Sprague-Dawley rats. Gut 2006;55:191-6. (Pubitemid 43117276)
206. Wang B, Mao YK, Diorio C, et al. Luminal administration ex vivo of a live Lactobacillus species moderates mouse jejunal motility within minutes. Faseb J 2010;24:4078-88.
207. Verdu EF, Bercik P, Bergonzelli GE, et al. Lactobacillus paracasei normalizes muscle hypercontractility in a murine model of postinfective gut dysfunction. Gastroenterology 2004;127:826-37. (Pubitemid 39208415)
208. Agrawal A, Houghton LA, Morris J, et al. Clinical trial: the effects of a fermented milk product containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173-010 on abdominal distension and gastrointestinal transit in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 29:104-14.
209. Kim HJ, Camilleri M, McKinzie S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic, VSL#3, on gut transit and symptoms in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17:895-904. (Pubitemid 36459602)
210. Kim HJ, Vazquez Roque MI, Camilleri M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination VSL# 3 and placebo in irritable bowel syndrome with bloating. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005;17:687-96. (Pubitemid 41400717)
211. Zareie M, Johnson-Henry K, Jury J, et al. Probiotics prevent bacterial translocation and improve intestinal barrier function in rats following chronic psychological stress. Gut 2006;55:1553-60. (Pubitemid 44629200)
212. Francavilla R, Miniello V, Magista AM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG in children with functional abdominal pain. Pediatrics 2010;126:e1445-52.
213. Kajander K, Krogius-Kurikka L, Rinttila T, et al. Effects of multispecies probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:463-73. (Pubitemid 47063154)
214. Kajander K, Myllyluoma E, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, et al. Clinical trial: multispecies probiotic supplementation alleviates the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and stabilizes intestinal microbiota. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;27:48-57. (Pubitemid 350212625)
215. O'Mahony L, McCarthy J, Kelly P, et al. Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology 2005;128:541-51. (Pubitemid 40585355)
216. Gade J, Thorn P. Paraghurt for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. A controlled clinical investigation from general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care 1989; 7:23-6. (Pubitemid 19096834)
217. Halpern GM, Prindiville T, Blankenburg M, et al. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with lacteol fort: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:1579-85. (Pubitemid 26269174)
218. Nobaek S, Johansson ML, Molin G, et al. Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:1231-8. (Pubitemid 30263518)
219. Niedzielin K, Kordecki H, Birkenfeld B. A controlled, doubleblind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;13:1143-7. (Pubitemid 33015878)
220. Sen S, Mullan MM, Parker TJ, et al. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on colonic fermentation and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47:2615-20. (Pubitemid 35305475)
221. Ligaarden SC, Axelsson L, Naterstad K, et al. A candidate probiotic with unfavourable effects in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:16.
222. Dolin BJ. Effects of a proprietary Bacillus coagulans preparation on symptoms of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2009;31 :655-9.
223. Niv E, Naftali T, Hallak R, et al. The efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndromeea double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Clin Nutr 2005;24:925-31. (Pubitemid 41782449)
224. Whorwell PJ, Altringer L, Morel J, et al. Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1581-90. (Pubitemid 43980633)
225. Guyonnet D, Chassany O, Ducrotte P, et al. Effect of a fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010 on the health-related quality of life and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome in adults in primary care: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26 :475-86. (Pubitemid 47063138)
226. Guglielmetti S, Mora D, Gschwender M, et al. Randomised clinical trial: bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 significantly alleviates irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of lifeea double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33 :1123-32.
227. Kruis W, Chrubasik S, Boehm S, et al. A double-blind placebocontrolled trial to study therapeutic effects of probiotic Escherichia coli nissle 1917 in subgroups of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:467-74.
228. Kim YG, Moon JT, Lee KM, et al. The effects of probiotics on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Korean J Gastroenterol 2006;47:413-19.
229. Kajander K, Hatakka K, Poussa T, et al. A probiotic mixture alleviates symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a controlled 6-month intervention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;22:387-94. (Pubitemid 41248105)
230. Williams E, Stimpson J, Wang D, et al. Clinical trial: a multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;29:97-103.
231. Drouault-Holowacz S, Bieuvelet S, Burckel A, et al. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination in 100 patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2008;32:147-52. (Pubitemid 351637577)
232. Sinn DH, Song JH, Kim HJ, et al. Therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus-SDC 2012, 2013 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:2714-18.
233. Enck P, Zimmermann K, Menke G, et al. A mixture of Escherichia coli (DSM 17252) and Enterococcus faecalis (DSM 16440) for treatment of the irritable bowel syndromeea randomized controlled trial with primary care physicians. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;20:1103-9.
234. Simren M, Ohman L, Olsson J, et al. Clinical trial: the effects of a fermented milk containing three probiotic bacteria in patients with irritable bowel syndromeda randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:218-27.
235. Sondergaard B, Olsson J, Ohlson K, et al. Effects of probiotic fermented milk on symptoms and intestinal flora in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011;46:663-72.
236. Hong KS, Kang HW, Im JP, et al. Effect of probiotics on symptoms in korean adults with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Liver 2009;3:101-7.
237. Bausserman M, Michail S. The use of Lactobacillus GG in irritable bowel syndrome in children: a double-blind randomized control trial. J Pediatr 2005; 147:197-201. (Pubitemid 41207833)
238. Gawronska A, Dziechciarz P, Horvath A, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG for abdominal pain disorders in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;25:177-84. (Pubitemid 46046374)
239. Guandalini S, Magazzu G, Chiaro A, et al. VSL#3 improves symptoms in children with irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010;51:24-30.
240. O'Sullivan MA, O'Morain CA. Bacterial supplementation in the irritable bowel syndrome. A randomised double-blind placebocontrolled crossover study. Dig Liver Dis 2000;32:294-301. (Pubitemid 30445067)
241. Brenner DM, Moeller MJ, Chey WD, et al. The utility of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1033-49; quiz 50.
242. Hoveyda N, Heneghan C, Mahtani KR, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis: probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterology 2009; 9:15.
243. McFarland LV, Dublin S. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:2650-61.
244. Moayyedi P, Ford AC, Talley NJ, et al. The efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review. Gut 2010;59:325-32.
245. Snook J, Shepherd HA. Bran supplementation in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994;8:511-14. (Pubitemid 24324488)
246. Francis CY, Whorwell PJ. Bran and irritable bowel syndrome: time for reappraisal. Lancet 1994;344:39-40. (Pubitemid 24199426)
247. Roberfroid M. Prebiotics: the concept revisited. J nutrition 2007;137:830Se7S.
248. Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. J nutrition 1995;125:1401-12.
249. Florent C, Flourie B, Leblond A, et al. Influence of chronic lactulose ingestion on the colonic metabolism of lactulose in man (an in vivo study). J Clin Invest 1985;75:608-13. (Pubitemid 15142071)
250. Silk DB, Davis A, Vulevic J, et al. Clinical trial: the effects of a trans-galactooligosaccharide prebiotic on faecal microbiota and symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;29:508-18.
251. Andriulli A, Neri M, Loguercio C, et al. Clinical trial on the efficacy of a new symbiotic formulation, flortec, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter, randomized study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008;42(Suppl 3):S218-23.
252. Bittner AC, Croffut RM, Stranahan MC. Prescript-assist probiotic-prebiotic treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: a methodologically oriented, 2-week, randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind clinical study. Clin Ther 2005;27:755-61. (Pubitemid 41583523)
253. Bittner AC, Croffut RM, Stranahan MC, et al. Prescript-assist probiotic-prebiotic treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: an open-label, partially controlled, 1-year extension of a previously published controlled clinical trial. Clin Ther 2007;29:1153-60. (Pubitemid 47198883)
254. Colecchia A, Vestito A, La Rocca A, et al. Effect of a symbiotic preparation on the clinical manifestations of irritable bowel syndrome, constipation-variant. Results of an open, uncontrolled multicenter study. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2006;52:349-58. (Pubitemid 46166443)
255. Tsuchiya J, Barreto R, Okura R, et al. Single-blind follow-up study on the effectiveness of a symbiotic preparation in irritable bowel syndrome. Chin J Dig Dis 2004;5:169-74. (Pubitemid 40028569)
256. Dear KL, Elia M, Hunter JO. Do interventions which reduce colonic bacterial fermentation improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome? Dig Dis Sci 2005;50:758-66. (Pubitemid 40558474)
257. Shepherd SJ, Gibson PR. Fructose malabsorption and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: guidelines for effective dietary management. J Am Diet Assoc 2006;106:1631-9. (Pubitemid 44415593)
258. Nanda R, James R, Smith H, et al. Food intolerance and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1989; 30:1099-104. (Pubitemid 19202209)
259. Kaptchuk TJ, Friedlander E, Kelley JM, et al. Placebos without deception: a randomized controlled trial in irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 2010;5:e15591.
260. Cremonini F, Delgado-Aros S, Camilleri M. Efficacy of alosetron in irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2003;15:79-86. (Pubitemid 36313138)
261. Johnston JM, Kurtz CB, Macdougall JE, et al. Linaclotide improves abdominal pain and bowel habits in a phase IIb study of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1877 e86.e2.
262. Evans BW, Clark WK, Moore DJ, et al. Tegaserod for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(4):CD003960.
263. Landy J, Al-Hassi HO, McLaughlin SD, et al. Review article: faecal transplantation therapy for gastrointestinal disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;34:409-15.