메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 688-693

The gut flora as a forgotten organ

Author keywords

Commensal bacteria; Homeostasis; Intestinal epithelium

Indexed keywords

PROBIOTIC AGENT;

EID: 33745594044     PISSN: 1469221X     EISSN: 14693178     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400731     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (2162)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 0035424901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and MD-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against dysregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide
    • Abreu MT, Vora P, Faure E, Thomas LS, Arnold ET, Arditi M (2001) Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and MD-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against dysregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 167: 1609-1616
    • (2001) J Immunol , vol.167 , pp. 1609-1616
    • Abreu, M.T.1    Vora, P.2    Faure, E.3    Thomas, L.S.4    Arnold, E.T.5    Arditi, M.6
  • 2
    • 17044385039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TLR signaling in the gut in health and disease
    • Abreu MT, Fukata M, Arditi M (2005) TLR signaling in the gut in health and disease. J Immunol 174: 4453-4460
    • (2005) J Immunol , vol.174 , pp. 4453-4460
    • Abreu, M.T.1    Fukata, M.2    Arditi, M.3
  • 3
    • 24944519321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tyrosine-phosphorylated bacterial effector proteins: The enemies within
    • Backert S, Selbach M (2005) Tyrosine-phosphorylated bacterial effector proteins: The enemies within. Trends Microbiol 13: 476-484
    • (2005) Trends Microbiol , vol.13 , pp. 476-484
    • Backert, S.1    Selbach, M.2
  • 5
    • 0242500981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of NOD2 with Crohn's disease in a homogenous Irish population
    • Bairead E et al (2003) Association of NOD2 with Crohn's disease in a homogenous Irish population. Eur J Hum Genet 11: 237-244
    • (2003) Eur J Hum Genet , vol.11 , pp. 237-244
    • Bairead, E.1
  • 6
    • 0026569336 scopus 로고
    • The neglected organ: Bacterial flora has a crucial immunostimulatory role
    • Bocci V (1992) The neglected organ: Bacterial flora has a crucial immunostimulatory role. Perspect Biol Med 35: 251-260
    • (1992) Perspect Biol Med , vol.35 , pp. 251-260
    • Bocci, V.1
  • 7
    • 5444223519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20 is required for termination of Toll-like receptor responses
    • Boone DL et al (2004) The ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20 is required for termination of Toll-like receptor responses. Nat Immunol 5: 1052-1060
    • (2004) Nat Immunol , vol.5 , pp. 1052-1060
    • Boone, D.L.1
  • 8
    • 22644444207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial interactions with cells of the intestinal mucosa: Toll-like receptors and NOD2
    • Cario E (2005) Bacterial interactions with cells of the intestinal mucosa: Toll-like receptors and NOD2. Gut 54: 1182-1193
    • (2005) Gut , vol.54 , pp. 1182-1193
    • Cario, E.1
  • 9
    • 0034445697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Podolsky DK Differential alteration in intestinal epithelial cell expression of Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Cario E, Podolsky DK (2000) Differential alteration in intestinal epithelial cell expression of Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease. Infect Immun 68: 7010-7017
    • (2000) Infect Immun , vol.68 , pp. 7010-7017
    • Cario, E.1
  • 10
    • 0032935617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences of microbiota on intestinal immune system development
    • Cebra JJ (1999) Influences of microbiota on intestinal immune system development. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 1046S-1051S
    • (1999) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.69
    • Cebra, J.J.1
  • 11
    • 2442643942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors
    • Chuang TH, Ulevitch RJ (2004) Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 5: 495-502
    • (2004) Nat Immunol , vol.5 , pp. 495-502
    • Chuang, T.H.1    Ulevitch, R.J.2
  • 12
    • 15244340417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human symbionts use a host-like pathway for surface fucosylation
    • Coyne MJ, Reinap B, Lee MM, Comstock LE (2005) Human symbionts use a host-like pathway for surface fucosylation. Science 307: 1778-1781
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , pp. 1778-1781
    • Coyne, M.J.1    Reinap, B.2    Lee, M.M.3    Comstock, L.E.4
  • 15
    • 20244372724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor-4 is required for intestinal response to epithelial injury and limiting bacterial translocation in a murine model of acute colitis
    • Fukata M et al (2005) Toll-like receptor-4 is required for intestinal response to epithelial injury and limiting bacterial translocation in a murine model of acute colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288: G1055-G1065
    • (2005) Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol , vol.288
    • Fukata, M.1
  • 16
    • 12144287484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intestinal inflammation in mice deficient in Tir8, an inhibitory member of the IL-1 receptor family
    • Garlanda C et al (2004) Intestinal inflammation in mice deficient in Tir8, an inhibitory member of the IL-1 receptor family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 3522-3526
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.101 , pp. 3522-3526
    • Garlanda, C.1
  • 17
    • 0035881675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutting edge: Bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression
    • Gewirtz AT, Navas TA, Lyons S, Godowski PJ, Madara JL (2001) Cutting edge: Bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression. J Immunol 167: 1882-1885
    • (2001) J Immunol , vol.167 , pp. 1882-1885
    • Gewirtz, A.T.1    Navas, T.A.2    Lyons, S.3    Godowski, P.J.4    Madara, J.L.5
  • 18
    • 22544476790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced antiinflammatory capacity of a Lactobacillus plantarum mutant synthesizing modified teichoic acids
    • Grangette C et al (2005) Enhanced antiinflammatory capacity of a Lactobacillus plantarum mutant synthesizing modified teichoic acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 10321-10326
    • (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.102 , pp. 10321-10326
    • Grangette, C.1
  • 19
    • 0032974177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: Permanent changes in intestinal flora after cesarean delivery
    • Gronlund MM, Lehtonen OP, Eerola E, Kero P (1999) Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: Permanent changes in intestinal flora after cesarean delivery. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 28: 19-25
    • (1999) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.28 , pp. 19-25
    • Gronlund, M.M.1    Lehtonen, O.P.2    Eerola, E.3    Kero, P.4
  • 20
  • 21
    • 0035124967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age and disease related changes in intestinal bacterial populations assessed by cell culture, 16S rRNA abundance, and community cellular fatty acid profiles
    • Hopkins MJ, Sharp R, Macfarlane GT (2001) Age and disease related changes in intestinal bacterial populations assessed by cell culture, 16S rRNA abundance, and community cellular fatty acid profiles. Gut 48: 198-205
    • (2001) Gut , vol.48 , pp. 198-205
    • Hopkins, M.J.1    Sharp, R.2    Macfarlane, G.T.3
  • 23
  • 24
    • 19544366408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commensal gut bacteria: Mechanisms of immune modulation
    • Kelly D, Conway S, Aminov R (2005) Commensal gut bacteria: Mechanisms of immune modulation. Trends Immunol 26: 326-333
    • (2005) Trends Immunol , vol.26 , pp. 326-333
    • Kelly, D.1    Conway, S.2    Aminov, R.3
  • 26
    • 4544264603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Live Lactobacillus reuteri is essential for the inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor α-induced interleukin-8 expression
    • Ma D, Forsythe P, Bienenstock J (2004) Live Lactobacillus reuteri is essential for the inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor α-induced interleukin-8 expression. Infect Immun 72: 5308-5314
    • (2004) Infect Immun , vol.72 , pp. 5308-5314
    • Ma, D.1    Forsythe, P.2    Bienenstock, J.3
  • 27
    • 1542618118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of protective IgA by intestinal dendritic cells carrying commensal bacteria
    • Macpherson AJ, Uhr T (2004) Induction of protective IgA by intestinal dendritic cells carrying commensal bacteria. Science 303: 1662-1665
    • (2004) Science , vol.303 , pp. 1662-1665
    • Macpherson, A.J.1    Uhr, T.2
  • 29
    • 22144490199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system
    • Mazmanian SK, Liu CH, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL (2005) An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell 122: 107-118
    • (2005) Cell , vol.122 , pp. 107-118
    • Mazmanian, S.K.1    Liu, C.H.2    Tzianabos, A.O.3    Kasper, D.L.4
  • 30
    • 2442655096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lactic acid bacteria secrete metabolites retaining antiinflammatory properties after intestinal transport
    • Menard S, Candalh C, Bambou JC, Terpend K, Cerf-Bensussan N, Heyman M (2004) Lactic acid bacteria secrete metabolites retaining antiinflammatory properties after intestinal transport. Gut 53: 821-828
    • (2004) Gut , vol.53 , pp. 821-828
    • Menard, S.1    Candalh, C.2    Bambou, J.C.3    Terpend, K.4    Cerf-Bensussan, N.5    Heyman, M.6
  • 31
    • 0036265580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intestinal microflora of human infants and current trends for its nutritional modulation
    • Mountzouris KC, McCartney AL, Gibson GR (2002) Intestinal microflora of human infants and current trends for its nutritional modulation. Br J Nutr 87: 405-420
    • (2002) Br J Nutr , vol.87 , pp. 405-420
    • Mountzouris, K.C.1    McCartney, A.L.2    Gibson, G.R.3
  • 32
    • 0038001470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Show me the substrates: Modulation of host cell function by type IV secretion systems
    • Nagai H, Roy CR (2003) Show me the substrates: Modulation of host cell function by type IV secretion systems. Cell Microbiol 5: 373-383
    • (2003) Cell Microbiol , vol.5 , pp. 373-383
    • Nagai, H.1    Roy, C.R.2
  • 34
    • 20844454920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 modulates specific TLR pathways for the induction of cytokine release
    • Netea MG et al (2005) Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 modulates specific TLR pathways for the induction of cytokine release. J Immunol 174: 6518-6523
    • (2005) J Immunol , vol.174 , pp. 6518-6523
    • Netea, M.G.1
  • 36
    • 1842583729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of cross hyporesponsiveness to Toll-like receptor bacterial ligands in intestinal epithelial cells
    • Otte JM, Cario E, Podolsky DK (2004) Mechanisms of cross hyporesponsiveness to Toll-like receptor bacterial ligands in intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 126: 1054-1070
    • (2004) Gastroenterology , vol.126 , pp. 1054-1070
    • Otte, J.M.1    Cario, E.2    Podolsky, D.K.3
  • 37
    • 7644232718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotics inhibit nuclear factor-κB and induce heat shock proteins in colonic epithelial cells through proteasome inhibition
    • Petrof EO, Kojima K, Ropeleski MJ, Musch MW, Tao Y, De Simone C, Chang EB (2004) Probiotics inhibit nuclear factor-κB and induce heat shock proteins in colonic epithelial cells through proteasome inhibition. Gastroenterology 127: 1474-1487
    • (2004) Gastroenterology , vol.127 , pp. 1474-1487
    • Petrof, E.O.1    Kojima, K.2    Ropeleski, M.J.3    Musch, M.W.4    Tao, Y.5    De Simone, C.6    Chang, E.B.7
  • 38
    • 3242664636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition of commensal microflora by Toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis
    • Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, Edberg S, Medzhitov R (2004) Recognition of commensal microflora by Toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 118: 229-241
    • (2004) Cell , vol.118 , pp. 229-241
    • Rakoff-Nahoum, S.1    Paglino, J.2    Eslami-Varzaneh, F.3    Edberg, S.4    Medzhitov, R.5
  • 40
    • 14544295338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbes, immunoregulation and the gut
    • Rook GA, Brunet LR (2005) Microbes, immunoregulation and the gut. Gut 54: 317-320
    • (2005) Gut , vol.54 , pp. 317-320
    • Rook, G.A.1    Brunet, L.R.2
  • 41
    • 2542510727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression and subcellular distribution of Toll-like receptors TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 on the gastric epithelium in Helicobacter pylori infection
    • Schmausser B, Andrulis M, Endrich S, Lee SK, Josenhans C, Muller-Hermelink HK, Eck M (2004) Expression and subcellular distribution of Toll-like receptors TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 on the gastric epithelium in Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Exp Immunol 136: 521-526
    • (2004) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.136 , pp. 521-526
    • Schmausser, B.1    Andrulis, M.2    Endrich, S.3    Lee, S.K.4    Josenhans, C.5    Muller-Hermelink, H.K.6    Eck, M.7
  • 42
    • 0036885585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The host-microbe interface within the gut
    • Shanahan F (2002) The host-microbe interface within the gut. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 16: 915-931
    • (2002) Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol , vol.16 , pp. 915-931
    • Shanahan, F.1
  • 43
    • 13844322124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological basis for novel drug therapies used to treat the inflammatory bowel diseases. I. Pathophysiological basis and prospects for probiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Shanahan F (2005) Physiological basis for novel drug therapies used to treat the inflammatory bowel diseases. I. Pathophysiological basis and prospects for probiotic therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288: G417-G421
    • (2005) Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol , vol.288
    • Shanahan, F.1
  • 45
    • 0029093082 scopus 로고
    • Segmented filamentous bacteria are indigenous intestinal bacteria that activate intraepithelial lymphocytes and induce MHC class II molecules and fucosyl asialo GM1 glycolipids on the small intestinal epithelial cells in the ex-germ-free mouse
    • Umesaki Y, Okada Y, Matsumoto S, Imaoka A, Setoyama H (1995) Segmented filamentous bacteria are indigenous intestinal bacteria that activate intraepithelial lymphocytes and induce MHC class II molecules and fucosyl asialo GM1 glycolipids on the small intestinal epithelial cells in the ex-germ-free mouse. Microbiol Immunol 39: 555-562
    • (1995) Microbiol Immunol , vol.39 , pp. 555-562
    • Umesaki, Y.1    Okada, Y.2    Matsumoto, S.3    Imaoka, A.4    Setoyama, H.5
  • 47
    • 4444253690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NOD2 is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor-2-mediated T helper type 1 responses
    • Watanabe T, Kitani A, Murray PJ, Strober W (2004) NOD2 is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor-2-mediated T helper type 1 responses. Nat Immunol 5: 800-808
    • (2004) Nat Immunol , vol.5 , pp. 800-808
    • Watanabe, T.1    Kitani, A.2    Murray, P.J.3    Strober, W.4
  • 48
    • 0026329353 scopus 로고
    • The preference for switching to IgA expression by Peyer's patch germinal center B cells is likely due to the intrinsic influence of their microenvironment
    • Weinstein PD, Cebra JJ (1991) The preference for switching to IgA expression by Peyer's patch germinal center B cells is likely due to the intrinsic influence of their microenvironment. J Immunol 147: 4126-4135
    • (1991) J Immunol , vol.147 , pp. 4126-4135
    • Weinstein, P.D.1    Cebra, J.J.2
  • 49
    • 0142026205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inaugural Article: Honor thy symbionts
    • Xu J, Gordon JI (2003) Inaugural Article: Honor thy symbionts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 10452-10459
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.100 , pp. 10452-10459
    • Xu, J.1    Gordon, J.I.2
  • 50
    • 0037185020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probiotic bacterium prevents cytokine-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells
    • Yan F, Polk DB (2002) Probiotic bacterium prevents cytokine-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 277: 50959-50965
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 50959-50965
    • Yan, F.1    Polk, D.B.2
  • 51
    • 7444244435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commensal bacteria in the gut: Learning who our friends are
    • Yan F, Polk DB (2004) Commensal bacteria in the gut: Learning who our friends are. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 20: 565-571
    • (2004) Curr Opin Gastroenterol , vol.20 , pp. 565-571
    • Yan, F.1    Polk, D.B.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.