New insights into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome

Digestive and Liver Disease

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 201-215

  Ohman L ^a   Simren M ^a  

^a SAHLGRENSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Brain gut axis; Gastrointestinal motility; Inflammation; Irritable bowel syndrome; Serotonin; Visceral hypersensitivity

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; NEUROHORMONE; NEUROPEPTIDE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; SEROTONIN;

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; DISEASE MODEL; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY; GASTROINTESTINAL SECRETION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INTESTINE INNERVATION; IRRITABLE COLON; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RISK FACTOR; SEXUAL ABUSE; SHORT SURVEY; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STRESS; SYMPTOM;

ANIMALS; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; GASES; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM; INTESTINES; IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME; PITUITARY-ADRENAL SYSTEM; SEROTONIN;

EID: 33846697322     PISSN: 15908658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2006.10.014     Document Type: Short Survey

References (192)

1. Longstreth G.F., Thompson W.G., Chey W.D., Houghton L.A., Mearin F., and Spiller R.C. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 130 (2006) 1480-1491
2. Quigley E.M., Bytzer P., Jones R., and Mearin F. Irritable bowel syndrome: The burden and unmet needs in Europe. Dig Liver Dis 38 (2006) 717-723
3. Harvey R.F., Salih S.Y., and Read A.E. Organic and functional disorders in 2000 gastroenterology outpatients. Lancet 1 (1983) 632-634
4. Thompson W.G., Heaton K.W., Smyth G.T., and Smyth C. Irritable bowel syndrome in general practice: prevalence, characteristics, and referral. Gut 46 (2000) 78-82
5. Bellini M., Tosetti C., Costa F., Biagi S., Stasi C., Del Punta A., et al. The general practitioner's approach to irritable bowel syndrome: from intention to practice. Dig Liver Dis 37 (2005) 934-939
6. Dapoigny M. Irritable bowel syndrome and the general practitioners. Dig Liver Dis 37 (2005) 907-908
7. Kalantar J.S., Locke III G.R., Zinsmeister A.R., Beighley C.M., and Talley N.J. Familial aggregation of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective study. Gut 52 (2003) 1703-1707
8. Locke III G.R., Zinsmeister A.R., Talley N.J., Fett S.L., and Melton III L.J. Familial association in adults with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Mayo Clin Proc 75 (2000) 907-912
9. Kanazawa M., Endo Y., Whitehead W.E., Kano M., Hongo M., and Fukudo S. Patients and nonconsulters with irritable bowel syndrome reporting a parental history of bowel problems have more impaired psychological distress. Dig Dis Sci 49 (2004) 1046-1053
10. Levy R.L., Jones K.R., Whitehead W.E., Feld S.I., Talley N.J., and Corey L.A. Irritable bowel syndrome in twins: heredity and social learning both contribute to etiology. Gastroenterology 121 (2001) 799-804
11. Mohammed I., Cherkas L.F., Riley S.A., Spector T.D., and Trudgill N.J. Genetic influences in irritable bowel syndrome: a twin study. Am J Gastroenterol 100 (2005) 1340-1344
12. Morris-Yates A., Talley N.J., Boyce P.M., Nandurkar S., and Andrews G. Evidence of a genetic contribution to functional bowel disorder. Am J Gastroenterol 93 (1998) 1311-1317
13. Kim H.J., Camilleri M., Carlson P.J., Cremonini F., Ferber I., Stephens D., et al. Association of distinct alpha(2) adrenoceptor and serotonin transporter polymorphisms with constipation and somatic symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gut 53 (2004 Jun) 829-837
14. Pata C., Erdal M.E., Derici E., Yazar A., Kanik A., and Ulu O. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 1780-1784
15. Yeo A., Boyd P., Lumsden S., Saunders T., Handley A., Stubbins M., et al. Association between a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene and diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome in women. Gut 53 (2004) 1452-1458
16. Camilleri M., Atanasova E., Carlson P.J., Ahmad U., Kim H.J., Viramontes B.E., et al. Serotonin-transporter polymorphism pharmacogenetics in diarrhoea- predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 123 (2002) 425-432
17. Andresen V., Camilleri M., Kim H.J., Stephens D.A., Carlson P.J., Talley N.J., et al. Is there an association between GNbeta3-C825T genotype and lower functional gastrointestinal disorders?. Gastroenterology 130 (2006) 1985-1994
18. Holtmann G., Siffert W., Haag S., Mueller N., Langkafel M., Senf W., et al. G-protein beta 3 subunit 825 CC genotype is associated with unexplained (functional) dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 126 (2004) 971-979
19. Gonsalkorale W.M., Perrey C., Pravica V., and Whorwell P.J. Hutchinson IV. Interleukin 10 genotypes in irritable bowel syndrome: evidence for an inflammatory component?. Gut 52 (2003) 91-93
20. van der Veek P.P., van den Berg M., de Kroon Y.E., Verspaget H.W., and Masclee A.A. Role of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 100 (2005) 2510-2516
21. Saito Y.A., Petersen G.M., Locke III G.R., and Talley N.J. The genetics of irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 (2005) 1057-1065
22. Drossman D.A., McKee D.C., Sandler R.S., Mitchell C.M., Cramer E.M., Lowman B.C., et al. Psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndrome. A multivariate study of patients and nonpatients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 95 (1988) 701-708
23. Whitehead W.E., Bosmajian L., Zonderman A.B., Costa Jr. P.T., and Schuster M.M. Symptoms of psychologic distress associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Comparison of community and medical clinic samples. Gastroenterology 95 (1988) 709-714
24. Locke III G.R., Weaver A.L., Melton III L.J., and Talley N.J. Psychosocial factors are linked to functional gastrointestinal disorders: a population based nested case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 99 (2004) 350-357
25. Weinryb R.M., Osterberg E., Blomquist L., Hultcrantz R., Krakau I., and Asberg M. Psychological factors in irritable bowel syndrome: a population-based study of patients, non-patients and controls. Scand J Gastroenterol 38 (2003) 503-510
26. Halder S.L., McBeth J., Silman A.J., Thompson D.G., and Macfarlane G.J. Psychosocial risk factors for the onset of abdominal pain. Results from a large prospective population-based study. Int J Epidemiol 31 (2002) 1219-1225 discussion 25-6
27. Koloski N.A., Talley N.J., and Boyce P.M. Does psychological distress modulate functional gastrointestinal symptoms and health care seeking? A prospective, community Cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 789-797
28. Romans S., Belaise C., Martin J., Morris E., and Raffi A. Childhood abuse and later medical disorders in women. An epidemiological study. Psychother Psychosom 71 (2002) 141-150
29. Koloski N.A., Talley N.J., and Boyce P.M. A history of abuse in community subjects with irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia: the role of other psychosocial variables. Digestion 72 (2005) 86-96
30. Perona M., Benasayag R., Perello A., Santos J., Zarate N., Zarate P., et al. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in women who report domestic violence to the police. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 (2005) 436-441
31. Hobbis I.C., Turpin G., and Read N.W. A re-examination of the relationship between abuse experience and functional bowel disorders. Scand J Gastroenterol 37 (2002) 423-430
32. Blanchard E.B., Keefer L., Lackner J.M., Galovski T.E., Krasner S., and Sykes M.A. The role of childhood abuse in Axis I and Axis II psychiatric disorders and medical disorders of unknown origin among irritable bowel syndrome patients. J Psychosom Res 56 (2004) 431-436
33. Salmon P., Skaife K., and Rhodes J. Abuse, dissociation, and somatisation in irritable bowel syndrome: towards an explanatory model. J Behav Med. 26 (2003) 1-18
34. Creed F., Guthrie E., Ratcliffe J., Fernandes L., Rigby C., Tomenson B., et al. Reported sexual abuse predicts impaired functioning but a good response to psychological treatments in patients with severe irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosom Med 67 (2005) 490-499
35. North C.S., Downs D., Clouse R.E., Alrakawi A., Dokucu M.E., Cox J., et al. The presentation of irritable bowel syndrome in the context of somatisation disorder. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 (2004) 787-795
36. Spiegel B.M., Kanwal F., Naliboff B., and Mayer E. The impact of somatisation on the use of gastrointestinal health-care resources in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 100 (2005) 2262-2273
37. Lackner J.M., Gudleski G.D., and Blanchard E.B. Beyond abuse: the association among parenting style, abdominal pain, and somatisation in IBS patients. Behav Res Ther 42 (2004) 41-56
38. Levy R.L., Whitehead W.E., Von Korff M.R., and Feld A.D. Intergenerational transmission of gastrointestinal illness behaviour. Am J Gastroenterol 95 (2000) 451-456
39. Attree E.A., Dancey C.P., Keeling D., and Wilson C. Cognitive function in people with chronic illness: inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Appl Neuropsychol 10 (2003) 96-104
40. Lackner J.M., Quigley B.M., and Blanchard E.B. Depression and abdominal pain in IBS patients: the mediating role of catastrophizing. Psychosom Med 66 (2004) 435-441
41. Lackner J.M., and Gurtman M.B. Pain catastrophizing and interpersonal problems: a circumplex analysis of the communal coping model. Pain 110 (2004) 597-604
42. Lackner J.M., and Quigley B.M. Pain catastrophizing mediates the relationship between worry and pain suffering in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Behav Res Ther 43 (2005) 943-957
43. Jones M.P., Wessinger S., and Crowell M.D. Coping strategies and interpersonal support in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 (2006) 474-481
44. Drossman D.A., Toner B.B., Whitehead W.E., Diamant N.E., Dalton C.B., Duncan S., et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy versus education and desipramine versus placebo for moderate to severe functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 125 (2003) 19-31
45. Camilleri M., Coulie B., and Tack J.F. Visceral hypersensitivity: facts, speculations, and challenges. Gut 48 (2001) 125-131
46. Bouin M., Plourde V., Boivin M., Riberdy M., Lupien F., Laganiere M., et al. Rectal distention testing in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of pain sensory thresholds. Gastroenterology 122 (2002) 1771-1777
47. Simrén M., Månsson A., Langkilde A.M., Svedlund J., Abrahamsson H., Bengtsson U., et al. Food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 63 (2001) 108-115
48. Simrén M., Abrahamsson H., and Björnsson E.S. An exaggerated sensory component of the gastrocolonic response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 48 (2001) 20-27
49. Simrén M, Abrahamsson H, Björnsson ES. Lipid-induced colonic hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): The role of bowel habit, gender and psychological factors. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; in press.
50. Caldarella M.P., Milano A., Laterza F., Sacco F., Balatsinou C., Lapenna D., et al. Visceral sensitivity and symptoms in patients with constipation- or diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): effect of a low-fat intraduodenal infusion. Am J Gastroenterol 100 (2005) 383-389
51. Distrutti E., Hauer S.K., Fiorucci S., Pensi M.O., and Morelli A. Intraduodenal lipids increase perception of rectal distension in IBS patients. Gastroenterology 118 Suppl 2 (2000) A138
52. Simrén M, Agerforz P, Björnsson ES, Abrahamsson H. Nutrient-dependent enhancement of rectal sensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007; in press.
53. Simrén M., Ringström G., Björnsson E.S., and Abrahamsson H. Treatment with hypnotherapy reduces the sensory and motor component of the gastrocolonic response in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosom Med 66 (2004) 233-238
54. Simrén M., Simms L., D'Souza D., Abrahamsson H., and Björnsson E.S. Lipid-induced colonic hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome: the role of 5HT3-receptors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17 (2003) 279-287
55. Dobie D.J., Kivlahan D.R., Maynard C., Bush K.R., Davis T.M., and Bradley K.A. Posttraumatic stress disorder in female veterans: association with self-reported health problems and functional impairment. Arch Intern Med 164 (2004) 394-400
56. Dickhaus B., Mayer E.A., Firooz N., Stains J., Conde F., Olivas T.I., et al. Irritable bowel syndrome patients show enhanced modulation of visceral perception by auditory stress. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 135-143
57. Murray C.D., Flynn J., Ratcliffe L., Jacyna M.R., Kamm M.A., and Emmanuel A.V. Effect of acute physical and psychological stress on gut autonomic innervation in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 127 (2004) 1695-1703
58. Posserud I., Agerforz P., Ekman R., Bjornsson E.S., Abrahamsson H., and Simren M. Altered visceral perceptual and neuroendocrine response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome during mental stress. Gut 53 (2004) 1102-1108
59. Elsenbruch S., Lovallo W.R., and Orr W.C. Psychological and physiological responses to postprandial mental stress in women with the irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosom Med 63 (2001) 805-813
60. Dunphy R.C., Bridgewater L., Price D.D., Robinson M.E., Zeilman C.J., and Verne G.N. Visceral and cutaneous hypersensitivity in Persian Gulf war veterans with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms. Pain 102 (2003) 79-85
61. Awad R.A., Camacho S., Martin J., and Rios N. Rectal sensation, pelvic floor function and symptom severity in Hispanic population with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Colorectal Dis 8 (2006) 488-493
62. Kuiken S.D., Lindeboom R., Tytgat G.N., and Boeckxstaens G.E. Relationship between symptoms and hypersensitivity to rectal distension in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22 (2005) 157-164
63. Lee K.J., Kim J.H., and Cho S.W. Relationship of underlying abnormalities in rectal sensitivity and compliance to distension with symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome. Digestion 73 (2006) 133-141
64. Verne G.N., Sen A., and Price D.D. Intrarectal lidocaine is an effective treatment for abdominal pain associated with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Pain 6 (2005) 493-496
65. Zar S., Benson M.J., and Kumar D. Rectal afferent hypersensitivity and compliance in irritable bowel syndrome: differences between diarrhoea-predominant and constipation- predominant subgroups. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18 (2006) 151-158
66. Zuo X.L., Li Y.Q., Shi L., Lv G.P., Kuang R.G., Lu X.F., et al. Visceral hypersensitivity following cold water intake in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol 41 (2006) 311-317
67. Simrén M., Abrahamsson H., Svedlund J., and Björnsson E.S. Quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome seen in referral centers versus primary care: the impact of gender and predominant bowel pattern. Scand J Gastroenterol 36 (2001) 545-552
68. Simrén M., Svedlund J., Posserud I., Bjornsson E.S., and Abrahamsson H. Health- related quality of life in patients attending a gastroenterology outpatient clinic: functional disorders versus organic diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4 (2006) 187-195
69. Houghton L.A., Calvert E.L., Jackson N.A., Cooper P., and Whorwell P. Visceral sensation and emotion: a study using hypnosis. Gut 51 (2002) 701-704
70. Lea R., Houghton L.A., Calvert E.L., Larder S., Gonsalkorale W.M., Whelan V., et al. Gut-focused hypnotherapy normalizes disordered rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17 (2003) 635-642
71. Guthrie E., Barlow J., Fernandes L., Ratcliffe J., Read N., Thompson D.G., et al. Changes in tolerance to rectal distension correlate with changes in psychological state in patients with severe irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosom Med 66 (2004) 578-582
72. Ringel Y., Whitehead W.E., Toner B.B., Diamant N.E., Hu Y., Jia H., et al. Sexual and physical abuse are not associated with rectal hypersensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 53 (2004) 838-842
73. Corsetti M., Ogliari C., Marino B., and Basilisco G. Perceptual sensitivity and response bias during rectal distension in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 17 (2005) 541-547
74. Chang L., Mayer E.A., Labus J.S., Schmulson M., Lee O.Y., Olivas T.I., et al. Effect of sex on perception of rectosigmoid stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 291 (2006) R277-R284
75. Kim H.S., Rhee P.L., Park J., Lee J.H., Kim Y.H., Kim J.J., et al. Gender-related differences in visceral perception in health and irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 (2006) 468-473
76. Houghton L.A., Lea R., Jackson N., and Whorwell P.J. The menstrual cycle affects rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome but not healthy volunteers. Gut 50 (2002) 471-474
77. Ji Y., Murphy A.Z., and Traub R.J. Estrogen modulates the visceromotor reflex and responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to colorectal stimulation in the rat. J Neurosci 23 (2003) 3908-3915
78. Bassotti G., Sietchiping-Nzepa F., De Roberto G., Chistolini F., and Morelli A. Colonic regular contractile frequency patterns in irritable bowel syndrome: the 'spastic colon' revisited. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16 (2004) 613-617
79. Clemens C.H., Samsom M., Van Berge Henegouwen G.P., and Smout A.J. Abnormalities of left colonic motility in ambulant nonconstipated patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 48 (2003) 74-82
80. Portincasa P., Moschetta A., Baldassarre G., Altomare D.F., and Palasciano G. Pan-enteric dysmotility, impaired quality of life and alexithymia in a large group of patients meeting ROME II criteria for irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 9 (2003) 2293-2299
81. Kwan C.L., Davis K.D., Mikula K., and Diamant N.E. Abnormal rectal motor physiology in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 16 (2004) 251-263
82. Posserud I., Ersryd A., and Simrén M. Functional findings in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 12 (2006) 2814-2822
83. Chey W.Y., Jin H.O., Lee M.H., Sun S.W., and Lee K.Y. Colonic motility abnormality in patients with irritable bowel syndrome exhibiting abdominal pain and diarrhea. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 1499-1506
84. Clemens C.H., Samsom M., Roelofs J.M., van Berge Henegouwen G.P., and Smout A.J. Association between pain episodes and high amplitude propagated pressure waves in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 1838-1843
85. Corsetti M., Cesana B., Bhoori S., and Basilisco G. Rectal hyperreactivity to distention in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: role of distention rate. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 (2004) 49-56
86. Di Stefano M., Miceli E., Missanelli A., Mazzocchi S., and Corazza G. Meal-induced recto-sigmoid tone modification: a low-caloric meal accurately separates functional and organic gastrointestinal disease patients. Gut 55 (2006) 1409-1414
87. Ng C., Danta M., Prott G., Badcock C.A., Kellow J., and Malcolm A. Modulatory influences on antegrade and retrograde tonic reflexes in the colon and rectum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287 (2004) G962-G966
88. Ng C., Danta M., Kellow J., Badcock C.A., Hansen R., and Malcolm A. Attenuation of the colorectal tonic reflex in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 289 (2005) G489-G494
89. Fukudo S., Kanazawa M., Kano M., Sagami Y., Endo Y., Utsumi A., et al. Exaggerated motility of the descending colon with repetitive distention of the sigmoid colon in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol 37 Suppl 14 (2002) 145-150
90. Dunlop S.P., Coleman N.S., Blackshaw E., Perkins A.C., Singh G., Marsden C.A., et al. Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 (2005) 349-357
91. Chang L., Lee O.Y., Naliboff B., Schmulson M., and Mayer E.A. Sensation of bloating and visible abdominal distension in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 3341-3347
92. Lewis M.J., Reilly B., Houghton L.A., and Whorwell P.J. Ambulatory abdominal inductance plethysmography: towards objective assessment of abdominal distension in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 48 (2001) 216-220
93. Houghton L.A., and Whorwell P.J. Towards a better understanding of abdominal bloating and distension in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 17 (2005) 500-511
94. Serra J., Azpiroz F., and Malagelada J.R. Impaired transit and tolerance of intestinal gas in the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 48 (2001) 14-19
95. Serra J., Azpiroz F., and Malagelada J.R. Gastric distension and duodenal lipid infusion modulate intestinal gas transit and tolerance in humans. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 2225-2230
96. Serra J., Salvioli B., Azpiroz F., and Malagelada J.R. Lipid-induced intestinal gas retention in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 123 (2002) 700-706
97. Dainese R., Serra J., Azpiroz F., and Malagelada J.R. Effects of physical activity on intestinal gas transit and evacuation in healthy subjects. Am J Med 116 (2004) 536-539
98. Dainese R., Serra J., Azpiroz F., and Malagelada J.R. Influence of body posture on intestinal transit of gas. Gut 52 (2003) 971-974
99. Caldarella M.P., Serra J., Azpiroz F., and Malagelada J.R. Prokinetic effects in patients with intestinal gas retention. Gastroenterology 122 (2002) 1748-1755
100. Coleski R., Owyang C., and Hasler W.L. Modulation of Intestinal Gas Dynamics in Healthy Human Volunteers by the 5-HT Receptor Agonist Tegaserod. Am J Gastroenterol 101 (2006) 1858-1865
101. Salvioli B., Serra J., Azpiroz F., Lorenzo C., Aguade S., Castell J., et al. Origin of gas retention and symptoms in patients with bloating. Gastroenterology 128 (2005) 574-579
102. Salvioli B., Serra J., Azpiroz F., and Malagelada J.R. Impaired Small Bowel Gas Propulsion in Patients with Bloating During Intestinal Lipid Infusion. Am J Gastroenterol 101 (2006) 1853-1857
103. Passos M.C., Serra J., Azpiroz F., Tremolaterra F., and Malagelada J.R. Impaired reflex control of intestinal gas transit in patients with abdominal bloating. Gut 54 (2005) 344-348
104. Tremolaterra F., Villoria A., Azpiroz F., Serra J., Aguade S., and Malagelada J.R. Impaired viscerosomatic reflexes and abdominal-wall dystony associated with bloating. Gastroenterology 130 (2006) 1062-1068
105. Hobson A.R., and Aziz Q. Brain imaging and functional gastrointestinal disorders: has it helped our understanding?. Gut 53 (2004) 1198-1206
106. Verne G.N., Himes N.C., Robinson M.E., Gopinath K.S., Briggs R.W., Crosson B., et al. Central representation of visceral and cutaneous hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome. Pain 103 (2003) 99-110
107. Yuan Y.Z., Tao R.J., Xu B., Sun J., Chen K.M., Miao F., et al. Functional brain imaging in irritable bowel syndrome with rectal balloon-distention by using fMRI. World J Gastroenterol 9 (2003) 1356-1360
108. Chang L., Berman S., Mayer E.A., Suyenobu B., Derbyshire S., Naliboff B., et al. Brain responses to visceral and somatic stimuli in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with and without fibromyalgia. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 1354-1361
109. Naliboff B.D., Derbyshire S.W., Munakata J., Berman S., Mandelkern M., and Chang L. Cerebral activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects during rectosigmoid stimulation. Psychosom Med 63 (2001) 365-375
110. Bonaz B., Baciu M., Papillon E., Bost R., Gueddah N., Le Bas J.F., et al. Central processing of rectal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: an fMRI study. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 654-661
111. Mayer E.A., Berman S., Suyenobu B., Labus J., Mandelkern M.A., Naliboff B.D., et al. Differences in brain responses to visceral pain between patients with irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis. Pain 115 (2005) 398-409
112. Wilder-Smith C.H., Schindler D., Lovblad K., Redmond S.M., and Nirkko A. Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging of rectal pain and activation of endogenous inhibitory mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome patient subgroups and healthy controls. Gut 53 (2004) 1595-1601
113. Naliboff B.D., Berman S., Suyenobu B., Labus J.S., Chang L., Stains J., et al. Longitudinal change in perceptual and brain activation response to visceral stimuli in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Gastroenterology 131 (2006) 352-365
114. Aziz Q. Visceral hypersensitivity: fact or fiction. Gastroenterology 131 (2006) 661-664
115. Drossman D.A. Brain imaging and its implications for studying centrally targeted treatments in irritable bowel syndrome: a primer for gastroenterologists. Gut 54 (2005) 569-573
116. Naliboff B.D., Berman S., Chang L., Derbyshire S.W., Suyenobu B., Vogt B.A., et al. Sex-related differences in IBS patients: central processing of visceral stimuli. Gastroenterology 124 (2003) 1738-1747
117. Drossman D.A., Ringel Y., Vogt B.A., Leserman J., Lin W., Smith J.K., et al. Alterations of brain activity associated with resolution of emotional distress and pain in a case of severe irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 124 (2003) 754-761
118. Morgan V., Pickens D., Gautam S., Kessler R., and Mertz H. Amitriptyline reduces rectal pain related activation of the anterior cingulate cortex in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 54 (2005) 601-607
119. van Orshoven N.P., Andriesse G.I., van Schelven L.J., Smout A.J., Akkermans L.M., and Oey P.L. Subtle involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Auton Res 16 (2006) 33-39
120. Gupta V., Sheffield D., and Verne G.N. Evidence for autonomic dysregulation in the irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 47 (2002) 1716-1722
121. Heitkemper M., Jarrett M., Cain K.C., Burr R., Levy R.L., Feld A., et al. Autonomic nervous system function in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 46 (2001) 1276-1284
122. Thompson J.J., Elsenbruch S., Harnish M.J., and Orr W.C. Autonomic functioning during REM sleep differentiates IBS symptom subgroups. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 3147-3153
123. Waring W.S., Chui M., Japp A., Nicol E.F., and Ford M.J. Autonomic cardiovascular responses are impaired in women with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 38 (2004) 658-663
124. Jarrett M.E., Burr R.L., Cain K.C., Hertig V., Weisman P., and Heitkemper M.M. Anxiety and depression are related to autonomic nervous system function in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 48 (2003) 386-394
125. Elsenbruch S., and Orr W.C. Diarrhea- and constipation-predominant IBS patients differ in postprandial autonomic and cortisol responses. Am J Gastroenterol 96 (2001) 460-466
126. Tillisch K., Mayer E.A., Labus J.S., Stains J., Chang L., and Naliboff B.D. Sex specific alterations in autonomic function among patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 54 (2005) 1396-1401
127. Bohmelt A.H., Nater U.M., Franke S., Hellhammer D.H., and Ehlert U. Basal and stimulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders and healthy controls. Psychosom Med 67 (2005) 288-294
128. Dinan T.G., Quigley E.M., Ahmed S.M., Scully P., O'Brien S., O'Mahony L., et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gut axis dysregulation in irritable bowel syndrome: plasma cytokines as a potential biomarker?. Gastroenterology 130 (2006) 304-311
129. Chang L., and Neuroendocrine. Neuroimmune Markers in IBS: Pathophysiological Role or Epiphenomenon?. Gastroenterology 130 (2006) 596-600
130. Sagami Y., Shimada Y., Tayama J., Nomura T., Satake M., Endo Y., et al. Effect of a corticotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonist on colonic sensory and motor function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 53 (2004) 958-964
131. Tache Y. Corticotropin releasing factor receptor antagonists: potential future therapy in gastroenterology?. Gut 53 (2004) 919-921
132. Tache Y., Million M., Nelson A.G., Lamy C., and Wang L. Role of corticotropin- releasing factor pathways in stress-related alterations of colonic motor function and viscerosensibility in female rodents. Gend Med 2 (2005) 146-154
133. Simrén M., Stotzer P.O., Sjovall H., Abrahamsson H., and Bjornsson E.S. Abnormal levels of neuropeptide Y and peptide YY in the colon in irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15 (2003) 55-62
134. Palsson O.S., Morteau O., Bozymski E.M., Woosley J.T., Sartor R.B., Davies M.J., et al. Elevated vasoactive intestinal peptide concentrations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 49 (2004) 1236-1243
135. Simrén M., Björnsson E.S., and Abrahamsson H. High interdigestive and postprandial motilin levels in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 17 (2005) 51-57
136. Van Der Veek P.P., Biemond I., and Masclee A.A. Proximal and distal gut hormone secretion in irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 41 (2006) 170-177
137. Ehlert U., Nater U.M., and Bohmelt A. High and low unstimulated salivary cortisol levels correspond to different symptoms of functional gastrointestinal disorders. J Psychosom Res 59 (2005) 7-10
138. Mawe G.M., Coates M.D., and Moses P.L. Review article: intestinal serotonin signalling in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23 (2006) 1067-1076
139. Atkinson W., Lockhart S., Whorwell P.J., Keevil B., and Houghton L.A. Altered 5-hydroxytryptamine signalling in patients with constipation- and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 130 (2006) 34-43
140. Houghton L.A., Atkinson W., Whitaker R.P., Whorwell P.J., and Rimmer M.J. Increased platelet depleted plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration following meal ingestion in symptomatic female subjects with diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 52 (2003) 663-670
141. Coates M.D., Mahoney C.R., Linden D.R., Sampson J.E., Chen J., Blaszyk H., et al. Molecular defects in mucosal serotonin content and decreased serotonin reuptake transporter in ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 126 (2004) 1657-1664
142. Dunlop S.P., Jenkins D., Neal K.R., and Spiller R.C. Relative importance of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, anxiety, and depression in postinfectious IBS. Gastroenterology 125 (2003) 1651-1659
143. Dunlop S.P., Jenkins D., and Spiller R.C. Distinctive clinical, psychological, and histological features of postinfective irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 1578-1583
144. Wang L.H., Fang X.C., and Pan G.Z. Bacillary dysentery as a causative factor of irritable bowel syndrome and its pathogenesis. Gut 53 (2004) 1096-1101
145. Agazzi A., De Ponti F., De Giorgio R., Candura S.M., Anselmi L., Cervio E., et al. Review of the implications of dietary tryptophan intake in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric disorders. Dig Liver Dis 35 (2003) 590-595
146. Tornblom H., Abrahamsson H., Barbara G., Hellstrom P.M., Lindberg G., Nyhlin H., et al. Inflammation as a cause of functional bowel disorders. Scand J Gastroenterol 40 (2005) 1140-1148
147. Simrén M., Axelsson J., Gillberg R., Abrahamsson H., Svedlund J., and Björnsson E. Quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease in remission: The impact of IBS-like symptoms and associated psychological factors. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 389-396
148. Parry S.D., Stansfield R., Jelley D., Gregory W., Phillips E., Barton J.R., et al. Is irritable bowel syndrome more common in patients presenting with bacterial gastroenteritis? A community-based, case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 327-331
149. Parry S.D., Stansfield R., Jelley D., Gregory W., Phillips E., Barton J.R., et al. Does bacterial gastroenteritis predispose people to functional gastrointestinal disorders? A prospective, community-based, case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 1970-1975
150. Borgaonkar M.R., Ford D.C., Marshall J.K., Churchill E., and Collins S.M. The incidence of irritable bowel syndrome among community subjects with previous acute enteric infection. Dig Dis Sci 51 (2006) 1026-1032
151. Ji S., Park H., Lee D., Song Y.K., Choi J.P., and Lee S.I. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome in patients with Shigella infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 (2005) 381-386
152. Kim H.S., Kim M.S., Ji S.W., and Park H. The development of irritable bowel syndrome after Shigella infection: 3 year follow-up study. Korean J Gastroenterol 47 (2006) 300-305
153. Marshall J.K., Thabane M., Garg A.X., Clark W., Meddings J., and Collins S.M. Intestinal permeability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome after a waterborne outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in Walkerton, Ontario. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20 (2004) 1317-1322
154. Marshall J.K., Thabane M., Garg A.X., Clark W.F., Salvadori M., and Collins S.M. Incidence and epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome after a large waterborne outbreak of bacterial dysentery. Gastroenterology 131 (2006) 445-450
155. Mearin F., Perez-Oliveras M., Perello A., Vinyet J., Ibanez A., Coderch J., et al. Dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome after a Salmonella gastroenteritis outbreak: one-year follow-up cohort study. Gastroenterology 129 (2005) 98-104
156. Dunlop S.P., Jenkins D., Neal K.R., Naesdal J., Borgaonker M., Collins S.M., et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of prednisolone in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18 (2003) 77-84
157. Spiller R.C., Jenkins D., Thornley J.P., Hebden J.M., Wright T., Skinner M., et al. Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acute Campylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 47 (2000) 804-811
158. McKeown E.S., Parry S.D., Stansfield R., Barton J.R., and Welfare M.R. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome may occur after non-gastrointestinal and intestinal infection. Neurogastroenterol Motil 18 (2006) 839-843
159. Bazzocchi G., Gionchetti P., Almerigi P.F., Amadini C., and Campieri M. Intestinal microflora and oral bacteriotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Liver Dis 34 Suppl 2 (2002) S48-S53
160. Maxwell P.R., Rink E., Kumar D., and Mendall M.A. Antibiotics increase functional abdominal symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 97 (2002) 104-108
161. Si J.M., Yu Y.C., Fan Y.J., and Chen S.J. Intestinal microecology and quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome patients. World J Gastroenterol 10 (2004) 1802-1805
162. Malinen E., Rinttila T., Kajander K., Matto J., Kassinen A., Krogius L., et al. Analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time PCR. Am J Gastroenterol 100 (2005) 373-382
163. Matto J., Maunuksela L., Kajander K., Palva A., Korpela R., Kassinen A., et al. Composition and temporal stability of gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome-a longitudinal study in IBS and control subjects. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 43 (2005) 213-222
164. Pimentel M., Chow E.J., and Lin H.C. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 95 (2000) 3503-3506
165. Pimentel M., Wallace D., Hallegua D., Chow E., Kong Y., Park S., et al. A link between irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia may be related to findings on lactulose breath testing. Ann Rheum Dis 63 (2004) 450-452
166. Pimentel M., Chow E.J., and Lin H.C. Normalization of lactulose breath testing correlates with symptom improvement in irritable bowel syndrome. a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (2003) 412-419
167. Walters B., and Vanner S.J. Detection of Bacterial Overgrowth in IBS Using the Lactulose H Breath Test: Comparison with C-d-Xylose and Healthy Controls. Am J Gastroenterol 100 (2005) 1566-1570
168. Camilleri M. Mechanisms in IBS: something old, something new, something borrowed. Neurogastroenterol Motil 17 (2005) 311-316
169. Dunlop S.P., Hebden J., Campbell E., Naesdal J., Olbe L., Perkins A.C., et al. Abnormal intestinal permeability in subgroups of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndromes. Am J Gastroenterol 101 (2006) 1288-1294
170. Gwee K.A., Collins S.M., Read N.W., Rajnakova A., Deng Y., Graham J.C., et al. Increased rectal mucosal expression of interleukin 1beta in recently acquired post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 52 (2003) 523-526
171. Atkinson W., Sheldon T.A., Shaath N., and Whorwell P.J. Food elimination based on IgG antibodies in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 53 (2004) 1459-1464
172. Zar S., Mincher L., Benson M.J., Kumar D., and Food-specific. IgG4 antibody-guided exclusion diet improves symptoms and rectal compliance in irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 40 (2005) 800-807
173. Simonato B., De Lazzari F., Pasini G., Polato F., Giannattasio M., Gemignani C., et al. IgE binding to soluble and insoluble wheat flour proteins in atopic and non-atopic patients suffering from gastrointestinal symptoms after wheat ingestion. Clin Exp Allergy 31 (2001) 1771-1778
174. Wahnschaffe U., Ullrich R., Riecken E.O., and Schulzke J.D. Celiac Disease-like Abnormalities in a Subgroup of Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology 121 (2001) 1329-1338
175. Zar S., Benson M.J., and Kumar D. Food-Specific Serum IgG4 and IgE Titers to Common Food Antigens in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 100 (2005) 1550-1557
176. Tornblom H., Lindberg G., Nyberg B., and Veress B. Full-thickness biopsy of the jejunum reveals inflammation and enteric neuropathy in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 123 (2002) 1972-1979
177. Chadwick V.S., Chen W., Shu D., Paulus B., Bethwaite P., Tie A., et al. Activation of the mucosal immune system in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 122 (2002) 1778-1783
178. Ohman L., Isaksson S., Lundgren A., Simren M., and Sjovall H. A controlled study of colonic immune activity and beta7+ blood T lymphocytes in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 3 (2005) 980-986
179. Collins S.M. A case for an immunological basis for irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 122 (2002) 2078-2080
180. Holmén N, Isaksson S, Simrén M, Sjövall H, Öhman L. CD24+CD25+ Regulatory T cells in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007; in press.
181. Barbara G., Stanghellini V., De Giorgio R., Cremon C., Cottrell G.S., Santini D., et al. Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 126 (2004) 693-702
182. O'Sullivan M., Clayton N., Breslin N.P., Harman I., Bountra C., McLaren A., et al. Increased mast cells in the irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 12 (2000) 449-457
183. Park C.H., Joo Y.E., Choi S.K., Rew J.S., Kim S.J., and Lee M.C. Activated mast cells infiltrate in close proximity to enteric nerves in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Korean Med Sci 18 (2003) 204-210
184. Park J.H., Rhee P.L., Kim H.S., Lee J.H., Kim Y.H., Kim J.J., et al. Mucosal mast cell counts correlate with visceral hypersensitivity in patients with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 Pt 1 (2006) 71-78
185. Park J.H., Rhee P.L., Kim G., Lee J.H., Kim Y.H., Kim J.J., et al. Enteroendocrine cell counts correlate with visceral hypersensitivity in patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 18 (2006) 539-546
186. Adam B., Liebregts T., Gschossmann J.M., Krippner C., Scholl F., Ruwe M., et al. Severity of mucosal inflammation as a predictor for alterations of visceral sensory function in a rat model. Pain 123 (2006) 179-186
187. Zhou Q., Caudle R.M., Price D.D., Del Valle-Pinero A.Y., and Verne G.N. Selective up-regulation of NMDA-NRI receptor expression in myenteric plexus after TNBS induced colitis in rats. Mol Pain 2 (2006) 3
188. La J.H., Kim T.W., Sung T.S., Kim H.J., Kim J.Y., and Yang I.S. Role of mucosal mast cells in visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome. J Vet Sci 5 (2004) 319-324
189. Bercik P., Wang L., Verdu E.F., Mao Y.K., Blennerhassett P., Khan W.I., et al. Visceral hyperalgesia and intestinal dysmotility in a mouse model of postinfective gut dysfunction. Gastroenterology 127 (2004) 179-187
190. Akiho H., Deng Y., Blennerhassett P., Kanbayashi H., and Collins S.M. Mechanisms underlying the maintenance of muscle hypercontractility in a model of postinfective gut dysfunction. Gastroenterology 129 (2005) 131-141
191. Ferrier L., Mazelin L., Cenac N., Desreumaux P., Janin A., Emilie D., et al. Stress- induced disruption of colonic epithelial barrier: role of interferon-gamma and myosin light chain kinase in mice. Gastroenterology 125 (2003) 795-804
192. Verdu E.F., Bercik P., Verma-Gandhu M., Huang X.X., Blennerhassett P., Jackson W., et al. Specific probiotic therapy attenuates antibiotic induced visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Gut 55 (2006) 182-190