Clostridium difficile infection: Update on emerging antibiotic treatment options and antibiotic resistance

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 555-564

  Shah, Dhara ^a,b   Dang, Minh Duc ^a   Hasbun, Rodrigo ^c   Koo, Hoonmo L ^b,d,e   Jiang, Zhi Dong ^b,d   Dupont, Herbert L ^a,b,c,d,e   Garey, Kevin W ^a,b,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON   (United States)

^b St Luke's Episcopal Hospital   (United States)

^c University of Texas School of Medicine   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^e BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile; Fidaxomicin; Nitazoxanide; Rifaximin; Treatment update

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; FIDAXOMICIN; METRONIDAZOLE; NITAZOXANIDE; RAMOPLANIN; RIFALAZIL; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAMYCIN; RIFAXIMIN; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; BACTERIAL STRAIN; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RESPONSE; HUMAN; HYPOKALEMIA; IN VITRO STUDY; INCIDENCE; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MONOTHERAPY; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW; TYPHLITIS; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

AMINOGLYCOSIDES; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE III AS TOPIC; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RIFAMYCINS; THIAZOLES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77952257241     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.28     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Aslam S, Hamill RJ, Musher DM. Treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease: old therapies and new strategies. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5, 549-557 (2005).
2. DuPont HL, Garey K, Caeiro JP, Jiang ZD. New advances in Clostridium difficile infection: changing epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 21, 500-507 (2008).
3. Jung SW, Jeon SW, Do BH et al. Clinical aspects of rifampicin-associated pseudomembranous colitis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 41, 38-40 (2007).
4. Hecht DW, Galang MA, Sambol SP et al. In vitro activities of 15 antimicrobial agents against 110 toxigenic Clostridium difficile clinical isolates collected from 1983 to 2004. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51, 2716-2719 (2007).
5. Swanson RN, Hardy DJ, Shipkowitz NL et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of tiacumicins B and C against Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35, 1108-1111 (1991).
6. Pelaez T, Alcala L, Alonso R et al. Reassessment of Clostridium difficile susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 1647-1650 (2002).
7. Edlund C, Sabouri S, Nord CE. Comparative in vitro activity of BAY 12-8039 and five other antimicrobial agents against anaerobic bacteria. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 17, 193-195 (1998).
8. McVay CS, Rolfe RD. In vitro and in vivo activities of nitazoxanide against Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2254-2258 (2000).
9. Betriu C, Rodriguez-Avial I, Sanchez BA, Gomez M, Picazo JJ. Comparative in vitro activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) and other antimicrobial agents against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50, 758-759 (2002).
10. Citron DM, Merriam CV, Tyrrell KL et al. In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 2334-2338 (2003).
11. Finegold SM, John SS, Vu AW et al. In vitro activity of ramoplanin and comparator drugs against anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora. Anaerobe 10, 205-211 (2004).
12. Bishara J, Bloch Y, Garty M, Behor J, Samra Z. Antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium difficile isolates in a tertiary medical center, Israel. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 54, 141-144 (2006).
13. Credito KL, Appelbaum PC. Activity of OPT-80, a novel macrocycle, compared with those of eight other agents against selected anaerobic species. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 4430-4434 (2004).
14. Finegold SM, Molitoris D, Vaisanen ML. Study of the in vitro activities of rifaximin and comparator agents against 536 anaerobic intestinal bacteria from the perspective of potential utility in pathology involving bowel flora. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53, 281-286 (2009).
15. Barbut F, Mastrantonio P, Delmee M et al. Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13, 1048-1057 (2007).
16. Sundram F, Guyot A, Carboo I et al. Clostridium difficile ribotypes 027 and 106, clinical outcomes and risk factors. J. Hosp. Infect. 72, 111-118 (2009).
17. Karlowsky JA, Laing NM, Zhanel GG. In vitro activity of OPT-80 tested against clinical isolates of toxin-producing Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 4163-4165 (2008).
18. Citron DM, Babakhani F, Goldstein EJ et al. Typing and susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the fidaxomicin (OPT-80) Phase II study for C. difficile infection. Anaerobe 15(6), 234-236 (2009).
19. Anton PM, O'Brien M, Kokkotou E et al. Rifalazil treats and prevents relapse of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hamsters. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48, 3975-3979 (2004).
20. Pelaez T, Alcala L, Alonso R et al. In vitro activity of ramoplanin against Clostridium difficile, including strains with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin or with resistance to metronidazole. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49, 1157-1159 (2005).
21. Baines SD, O'Connor R, Freeman J et al. Emergence of reduced susceptibility to metronidazole in Clostridium difficile. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 62(5), 1046-1052 (2008).
22. Huang H, Weintraub A, Fang H, Nord CE. Antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium difficile. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 34, 516-522 (2009).
23. Zar FA, Bakkanagari SR, Moorthi KM, Davis MB. A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45, 302-307 (2007).
24. Musher DM, Logan N, Hamill RJ et al. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43, 421-427 (2006).
25. Musher DM, Logan N, Bressler AM, Johnson DP, Rossignol JF. Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized, double-blind study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48, e41-e46 (2009).
26. Louie T, Miller M, Donskey C, Mullane K, Goldstein EJ. Clinical outcomes, safety, and pharmacokinetics of OPT-80 in a Phase 2 trial with patients with Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53, 223-228 (2009).
27. Golan Y, Mullane K, Miller M et al. Low recurrence rate among patients (Pts) with C. difficile infection (CDI) treated with fidaxomicin (FDX). Abstract L1-1639. Presented at: 49th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco, CA, USA, 12-15 Septmeber 2009.
28. Gerding D, Sambol S, Nagaro K et al. Restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) typing of Clostridium difficile in a Phase 3 treatment trial of fidaxomicin vs vancomycin: decreased cure rate for epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strain. Abstract L1-1642. Presented at: 49th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco, CA, USA, 12-15 September 2009.
29. Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile - more difficult than ever. N. Engl. J. Med. 359, 1932-1940 (2008).
30. Louie T, Gerdsom M, Grimard D et al. Results of a Phase III trial comparing tolevamer, vancomycin, and metronidazole in patients with Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDI). Presented at: 47th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Chicago, USA, 17-20 September 2007.
31. Weiss K. Toxin-binding treatment for Clostridium difficile: a review including reports of studies with tolevamer. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 33, 4-7 (2009).
32. Le F, Garey KW, Salazar M. Treatment patterns for Clostridium difficile infection in relation to severity of disease and evaluation of outcomes. Presented at: 49th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco, CA, USA, 11-15 September 2009.
33. Bauer MP, Kuijper EJ, van Dissel JT. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15, 1067-1079 (2009).
34. Crobach MJ, Dekkers OM, Wilcox MH, Kuijper EJ. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): data review and recommendations for diagnosing Clostridium difficile-infection (CDI). Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 15, 1053-1066 (2009).
35. Johnson S, Schriever C, Galang M, Kelly CP, Gerding DN. Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44, 846-848 (2007).
36. Johnson S, Schriever C, Patel U et al. Rifaximin redux: treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with Rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment. Anaerobe 15(6), 290-291 (2009).
37. Garey KW, Jiang ZD, Bellard A, Dupont HL. Rifaximin in treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: an uncontrolled pilot study. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 43, 91-93 (2009).
38. Herpers BL, Vlaminckx B, Burkhardt O et al. Intravenous tigecycline as adjunctive or alternative therapy for severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48, 1732-1735 (2009).
39. Yangco BG, Sher G, Bardin MC. Nitazoxanide and probiotics for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in a peritoneal dialysis patient. South Med. J. 102, 746-747 (2009).
40. O'Connor JR, Galang MA, Sambol SP et al. Rifampin and rifaximin resistance in clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 2813-2817 (2008).
41. Jiang ZD, DuPont HL, LaRocco M, Garey KW. In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium difficile to rifaximin and rifampin in 359 consecutive isolates at a university hospital in Houston, Texas. J. Clin. Pathol. 63, 355-358 (2010).
42. Curry SR, Marsh JW, Shutt KA et al. High frequency of rifampin resistance identified in an epidemic Clostridium difficile clone from a large teaching hospital. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48, 425-429 (2009).
43. Lagrotteria D, Holmes S, Smieja M, Smaill F, Lee C. Prospective, randomized inpatient study of oral metronidazole versus oral metronidazole and rifampin for treatment of primary episode of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43, 547-552 (2006).
44. Boero M, Berti E, Morgando A, Verme G. Treatment for colitis caused by Clostridium difficile: results of a randomized, open-label study of rifaximin vs. vancomycin. Microbiologia Medica 5, 74-77 (1990).
45. Anderson VR, Curran MP. Nitazoxanide: a review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections. Drugs 67, 1947-1967 (2007).
46. Musher DM, Logan N, Mehendiratta V et al. Clostridium difficile colitis that fails conventional metronidazole therapy: response to nitazoxanide. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 59, 705-710 (2007).
47. McKeage K, Keating GM. Tigecycline: in community-acquired pneumonia. Drugs 68, 2633-2644 (2008).
48. Nord CE, Sillerstrom E, Wahlund E. Effect of tigecycline on normal oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 3375-3380 (2006). (Pubitemid 44527513)
49. Louie TJ, Emery J, Krulicki W, Byrne B, Mah M. OPT-80 eliminates Clostridium difficile and is sparing of bacteroides species during treatment of C. difficile infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53, 261-263 (2009).
50. Nerandzic MM, Mullane K, Miller M, Babakhani F, Donskey CJ. Acquisition and overgrowth of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in patients treated with fidaxomicin (FDX) versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. Abstract K-1915. Presented at: 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco CA, USA, 12-15 September 2009.
51. Gorbach S, Weiss K, Sears P, Pullman J. Safety of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin in treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Abstract L1-1640. Presented at: 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco CA, USA, 12-15 September 2009.