Vitamin D and Parkinson's disease

Journal of Neuroscience Research

Volumn 90, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 2227-2236

  Vinh quôc Luong, Khanh ^a   Thi Hoàng Nguyên, Lan ^a  

^a Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcitriol; Parkinson's disease; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENIN; BCG VACCINE; CALCITRIOL; COLECALCIFEROL; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 10; LEUCINE RICH REPEAT KINASE 2; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; MESSENGER RNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RELATED FACTOR 1; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; UVOMORULIN; VITAMIN D; WNT PROTEIN;

BILE ACID METABOLISM; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; BONE METABOLISM; CELL PROLIFERATION; COMPETITIVE INHIBITION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MACROPHAGE; MESENCEPHALON; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OLIGODENDROGLIA; OSTEOBLAST; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SHY DRAGER SYNDROME; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TREMOR; UPREGULATION; VITAMIN BLOOD LEVEL; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ANIMALS; BCG VACCINE; CALCITRIOL; CHOLESTEROL; GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES; HUMANS; HYPERCALCEMIA; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; NADPH OXIDASE; NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SUBFAMILY 4, GROUP A, MEMBER 2; PARKINSON DISEASE; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; RATS; RECEPTORS, CALCITRIOL; RIBONUCLEASE, PANCREATIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84867745168     PISSN: 03604012     EISSN: 10974547     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23115     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Albert D, Scheef E, Wang S, Mehraein F, Darjatmoko S, et al. 2007. Calcitriol is a potent inhibitor of retinal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48: 2327-2334.
2. 3 inhibits secretion of interferon-gamma by mitogen- and antigen-stimulated bovine mononuclear leukocytes. Vet Immunol Imnunopathol 52: 77-90.
3. +)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mesencephalic dopaminergic neuronal cells. Neurotoxicology 28: 988-997.
4. Arimoto T, Choi DY, Lu X, Liu M, Nguyen XV, et al. 2007. Interleukin-10 protects against inflammation-mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Neurobiol Aging 28: 894-906.
5. 3, apolipoprotein A-1, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Arterioscler Thrombos 12: 671-674.
6. Bachelet M, Bader C, Merlot AM, Laborde K, Snarska J, Ulmann A. 1983. Cellular utilization of cytosolic NADPH in kidney and liver cells from rats fed a normal or a vitamin D-deficient diet. Cell Biochem Funct 1: 25-29.
7. Barcia C, Bautista V, Sánchez-Bahillo A, Fernández-Villalba E, Faucheux B, et al. 2005. Changes in vascularization in substantia nigra pars compacta of monkeys rendered parkinsonian. J Neural Transm 112: 1237-1348.
8. Becker LE, Koleganova N, Piecha G, Noronha IL, Zeier M, et al. 2011. Effects of paricalcitol and calcitriol on aortic wall remodeling in uninephrectomized ApoE knockout mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 300: F772-F782.
9. 3 inhibits the hepatic production of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in man. J Clin Invest 74: 1540-1544.
10. Ben-Nun A, Mendel I, Sappler G, Kerlero de Rosbo N. 1995. A 12-kDa protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protects mice against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Protection in the absence of shared T cell epitopes with encephalitogenic proteins J Immunol 154: 2939-2948.
11. 3 (calcitriol) inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1/vascular endothelial growth pathway in human cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 6: 1433-1439.
12. Béraud D, Twomey M, Bloom B, Mittereder A, Ton V, et al. 2011 α-Synuclein alters Toll-like receptor expression. Front Neurosci 5: 80.
13. Burne TH, McGrath JJ, Eyles DW, Mackay-Sim A. 2005. Behavioural characterization of vitamin D receptor knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 157: 299-308.
14. Byers S, Shah S. 2007. Vitamin D and the regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and innate immunity in colorectal cancer. Nutr Rev 65: S118-S120.
15. Cass WA, Smith MP, Peters LE. 2006. Calcitriol protects against the dopamine- and serotonin-depleting effects of neurotoxic doses of methamphetamine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1074: 261-271.
16. Castelo-Branco G, Wagner J, Rodriguez FJ, Kele J, Sousa K, et al. 2003. Differential regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron development by Wnt-1, Wnt-3a, and Wnt-5a. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100: 12747-12752.
17. 3 attenuated oxidative injuries in the locus coeruleus of rat brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 993: 313-324.
18. Cheng D, Kim WS, Garner B. 2008. Regulation of alpha-synuclein expression by liver X receptor ligands in vitro. Neuroreport 19: 1685-1689.
19. Choi DH, Cristóvão AC, Guhathakurta S, Lee J, Joh TH, et al. 2012. NADPH oxidase 1-mediated oxidative stress leads to dopamine neuron death in Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 16: 1033-1045.
20. Cristóvão AC, Choi DH, Baltazar G, Beal MF, Kim YS. 2009. The role of NADPH oxidase 1-derived reactive oxygen species in paraquat-mediated dopaminergic cell death. Antioxid Redox Signal 11: 2105-2118.
21. Cui X, Pelekanos M, Burne TH, McGrath JJ, Eyles DW. 2010. Maternal vitamin D deficiency alters the expression of genes involved in dopamine specification in the developing rat mesencephalon. Neurosci Lett 486: 220-223.
22. Dagda RK, Zhu J, Kulich SM, Chu CT. 2008. Mitochondrially localized ERK2 regulates mitophagy and autophagic cell stress: implications for Parkinson's disease. Autophagy 4: 770-782.
23. de Lau LM, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Breteler MM. 2006. Serum cholesterol levels and the risk of Parkinson's disease. Am J Epidemiol 164: 998-1002.
24. Deleidi M, Hallett PJ, Koprich JB, Chung CY, Isacson O. 2010. The Toll-like receptor-3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid triggers nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. J Neurosci 30: 16091-16101.
25. Derex L, Trouillas P. 1997. Reversible parkinsonism, hypophosphoremia, and hypocalcemia under vitamin D therapy. Mov Disord 12: 612-613.
26. 3 downregulates intracellular toll-like receptor 9 expression and toll-like receptor 9-induced IL-6 production in human monocytes. Rheumatology 48: 1466-1471.
27. Domenger D, Dea D, Theroux L, Moquin L, Gratton A, Poirier J. 2012. The MPTP neurotoxic lesion model of Parkinson's disease activates the apolipoprotein E cascade in the mouse brain. Exp Neurol 233: 513-522.
28. Evatt ML, Delong MR, Khazai N, Rosen A, Triche S, Tangpricha V. 2008. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in patients with Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 65: 1348-1352.
29. Evatt ML, DeLong MR, Kumari M, Auinger P, McDermott MP, et al. 2011. High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D status in patients with early Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 68: 314-319.
30. Eyles DW, Smith S, Kinobe R, Hewison M, McGrath JJ. 2005. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 alpha-hydroxylase in human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 29: 21-30.
31. Falk T, Zhang S, Sherman SJ. 2009. Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) is up-regulated and exogenous VEGF-B is neuroprotective in a culture model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegen 4: 49.
32. 3 deficiency alters the adult rat brain. Brain Res Bull 65: 141-148.
33. Feve AP. 2012. Tyrosine hydroxylase and Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets [May 11 E-pub ahead of print].
34. Furukawa Y, Graf WD, Wong H, Shimadzu M, Kish SJ. 2001. Dopa-responsive dystonia simulating spastic paraplegia due to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene mutations. Neurology 56: 260-263.
35. Gerdes LU, Vestergaard P, Hermann AP, Mosekilde L. 2001. Regional and hormone-depenpent effects of Apolipoprotein E genotype on changes in bone mineral in perimenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 16: 1906-1916.
36. Gillardon F, Schmid R, Draheim H. 2012. Parkinson's disease-linked leucine-rich repeat kinase 2(R1441G) mutation increases proinflammatory cytokine release from activated primary microglial cells and resultant neurotoxicity. Neuroscience 208: 41-48.
37. Gollamudi S, Johri A, Calingasan NY, Yang L, Elemento O, Beal MF. 2012. Concordant signaling pathways produced by pesticide exposure in mice correspond to pathways identified in human Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 7: e36191.
38. Grant WB. 2011. An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels. Eur J Clin Nutr 65: 1016-1026.
39. Grimes DA, Han F, Panisset M, Racacho L, Xiao F, et al. 2006. Translated mutation in the Nurr1 gene as a cause for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 21: 906-909.
40. 3 inhibits proliferation and decreases production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, thrombopoietin, VEGF, and angiogenin by human annulus cells in vitro. Spine 33: 755-765.
41. 3 derivatives on cholesterol synthesis and HMG-CoA reductase activity in cultured cells. J Lipid Res 30: 379-386.
42. 3 on the levels of NADPH-dependent cytosolic 3, 5, 3′-triiodo-L-thyronine-binding protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 177: 388-394.
43. He W, Kang YS, Dai C, Liu Y. 2011. Blockade of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by paricalcitol ameliorates proteinuria and kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 22: 90-103.
44. Hertz JM, Ostergaard K, Juncker I, Pedersen S, Romstad A, et al. 2006. Low frequency of Parkin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and GTP cyclohydrolase I gene mutations in a Danish population of early-onset Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 13: 385-390.
45. Hipskind RA, Bilbe G. 1998. MAP kinase signaling cascades and gene expression in osteoblasts. Front Biosci 3: d804-d816.
46. Hu G, Antikainen R, Jousilahti P, Kivipelto M, Tuomilehto J. 2008. Total cholesterol and the risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 70: 1972-1979.
47. ε{lunate}2 allele associated with higher prevalence of sporadic Parkinson disease. Neurology 62: 2198-2202.
48. Huang X, Chen P, Kaufer DI, Tröster AI, Poole C. 2006. Apolipoprotein E and dementia in Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Neurol 63: 189-193.
49. Huang X, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, Mailman RB, Ross GW. 2008. Low LDL cholesterol and increased risk of Parkinson's disease: prospective results from Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Mov Disord 23: 1013-1018.
50. Huebbe P, Nebel A, Siegert S, Moehring J, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, et al. 2011. APOE ε{lunate}4 is associated with higher vitamin D levels in targeted replacement mice and humans. FASEB J 25: 3262-3270.
51. Husain K, Ferder L, Mizobuchi M, Finch J, Slatopolsky E. 2009. Combination therapy with paricalcitol and enalapril ameliorates cardiac oxidative injury in uremic rats. Am J Nephrol 29: 465-472.
52. Husain K, Suarez E, Isidro A, Ferder L. 2010. Effects of paricalcitol and analapril on atherosclerotic injury in mouse aortas. Am J Nephrol 32: 296-304.
53. Inestrosa NC, Arenas E. 2010. Emerging roles of Wnts in the adult nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci. 11: 77-86.
54. Inestrosa NC, Toledo EM. 2008. The role of Wnt signaling in neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 3: 9.
55. Izumi Y, Yamamoto N, Matsuo T, Wakita S, Takeuchi H, et al. 2009. Vulnerability to glutamate toxicity of dopaminergic neurons is dependent on endogenous dopamine and MAPK activation. J Neurochem 110: 745-755.
56. Jiang C, Wan X, He Y, Pan T, Jankovic J, Le W. 2005. Age-dependent dopaminergic dysfunction in Nurr1 knockout mice. Exp Neurol 191: 154-162.
57. Jiang W, Miyamoto T, Kakizawa T, Nishio S-i, Oiwa A, et al. 2006. Inhibition of LXRα signaling by vitamin D receptor: possible role of VDR in bile acid synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 351: 176-184.
58. John WG, Noonan K, Mannan N, Boucher BJ. 2005. Hypovitamin D is associated with reductions in serum apolipoprotein A-1 but not with fasting lipids in British Bangladeshis. Am J Clin Nutr 82: 517-522.
59. Johnston LC, Su X, Maguire-Zeiss K, Horovitz K, Ankoudinova I, et al. 2008. Human interleukin-10 gene transfer is protective in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Ther 16: 1392-1399.
60. 3. Arterioscler Thromb 11: 995-1006.
61. Karunakaran S, Ravindranath V. 2009. Activation of p38 MAPK in the substantia nigra leads to nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in MPTP-treated mice: implication in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 109: 17911-17919.
62. Kenborg L, Lassen CF, Ritz B, Schernhammer ES, Hansen J, et al. 2011. Outdoor work and risk for Parkinson's disease: a population-based case-control study. Occup Environ Med 68: 273-278.
63. 3 inhibits proliferation but not the suppressive function of regulatory T cells in the absence of antigen-presenting cells. Immunology 134: 459-468.
64. Kieran D, Sebastia J, Greenway MJ, King MA, Connaughton D, et al. 2008. Control of motoneuron survival by angiogenin. J Neurosci 28: 14056-14061.
65. Knekt P, Kilkkinen A, Rissanen H, Marniemi J, Sääksjärvi K, Heliövaara M. 2010. Serum vitamin D and the risk of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 67: 808-811.
66. Kulich SM, Chu CT. 2001. Sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation by 6-hydroxydopamine: implications for Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 77: 1058-1066.
67. Kulich SM, Horbinski C, Patel M, Chu CT. 2007. 6-Hydroxydopamine induces mitochondrial ERK activation. Free Radic Biol Med 43: 372-783.
68. Kumar A, Singh BK, Ahmad I, Shukla S, Patel DK, et al. 2012. Involvement of NADPH oxidase and glutathione in zinc-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in rats: similarity with paraquat neurotoxicity. Brain Res 1438: 48-64.
69. Lagishetty V, Misharin AV, Liu NQ, Lisse TS, Chun RF, et al. 2010. Vitamin D deficiency in mice impairs colonic antibacterial activity and predisposes to colitis. Endocrinology 151: 2423-2432.
70. Lammi J, Huppunen J, Aarnisalo P. 2004. Regulation of the osteopontin gene by the orphan nuclear receptor NURR1 in osteoblasts. Mol Endocrinol 18: 1546-1557.
71. Lalor M, Floyd S, Gorak-Stolinska P, Weir R, Blitz R, et al. 2011. BCG vaccination: a role for vitamin D? PLos One 6: 216709.
72. Larriba MJ, Ordóñez-Morαn P, Chicote I, Martín-Fernández G, Puig I, et al. 2011. Vitamin D receptor deficiency enhances Wnt/β-catenin signaling and tumor burden in colon cancer. PLoS One 6: e23524.
73. Law SW, Conneely OM, DeMayo FJ, O'Malley BW. 1992. Identification of a new brain-specific transcription factor, NURR1. Mol Endocrinol 6: 2129-2135.
74. Le W, Conneely OM, He Y, Jankovic J, Appel SH. 1999. Reduced Nurr1 expression increases the vulnerability of mesencephalic dopamine neurons to MPTP-induced injury. J Neurochem 73: 2218-2221.
75. Le W, Pan T, Huang M, Xu P, Xie W, et al. 2008. Decreased NURR1 gene expression in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 273: 29-33.
76. Lehnardt S, Lachance C, Patrizi S, Lefebvre S, Follett PL, et al. 2002. The toll-like receptor TLR4 is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced oligodendrocyte injury in the CNS. J Neurosci 22: 2478-2486.
77. Lei Z, Jiang Y, Li T, Zhu J, Zeng S. 2011. Signaling of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor GFRα1 induce Nurr1 and Pitx3 to promote survival of grafted midbrain-derived neural stem cells in a rat model of Parkinson disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 70: 736-747.
78. Letiembre M, Liu Y, Walter S, Hao W, Pfander T, et al. 2009. Screening of innate immune receptors in neurodegenerative diseases: a similar pattern. Neurobiol Aging 30: 759-768.
79. Li D, He Q, Li R, Xu X, Chen B, Xie A. 2012. Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 513: 183-186.
80. Li YJ, Hauser MA, Scott WK, Martin ER, Booze MW, et al. 2004. Apolipoprotein E controls the risk and age at onset of Parkinson disease. Neurology 62: 2005-2009.
81. Liakhovich AV, Aksenov NL, Tuokhima P, Mikhel'son VM. 2000. [Long-term action of vitamin D suppresses the estradiol-induced activity of erk-1 MAPK and proliferation of MCF-7 and LNCaP cancer cells]. Tsitologiia 42: 977-982 [in Russian].
82. Liu H, Wei L, Tao Q, Deng H, Ming M, et al. 2012. Decreased NURR1 and PITX3 gene expression in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 19: 870-875.
83. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, et al. 2006. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 311: 1770-1773.
84. Lorca RA, Chacón M, Barría MI, Inestrosa NC, Huidobro-Toro JP. 2003. Activation of Wnt signaling rescues neurodegeneration and behavioral impairments induced by beta-amyloid fibrils. Mol Psychiatry 8: 195-208.
85. Luong KV, Nguyên LT. 1996. Coexisting hyperparathyroidism and primary hyperparathyroidism with vitamin D-deficient osteomalacia in a Vietnamese immigrant. Endocrine Pract 2: 250-254.
86. Luong K, Nguyên L. 2012. Role of vitamin D in Parkinson's disease. ISRN Neurol 2012: 1-11 [article ID 134289].
87. Lynch-Day MA, Mao K, Wang K, Zhao M, Klionsky DJ. 2012. The role of autophagy in Parkinson's disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med. 2: a009357.
88. 3 inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Circ Res 87: 214-220.
89. Marwarha G, Rhen T, Schommer T, Ghribi O. 2011. The oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol regulates α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase expression levels in human neuroblastoma cells through modulation of liver X receptors and estrogen receptors-relevance to Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 119: 1119-1136.
90. 3 target genes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121: 142-145.
91. 3 and calcipotriol induce IL-10 receptor gene expression in human epidermal cells. Inflamm Res 46: 32-34.
92. Moehle MS, Webber PJ, Tse T, Sukar N, Standaert DG, et al. 2012. LRRK2 inhibition attenuates microglial inflammatory responses. J Neurosci 32: 1602-1611.
93. Moroianu J, Riordan JF. 1994. Identification of the nucleolar targeting signal of human angiogenin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 203: 1765-1772.
94. Musanti R, Parati E, Lamperti E, Ghiselli G. 1993. Decreased cholesterol biosynthesis in fibroblasts from patients with Parkinson disease. Biochem Med Metab Biol 49: 133-142.
95. Mutez E, Duhamel A, Defebvre L, Bordet R, Destée A, Kreisler A. 2009. Lipid-lowering drugs are associated with delayed onset and slower course of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Res 60: 41-45.
96. 3 inhibits metastasis and angiogenesis in lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 26: 1044-1054.
97. 3, an inducer of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Neuroreport 7: 2171-2175.
98. 3 promotes the differentiation of colon carcinoma cells by the induction of E-cadherin and the inhibition of beta-catenin signaling. J Cell Biol 154: 369-387.
99. Panaro MA, Lofrumento DD, Saponaro C, De Nuccio F, Cianciulli A, et al. 2008. Expression of TLR4 and CD14 in the central nervous system (CNS) in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's-like disease. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 30: 729-740.
100. Parr BA, Shea MJ, Vassileva G, McMahon AP. 1993. Mouse Wnt genes exhibit discrete domains of expression in the early embryonic CNS and limb buds. Development 119: 247-261.
101. 3 receptor immunoreactivity in the rat brain and spinal cord. J Chem Neuroanat 16: 135-145.
102. Puchacz E, Stumpf WE, Stachowiak EK, Stachowiak MK. 1996. Vitamin D increases expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenal medullary cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 36: 193-196.
103. Qian L, Hong JS, Flood PM. 2006a. Role of microglia in inflammation-mediated degeneration of dopaminergic neurons: neuroprotective effect of interleukin 10. J Neural Transm Suppl 367-371.
104. Qian L, Block ML, Wei SJ, Lin CF, Reece J, et al. 2006b. Interleukin-10 protects lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity in primary midbrain cultures by inhibiting the function of NADPH oxidase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319: 44-52.
105. Ravid A, Rubinstein E, Gamady A, Rotem C, Liberman UA, Koren R. 2002. Vitamin D inhibits the activation of stress-activated protein kinases by physiological and environmental stresses in keratinocytes. J Endocrinol 173: 525-532.
106. Rawal N, Corti O, Sacchetti P, Ardilla-Osorio H, Sehat B, et al. 2009. Parkin protects dopaminergic neurons from excessive Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 88: 473-478.
107. Rayaprolu S, Soto-Ortolaza A, Rademakers R, Uitti RJ, Wszolek ZK, Ross OA. 2012. Angiogenin variation and Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 71: 725-727.
108. 3 and development of tuberculosis in cattle. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10: 1129-1135.
109. Ristori G, Buzzi MG, Sabatini U, Giugni E, Bastianello S, et al. 1999. Use of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 53: 1588-1589.
110. Rivas-Santiago B, Hernandez-Pando R, Carranza C, Juarez E, Contreras JL, et al. 2008. Expression of cathelicidin LL-37 during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in human alveolar macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and epithelial cells. Infect Immun 76: 935-941.
111. 3 induces nitric oxide synthase and suppresses growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a human macrophage-like cell line. Infect Immun 66: 5314-5321.
112. Rodriguez-Pallares J, Rey P, Parga JA, Muñoz A, Guerra MJ, Labandeira-Garcia JL. 2008. Brain angiotensin enhances dopaminergic cell death via microglial activation and NADPH-derived ROS. Neurobiol Dis 31: 58-73.
113. Ross-Bernal F, Hunot S, Herrero MT, Parnadeau S, Corvol JC, et al. 2011. Microglial glucocorticoid receptors play a pivotal role in regulating dopaminergic neurodegeneration in parkinsonism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 6632-6637.
114. Roth CL, Elfers CT, Figlewicz DP, Melhorn SJ, Morton GJ, et al. 2011. Vitamin D deficiency in obese rats exacerbates NAFLD and increases hepatic resistin and toll-like receptor activation. Hepatology [Oct 12 E-pub ahead of print].
115. 3 down-regulates monocyte TLR expression and triggers hyporesponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Eur J Immunol 36: 361-730.
116. Saliba W, Barnett O, Rennert HS, Lavi I, Rennert G. 2011. The relationship between serum 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone levels. Am J Med 124: 1165-1170.
117. 3 administration to 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats increases glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and partially restores tyrosine hydroxylase expression in substantia nigra and striatum. J Neurosci Res 87: 723-732.
118. Sato Y, Asoh T, Oizumi K. 1997. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and reduced bone mass in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 49: 1273-1278.
119. Sewell DL, Reinke EK, Co DO, Hogan LH, Fritz RB, et al. 2003. Infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG diverts traffic of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein autoantigen-specific T cells away from the central nervous system and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10: 564-572.
120. 3 on cultured mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons to the combined toxicity caused by L-buthionine sulfoximine and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine. J Neurosci Res 62: 374-382.
121. Shiraki M, Shiraki Y, Aoki C, Hosoi T, Inoue S, et al. 1997. Association of bone mineral density with Apolipoprotein E phenotype. J Bone Miner Res 12: 1438-1445.
122. Smith MP, Fletcher-Turner A, Yurek DM, Cass WA. 2006. Calcitriol protection against dopamine loss induced by intracerebroventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Neurochem Res 31: 533-539.
123. 3-mediated inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 177: 6030-6037.
124. Stefanova N, Fellner L, Reindl M, Masliah E, Poewe W, Wenning GK. 2011. Toll-like receptor 4 promotes α-synuclein clearance and survival of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Am J Pathol 179: 954-963.
125. Steidinger TU, Standaert DG, Yacoubian TA. 2011. A neuroprotective role for angiogenin in models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 116: 334-241.
126. 3 on rat heart metabolism. J Mol Cell Cardiol 26: 1421-1428.
127. Sun C, Qi R, Wang L, Yan J, Wang Y. 2012. p38 MAPK regulates calcium signal-mediated lipid accumulation through changing VDR expression in primary preadipocytes of mice. Mol Biol Rep 39: 3179-3184.
128. 3 vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and severity of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 27: 264-271.
129. Tetich M, Kutner A, Leskiewicz M, Budziszewska B, Lason W. 2004. Neuroprotective effects of (24R)-1, 24-dihydroxycholecalciferol in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 89/90: 365-370.
130. Tetradis S, Bezouglaia O, Tsingotjidou A. 2001. Parathyroid hormone induces expression of the nuclear orphan receptor Nurr1 in bone cells. Endocrinology 142: 663-670.
131. Thomas T, Timmer M, Cesnulevicius K, Hitti E, Kotlyarov A, Gaestel M. 2008. MAPKAP kinase 2-deficiency prevents neurons from cell death by reducing neuroinflammation-relevance in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 105: 2039-2052.
132. van Es MA, Schelhaas HJ, van Vught PW, Ticozzi N, Andersen PM, et al. 2011. Angiogenin variants in Parkinson disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 70: 964-973.
133. 3 receptors in the central nervous system of the rat embryo. Brain Res 804: 193-205.
134. Vuletic S, Riekse RG, Marcovina SM, Peskind ER, Hazzard WR, Albers JJ. 2006. Statins of different brain penetrability differentially affect CSF PLTP activity. Dement Geriatr Cognit Disord 22: 392-398.
135. Wada K, Arai H, Takanashi M, Fukae J, Oizumi H, et al. 2006. Expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport 17: 705-709.
136. Wahner AD, Bronstein JM, Bordelon YM, Ritz B. 2008. Statin use and the risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 70: 1418-1422.
137. Wang ES, Sun Y, Guo JG, Gao X, Hu JW, et al. 2010. Tetranectin and apolipoprotein A-I in cerebrospinal fluid as potential biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 122: 350-359.
138. Wang J-H, Keisala T, Salakivi T, Minasyan A, Kalueff AV, Tuohimaa P. 2009. Serum cholesterol and expression of ApoAI, LXRbeta and SREBP2 in vitamin D receptor knock-out mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 113: 222-226.
139. 3 attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Brain Res 904: 67-75.
140. Wang XJ, Liu WG, Zhang YH, Lu GQ, Chen SD. 2007. Effect of transplantation of c17.2 cells transfected with interleukin-10 gene on intracerebral immune response in rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 423: 95-99.
141. Williams-Gray CH, Goris A, Saiki M, Foltynie T, Compston DA, et al. 2009. Apoprotein E genotype as a risk factor for susceptibility to and dementia in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 256: 493-498.
142. Wolozin B, Wang SW, Li NC, Lee A, Lee TA, Kazis LE. 2007. Simvastatin is associated with a reduced incidence of dementia and Parkinson's disease. BMC Med 5: 20.
143. Wu Y, Peng R, Chen W, Zhang J, Li T, et al. 2008. [Association of the polymorphisms in NURR1 gene with Parkinson's disease]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 25: 693-696 [in Chinese].
144. Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Kobayashi K, Takeuchi A, Yano A, et al. 2004. Neuroprotective effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) upon dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 19: 1494-1504.
145. Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Muraoka K, Wen Ji Y, Kameda M, et al. 2005. The differences between high and low-dose administration of VEGF to dopaminergic neurons of in vitro and in vivo Parkinson's disease model. Brain Res 1038: 1-10.
146. 3. J Cystis Fibros 6: 403-410.
147. Yong J, Lacan G, Dang H, Hsieh T, Middleton B, et al. 2011. BCG vaccine-induced neuroprotection in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 6: e16610.
148. Yu VC, Delsert C, Andersen B, Holloway JM, Devary OV, et al. 1991. RXR beta: a coregulator that enhances binding of retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D receptors to their cognate response elements. Cell 67: 1251-1266.
149. +) treated dopaminergic neurons occurs as an NADPH oxidase-dependent two-wave cascade. J Neuroinflamm 8: 129.
150. Zetterström RH, Solomin L, Jansson L, Hoffer BJ, Olson L, Perlmann T. 1997. Dopamine neuron agenesis in Nurr1-deficient mice. Science 276: 248-250.
151. Zhang D, Hu X, Wei SJ, Liu J, Gao H, et al. 2008. Squamosamide derivative FLZ protects dopaminergic neurons against inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration through the inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity. J Neuroinflamm 5: 21.
152. Zhang Y, Leung DY, Richers BN, Liu Y, Remigio LK, et al. 2012. Vitamin D inhibits monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production by targeting MAPK phosphatase-1. J Immunol 188: 2127-2135.
153. Zhang Z, Li X, Xie W, Tuo H, Hintermann S, et al. 2012. Anti-Parkinsonian effects of Nurr1 activator in ubiquitin-proteasome system impairment induced animal model of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets [E-pub ahead of print].
154. Zheng K, Heydari B, Simon DK. 2003. A common NURR1 polymorphism associated with Parkinson disease and diffuse Lewy body disease. Arch Neurol 60: 722-725.
155. Zhou H, Zhang F, Chen SH, Zhang D, Wilson B, et al. 2012. Rotenone activates phagocyte NADPH oxidase by binding to its membrane subunit gp91phox. Free Radic Biol Med 52: 303-313.
156. Zhu JH, Kulich SM, Oury TD, Chu CT. 2002. Cytoplasmic aggregates of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases in Lewy body diseases. Am J Pathol 161: 2087-2098.
157. Zhu JH, Guo F, Shelburne J, Watkins S, Chu CT. 2003. Localization of phosphorylated ERK/MAP kinases to mitochondria and autophagosomes in Lewy body diseases. Brain Pathol 13: 473-481.
158. Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zeng Y. 2012. Overview of tyrosine hydroxylase in Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets [Apr 4 E-pub ahead of print].
159. Zittermann A, Dembinski J, Stehle P. 2004. Low vitamin D status is associated with low cord blood levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10. Pediatr Allerg Immunol 15: 242-246.