HIV-1, interferon and the interferon regulatory factor system: An interplay between induction, antiviral responses and viral evasion

Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews

Volumn 23, Issue 4-5, 2012, Pages 255-270

  Marsili, Giulia ^a   Remoli, Anna Lisa ^a   Sgarbanti, Marco ^a   Perrotti, Edvige ^a   Fragale, Alessandra ^a   Battistini, Angela ^a  

^a ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

Author keywords

Gene expression; HIV 1; Immune evasion; Innate immunity; Type I interferon

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN B MESSENGER RNA EDITING ENZYME CATALYTIC POLYPEPTIDE 3F; APOLIPOPROTEIN B MESSENGER RNA EDITING ENZYME CATALYTIC POLYPEPTIDE 3G; GAMMA INTERFERON; INTERFERON; INTERFERON CONSENSUS SEQUENCE BINDING PROTEIN; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 1; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 2; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 3; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 4; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 5; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 6; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 7; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR 9; INTERLEUKIN 6; PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTOR; STAT1 PROTEIN; TRANSACTIVATOR PROTEIN; TRIPARTITE MOTIF PROTEIN 5; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RESPONSE; GENE FUNCTION; GENETIC ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; IMMUNE EVASION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INNATE IMMUNITY; MACROPHAGE; NONHUMAN; PERSISTENT VIRUS INFECTION; PLASMACYTOID DENDRITIC CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS ENTRY; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS IMMUNITY; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS REPLICATION;

HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNE EVASION; IMMUNITY, INNATE; INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTORS; INTERFERONS; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1;

EID: 84864911121     PISSN: 13596101     EISSN: 18790305     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.06.001     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. Barre-Sinoussi F., Chermann J.C., Rey F., Nugeyre M.T., Chamaret S., Gruest J., et al. Isolation of retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983, 220:868-871.
2. Dieffenbach C.W., Fauci A.S. Thirty years of HIV and AIDS: future challenges and opportunities. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011, 154:766-772.
3. Chun T.W., Fauci A.S. HIV reservoirs: pathogenesis and obstacles to viral eradication and cure. AIDS 2012, [Epubahead of print].
4. Kirchhoff F. Immune evasion and counteraction of restriction factors by HIV-1 and other primate lentiviruses. Cell Host and Microbe 2010, 8:55-67.
5. Honda K., Takaoka A., Taniguchi T. Type I interferon [corrected] gene induction by the interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors. Immunity 2006, 25:349-360.
6. Taniguchi T., Ogasawara K., Takaoka A., Tanaka N. IRF family of transcription factors as regulators of host defense. Annual Review of Immunology 2001, 19:623-655.
7. Battistini A. Interferon regulatory factors in hematopoietic cell differentiation and immune regulation. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 2009, 29:765-780.
8. Savitsky D., Tamura T., Yanai H., Taniguchi T. Regulation of immunity and oncogenesis by the IRF transcription factor family. Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy 2010, 59:489-510.
9. Battistini A. Interferon regulatory factors in immune cell development and host response to infections. In: Joe HT, Adrian R, editors. Interferons: characterization, mechanism of action and clinical applications. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2012, in press.
10. Honda K., Taniguchi T. IRFs: master regulators of signaling by Toll-like receptors and cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors. Nature Reviews Immunology 2006, 6:644-658.
11. Battistini A., Marsili G., Sgarbanti M., Ensoli B., Hiscott J. ORF regulation of HIV-1 long terminal repeat activity. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 2002, 22:7-37.
12. Remoli A.L., Marsili G., Sgarbanti M., Perrotti E., Fragale A., Orsatti R., et al. HIV-1 targeting of IFN regulatory factors. Future Virology 2011, 6:1397-1405.
13. Samarajiwa S.A., Forster S., Auchettl K., Hertzog P.J. INTERFEROME: the database of interferon regulated genes. Nucleic Acids Research 2009, 37(Database issue):D852-D857.
14. Boasso A., Shearer G.M. Chronic innate immune activation as a cause of HIV-1 immunopathogenesis. Clinical Immunology 2008, 126:235-242.
15. McMichael A.J., Borrow P., Tomaras G.D., Goonetilleke N., Haynes B.F. The immune response during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for vaccine development. Nature Reviews Immunology 2010, 10:11-23.
16. Borrow P. Innate immunity in acute HIV-1 infection. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 2011, 6:353-363.
17. D'Ettorre G., Paiardini M., Ceccarelli G., Silvestri G., Vullo V. HIV-associated immune activation: from bench to bedside. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 2011, 27:355-364.
18. Hughes R., Towers G. Noursadeghi M, Innate immune interferon responses to Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Reviews in Medical Virology 2012, [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1002/rmv.1708.
19. Benecke A., Gale M., Katze M.G. Dynamics of innate immunity are key to chronic immune activation in AIDS. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 2012, 7:79-85.
20. Frankel A.D., Young J.A. HIV-1: fifteen proteins and an RNA. Annual Review of Biochemistry 1998, 67:1-25.
21. Verdin E., Paras P., Van Lint C. Chromatin disruption in the promoter of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 during transcriptional activation. EMBO Journal 1993, 12:3249-3259.
22. El Kharroubi A., Verdin E. Protein-DNA interactions within DNase I-hypersensitive sites located downstream of the HIV-1 promoter. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1994, 269:19916-19924.
23. El Kharroubi A., Martin M.A. Cis-acting sequences located downstream of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter affect its chromatin structure and transcriptional activity. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1996, 16:2958-2966.
24. Van Lint C., Amella C.A., Emiliani S., John M., Jie T., Verdin E. Transcriptional factor binding sites downstream of the human immunodeficiency virus type I transcription start site are important for virus infectivity. Journal of Virology 1997, 71:6113-6127.
25. Gaynor R. Cellular transcription factors involved in the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression. AIDS 1992, 6:347-363.
26. Pereira L.A., Bentley K., Peeters A., Churchill M.J., Deacon N.J. A compilation of cellular transcription factor interactions with the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Nucleic Acids Research 2000, 28:663-668.
27. Nabel G., Baltimore D. An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells. Nature 1987, 326:711-713.
28. Alcami J., Lain D.L., Folgueira T., Pedraza L., Jacqué M.A., Bachelerie J.M., et al. Absolute dependence on κB responsive elements for initiation and Tat-mediated amplification of HIV transcription in blood CD4 T lymphocytes. EMBO Journal 1995, 14:1552-1560.
29. Berkhout B., Jeang K.T. Functional roles for TATA promoter and enhancers in basal and Tat-induced expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat. Journal of Virology 1992, 66:139-149.
30. Feng S., Holland E.C. HIV-1 tat transactivation requires the loop sequences within TAR. Nature 1988, 334:165-167.
31. Roy S., Delling U., Chen C.H., Rosen C.A., Sonenberg N. A bulge structure in HIV-1 TAR RNA is required for Tat binding and Tat-mediated trans-activation. Genes and Development 1990, 4:1365-1373.
32. Fisher A.G., Feinberg M.B., Josephs S.F., Harper M.E., Marselle L.M., Reyes G., et al. The trans-activator gene of HTLV-III is essential for virus replication. Nature 1986, 320:367-371.
33. Ott M., Geyer M., Zhou Q. The control of HIV transcription: keeping RNA polymerase II on track. Cell Host and Microbe 2011, 10:17.
34. Kao S.Y., Calman A.F., Luciw P.A., Peterlin B.M. Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product. Nature 1987, 330:489-493.
35. Wei P., Garber M.E., Fang S.M., Fischer W.H., Jones K.A. A novel CDK9-associated C-type cyclin interacts directly with HIV-1 Tat and mediates its high-affinity, loop-specific binding to TAR RNA. Cell 1998, 92:451-462.
36. Kim Y.K., Bourgeois C.F., Isel C., Churcher M.J., Karn J. Phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II carboxyl-terminal domain by CDK9 is directly responsible for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-activated transcriptional elongation. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2002, 22:4622-4637.
37. Peterlin B.M., Price D.H. Controlling the elongation phase of transcription with P-TEFb. Molecular Cell 2006, 23:297-305.
38. Liang C., Li X., Quan Y., Laughrea M., Kleiman L., Hiscott J., et al. Sequence elements downstream of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat are required for efficient viral gene transcription. Journal of Molecular Biology 1997, 272:167-177.
39. Tamura T., Yanai H., Savitsky D., Taniguchi T. The IRF family transcription factors in immunity and oncogenesis. Annual Review of Immunology 2008, 26:535-584.
40. Sgarbanti M., Borsetti A., Moscufo N., Bellocchi M.C., Ridolfi B., Nappi F., et al. Modulation of human immunodeficiency virus 1 replication by interferon regulatory factors. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2002, 195:1359-1370.
41. Fauci A.S. Host factors and the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease. Nature 1996, 384:529-534.
42. Carey M. The enhanceosome and transcriptional synergy. Cell 1998, 92:5-8.
43. Ford E., Thanos D. The transcriptional code of human IFN-beta gene expression. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2010, 1799:328-336.
44. Sgarbanti M., Remoli A.L., Marsili G., Ridolfi B., Borsetti A., Perrotti E., et al. IRF-1 is required for full NF-κB transcriptional activity at the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat enhancer. Journal of Virology 2008, 82:3632-3641.
45. Gringhuis S.I., van der Vlist M., van den Berg L.M., den Dunnen J., Litjens M., Geijtenbeek T.B. HIV-1 exploits innate signaling by TLR8 and DC-SIGN for productive infection of dendritic cells. Nature Immunology 2010, 11:419-426.
46. Munier S., Delcroix-Genête D., Carthagéna L., Gumez A., Hazan U. Characterization of two candidate genes, NCoA3 and IRF8, potentially involved in the control of HIV-1 latency. Retrovirology 2005, 2:73.
47. Kuppuswamy M., Subramanian T., Srinivasan A., Chinnadurai G. Multiple functional domains of Tat, the trans-activator of HIV-1, defined by mutational analysis. Nucleic Acids Research 1989, 17:3551-3561.
48. Chang H.K., Gallo R.C., Ensoli B. Regulation of cellular gene expression and function by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein. Journal of Biomedical Science 1995, 2:189-202.
49. Johri M.K., Mishra R., Chhatbar C., Unni S.K., Singh S.K. Tits and bits of HIV Tat protein. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2011, 11:269-283.
50. Wang I.M., Blanco J.C., Tsai M.J., Ozato K. Interferon regulatory factors and TFIIB cooperatively regulate interferon-responsive promoter activity in vivo and in vitro. Molecular and Cellular Biology 1996, 16:6313-6324.
51. Merika M., Williams A.J., Chen G., Collins T., Thanos D. Recruitment of CBP/p300 by the IFN beta enhanceosome is required for synergistic activation of transcription. Molecular Cell 1998, 1:277-287.
52. Remoli A.L., Marsili G., Perrotti E., Gallerani E., Ilari R., Nappi F., et al. Intracellular HIV-1 Tat protein represses constitutive LMP2 transcription increasing proteasome activity by interfering with the binding of IRF-1 to STAT1. Biochemical Journal 2006, 396:371-380.
53. Li J.C., Yim H.C., Lau A.S. Role of HIV-1 Tat in AIDS pathogenesis: its effects on cytokine dysregulation and contributions to the pathogenesis of opportunistic infection. AIDS 2010, 24(11):1609-1623. 17 July.
54. Castaldello A., Sgarbanti M., Marsili G., Brocca-Cofano E., Remoli A.L., Caputo A., et al. Interferon regulatory factor-1 acts as a powerful adjuvant in tat DNA based vaccination. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2010, 224:702-709.
55. Akira S., Uematsu S., Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 2006, 124:783-801.
56. Kawai T., Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nature Immunology 2010, 11:373-384.
57. Yoneyama M., Fujita T. Recognition of viral nucleic acids in innate immunity. Reviews in Medical Virology 2010, 20:4-22.
58. Loo Y.M., Gale M. Immune signaling by RIG-I-like receptors. Immunity 2011, 34:680-692.
59. Elinav E., Strowig T., Henao-Mejia J., Flavell R.A. Regulation of the antimicrobial response by NLR proteins. Immunity 2011, 34:665-679.
60. Osorio F., Reis e Sousa C. Myeloid C-type lectin receptors in pathogen recognition and host defense. Immunity 2011, 34:651-664.
61. Barber G.N. Cytoplasmic DNA innate immune pathways. Immunological Reviews 2011, 243:99-108.
62. Shi Z., Cai Z., Sanchez A., Zhang T., Wen S., Wang J., et al. A novel Toll-like receptor that recognizes vesicular stomatitis virus. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011, 286:4517-4524.
63. Dietrich N., Lienenklaus S., Weiss S., Gekara N.O. Murine toll-like receptor 2 activation induces type I interferon responses from endolysosomal compartments. PLoS One 2010, 5:e10250.
64. O'Neill L.A., Bowie A.G. The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling. Nature Reviews Immunology 2007, 7(May (5)):353-364.
65. Kato H., Takeuchi O., Mikamo-Satoh E., Hirai R., Kawai T., Matsushita K., et al. Length-dependent recognition of double-stranded ribonucleic acids by retinoic acid-inducible gene-I and melanoma differentiation associated gene 5. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2008, 205:1601-1610.
66. Yoneyama M., Kikuchi M., Matsumoto K., Imaizumi T., Miyagishi M., Taira K., et al. Shared and unique functions of the DExD/H-box helicases RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 in antiviral innate immunity. Journal of Immunology 2005, 175:2851-2858.
67. Meylan E., Curran J., Hofmann K., Moradpour D., Binder M., Bartenschlager R., et al. Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virus. Nature 2005, 437:1167-1172.
68. Kawai T., Takahashi K., Sato S., Coban C., Kumar H., Kato H., et al. IPS-1, an adaptor triggering RIG-I- and Mda5-mediated type I interferon induction. Nature Immunology 2005, 6:981-988.
69. Seth R.B., Sun L., Ea C.K., Chen Z.J. Identification and characterization of MAVS, a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein that activates NF-kappaB and IRF 3. Cell 2005, 122:669-682.
70. Xu L.G., Wang Y.Y., Han K.J., Li L.Y., Zhai Z., Shu H.B. VISA is an adapter protein required for virus-triggered IFN-beta signaling. Molecular Cell 2005, 19:727-740.
71. Poeck H., Bscheider M., Gross O., Finger K., Roth S., Rebsamen M., et al. Recognition of RNA virus by RIG-I results in activation of CARD9 and inflammasome signaling for interleukin 1b production. Nature Immunology 2010, 11:63-69.
72. Schroder K., Tschopp J. The inflammasomes. Cell 2010, 140:821-832.
73. Kanneganti T.D. Central roles of NLRs and inflammasomes in viral infection. Nature Reviews Immunology 2010, 10:688-698.
74. Allen I.C., Scull M.A., Moore C.B., Holl E.K., McElvania-TeKippe E., Taxman D.J., et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome mediates in vivo innate immunity to influenza A virus through recognition of viral RNA. Immunity 2009, 30:556-565.
75. Kanneganti T.D., Body-Malapel M., Amer A., Park J.H., Whitfield J., Franchi L., et al. Critical role for Cryopyrin/Nalp3 in activation of caspase-1 in response to viral infection and double-stranded RNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2006, 281:36560-36568.
76. Kersse K., Bertrand M.J.M., Lamkanfi M., Vandenabeele P. NOD-like receptors and the innate immune system: coping with danger, damage and death. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 2011, 22:257-276.
77. Coulombe F., Divangahi M., Veyrier F., de Lé sé leuc L., Gleason J.L., Yang Y., et al. Increased NOD2-mediated recognition of N-glycolyl muramyl dipeptide. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2009, 206:1709-1716.
78. Sabbah A., Chang T.H., Harnack R., Frohlich V., Tominaga K., Dube P.H., et al. Activation of innate immune antiviral responses by Nod2. Nature Immunology 2009, 10:1073-1080.
79. Watanabe T., Asano N., Fichtner-Feigl S., Gorelick P.L., Tsuji Y., Matsumoto Y., et al. Nod1 contributes to mouse host defense against Helicobacter pylori via induction of type I IFN and activation of the ISGF3 signaling pathway. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2010, 120:1645-1662.
80. van der Vlist M., van der Aar A.M., Gringhuis S.I., Geijtenbeek T.B. Innate signaling in HIV-1 infection of dendritic cells. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 2011, 6:348-352.
81. Stockinger S., Reutterer B., Schaljo B., Schellack C., Brunner S., Materna T., et al. IFN regulatory factor 3-dependent induction of type I IFNs by intracellular bacteria is mediated by a TLR- and Nod2-independent mechanism. Journal of Immunology 2004, 173:7416-7425.
82. Ishii K.J., Coban C., Kato H., Takahashi K., Torii Y., Takeshita F., et al. A Toll-like receptor-independent antiviral response induced by double-stranded B-form DNA. Nature Immunology 2006, 7:40-48.
83. Takaoka A., Wang Z., Choi M.K., Yanai H., Negishi H., Ban T., et al. DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response. Nature 2007, 448:501-505.
84. Unterholzner L., Keating S.E., Baran M., Horan K.A., Jensen S.B., Sharma S., et al. IFI16 is an innate immune sensor for intracellular DNA. Nature Immunology 2010, 11:997-1004.
85. Ishikawa H., Barber G.N. STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signaling. Nature 2008, 455:674-678.
86. Zhong B., Yang Y., Li S., Wang Y.Y., Li Y., Diao F., et al. The adaptor protein MITA links virus-sensing receptors to IRF3 transcription factor activation. Immunity 2008, 29:538-550.
87. Chiu Y.H., Macmillan J.B., Chen Z.J. RNA polymerase III detects cytosolic DNA and induces type I interferons through the RIG-I pathway. Cell 2009, 138:576-591.
88. Fernandes-Alnemri T., Yu J.W., Datta P., Wu J., Alnemri E.S. AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Nature 2009, 458:509-513.
89. Hornung V., Ablasser A., Charrel-Dennis M., Bauernfeind F., Horvath G., Caffrey D.R., et al. AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature 2009, 458:514-518.
90. Rathinam V.A., Jiang Z., Waggoner S.N., Sharma S., Cole L.E., Waggoner L., et al. The AIM2 inflammasome is essential for host defense against cytosolic bacteria and DNA viruses. Nature Immunology 2010, 11:395-402.
91. Kobiyama K., Takeshita F., Jounai N., Sakaue-Sawano A., Miyawaki A., Ishii K.J., et al. Extrachromosomal histone H2B mediates innate antiviral immune responses induced by intracellular double-stranded DNA. Journal of Virology 2010, 84:822-832.
92. Yang P., An H., Liu X., Wen M., Zheng Y., Rui Y., et al. The cytosolic nucleic acid sensor LRRFIP1 mediates the production of type I interferon via a betacatenin-dependent pathway. Nature Immunology 2010, 11:487-494.
93. Zhang X., Brann T.W., Zhou M., Yang J., Oguariri R.M., Lidie K.B., et al. Cutting edge: Ku70 is a novel cytosolic DNA sensor that induces type III rather than type I IFN. Journal of Immunology 2011, 15(186):4541-4545.
94. Burdette D.L., Monroe K.M., Sotelo-Troha K., Iwig J.S., Eckert B., Hyodo M., et al. STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic di-GMP. Nature 2011, 478:515-518. 10.1038/nature10429.
95. Nish S., Medzhitov R. Host defense pathways: role of redundancy and compensation in infectious disease phenotypes. Immunity 2011, 34:629-636.
96. Kawai T., Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity. Immunity 2011, 34:637-650.
97. Doyle S., Vaidya S., O'Connell R., Dadgostar H., Dempsey P., Wu T., et al. IRF3 mediates a TLR3/TLR4-specific antiviral gene program. Immunity 2002, 17:251-263.
98. Sakaguchi S., Negishi H., Asagiri M., Nakajima C., Mizutani T., Takaoka A., et al. Essential role of IRF-3 in lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon-beta gene expression and endotoxin shock. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2003, 306:860-866.
99. Sharma S., tenOever B.R., Grandvaux N., Zhou G.P., Lin R., Hiscott J. Triggering the interferon antiviral response through an IKK-related pathway. Science 2003, 300:1148-1151.
100. Fitzgerald K.A., McWhirter S.M., Faia K.L., Rowe D.C., Latz E., Golenbock D.T., et al. IKKepsilon and TBK1 are essential components of the IRF3 signaling pathway. Nature Immunology 2003, 4:491-496.
101. Liu Y.-J. IPC: professional type 1 interferon producing cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. Annual Review of Immunology 2005, 23:275-306.
102. Honda K., Ohba Y., Yanai H., Negishi H., Mizutani T., Takaoka A., et al. Spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88-IRF-7 signalling for robust type-I interferon induction. Nature 2005, 434:1035-1040.
103. Takaoka A., Yanai H., Kondo S., Duncan G., Negishi H., Mizutani T., et al. Integral role of IRF-5 in the gene induction programme activated by Toll-like receptors. Nature 2005, 434:243-249.
104. Yasuda K., Richez C., Maciaszek J.W., Agrawal N., Akira S., Marshak-Rothstein A., et al. Murine dendritic cell type I IFN production induced by human IgG-RNA immune complexes is IFN regulatory factor (IRF)5 and IRF7 dependent and is required for IL-6 production. Journal of Immunology 2007, 178:6876-6885.
105. Tailor P., Tamura T., Kong H.J., Kubota T., Kubota M., Borghi P., et al. The feedback phase of type I interferon induction in dendritic cells requires interferon regulatory factor 8. Immunity 2007, 27:228-239.
106. Negishi H., Fujita Y., Yanai H., Sakaguchi S., Ouyang X., Shinohara M., et al. Evidence for licensing of IFN-gamma-induced IFN regulatory factor 1 transcription factor by MyD88 in Toll-like receptor-dependent gene induction program. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:15136-15141.
107. Yanai H., Chen H.M., Inuzuka T., Kondo S., Mak T.W., Takaoka A., et al. Role of IFN regulatory factor 5 transcription factor in antiviral immunity and tumor suppression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:3402-3407.
108. Conrady C.D., Zheng M., Fitzgerald K.A., Liu C., Carr D.J. Resistance to HSV-1 infection in the epithelium resides with the novel innate sensor, IFI-16. Mucosal Immunology 2012, 5:173-183.
109. Heil F., Hemmi H., Hochrein H., Ampenberger F., Kirschning C., Akira S., et al. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 2004, 303:1526-1529.
110. Beignon A.S., McKenna K., Skoberne M., Manches O., DaSilva I., Kavanagh D.G., et al. Endocytosis of HIV-1 activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor-viral RNA interactions. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005, 115:3265-3275.
111. Fonteneau J.F., Larsson M., Beignon A.S., McKenna K., Dasilva I., Amara A., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells and concomitantly induces the bystander maturation of myeloid dendritic cells. Journal of Virology 2004, 78:5223-5232.
112. Schmidt B., Ashlock B.M., Foster H., Fujimura S.H., Levy J.A. HIV-infected cells are major inducers of plasmacytoid dendritic cell interferon production, maturation, and migration. Virology 2005, 343:256-266.
113. Lepelley A., Louis S., Sourisseau M., Law H.K., Pothlichet J., Schilte C., et al. Innate sensing of HIV-infected cells. PLoS Pathogens 2011, 7:e1001284.
114. Granelli-Piperno A., Golebiowska A., Trumpfheller C., Siegal F.P., Steinman R.M. HIV-1-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells do not undergo maturation but can elicit IL-10 production and T cell regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:7669-7674.
115. Manel N., Hogstad B., Wang Y., Levy D.E., Unutmaz D., Littman D.R. A cryptic sensor for HIV-1 activates antiviral innate immunity in dendritic cells. Nature 2010, 467:214-217.
116. Herbein G., Varin A. The macrophage in HIV-1 infection: from activation to deactivation?. Retrovirology 2010, 7:33.
117. Solis M., Nakhaei P., Jalalirad M., Lacoste J., Douville R., Arguello M., et al. RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling is inhibited in HIV-1 infection by a protease-mediated sequestration of RIG-I. Journal of Virology 2011, 85:1224-1236.
118. Okumura A., Alce T., Lubyova B., Ezelle H., Strebel K., Pitha P.M. HIV-1 accessory proteins VPR and Vif modulate antiviral response by targeting IRF-3 for degradation. Virology 2008, 373:85-97.
119. Doehle B.P., Hladik F., McNevin J.P., McElrath M.J., Gale M. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mediates global disruption of innate antiviral signaling and immune defenses within infected cells. Journal of Virology 2009, 83:10395-10405.
120. Harman A.N., Lai J., Turville S., Samarajiwa S., Gray L., Marsden V., et al. HIV infection of dendritic cells subverts the IFN induction pathway via IRF-1 and inhibits type 1 IFN production. Blood 2011, 118:298-308.
121. Yan N., Regalado-Magdos A.D., Stiggelbout B., Lee-Kirsch M.A., Lieberman J. The cytosolic exonuclease TREX1 inhibits the innate immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Nature Immunology 2010, 11:1005-1013.
122. Yan N., Chen Z.J. Intrinsic antiviral immunity. Nature Immunology 2012, 13:214-222. 10.1038/ni.2229.
123. Malim M.H., Emerman M. HIV-1 accessory proteins-ensuring viral survival in a hostile environment. Cell Host and Microbe 2008, 3:388-398.
124. Chiu Y.L., Greene W.C. The APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases: an innate defensive network opposing exogenous retroviruses and endogenous retroelements. Annual Review of Immunology 2008, 26:317-353.
125. Albin J.S., Harris R.S. Interactions of host APOBEC3 restriction factors with HIV-1 in vivo: implications for therapeutics. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 2010, 22:12.
126. Ozato K., Shin D.M., Chang T.H., Morse H.C. TRIM family proteins and their emerging roles in innate immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology 2008, 8:849-860.
127. Rahm N., Telenti A. The role of tripartite motif family members in mediating susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 2012, 7:180-186.
128. Sauter D., Specht A., Kirchhoff F. Tetherin: holding on and letting go. Cell 2010, 141:392-398.
129. Evans D.T., Serra-Moreno R., Singh R.K., Guatelli J.C. BST-2/tetherin: a new component of the innate immune response to enveloped viruses. Trends in Microbiology 2010, 18:388-396.
130. Hrecka K., Hao C., Gierszewska M., Swanson S.K., Kesik-Brodacka M., Srivastava S., et al. Vpx relieves inhibition of HIV-1 infection of macrophages mediated by the SAMHD1 protein. Nature 2011, 474:658-661.
131. Laguette N., Sobhian B., Casartelli N., Ringeard M., Chable-Bessia C., Ségéral E., et al. SAMHD1 is the dendritic- and myeloid-cell-specific HIV-1 restriction factor counteracted by Vpx. Nature 2011, 25(474):654-657.
132. Sheehy A.M., Gaddis N.C., Choi J.D., Malim M.H. Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature 2002, 418:646-650.
133. Mariani R., Chen D., Schröfelbauer B., Navarro F., König R., Bollman B., et al. Species-specific exclusion of APOBEC3G from HIV-1 virions by Vif. Cell 2003, 114:21-31.
134. Harris R.S., Bishop K.N., Sheehy A.M., Craig H.M., Petersen-Mahrt S.K., Watt I.N., et al. DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection. Cell 2003, 113:803-809.
135. Sheehy A.M., Gaddis N.C., Malim M.H. The antiretroviral enzyme APOBEC3G is degraded by the proteasome in response to HIV-1 Vif. Nature Medicine 2003, 9:1404-1407.
136. Guo F., Cen S., Niu M., Saadatmand J., Kleiman L. Inhibition of formula-primed reverse transcription by human APOBEC3G during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. Journal of Virology 2006, 80:11710-11722.
137. Bishop K.N., Verma M., Kim E.Y., Wolinsky S.M., Malim M.H. APOBEC3G inhibits elongation of HIV-1 reverse transcripts. PLoS Pathogens 2008, 4:e1000231.
138. Lecossier D., Bouchonnet F., Clavel F., Hance A.J. Hypermutation of HIV-1 DNA in the absence of the Vif protein. Science 2003, 300:1112.
139. Zhang H., Yang B., Pomerantz R.J., Zhang C., Arunachalam S.C., Gao L. The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA. Nature 2003, 424:94-98.
140. Stremlau M., Owens C.M., Perron M.J., Kiessling M., Autissier P., Sodroski J. The cytoplasmic body component TRIM5alpha restricts HIV-1 infection in Old World monkeys. Nature 2004, 427:848-853.
141. Stremlau M., Perron M., Lee M., Li Y., Song B., Javanbakht H., et al. Specific recognition and accelerated uncoating of retroviral capsids by the TRIM5alpha restriction factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:5514-5519.
142. Zhao G., Ke D., Vu T., Ahn J., Shah V.B., Yang R., et al. Rhesus TRIM5α disrupts the HIV-1 capsid at the inter-hexamer interfaces. PLoS Pathogens 2011, 7:e1002009.
143. Towers G.J. The control of viral infection by tripartite motif proteins and cyclophilin A. Retrovirology 2007, 4:40.
144. Pertel T., Hausmann S., Morger D., Züger S., Guerra J., Lascano J., et al. TRIM5 is an innate immune sensor for the retrovirus capsid lattice. Nature 2011, 472:361-365.
145. Tareen S.U., Emerman M. Human Trim5α has additional activities that are uncoupled from retroviral capsid recognition. Virology 2011, 409:113-120.
146. Neil S.J., Zang T., Bieniasz P.D. Tetherin inhibits retrovirus release and is antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu. Nature 2008, 451:425-430.
147. Van Damme N., Goff D., Katsura C., Jorgenson R.L., Mitchell R., Johnson M.C., et al. The interferon-induced protein BST-2 restricts HIV-1 release and is downregulated from the cell surface by the viral Vpu protein. Cell Host and Microbe 2008, 3:245-252.
148. McNatt M.W., Zang T., Hatziioannou T., Bartlett M., Fofana I.B., Johnson W.E., et al. Species-specific activity of HIV-1 Vpu and positive selection of tetherin transmembrane domain variants. PLoS Pathogens 2009, 5:e1000300.
149. Jia B., Serra-Moreno R., Neidermyer W., Rahmberg A., Mackey J., Fofana I.B., et al. Species-specific activity of SIV Nef and HIV-1 Vpu in overcoming restriction by tetherin/BST2. PLoS Pathogens 2009, 5:e1000429.
150. Le Tortorec A., Neil S.J. Antagonism to and intracellular sequestration of human tetherin by the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 envelope glycoprotein. Journal of Virology 2009, 83:11966-11978.
151. Arias J.F., Iwabu Y., Tokunaga K. Structural basis for the antiviral activity of BST-2/tetherin and its viral antagonism. Frontiers in Microbiology 2011, 2:250.
152. Perez-Caballero D., Zang T., Ebrahimi A., McNatt M.W., Gregory D.A., Johnson M.C., et al. Tetherin inhibits HIV-1 release by directly tethering virions to cells. Cell 2009, 139:499-511.
153. Fitzpatrick K., Skasko M., Deerinck T.J., Crum J., Ellisman M.H., Guatelli J. Direct restriction of virus release and incorporation of the interferon-induced protein BST-2 into HIV-1 particles. PLoS Pathogens 2010, 6:e1000701.
154. Hammonds J., Wang J.J., Yi H., Spearman P. Immunoelectron microscopic evidence for Tetherin/BST2 as the physical bridge between HIV-1 virions and the plasma membrane. PLoS Pathogens 2010, 6:e1000749.
155. Liberatore R.A., Bieniasz P.D. Tetherin is a key effector of the antiretroviral activity of type I interferon in vitro and in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108:18097-18101.
156. Cao W., Bover L., Cho M., Wen X., Hanabuchi S., Bao M., et al. Regulation of TLR7/9 responses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by BST2 and ILT7 receptor interaction. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2009, 206:1603-1614.
157. Jolly C., Booth N.J., Neil S.J. Cell-cell spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 overcomes tetherin/BST-2-mediated restriction in T cells. Journal of Virology 2010, 84:12185-12199.
158. Lahouassa H., Daddacha W., Hofmann H., Ayinde D., Logue E.C., Dragin L., et al. SAMHD1 restricts the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by depleting the intracellular pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates. Nature Immunology 2012, 13:223-228. 10.1038/ni.2236.
159. Doitsh G., Cavrois M., Lassen K.G., Zepeda O., Yang Z., Santiago M.L., et al. Abortive HIV infection mediates CD4 T cell depletion and inflammation in human lymphoid tissue. Cell 2010, 143:789-801.
160. Rice G.I., Bond J., Asipu A., Brunette R.L., Manfield I.W., Carr I.M., et al. Mutations involved in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome implicate SAMHD1 as regulator of the innate immune response. Nature Genetics 2009, 41:829-832.
161. Deeks S.G., Walker B.D. Human immunodeficiency virus controllers: mechanisms of durable virus control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Immunity 2007, 27:406-416.
162. Haase A.T. Early events in sexual transmission of HIV and SIV and opportunities for interventions. Annual Review of Medicine 2011, 62:127-139.
163. Goldfeld A.E., Birch-Limberger K., Schooley R.T., Walker B.D. HIV-1 infection does not induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interferon-beta gene transcription. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1991, 4:41-47.
164. Blanchet F.P., Moris A., Nikolic D.S., Lehmann M., Cardinaud S., Stalder R., et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 inhibition of immunoamphisomes in dendritic cells impairs early innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunity 2010, 32:654-669.
165. Che K.F., Sabado R.L., Shankar E.M., Tjomsland V., Messmer D., Bhardwaj N., et al. HIV-1 impairs in vitro priming of naïve T cells and gives rise to contact-dependent suppressor T cells. European Journal of Immunology 2010, 40:2248-2258.
166. Manches O., Munn D., Fallahi A., Lifson J., Chaperot L., Plumas J., et al. HIV-activated human plasmacytoid DCs induce Tregs through an indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-dependent mechanism. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2008, 118:3431-3439.
167. Kadowaki N., Ho S., Antonenko S., Malefyt R.W., Kastelein R.A., Bazan F., et al. Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens. Journal of Experimental Medicine 2001, 94:863-869.
168. O'Brien M., Manches O., Sabado R.L., Baranda S.J., Wang Y., Marie I., et al. Spatiotemporal trafficking of HIV in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells defines a persistently IFN-α-producing and partially matured phenotype. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2011, 121:1088-1101. 10.1172/JCI44960.
169. Stacey A.R., Norris P.J., Qin L., Haygreen E.A., Taylor E., Heitman J., et al. Induction of a striking systemic cytokine cascade prior to peak viremia in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, in contrast to more modest and delayed responses in acute hepatitis B and C virus infections. Journal of Virology 2009, 83:3719-3733.
170. Sabado R.L., O'Brien M., Subedi A., Qin L., Hu N., Taylor E., et al. Evidence of dysregulation of dendritic cells in primary HIV infection. Blood 2010, 116:3839-3852.
171. Lehmann C., Lafferty M., Garzino-Demo A., Jung N., Hartmann P., Fätkenheuer G., et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells accumulate and secrete interferon alpha in lymph nodes of HIV-1 patients. PLoS One 2010, 5:e11110.
172. Li Q., Smith A.J., Schacker T.W., Carlis J.V., Duan L., Reilly C.S., et al. Microarray analysis of lymphatic tissue reveals stage-specific, gene expression signatures in HIV-1 infection. Journal of Immunology 2009, 183:1975-1982.
173. Rotger M., Dang K.K., Fellay J., Heinzen E.L., Feng S., Descombes P., et al. Genome-wide mRNA expression correlates of viral control in CD4 T-cells from HIV-1-infected individuals. PLoS Pathogens 2010, 6:e1000781.
174. Yamamoto J.K., Barre-Sinoussi F., Bolton V., Pedersen N.C., Gardner M.B. Human alpha- and beta-interferon but not gamma-suppress the in vitro replication of LAV, HTLV-III and ARV-2. Journal of Interferon Research 1986, 6:143-152.
175. Pitha P.M. Multiple effects of interferon on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antiviral Research 1994, 24:209-215.
176. Herbeuval J.-P., Shearer G.M. HIV-1 immunopathogenesis: how good interferon turns bad. Clinical Immunology 2007, 123:121-128.
177. Jacquelin B., Mayau V., Targat B., Liovat A.S., Kunkel D., Petitjean G., et al. Nonpathogenic SIV infection of African green monkeys induces a strong but rapidly controlled type I IFN response. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009, 119:3544-3555.
178. Bosinger S.E., Li Q., Gordon S.N., Klatt N.R., Duan L., Xu L., et al. Global genomic analysis reveals rapid control of a robust innate response in SIV-infected sooty mangabeys. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2009, 119:3556-3572.
179. Meier A., Chang J.J., Chan E.S., Pollard R.B., Sidhu H.K., Kulkarni S., et al. Sex differences in the Toll-like receptor-mediated response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to HIV-1. Nature Medicine 2009, 15:955-959.
180. Mandl J.N., Barry A.P., Vanderford T.H., Kozyr N., Chavan R., Klucking S., et al. Divergent TLR7 and TLR9 signaling and type I interferon production distinguish pathogenic and nonpathogenic AIDS virus infections. Nature Medicine 2008, 14:1077-1087.
181. Harris L.D., Tabb B., Sodora D.L., Paiardini M., Klatt N.R., Douek D.C., et al. Downregulation of robust acute type I interferon responses distinguishes nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of natural hosts from pathogenic SIV infection of rhesus macaques. Journal of Virology 2010, 84:7886-7891.
182. Chang J., Lindsay R.J., Kulkarni S., Lifson J.D., Carrington M., Altfeld M. Polymorphisms in interferon regulatory factor 7 reduce interferon-α responses of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to HIV-1. AIDS 2011, 13(25):715-717.