SIRT3 regulates mitochondrial protein acetylation and intermediary metabolism

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

Volumn 76, Issue , 2011, Pages 267-277

  Hirschey, M D ^a   Shimazu, T ^a   Huang, J Y ^a   Schwer, B ^a   Verdin, E ^a,b  

^a GLADSTONE INSTITUTE OF VIROLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACYL COENZYME A DEHYDROGENASE; HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12P70; INTERLEUKIN 6; MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN; SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR PROTEIN 2; SIRTUIN 3; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; ACETATE COENZYME A LIGASE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A SYNTHASE 2; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACETYLATION; ARTICLE; BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CELL SURVIVAL; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; COLD EXPOSURE; DEACETYLATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EXERCISE; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; KETOGENESIS; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPID STORAGE; LIPOGENESIS; METABOLIC REGULATION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN DNA INTERACTION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; RESPIRATORY CHAIN; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; THERMOGENESIS; DIET RESTRICTION; DOWN REGULATION; FAT INTAKE; GENE EXPRESSION; PROTEIN ACETYLATION;

ACETYLATION; ANIMALS; CALORIC RESTRICTION; FASTING; HUMANS; MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEINS; NAD; SIRTUIN 3;

EID: 84863086273     PISSN: 00917451     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2011.76.010850     Document Type: Article

References (107)

1. Ahn BH, Kim HS, Song S, Lee IH, Liu J, Vassilopoulos A, Deng CX, Finkel T. 2008. A role for the mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3 in regulating energy homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 14447-14452.
2. Ahuja N, Schwer B, Carobbio S, Waltregny D, North BJ, Castronovo V, Maechler P, Verdin E. 2007. Regulation of insulin secretion by SIRT4, a mitochondrial ADP-ribosyltransferase. J Biol Chem 282: 33583-33592.
3. Anderson RM, Bitterman KJ, Wood JG, Medvedik O, Sinclair DA. 2003. Nicotinamide and PNC1 govern lifespan extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 423: 181-185.
4. Ardern CI, Katzmarzyk PT, Janssen I, Leon AS, Wilmore JH, Skinner JS, Rao DC, Després JP, Rankinen T, Bouchard C. 2004. Race and sex similarities in exercise-induced changes in blood lipids and fatness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36: 1610-1615.
5. Bao J, Scott I, Lu Z, Pang L, Dimond CC, Gius D, Sack MN. 2010. SIRT3 is regulated by nutrient excess and modulates hepatic susceptibility to lipotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 49: 1230-1237.
6. Befroy D, Petersen K, Dufour S, Mason G, de Graff R, Rothman DL, Shulman GI. 2007. Impaired mitochondrial substrate oxidation in muscle of insulin-resistant offspring of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 56: 1376-1381.
7. Bitterman KJ, Anderson RM, Cohen HY, Latorre-Esteves M, Sinclair DA. 2002. Inhibition of silencing and accelerated aging by nicotinamide, a putative negative regulator of yeast sir2 and human SIRT1. J Biol Chem 277: 45099-45107.
8. Blander G, Guarente L. 2004. The Sir2 family of protein deacetylases. Annu Rev Biochem 73: 417-435.
9. Bordone L, Guarente L. 2005. Calorie restriction, SIRT1 and metabolism: Understanding longevity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6: 298-305.
10. Buckley BM, Williamson DH. 1977. Origins of blood acetate in the rat. Biochem J 166: 539-545.
11. Chen IY, Lypowy J, Pain J, Sayed D, Grinberg S, Alcendor RR, Sadoshima J, Abdellatif M. 2006. Histone H2A.z is essential for cardiac myocyte hypertrophy but opposed by silent information regulator 2a. J Biol Chem 281: 19369-19377.
12. Civitarese A, Ukropcova B, Carling S, Hulver M, DeFronzo RA, Mandarino L, Ravussin E, Smith SR. 2006. Role of adiponectin in human skeletal muscle bioenergetics. Cell Metab 4: 75-87.
13. Civitarese AE, Maclean PS, Carling S, Kerr-Bayles L, Mcmillan RP, Pierce A, Becker TC, Moro C, Finlayson J, Lefort N, et al. 2010. Regulation of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and insulin signaling by the mitochondrial rhomboid protease PARL. Cell Metab 11: 412-426.
14. Collins S, Martin TL, Surwit RS, Robidoux J. 2004. Genetic vulnerability to diet-induced obesity in the C57BL/6J mouse: Physiological and molecular characteristics. Physiol Behav 81: 243-248.
15. Cooper HM, Huang J-Y, Verdin E, Spelbrink JN. 2009. A new splice variant of the mouse SIRT3 gene encodes the mitochondrial precursor protein. PLoS ONE 4: e4986.
16. Crunkhorn S, Dearie F, Mantzoros C, Gami H, da Silva WS, Espinoza D, Faucette R, Barry K, Bianco AC, Patti ME. 2007. Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gammacoactivator-1 expression is reduced in obesity: Potential pathogenic role of saturated fatty acids and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J Biol Chem 282: 15439-15450.
17. Denu JM. 2005. The Sir2 family of protein deacetylases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 9: 431-440.
18. Dupuis J, Langenberg C, Prokopenko I, Saxena R, Soranzo N, Jackson AU, Wheeler E, Glazer NL, Bouatia-Naji N, Gloyn AL, et al. 2010. New genetic loci implicated in fasting glucose homeostasis and their impact on type 2 diabetes risk. Nat Genet 42: 105-116.
19. Feldeisen SE, Tucker KL. 2007. Nutritional strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32: 46-60.
20. Ford ES, Li C, Zhao G, Pearson WS, Mokdad AH. 2008. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adolescents using the definition from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Care 31: 587-589.
21. Frye RA. 1999. Characterization of five human cDNAs with homology to the yeast SIR2 gene: Sir2-like proteins (sirtuins) metabolize NAD and may have protein ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 260: 273-279.
22. Frye R. 2000. Phylogenetic classification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic Sir2-like proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 273: 793-798.
23. Fujino T, Kondo J, Ishikawa M, Morikawa K, Yamamoto TT. 2001. Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2, a mitochondrial matrix enzyme involved in the oxidation of acetate. J Biol Chem 276: 11420-11426.
24. Glozak MA, Sengupta N, Zhang X, Seto E. 2005. Acetylation and deacetylation of non-histone proteins. Gene 363: 15-23.
25. Groop L. 2000. Genetics of the metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr 83: S39-S48.
26. Hagopian K, Ramsey JJ, Weindruch R. 2003a. Caloric restriction increases gluconeogenic and transaminase enzyme activities in mouse liver. Exp Gerontol 38: 267-278.
27. Hagopian K, Ramsey JJ, Weindruch R. 2003b. Influence of age and caloric restriction on liver glycolytic enzyme activities and metabolite concentrations in mice. Exp Gerontol 38: 253-266.
28. Haigis MC, Sinclair DA. 2010. Mammalian sirtuins: Biological insights and disease relevance. Annu Rev Pathol: Mech Dis 5: 253-295.
29. Haigis MC, Mostoslavsky R, Haigis KM, Fahie K, Christodoulou DC, Murphy AJ, Valenzuela DM, Yancopoulos GD, Karow M, Blander G, et al. 2006. SIRT4 inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase and opposes the effects of calorie restriction in pancreatic b cells. Cell 126: 941-954.
30. Hallows W, Lee S, Denu J. 2006. Sirtuins deacetylate and activate mammalian acetyl-CoA synthetases. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 10230-10235.
31. Heid IM, Jackson AU, Randall JC, Winkler TW, Qi L, Steinthorsdottir V, Thorleifsson G, Zillikens MC, Speliotes EK, Mägi R, et al. 2010. Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution. Nat Genet 42: 949-960.
32. Hirschey M, Shimazu T, Goetzman E, Jing E, Schwer B, Lombard D, Grueter C, Harris C, Biddinger S, Ilkayeva O, et al. 2010. SIRT3 regulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation via reversible enzyme deacetylation. Nature 464: 121-125.
33. Hirschey M, Aouizerat B, Jing E, Shimazu T, Grueter C, Collins A, Stevens R, Lam M, Muehlbauer M, Schwer B, et al. 2011.SIRT3 deficiency and mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation accelerate the development of the metabolic syndrome. Mol Cell doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.07.019.
34. Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. 1993. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-a: Direct role in obesitylinked insulin resistance. Science 259: 87-91.
35. Imai S, Armstrong CM, Kaeberlein M, Guarente L. 2000. Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NADdependent histone deacetylase. Nature 403: 795-800.
36. Ji H, Friedman MI. 2007. Reduced capacity for fatty acid oxidation in rats with inherited susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Metab Clin Exp 56: 1124-1130.
37. Ji H, Friedman M. 2008. Reduced hepatocyte fatty acid oxidation in outbred rats prescreened for susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 32: 1331-1334.
38. Jin L, Galonek H, Israelian K, Choy W, Morrison M, Xia Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Yang Y, Smith JJ, et al. 2009. Biochemical characterization, localization, and tissue distribution of the longer form of mouse SIRT3. Protein Sci 18: 514-525.
39. Kawahara TLA, Michishita E, Adler AS, Damian M, Berber E, Lin M, McCord RA, Ongaigui KCL, Boxer LD, Chang HY, Chua KF. 2009. SIRT6 links histone H3 lysine 9 deacetylation to NF-kB-dependent gene expression and organismal life span. Cell 136: 62-74.
40. Kelley D, He J, Menshikova E, Ritov V. 2002. Dysfunction of mitochondria in human skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51: 2944-2950.
41. Kim S, Sohn I, Ahn J-I, Lee K-H, Lee YS, Lee YS. 2004. Hepatic gene expression profiles in a long-term high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse model. Gene 340: 99-109.
42. Kim SC, Sprung R, Chen Y, Xu Y, Ball H, Pei J, Cheng T, Kho Y, Xiao H, Xiao L, et al. 2006. Substrate and functional diversity of lysine acetylation revealed by a proteomics survey. Mol Cell 23: 607-618.
43. Kong X, Wang R, Xue Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Chen Y, Fang F, Chang Y. 2010. Sirtuin 3, a new target of PGC-1a, plays an important role in the suppression of ROS and mitochondrial biogenesis. PLoS ONE 5: e11707.
44. Koubova J, Guarente L. 2003. How does calorie restriction work? Genes Dev 17: 313-321.
45. Koves TR, Ussher JR, Noland RC, Slentz D, Mosedale M, Ilkayeva O, Bain J, Stevens R, Dyck JRB, Newgard CB, et al. 2008. Mitochondrial overload and incomplete fatty acid oxidation contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Cell Metab 7: 45-56.
46. Kurtz DM, Rinaldo P, Rhead WJ, Tian L, Millington DS, Vockley J, Hamm DA, Brix AE, Lindsey JR, Pinkert CA, et al. 1998. Targeted disruption of mouse long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene reveals crucial roles for fatty acid oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 95: 15592-15597.
47. Landry J, Slama JT, Sternglanz R. 2000. Role of NAD({thorn}) in the deacetylase activity of the SIR2-like proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 278: 685-690.
48. Lanza IR, Short DK, Short KR, Raghavakaimal S, Basu R, Joyner MJ, McConnell JP, Nair KS. 2008. Endurance exercise as a countermeasure for aging. Diabetes 57: 2933-2942.
49. Li X, Monks B, Ge Q, Birnbaum MJ. 2007. Akt/PKB regulates hepatic metabolism by directly inhibiting PGC-1a transcription coactivator. Nature 447: 1012-1016.
50. Lin SJ, Defossez PA, Guarente L. 2000. Requirement of NAD and SIR2 for life-span extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 289: 2126-2128.
51. Lin SJ, Kaeberlein M, Andalis AA, Sturtz LA, Defossez PA, Culotta VC, Fink GR, Guarente L. 2002. Calorie restriction extends Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan by increasing respiration. Nature 418: 344-348.
52. Lin J, Wu PH, Tarr PT, Lindenberg KS, St-Pierre J, Zhang CY, Mootha VK, Jager S, Vianna CR, Reznick RM, et al. 2004.Defects in adaptive energy metabolism with CNS-linked hyperactivity in PGC-1a null mice. Cell 119: 121-135.
53. Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Randall JC, Lamina C, Steinthorsdottir V, Qi L, Speliotes EK, Thorleifsson G, Willer CJ, Herrera BM, et al. 2009. Genome-wide association scan meta-analysis identifies three loci influencing adiposity and fat distribution. PLoS Genet 5: e1000508.
54. Lombard DB, Alt FW, Cheng HL, Bunkenborg J, Streeper RS, Mostoslavsky R, Kim J, Yancopoulos G, Valenzuela D, Murphy A, et al. 2007. Mammalian Sir2 homolog SIRT3 regulates global mitochondrial lysine acetylation. Mol Cell Biol 27: 8807-8814.
55. Masoro EJ. 2005. Overview of caloric restriction and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 126: 913-922.
56. Matsunaga T, Isohashi F, Nakanishi Y, Sakamoto Y. 1985. Physiological changes in the activities of extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA hydrolase in the liver of rats under various metabolic conditions. Eur J Biochem 152: 331-336.
57. McCay C, Cromwell M, Maynard L. 1935. The effect of retarded growth upon the length of life span and upon the ultimate body size. J Nutr 10: 63-79.
58. Michishita E, Park JY, Burneskis JM, Barrett JC, Horikawa I. 2005. Evolutionarily conserved and nonconserved cellular localizations and functions of human SIRT proteins. Mol Biol Cell 16: 4623-4635.
59. Musunuru K, Strong A, Frank-Kamenetsky M, Lee NE, Ahfeldt T, Sachs KV, Li X, Li H, Kuperwasser N, Ruda VM, et al. 2010. From noncoding variant to phenotype via SORT1 at the 1p13 cholesterol locus. Nature 466: 714-719.
60. Nakagawa T, Lomb DJ, Haigis MC, Guarente L. 2009. SIRT5 deacetylates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 and regulates the urea cycle. Cell 137: 560-570.
61. North BJ, Verdin E. 2004. Sirtuins: Sir2-related NADdependent protein deacetylases. Genome Biol 5: 224.
62. Onyango P, Celic I, McCaffery JM, Boeke JD, Feinberg AP. 2002. SIRT3, a human SIR2 homologue, is an NADdependent deacetylase localized to mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99: 13653-13658.
63. Palacios OM, Carmona JJ, Michan S, Chen KY, Manabe Y, Ward JL, Goodyear LJ, Tong Q. 2009. Diet and exercise signals regulate SIRT3 and activate AMPK and PGC-1a in skeletal muscle. Aging 1: 771-783.
64. Patti M-E, Butte AJ, Crunkhorn S, Cusi K, Berria R, Kashyap S, Miyazaki Y, Kohane I, Costello M, Saccone R, et al. 2003.Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100: 8466-8471.
65. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Garcia R, Shulman GI. 2004.Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 350: 664-671.
66. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Shulman GI. 2005. Decreased insulinstimulated ATP synthesis and phosphate transport in muscle of insulin-resistant offspring of type 2 diabetic parents. PLoS Med 2: e233.
67. Petro AE, Cotter J, Cooper DA, Peters JC, Surwit SJ, Surwit RS. 2004. Fat, carbohydrate, and calories in the development of diabetes and obesity in the C57BL/6J mouse. Metabolism 53: 454-457.
68. Pollex RL, Hegele RA. 2006. Genetic determinants of the metabolic syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 3: 482-489.
69. Poulsen P, Vaag A, Kyvik K, Beck-Nielsen H. 2001. Genetic versus environmental aetiology of the metabolic syndrome among male and female twins. Diabetologia 44: 537-543.
70. Prokopenko I, Langenberg C, Florez JC, Saxena R, Soranzo N, Thorleifsson G, Loos RJF, Manning AK, Jackson AU, Aulchenko Y, et al. 2009. Variants in MTNR1B influence fasting glucose levels. Nat Genet 41: 77-81.
71. Qiu X, Brown K, Hirschey MD, Verdin E, Chen D. 2010. Calorie restriction reduces oxidative stress by SIRT3-mediated SOD2 activation. Cell Metab 12: 662-667.
72. Reaven GM. 1988. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37: 1595-1607.
73. Reinberg D. 2011. Nuclear function of SirT3. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol doi: 10.1101/sqb.2011.76.a010744 (in press).
74. Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans
75. Rossmeisl M, Rim JS, Koza LP. 2003. Variation in type 2 diabetes-related traits in mouse strains susceptible to diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 52: 1958-1966.
76. Sakakibara I, Fujino T, Ishii M, Tanaka T, Shimosawa T, Miura S, Zhang W, Tokutake Y, Yamamoto J, Awano M, et al. 2009. Fasting-induced hypothermia and reduced energy production in mice lacking acetyl-CoA synthetase 2. Cell Metab 9: 191-202.
77. Samuel VT, Liu ZX, Qu X, Elder BD, Bilz S, Befroy D, Romanelli AJ, Shulman GI. 2004. Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biol Chem 279: 32345-32353.
78. Sauve AA, Wolberger C, Schramm VL, Boeke JD. 2006. The biochemistry of sirtuins. Annu Rev Biochem 75: 435-465.
79. Scher MB, Vaquero A, Reinberg D. 2007. SirT3 is a nuclear NAD{thorn}-dependent histone deacetylase that translocates to the mitochondria upon cellular stress. Genes Dev 21: 920-928.
80. Schlicker C, Gertz M, Papatheodorou P, Kachholz B, Becker CF, Steegborn C. 2008. Substrates and regulation mechanisms for the human mitochondrial sirtuins Sirt3 and Sirt5. J Mol Biol 382: 790-801.
81. Schwer B, Verdin E. 2008. Conserved metabolic regulatory functions of sirtuins. Cell Metab 7: 104-112.
82. Schwer B, North BJ, Frye RA, Ott M, Verdin E. 2002. The human silent information regulator (Sir)2 homologue hSIRT3 is a mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase. J Cell Biol 158: 647-657.
83. Schwer B, Bunkenborg J, Verdin RO, Andersen JS, Verdin E. 2006. Reversible lysine acetylation controls the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103: 10224-10229.
84. Schwer B, Eckersdorff M, Li Y, Silva J, Fermin D, Kurtev M, Giallourakis C, Comb M, Alt F, Lombard D. 2009. Calorie restriction alters mitochondrial protein acetylation. Aging Cell 8: 604-606.
85. Seufert CD, Graf M, Janson G, Kuhn A, Soling HD. 1974. Formation of free acetate by isolated perfused livers from normal, starved and diabetic rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 57: 901-909.
86. Shi T, Wang F, Stieren E, Tong Q. 2005. SIRT3, a mitochondrial sirtuin deacetylase, regulates mitochondrial function and thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. J Biol Chem 280: 13560-13567.
87. Shimazu T, Hirschey M, Hua L, Dittenhafer-Reed KE, Schwer B, Lombard D, Li Y, Bunkenborg J, Alt FW, Denu JM, et al. 2010. SIRT3 deacetylates mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase 2, increases its enzymatic activity and regulates ketone body production. Cell Metab 12: 654-661.
88. Smith JS, Brachmann CB, Celic I, Kenna MA, Muhammad S, Starai VJ, Avalos JL, Escalante-Semerena JC, Grubmeyer C, Wolberger C, Boeke JD. 2000. A phylogenetically conserved NAD{thorn}-dependent protein deacetylase activity in the Sir2 protein family. Proc Natl Acad Sci 97: 6658-6663.
89. Someya S, YuW, Hallows WC, Xu J, Vann JM, Leeuwenburgh C, Tanokura M, Denu JM, Prolla TA. 2010. Sirt3 mediates reduction of oxidative damage and prevention of agerelated hearing loss under caloric restriction. Cell 143: 802-812.
90. Sone H, Shimano H, Sakakura Y, Inoue N, Amemiya-Kudo M, Yahagi N, Osawa M, Suzuki H, Yokoo T, Takahashi A, et al. 2002. Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase is a lipogenic enzyme controlled by SREBP-1 and energy status. Am J Physiol 282: E222-E230.
91. Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI, Monda KL, Thorleifsson G, Jackson AU, Allen HL, Lindgren CM, Luan Ja Mägi R, Randall JC, et al. 2010. Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nat Genet 42: 937-948.
92. Stancáková A, Javorský M, Kuulasmaa T, Haffner SM, Kuusisto J, Laakso M. 2009. Changes in insulin sensitivity and insulin release in relation to glycemia and glucose tolerance in 6,414 Finnish men. Diabetes 58: 1212-1221.
93. Starai VJ, Celic I, Cole RN, Boeke JD, Escalante-Semerena JC. 2002. Sir2-dependent activation of acetyl-CoA synthetase by deacetylation of active lysine. Science 298: 2390-2392.
94. Surwit RS, FeinglosMN, Rodin J, Sutherland A, Petro AE, Opara EC, Kuhn CM, Rebuffe-Scrive M. 1995. Differential effects of fat and sucrose on the development of obesity anddiabetes in C57BL/6J and A/J mice. Metabolism 44: 645-651.
95. Tanno M, Sakamoto J, Miura T, Shimamoto K, Horio Y. 2006.Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the NAD{thorn}-dependent histone deacetylase SIRT1. J Biol Chem 282: 6823-6832.
96. Tao R, Coleman MC, Pennington JD, Ozden O, Park S-H, Jiang H, Kim H-S, Flynn CR, Hill S, Hayes McDonald W, et al. 2010. Sirt3-mediated deacetylation of evolutionarily conserved lysine 122 regulates MnSOD activity in response to stress. Mol Cell 40: 893-904.
97. Taubes G. 2009. Insulin resistance. Prosperity's plague. Science 325: 256-260.
98. Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV, Edmondson AC, Stylianou IM, Koseki M, Pirruccello JP, Ripatti S, Chasman DI, Willer CJ, et al. 2010. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature 466: 707-713.
99. Ukropcova B, Sereda O, de Jonge L, Bogacka I, Nguyen T, Xie H, Bray GA, Smith SR. 2007. Family history of diabetes links impaired substrate switching and reduced mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 56: 720-727.
100. Uysal KT, Wiesbrock SM, MarinoMW, Hotamisligil GS. 1997.Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-a function. Nature 389: 610-614.
101. Verdin E, Dequiedt F, Fischle W, Frye R, Marshall B, North B. 2004. Measurement of mammalian histone deacetylase activity. Meth Enzymol 377: 180-196.
102. Wallace DC. 2005. A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: A dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annu Rev Genet 39: 359-407.
103. Wang Q, Zhang Y, Yang C, Xiong H, Lin Y, Yao J, Li H, Xie L, Zhao W, Yao Y, et al. 2010. Acetylation of metabolic enzymes coordinates carbon source utilization and metabolic flux. Science 327: 1004-1007.
104. Yamashita H, Kaneyuki T, Tagawa K. 2001. Production of acetate in the liver and its utilization in peripheral tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 1532: 79-87.
105. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. 1994. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372: 425-432.
106. Zhang D, Liu ZX, Choi CS, Tian L, Kibbey R, Dong J, Cline GW, Wood PA, Shulman GI. 2007. Mitochondrial dysfunction due to long-chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency causes hepatic steatosis and hepatic insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104: 17075-17080.
107. Zhao S, Xu W, Jiang W, Yu W, Lin Y, Zhang T, Yao J, Zhou L, Zeng Y, Li H, et al. 2010. Regulation of cellular metabolism by protein lysine acetylation. Science 327: 1000-1004.