Lactoferrin: An alternative view of its role in human biological fluids

Biochemistry and Cell Biology

Volumn 90, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 279-306

  Alexander, David B ^a,b   Iigo, Masaaki ^a,b   Yamauchi, Koji ^c   Suzui, Masumi ^b   Tsuda, Hiroyuki ^a  

^a NAGOYA CITY UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b NAGOYA CITY UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Japan)

^c MORINAGA MILK INDUSTRY CO LTD   (Japan)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial; Host defense proteins and peptides; Lactoferrin

Indexed keywords

ANTIMICROBIAL; BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS; BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS; HOST DEFENSE; HUMAN LACTOFERRIN; IN-VITRO; IN-VIVO; LACTOFERRIN; MUCOSAL IMMUNITY; NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS;

MICROORGANISMS; PROTEINS; TISSUE;

BODY FLUIDS;

ALPHA DEFENSIN; BACTERICIDAL PERMEABILITY INCREASING PROTEIN; CALGRANULIN; CATHELICIDIN; CATHELICIDIN ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE LL 37; CYSTATIN; ELAFIN; HOST DEFENSE PROTEINS AND PEPTIDE; HOST DEFENSE PROTEINS AND PEPTIDE PLUNC; HOST DEFENSE PROTEINS AND PEPTIDE REG3; HOST DEFENSE PROTEINS AND PEPTIDE SPLUNC; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; LACTOFERRICIN; LACTOFERRIN; LACTOPEROXIDASE; LIPOCALIN 1; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN 4; LYSOZYME; NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN; PEPTIDE; PEPTIDOGLYCAN RECOGNITION PROTEIN; POLYPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; SECRETORY LEUKOCYTE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SECRETORY PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; SURFACTANT PROTEIN A; SURFACTANT PROTEIN D; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIOSTASIS; BODY FLUID; DRUG BINDING; DRUG POTENTIATION; EPITHELIUM; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; GROWTH INHIBITION; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; INTESTINE MUCOSA; LACRIMAL FLUID; MICROBIAL COLONIZATION; MICROBICIDAL ACTIVITY; MICROBIOSTATIC ACTIVITY; MILK; MOUTH MUCOSA; MUCOSA; MUCOSAL IMMUNITY; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; NOSE MUCUS; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RESPIRATORY TRACT MUCOSA; REVIEW; SEMINAL PLASMA; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TISSUE INJURY;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; BODY FLUIDS; EPITHELIUM; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, INNATE; LACTOFERRIN; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEUTROPHILS; ORGAN SPECIFICITY; PROTEIN BINDING;

EID: 84861398752     PISSN: 08298211     EISSN: 12086002     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/o2012-013     Document Type: Review

References (274)

1. Aguila A. Herrera A.G. Morrison D. Cosgrove B. Perojo A. Montesinos I. et al. 2001. Bacteriostatic activity of human lactoferrin against Staphylococcus aureus is a function of its iron-binding properties and is not influenced by antibiotic resistance. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 31 (2): 145-152. 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2001.tb00511.x 11549422
2. Aguilera O. Andres M.T. Heath J. Fierro J.F. Douglas C.W. 1998. Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of lactoferrin on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 21 (1): 29-36. 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01146.x 9657318
3. Andersson E. Sorensen O.E. Frohm B. Borregaard N. Egesten A. Malm J. 2002. Isolation of human cationic antimicrobial protein-18 from seminal plasma and its association with prostasomes. Hum. Reprod. 17 (10): 2529-2534. 10.1093/humrep/17.10.2529 12351523
4. Ando K. Hasegawa K. Shindo K. Furusawa T. Fujino T. Kikugawa K. et al. 2010. Human lactoferrin activates NF-kappaB through the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway while it interferes with the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TLR4 signaling. FEBS J. 277 (9): 2051-2066. 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07620.x 20345905
5. Appelmelk B.J. An Y.Q. Geerts M. Thijs B.G. de Boer H.A. MacLaren D.M. et al. 1994. Lactoferrin is a lipid A-binding protein. Infect. Immun. 62 (6): 2628-2632. 8188389
6. Armant M.A. Fenton M.J. 2002. Toll-like receptors: a family of pattern-recognition receptors in mammals. Genome Biol. 3 (8): reviews3011.1-reviews3011.6. 10.1186/gb-2002-3-8-reviews3011 12186654
7. Arnold R.R. Cole M.F. McGhee J.R. 1977. A bactericidal effect for human lactoferrin. Science, 197 (4300): 263-265. 10.1126/science.327545 327545
8. Arnold R.R. Brewer M. Gauthier J.J. 1980. Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: sensitivity of a variety of microorganisms. Infect. Immun. 28 (3): 893-898. 6772569
9. Arnold R.R. Russell J.E. Champion W.J. Gauthier J.J. 1981. Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: influence of physical conditions and metabolic state of the target microorganism. Infect. Immun. 32 (2): 655-660. 7251141
10. Arnold R.R. Russell J.E. Champion W.J. Brewer M. Gauthier J.J. 1982. Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: differentiation from the stasis of iron deprivation. Infect. Immun. 35 (3): 792-799. 6802759
11. Ashitani J. Mukae H. Hiratsuka T. Nakazato M. Kumamoto K. Matsukura S. 2001. Plasma and BAL fluid concentrations of antimicrobial peptides in patients with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection. Chest, 119 (4): 1131-1137. 10.1378/chest.119.4.1131 11296180
12. Augustin D.K. Heimer S.R. Tam C. Li W.Y. Le Due J.M. Evans D.J. Fleiszig S.M. 2011. Role of defensins in corneal epithelial barrier function against Pseudomonas aeruginosa traversal. Infect. Immun. 79 (2): 595-605. 10.1128/IAI.00854-10 21115716
13. Auvynet C. Rosenstein Y. 2009. Multifunctional host defense peptides: antimicrobial peptides, the small yet big players in innate and adaptive immunity. FEBS J. 276 (22): 6497-6508. 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07360.x 19817855
14. Ayabe T. Satchell D.P. Wilson C.L. Parks W.C. Selsted M.E. Ouellette A.J. 2000. Secretion of microbicidal alpha-defensins by intestinal Paneth cells in response to bacteria. Nat. Immunol. 1 (2): 113-118. 10.1038/77783 11248802
15. Baker H.M. Baker E.N. 2004. Lactoferrin and iron: structural and dynamic aspects of binding and release. Biometals, 17 (3): 209-216. 10.1023/B:BIOM. 0000027694.40260.70 15222467
16. Baker E.N. Baker H.M. 2005. Molecular structure, binding properties and dynamics of lactoferrin. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62 (22): 2531-2539. 10.1007/s00018-005-5368-9 16261257
17. Beddek A.J. Schryvers A.B. 2010. The lactoferrin receptor complex in Gram negative bacteria. Biometals, 23 (3): 377-386. 10.1007/s10534-010-9299-z 20155302
18. Beers S.A. Buckland A.G. Koduri R.S. Cho W. Gelb M.H. Wilton D.C. 2002. The antibacterial properties of secreted phospholipases A2: a major physiological role for the group IIA enzyme that depends on the very high pI of the enzyme to allow penetration of the bacterial cell wall. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (3): 1788-1793. 10.1074/jbc.M109777200 11706041
19. Bellamy W. Takase M. Yamauchi K. Wakabayashi H. Kawase K. Tomita M. 1992. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1121 (1-2): 130-136. 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90346-F 1599934
20. Blocker A. Gounon P. Larquet E. Niebuhr K. Cabiaux V. Parsot C. Sansonetti P. 1999. The tripartite type III secreton of Shigella flexneri inserts IpaB and IpaC into host membranes. J. Cell Biol. 147 (3): 683-693. 10.1083/jcb.147.3.683 10545510
21. Blocker A. Jouihri N. Larquet E. Gounon P. Ebel F. Parsot C. et al. 2001. Structure and composition of the Shigella flexneri "needle complex", a part of its type III secreton. Mol. Microbiol. 39 (3): 652-663. 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02200.x 11169106
22. Boman H.G. 2003. Antibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging concepts. J. Intern. Med. 254 (3): 197-215. 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01228.x 12930229
23. Borregaard N. Sorensen O.E. Theilgaard-Monch K. 2007. Neutrophil granules: a library of innate immunity proteins. Trends Immunol. 28 (8): 340-345. 10.1016/j.it.2007.06.002 17627888
24. Bortner C.A. Miller R.D. Arnold R.R. 1986. Bactericidal effect of lactoferrin on Legionella pneumophila. Infect. Immun. 51 (2): 373-377. 3943891
25. Bowdish D.M. Davidson D.J. Hancock R.E. 2005 a. A re-evaluation of the role of host defence peptides in mammalian immunity. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 6 (1): 35-51. 10.2174/1389203053027494 15638767
26. Bowdish D.M. Davidson D.J. Lau Y.E. Lee K. Scott M.G. Hancock R.E. 2005 b. Impact of LL-37 on anti-infective immunity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77 (4): 451-459. 10.1189/jlb.0704380 15569695
27. Bowdish D.M. Davidson D.J. Hancock R.E. 2006. Immunomodulatory properties of defensins and cathelicidins. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 306: 27-66. 10.1007/3-540-29916-5-2 16909917
28. Brandenburg K. Jurgens G. Muller M. Fukuoka S. Koch M.H. 2001. Biophysical characterization of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A inactivation by lactoferrin. Biol. Chem. 382 (8): 1215-1225. 11592403
29. Brines R.D. Brock J.H. 1983. The effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the in vitro antimicrobial and iron-binding properties of lactoferrin in human milk and bovine colostrum. Unusual resistance of human apolactoferrin to proteolytic digestion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 759 (3): 229-235. 10.1016/0304-4165(83)90317-3 6349699
30. Britigan B.E. Cohen M.S. Rosen G.M. 1987. Detection of the production of oxygen-centered free radicals by human neutrophils using spin trapping techniques: a critical perspective. J. Leukoc. Biol. 41 (4): 349-362. 3033110
31. Britigan B.E. Hayek M.B. Doebbeling B.N. Fick R.B. Jr. 1993. Transferrin and lactoferrin undergo proteolytic cleavage in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. Infect. Immun. 61 (12): 5049-5055. 8225581
32. Buckett W.M. Luckas M.J. Gazvani M.R. Aird I.A. Lewis-Jones D.I. 1997. Seminal plasma lactoferrin concentrations in normal and abnormal semen samples. J. Androl. 18 (3): 302-304. 9203059
33. Buckland A.G. Wilton D.C. 2000. The antibacterial properties of secreted phospholipases A(2). Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1488 (1-2): 71-82. 11080678
34. Buckland A.G. Heeley E.L. Wilton D.C. 2000. Bacterial cell membrane hydrolysis by secreted phospholipases A(2): a major physiological role of human group IIa sPLA(2) involving both bacterial cell wall penetration and interfacial catalysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1484 (2-3): 195-206. 10760469
35. Bulet P. Stocklin R. Menin L. 2004. Anti-microbial peptides: from invertebrates to vertebrates. Immunol. Rev. 198 (1): 169-184. 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0124.x 15199962
36. Campese M. Sun X. Bosch J.A. Oppenheim F.G. Helmerhorst E.J. 2009. Concentration and fate of histatins and acidic proline-rich proteins in the oral environment. Arch. Oral Biol. 54 (4): 345-353. 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.11. 010 19159863
37. Caraher E.M. Gumulapurapu K. Taggart C.C. Murphy P. McClean S. Callaghan M. 2007. The effect of recombinant human lactoferrin on growth and the antibiotic susceptibility of the cystic fibrosis pathogen Burkholderia cepacia complex when cultured planktonically or as biofilms. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 60 (3): 546-554. 10.1093/jac/dkm222 17595284
38. Carlsson G. Wahlin Y.B. Johansson A. Olsson A. Eriksson T. Claesson R. et al. 2006. Periodontal disease in patients from the original Kostmann family with severe congenital neutropenia. J. Periodontol. 77 (4): 744-751. 10.1902/jop.2006.050191 16584360
39. Chromek M. Slamova Z. Bergman P. Kovacs L. Podracka L. Ehren I. et al. 2006. The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects the urinary tract against invasive bacterial infection. Nat. Med. 12 (6): 636-641. 10.1038/nm1407 16751768
40. Chu B.C. Garcia-Herrero A. Johanson T.H. Krewulak K.D. Lau C.K. Peacock R.S. et al. 2010. Siderophore uptake in bacteria and the battle for iron with the host; a bird's eye view. Biometals, 23 (4): 601-611. 10.1007/s10534-010- 9361-x 20596754
41. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. 2010. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry: Annual Data Report 2009. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, Md. Available at http://www.cff.org/UploadedFiles/research/ClinicalResearch/Patient- Registry-Report-2009.pdf.
42. Cole A.M. Dewan P. Ganz T. 1999. Innate antimicrobial activity of nasal secretions. Infect. Immun. 67 (7): 3267-3275. 10377100
43. Cole A.M. Liao H.I. Stuchlik O. Tilan J. Pohl J. Ganz T. 2002. Cationic polypeptides are required for antibacterial activity of human airway fluid. J. Immunol. 169 (12): 6985-6991. 12471133
44. Collard K.J. 2009. Iron homeostasis in the neonate. Pediatrics, 123 (4): 1208-1216. 10.1542/peds.2008-1047 19336381
45. Conner G.E. Wijkstrom-Frei C. Randell S.H. Fernandez V.E. Salathe M. 2007. The lactoperoxidase system links anion transport to host defense in cystic fibrosis. FEBS Lett. 581 (2): 271-278. 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.12.025 17204267
46. Cornelis G.R. 2006. The type III secretion injectisome. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4 (11): 811-825. 10.1038/nrmicro1526 17041629
47. Daidone I. Magliano A. Di Nola A. Mignogna G. Clarkson M.M. Lizzi A.R. et al. 2011. Conformational study of bovine lactoferricin in membrane-micking conditions by molecular dynamics simulation and circular dichroism. Biometals, 24 (2): 259-268. 10.1007/s10534-010-9390-5 21088870
48. Danielsen E.M. Hansen G.H. 2006. Lipid raft organization and function in brush borders of epithelial cells. Mol. Membr. Biol. 23 (1): 71-79. 10.1080/09687860500445604 16611582
49. Danielsen E.M. Hansen G.H. 2008. Lipid raft organization and function in the small intestinal brush border. J. Physiol. Biochem. 64 (4): 377-382. 10.1007/BF03174093 19391463
50. Davidsson L. Kastenmayer P. Yuen M. Lönnerdal B. Hurrell R.F. 1994. Influence of lactoferrin on iron absorption from human milk in infants. Pediatr. Res. 35 (1): 117-124. 10.1203/00006450-199401000-00025 8134189
51. De Spiegeleer P. Vanoirbeek K. Lietaert A. Sermon J. Aertsen A. Michiels C.W. 2005. Investigation into the resistance of lactoperoxidase tolerant Escherichia coli mutants to different forms of oxidative stress. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 252 (2): 315-319. 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.010 16209909
52. DeLeo F.R. Renee J. McCormick S. Nakamura M. Apicella M. Weiss J.P. Nauseef W.M. 1998. Neutrophils exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide upregulate NADPH oxidase assembly. J. Clin. Invest. 101 (2): 455-463. 10.1172/JCI949 9435318
53. Devine D.A. 2003. Antimicrobial peptides in defence of the oral and respiratory tracts. Mol. Immunol. 40 (7): 431-443. 10.1016/S0161-5890(03)00162-7 14568389
54. Diamond G. Zasloff M. Eck H. Brasseur M. Maloy W.L. Bevins C.L. 1991. Tracheal antimicrobial peptide, a cysteine-rich peptide from mammalian tracheal mucosa: peptide isolation and cloning of a cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (9): 3952-3956. 10.1073/pnas.88.9.3952 2023943
55. Diamond G. Beckloff N. Ryan L.K. 2008. Host defense peptides in the oral cavity and the lung: similarities and differences. J. Dent. Res. 87 (10): 915-927. 10.1177/154405910808701011 18809744
56. Diamond G. Beckloff N. Weinberg A. Kisich K.O. 2009. The roles of antimicrobial peptides in innate host defense. Curr. Pharm. Des. 15 (21): 2377-2392. 10.2174/138161209788682325 19601838
57. Dinauer M.C. Lekstrom-Himes J.A. Dale D.C. 2000. Inherited neutrophil disorders: molecular basis and new therapies. Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program. 2000 (1): 303-318. 10.1182/asheducation-2000.1.303
58. Donaldson S.H. Bennett W.D. Zeman K.L. Knowles M.R. Tarran R. Boucher R.C. 2006. Mucus clearance and lung function in cystic fibrosis with hypertonic saline. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (3): 241-250. 10.1056/NEJMoa043891 16421365
59. Dziarski R. Gupta D. 2006. The peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). Genome Biol. 7 (8): 232. 10.1186/gb-2006-7-8-232 16930467
60. Ellison R.T. 3rd Giehl T.J. 1991. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. J. Clin. Invest. 88 (4): 1080-1091. 10.1172/JCI115407 1918365
61. Ellison R.T. III Giehl T.J. LaForce F.M. 1988. Damage of the outer membrane of enteric gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and transferrin. Infect. Immun. 56 (11): 2774-2781. 3169987
62. Ellison R.T. 3rd LaForce F.M. Giehl T.J. Boose D.S. Dunn B.E. 1990. Lactoferrin and transferrin damage of the gram-negative outer membrane is modulated by Ca2+ and Mg2+. J. Gen. Microbiol. 136 (7): 1437-1446. 2230724
63. Espinoza J. Chaiworapongsa T. Romero R. Edwin S. Rathnasabapathy C. Gomez R. et al. 2003. Antimicrobial peptides in amniotic fluid: defensins, calprotectin and bacterial/permeability-increasing protein in patients with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity, intra-amniotic inflammation, preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 13 (1): 2-21. 10.1080/jmf.13.1.2.21 12710851
64. Fahy J.V. Dickey B.F. 2010. Airway mucus function and dysfunction. N. Engl. J. Med. 363 (23): 2233-2247. 10.1056/NEJMra0910061 21121836
65. Farnaud S. Patel A. Odell E.W. Evans R.W. 2004. Variation in antimicrobial activity of lactoferricin-derived peptides explained by structure modelling. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 238 (1): 221-226. 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2004. tb09759.x 15336425
66. Fernandez M.I. Regnault B. Mulet C. Tanguy M. Jay P. Sansonetti P.J. Pedron T. 2008. Maturation of paneth cells induces the refractory state of newborn mice to Shigella infection. J. Immunol. 180 (7): 4924-4930. 18354217
67. Fine D.H. Furgang D. Beydouin F. 2002. Lactoferrin iron levels are reduced in saliva of patients with localized aggressive periodontitis. J. Periodontol. 73 (6): 624-630. 10.1902/jop.2002.73.6.624 12083535
68. Fischer H. 2009. Mechanisms and function of DUOX in epithelia of the lung. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11 (10): 2453-2465. 10.1089/ars.2009.2558 19358684
69. Flanagan J.L. Willcox M.D. 2009. Role of lactoferrin in the tear film. Biochimie, 91 (1): 35-43. 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.07.007 18718499
70. Fluckinger M. Haas H. Merschak P. Glasgow B.J. Redl B. 2004. Human tear lipocalin exhibits antimicrobial activity by scavenging microbial siderophores. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 (9): 3367-3372. 10.1128/AAC.48.9.3367-3372.2004 15328098
71. Foreman-Wykert A.K. Weinrauch Y. Elsbach P. Weiss J. 1999. Cell-wall determinants of the bactericidal action of group IIA phospholipase A2 against Gram-positive bacteria. J. Clin. Invest. 103 (5): 715-721. 10.1172/JCI5468 10074489
72. Ganz T. 2002. Antimicrobial polypeptides in host defense of the respiratory tract. J. Clin. Invest. 109 (6): 693-697. 11901174
73. Ganz T. 2004. Antimicrobial polypeptides. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75 (1): 34-38. 10.1189/jlb.0403150 12960278
74. Ganz T. Gabayan V. Liao H.I. Liu L. Oren A. Graf T. Cole A.M. 2003. Increased inflammation in lysozyme M-deficient mice in response to Micrococcus luteus and its peptidoglycan. Blood, 101 (6): 2388-2392. 10.1182/blood-2002-07- 2319 12411294
75. Gerson C. Sabater J. Scuri M. Torbati A. Coffey R. Abraham J.W. et al. 2000. The lactoperoxidase system functions in bacterial clearance of airways. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 22 (6): 665-671. 10837362
76. Gifford J.L. Hunter H.N. Vogel H.J. 2005. Lactoferricin: a lactoferrin-derived peptide with antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor and immunological properties. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62 (22): 2588-2598. 10.1007/s00018-005-5373-z 16261252
77. Gipson I.K. 2004. Distribution of mucins at the ocular surface. Exp. Eye Res. 78 (3): 379-388. 10.1016/S0014-4835(03)00204-5 15106916
78. Gipson I.K. 2007. The ocular surface: the challenge to enable and protect vision: the Friedenwald lecture. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (10): 4391-4398. 10.1167/iovs.07-0770 17898256
79. Gombart A.F. Shiohara M. Kwok S.H. Agematsu K. Komiyama A. Koeffler H.P. 2001. Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency: homozygous recessive inheritance of a frameshift mutation in the gene encoding transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-epsilon. Blood, 97 (9): 2561-2567. 10.1182/blood.V97.9.2561 11313242
80. Gomez H.F. Ochoa T.J. Carlin L.G. Cleary T.G. 2003. Human lactoferrin impairs virulence of Shigella flexneri. J. Infect. Dis. 187 (1): 87-95. 10.1086/345875 12508150
81. Gorr S.U. Abdolhosseini M. 2011. Antimicrobial peptides and periodontal disease. J. Clin. Periodontol. 38 (Suppl. 11): 126-141. 10.1111/j.1600-051X. 2010.01664.x 21323710
82. Govindarajan B. Gipson I.K. 2010. Membrane-tethered mucins have multiple functions on the ocular surface. Exp. Eye Res. 90 (6): 655-663. 10.1016/j.exer.2010.02.014 20223235
83. Grey A. Banovic T. Zhu Q. Watson M. Callon K. Palmano K. et al. 2004. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 is a mitogenic receptor for lactoferrin in osteoblastic cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 18 (9): 2268-2278. 10.1210/me.2003-0456 15178744
84. Griese M. Steinecker M. Schumacher S. Braun A. Lohse P. Heinrich S. 2008. Children with absent surfactant protein D in bronchoalveolar lavage have more frequently pneumonia. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 19 (7): 639-647. 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2007.00695.x 18266831
85. Grubor B. Meyerholz D.K. Ackermann M.R. 2006. Collectins and cationic antimicrobial peptides of the respiratory epithelia. Vet. Pathol. 43 (5): 595-612. 10.1354/vp.43-5-595 16966437
86. Gutsmann T. Seydel U. 2010. Impact of the glycostructure of amphiphilic membrane components on the function of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria as a matrix for incorporated channels and a target for antimicrobial peptides or proteins. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 89 (1): 11-23. 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.10. 011 19939497
87. Guzman-Aranguez A. Argueso P. 2010. Structure and biological roles of mucin-type O-glycans at the ocular surface. Ocul. Surf. 8 (1): 8-17. 10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70213-6 20105403
88. Haghighat N. al-Hashimi I. 2003. The status of lactoferrin and total iron binding capacity of human parotid saliva in Sjogren's syndrome. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 21 (4): 485-488. 12942702
89. Halliwell B. Gutteridge J.M. 1984. Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. Biochem. J. 219 (1): 1-14. 6326753
90. Hanson L.A. Winberg J. 1972. Breast milk and defence against infection in the newborn. Arch. Dis. Child. 47 (256): 845-848. 10.1136/adc.47.256.845 4567072
91. Harmsen H.J. Wildeboer-Veloo A.C. Raangs G.C. Wagendorp A.A. Klijn N. Bindels J.G. Welling G.W. 2000. Analysis of intestinal flora development in breast-fed and formula-fed infants by using molecular identification and detection methods. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 30 (1): 61-67. 10.1097/00005176-200001000-00019 10630441
92. He, S., Chang, H.-H., Kuo, H.-M., and Lin, Y.-L. 2011. Human IgG inhibits IgA1 protease-dependent adherence of Haemophilus influenza strains to human lung epithelial cells. Asian Biomedicine, 5 (1): 45-56. Available from ir.cmu.edu.tw/ir/bitstream/310903500/41764/1/20110429135516.pdf.
93. Hein M. Valore E.V. Helmig R.B. Uldbjerg N. Ganz T. 2002. Antimicrobial factors in the cervical mucus plug. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 187 (1): 137-144. 10.1067/mob.2002.123034 12114901
94. Hein M. Petersen A.C. Helmig R.B. Uldbjerg N. Reinholdt J. 2005. Immunoglobulin levels and phagocytes in the cervical mucus plug at term of pregnancy. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 84 (8): 734-742. 16026397
95. Heller K.A. Greig P.C. Heine R.P. 1995. Amniotic-fluid lactoferrin: a marker for subclinical intraamniotic infection prior to 32 weeks gestation. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 3 (5): 179-183. 10.1155/S1064744995000573 18472887
96. Hendrixson D.R. St Geme J.W. III. 1998. The Haemophilus influenzae Hap serine protease promotes adherence and microcolony formation, potentiated by a soluble host protein. Mol. Cell, 2 (6): 841-850. 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80298-1 9885571
97. Hendrixson D.R. Qiu J. Shewry S.C. Fink D.L. Petty S. Baker E.N. et al. 2003. Human milk lactoferrin is a serine protease that cleaves Haemophilus surface proteins at arginine-rich sites. Mol. Microbiol. 47 (3): 607-617. 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03327.x 12535064
98. Hickling T.P. Clark H. Malhotra R. Sim R.B. 2004. Collectins and their role in lung immunity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75 (1): 27-33. 10.1189/jlb.0703304 12972515
99. Huang L.C. Reins R.Y. Gallo R.L. McDermott A.M. 2007. Cathelicidin-deficient (Cnlp -/-) mice show increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 48 (10): 4498-4508. 10.1167/iovs.07-0274 17898271
100. Hunter H.N. Demcoe A.R. Jenssen H. Gutteberg T.J. Vogel H.J. 2005. Human lactoferricin is partially folded in aqueous solution and is better stabilized in a membrane mimetic solvent. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 (8): 3387-3395. 10.1128/AAC.49.8.3387-3395.2005 16048952
101. Hwang P.M. Zhou N. Shan X. Arrowsmith C.H. Vogel H.J. 1998. Three-dimensional solution structure of lactoferricin B, an antimicrobial peptide derived from bovine lactoferrin. Biochemistry, 37 (12): 4288-4298. 10.1021/bi972323m 9521752
102. Ibrahim H.R. Aoki T. Pellegrini A. 2002. Strategies for new antimicrobial proteins and peptides: lysozyme and aprotinin as model molecules. Curr. Pharm. Des. 8 (9): 671-693. 10.2174/1381612023395349 11945164
103. Iimura M. Gallo R.L. Hase K. Miyamoto Y. Eckmann L. Kagnoff M.F. 2005. Cathelicidin mediates innate intestinal defense against colonization with epithelial adherent bacterial pathogens. J. Immunol. 174 (8): 4901-4907. 15814717
104. Ikegami M. Scoville E.A. Grant S. Korfhagen T. Brondyk W. Scheule R.K. Whitsett J.A. 2007. Surfactant protein-D and surfactant inhibit endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation. Chest, 132 (5): 1447-1454. 10.1378/chest.07-0864 17925426
105. Iqbal S.M. Ball T.B. Levinson P. Maranan L. Jaoko W. Wachihi C. et al. 2009. Elevated elafin/trappin-2 in the female genital tract is associated with protection against HIV acquisition. AIDS, 23 (13): 1669-1677. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832ea643 19553806
106. Isaacs S. Fakhri S. Luong A. Whited C. Citardi M.J. 2011. The effect of dilute baby shampoo on nasal mucociliary clearance in healthy subjects. Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy, 25 (1): e27-e29. 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3583 21711970
107. Itani O.A. Chen J.H. Karp P.H. Ernst S. Keshavjee S. Parekh K. et al. 2011. Human cystic fibrosis airway epithelia have reduced Cl-conductance but not increased Na+ conductance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (25): 10260-10265. 10.1073/pnas.1106695108 21646513
108. Jensen J.L. Xu T. Lamkin M.S. Brodin P. Aars H. Berg T. Oppenheim F.G. 1994. Physiological regulation of the secretion of histatins and statherins in human parotid saliva. J. Dent. Res. 73 (12): 1811-1817. 7814752
109. Johansson M.E. Larsson J.M. Hansson G.C. 2011. The two mucus layers of colon are organized by the MUC2 mucin, whereas the outer layer is a legislator of host-microbial interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (Suppl. 1): 4659-4665. 10.1073/pnas.1006451107 20615996
110. Jordan W.J. Eskdale J. Lennon G.P. Pestoff R. Wu L. Fine D.H. Gallagher G. 2005. A non-conservative, coding single-nucleotide polymorphism in the N-terminal region of lactoferrin is associated with aggressive periodontitis in an African-American, but not a Caucasian population. Genes Immun. 6 (7): 632-635. 10.1038/sj.gene.6364239 16208406
111. Jounblat R. Clark H. Eggleton P. Hawgood S. Andrew P.W. Kadioglu A. 2005. The role of surfactant protein D in the colonisation of the respiratory tract and onset of bacteraemia during pneumococcal pneumonia. Respir. Res. 6 (1): 126. 10.1186/1465-9921-6-126 16255775
112. Kalmar J.R. Arnold R.R. 1988. Killing of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by human lactoferrin. Infect. Immun. 56 (10): 2552-2557. 3417349
113. Kashyap D.R. Wang M. Liu L.H. Boons G.J. Gupta D. Dziarski R. 2011. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins kill bacteria by activating protein-sensing two-component systems. Nat. Med. 17 (6): 676-683. 10.1038/nm.2357 21602801
114. Keijser S. Jager M.J. Dogterom-Ballering H.C. Schoonderwoerd D.T. de Keizer R.J. Krose C.J. et al. 2008. Lactoferrin Glu561Asp polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to herpes simplex keratitis. Exp. Eye Res. 86 (1): 105-109. 10.1016/j.exer.2007.09.013 18022620
115. Kijlstra A. Jeurissen S.H. Koning K.M. 1983. Lactoferrin levels in normal human tears. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 67 (3): 199-202. 10.1136/bjo.67.3.199 6824625
116. Kim Y.S. Ho S.B. 2010. Intestinal goblet cells and mucins in health and disease: recent insights and progress. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 12 (5): 319-330. 10.1007/s11894-010-0131-2 20703838
117. Kim M.J. Romero R. Gervasi M.T. Kim J.S. Yoo W. Lee D.C. et al. 2009. Widespread microbial invasion of the chorioamniotic membranes is a consequence and not a cause of intra-amniotic infection. Lab. Invest. 89 (8): 924-936. 10.1038/labinvest.2009.49 19506551
118. Kisich K.O. Howell M.D. Boguniewicz M. Heizer H.R. Watson N.U. Leung D.Y. 2007. The constitutive capacity of human keratinocytes to kill Staphylococcus aureus is dependent on beta-defensin 3. J. Invest. Dermatol. 127 (10): 2368-2380. 10.1038/sj.jid.5700861 17460726
119. Klebanoff S.J. 2005. Myeloperoxidase: friend and foe. J. Leukoc. Biol. 77 (5): 598-625. 10.1189/jlb.1204697 15689384
120. Knowles M.R. Boucher R.C. 2002. Mucus clearance as a primary innate defense mechanism for mammalian airways. J. Clin. Invest. 109 (5): 571-577. 11877463
121. Kobayashi N. Kayaba H. Takeda M. Yamaguchi K. Chiba T. Ito W. Chihara J. 2009. Activation of eosinophils by lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte-derived cytokines. Allergol. Int. 58 (1): 103-110. 10.2332/allergolint.O-07-527 19153536
122. Kolar S.S. McDermott A.M. 2011. Role of host-defence peptides in eye diseases. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68 (13): 2201-2213. 10.1007/s00018-011-0713-7 21584809
123. Kuroki Y. Takahashi M. Nishitani C. 2007. Pulmonary collectins in innate immunity of the lung. Cell. Microbiol. 9 (8): 1871-1879. 10.1111/j.1462-5822. 2007.00953.x 17490408
124. Lamblin G. Degroote S. Perini J.M. Delmotte P. Scharfman A. Davril M. et al. 2001. Human airway mucin glycosylation: a combinatory of carbohydrate determinants which vary in cystic fibrosis. Glycoconj. J. 18 (9): 661-684. 10.1023/A:1020867221861 12386453
125. Leitch E.C. Willcox M.D. 1998. Synergic antistaphylococcal properties of lactoferrin and lysozyme. J. Med. Microbiol. 47 (9): 837-842. 10.1099/00222615-47-9-837 9736166
126. Leitch E.C. Willcox M.D. 1999. Elucidation of the antistaphylococcal action of lactoferrin and lysozyme. J. Med. Microbiol. 48 (9): 867-871. 10.1099/00222615-48-9-867 10482299
127. Lekstrom-Himes J.A. Dorman S.E. Kopar P. Holland S.M. Gallin J.I. 1999. Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency results from a novel mutation with loss of function of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon. J. Exp. Med. 189 (11): 1847-1852. 10.1084/jem.189.11.1847 10359588
128. Lenander-Lumikari M. Mansson-Rahemtulla B. Rahemtulla F. 1992. Lysozyme enhances the inhibitory effects of the peroxidase system on glucose metabolism of Streptococcus mutans. J. Dent. Res. 71 (3): 484-490. 10.1177/ 00220345920710031201 1573081
129. León-Sicairos N. Reyes-López M. Canizalez-Román A. Bermudez-Crúz R.M. Serrano-Luna J. Arroyo R. de la Garza M. 2005. Human hololactoferrin: endocytosis and use as an iron source by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Microbiology, 151 (12): 3859-3871. 10.1099/mic.0.28121-0 16339932
130. León-Sicairos N. Reyes-López M. Ordaz-Pichardo C. de la Garza M. 2006. Microbicidal action of lactoferrin and lactoferricin and their synergistic effect with metronidazole in Entamoeba histolytica. Biochem. Cell Biol. 84 (3): 327-336. 16936803
131. Levay P.F. Viljoen M. 1995. Lactoferrin: a general review. Haematologica, 80 (3): 252-267. 7672721
132. LeVine A.M. Bruno M.D. Huelsman K.M. Ross G.F. Whitsett J.A. Korfhagen T.R. 1997. Surfactant protein A-deficient mice are susceptible to group B streptococcal infection. J. Immunol. 158 (9): 4336-4340. 9126996
133. LeVine A.M. Kurak K.E. Bruno M.D. Stark J.M. Whitsett J.A. Korfhagen T.R. 1998. Surfactant protein-A-deficient mice are susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19 (4): 700-708. 9761768
134. Levy O. 2004. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides: anti-infective molecules of mammalian leukocytes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76 (5): 909-925. 10.1189/jlb.0604320 15292276
135. Levy O. Ooi C.E. Weiss J. Lehrer R.I. Elsbach P. 1994. Individual and synergistic effects of rabbit granulocyte proteins on Escherichia coli. J. Clin. Invest. 94 (2): 672-682. 10.1172/JCI117384 8040321
136. Levy O. Martin S. Eichenwald E. Ganz T. Valore E. Carroll S.F. et al. 1999. Impaired innate immunity in the newborn: newborn neutrophils are deficient in bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. Pediatrics, 104 (6): 1327-1333. 10.1542/peds.104.6.1327 10585984
137. Lillis A.P. Van Duyn L.B. Murphy-Ullrich J.E. Strickland D.K. 2008. LDL receptor-related protein 1: unique tissue-specific functions revealed by selective gene knockout studies. Physiol. Rev. 88 (3): 887-918. 10.1152/physrev.00033.2007 18626063
138. Lin J.C. Borregaard N. Liebman H.A. Carmel R. 2001. Deficiency of the specific granule proteins, R-binder/transcobalamin I and lactoferrin, in plasma and saliva: a new disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 100 (2): 145-151. 10.1002/ajmg.1232 11298376
139. Linden S.K. Sutton P. Karlsson N.G. Korolik V. McGuckin M.A. 2008. Mucins in the mucosal barrier to infection. Mucosal Immunol. 1 (3): 183-197. 10.1038/mi.2008.5 19079178
140. Linke M.J. Harris C.E. Korfhagen T.R. McCormack F.X. Ashbaugh A.D. Steele P. et al. 2001. Immunosuppressed surfactant protein A-deficient mice have increased susceptibility to Pneumocystis carinii infection. J. Infect. Dis. 183 (6): 943-952. 10.1086/319252 11237812
141. Linke M. Ashbaugh A. Koch J. Tanaka R. Walzer P. 2005. Surfactant protein A limits Pneumocystis murina infection in immunosuppressed C3H/HeN mice and modulates host response during infection. Microbes Infect. 7 (4): 748-759. 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.01.011 15857803
142. Lomax K.J. Gallin J.I. Rotrosen D. Raphael G.D. Kaliner M.A. Benz E.J. Jr et al. 1989. Selective defect in myeloid cell lactoferrin gene expression in neutrophil specific granule deficiency. J. Clin. Invest. 83 (2): 514-519. 10.1172/JCI113912 2536400
143. Lönnerdal B. 2003. Nutritional and physiologic significance of human milk proteins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77 (6): 1537S-1543S. 12812151
144. Lu L. Walker W.A. 2001. Pathologic and physiologic interactions of bacteria with the gastrointestinal epithelium. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73 (6): 1124S-1130S. 11393190
145. Lu X. Wang M. Qi J. Wang H. Li X. Gupta D. Dziarski R. 2006. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins are a new class of human bactericidal proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (9): 5895-5907. 10.1074/jbc.M511631200 16354652
146. Lyczak J.B. Cannon C.L. Pier G.B. 2002. Lung infections associated with cystic fibrosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15 (2): 194-222. 10.1128/CMR.15.2.194- 222.2002 11932230
147. Malm J. Sorensen O. Persson T. Frohm-Nilsson M. Johansson B. Bjartell A. et al. 2000. The human cationic antimicrobial protein (hCAP-18) is expressed in the epithelium of human epididymis, is present in seminal plasma at high concentrations, and is attached to spermatozoa. Infect. Immun. 68 (7): 4297-4302. 10.1128/IAI.68.7.4297-4302.2000 10858248
148. Mantelli F. Argueso P. 2008. Functions of ocular surface mucins in health and disease. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 8 (5): 477-483. 10.1097/ACI.0b013e32830e6b04 18769205
149. Markart P. Korfhagen T.R. Weaver T.E. Akinbi H.T. 2004. Mouse lysozyme M is important in pulmonary host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 169 (4): 454-458. 10.1164/rccm.200305-669OC 14617511
150. Mason D.Y. Taylor C.R. 1978. Distribution of transferrin, ferritin, and lactoferrin in human tissues. J. Clin. Pathol. 31 (4): 316-327. 10.1136/jcp.31.4.316 346612
151. Masson P.L. Heremans J.F. Prignot J.J. Wauters G. 1966. Immunohistochemical localization and bacteriostatic properties of an iron-binding protein from bronchial mucus. Thorax, 21 (6): 538-544. 10.1136/thx.21.6.538 5339630
152. Matsuzaki K. 1999. Why and how are peptide-lipid interactions utilized for self-defense? Magainins and tachyplesins as archetypes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1462 (1-2): 1-10. 10590299
153. McCormack F.X. Whitsett J.A. 2002. The pulmonary collectins, SP-A and SP-D, orchestrate innate immunity in the lung. J. Clin. Invest. 109 (6): 707-712. 11901176
154. McDermott A.M. Rich D. Cullor J. Mannis M.J. Smith W. Reid T. Murphy C.J. 2006. The in vitro activity of selected defensins against an isolate of Pseudomonas in the presence of human tears. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 90 (5): 609-611. 10.1136/bjo.2005.083428 16622092
155. McGuckin M.A. Linden S.K. Sutton P. Florin T.H. 2011. Mucin dynamics and enteric pathogens. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9 (4): 265-278. 10.1038/nrmicro2538 21407243
156. Medzhitov R. 2001. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1 (2): 135-145. 10.1038/35100529 11905821
157. Mickleson K.N. Moriarty K.M. 1982. Immunoglobulin levels in human colostrum and milk. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1 (3): 381-384. 10.1097/00005176-198201030-00018 7186050
158. Mirza S. Wilson L. Benjamin W.H. Jr Novak J. Barnes S. Hollingshead S.K. Briles D.E. 2011. Serine protease PrtA from Streptococcus pneumoniae plays a role in the killing of S. pneumoniae by apolactoferrin. Infect. Immun. 79 (6): 2440-2450. 10.1128/IAI.00489-10 21422179
159. Mohamed J.A. DuPont H.L. Jiang Z.D. Belkind-Gerson J. Figueroa J.F. Armitige L.Y. et al. 2007. A novel single-nucleotide polymorphism in the lactoferrin gene is associated with susceptibility to diarrhea in North American travelers to Mexico. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44 (7): 945-952. 10.1086/512199 17342646
160. Montagne P. Cuilliere M.L. Mole C. Bene M.C. Faure G. 2001. Changes in lactoferrin and lysozyme levels in human milk during the first twelve weeks of lactation. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 501: 241-247. 10.1007/978-1-4615-1371-1-30 11787687
161. Moriyama A. Shimoya K. Ogata I. Kimura T. Nakamura T. Wada H. et al. 1999. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) concentrations in cervical mucus of women with normal menstrual cycle. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 5 (7): 656-661. 10.1093/molehr/5.7.656 10381821
162. Morrison G. Kilanowski F. Davidson D. Dorin J. 2002. Characterization of the mouse beta defensin 1, Defb1, mutant mouse model. Infect. Immun. 70 (6): 3053-3060. 10.1128/IAI.70.6.3053-3060.2002 12010997
163. Moser C. Weiner D.J. Lysenko E. Bals R. Weiser J.N. Wilson J.M. 2002. beta-Defensin 1 contributes to pulmonary innate immunity in mice. Infect. Immun. 70 (6): 3068-3072. 10.1128/IAI.70.6.3068-3072.2002 12010999
164. Muller C.A. Autenrieth I.B. Peschel A. 2005. Innate defenses of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62 (12): 1297-1307. 10.1007/s00018-005-5034-2 15971105
165. Mun J.J. Tam C. Kowbel D. Hawgood S. Barnett M.J. Evans D.J. Fleiszig S.M. 2009. Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a healthy ocular surface involves surfactant protein D and is compromised by bacterial elastase in a murine null-infection model. Infect. Immun. 77 (6): 2392-2398. 10.1128/IAI.00173-09 19349424
166. Murakami M. Kudo I. 2004. Secretory phospholipase A2. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27 (8): 1158-1164. 10.1248/bpb.27.1158 15305013
167. Nagase H. Okugawa S. Ota Y. Yamaguchi M. Tomizawa H. Matsushima K. et al. 2003. Expression and function of Toll-like receptors in eosinophils: activation by Toll-like receptor 7 ligand. J. Immunol. 171 (8): 3977-3982. 14530316
168. Naot D. Grey A. Reid I.R. Cornish J. 2005. Lactoferrin- A novel bone growth factor. Clin. Med. Res. 3 (2): 93-101. 10.3121/cmr.3.2.93 16012127
169. Nash J.A. Ballard T.N. Weaver T.E. Akinbi H.T. 2006. The peptidoglycan-degrading property of lysozyme is not required for bactericidal activity in vivo. J. Immunol. 177 (1): 519-526. 16785549
170. Nevalainen T.J. Graham G.G. Scott K.F. 2008. Antibacterial actions of secreted phospholipases A2. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1781 (1-2): 1-9. 18177747
171. Newburg D.S. 1999. Human milk glycoconjugates that inhibit pathogens. Curr. Med. Chem. 6 (2): 117-127. 9927761
172. Newburg D.S. Walker W.A. 2007. Protection of the neonate by the innate immune system of developing gut and of human milk. Pediatr. Res. 61 (1): 2-8. 10.1203/01.pdr.0000250274.68571.18 17211132
173. Ng A.W. Bidani A. Heming T.A. 2004. Innate host defense of the lung: effects of lung-lining fluid pH. Lung, 182 (5): 297-317. 10.1007/s00408-004- 2511-6 15742242
174. Ni M. Evans D.J. Hawgood S. Anders E.M. Sack R.A. Fleiszig S.M. 2005. Surfactant protein D is present in human tear fluid and the cornea and inhibits epithelial cell invasion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect. Immun. 73 (4): 2147-2156. 10.1128/IAI.73.4.2147-2156.2005 15784557
175. Nikaido H. 2003. Molecular basis of bacterial outer membrane permeability revisited. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67 (4): 593-656. 10.1128/MMBR.67.4.593- 656.2003 14665678
176. Nishida M. Suda R. Nagamatsu Y. Tanabe S. Onohara N. Nakaya M. et al. 2010. Pertussis toxin up-regulates angiotensin type 1 receptors through Toll-like receptor 4-mediated Rac activation. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (20): 15268-15277. 10.1074/jbc.M109.076232 20231290
177. Nordenfelt P. Tapper H. 2011. Phagosome dynamics during phagocytosis by neutrophils. J. Leukoc. Biol. 90 (2): 271-284. 10.1189/jlb.0810457 21504950
178. Ochoa T.J. Clearly T.G. 2004. Lactoferrin disruption of bacterial type III secretion systems. Biometals, 17 (3): 257-260. 10.1023/B:BIOM.0000027701. 12965.d4 15222474
179. Ochoa T.J. Noguera-Obenza M. Ebel F. Guzman C.A. Gomez H.F. Cleary T.G. 2003. Lactoferrin impairs type III secretory system function in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 71 (9): 5149-5155. 10.1128/IAI.71.9.5149-5155. 2003 12933858
180. Oliveira R.G. Schneck E. Quinn B.E. Konovalov O.V. Brandenburg K. Gutsmann T. et al. 2010. Crucial roles of charged saccharide moieties in survival of gram negative bacteria against protamine revealed by combination of grazing incidence x-ray structural characterizations and Monte Carlo simulations. Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 81 (4): 041901. 10.1103/PhysRevE.81.041901 20481747
181. Oram J.D. Reiter B. 1968. Inhibition of bacteria by lactoferrin and other iron-chelating agents. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 170 (2): 351-365. 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90015-9 4974829
182. Ouellette A.J. 2005. Paneth cell alpha-defensins: peptide mediators of innate immunity in the small intestine. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 27 (2): 133-146. 10.1007/s00281-005-0202-x 15931529
183. Ouellette A.J. 2011. Paneth cell alpha-defensins in enteric innate immunity. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68 (13): 2215-2229. 10.1007/s00018-011-0714-6 21560070
184. Ouellette A.J. Bevins C.L. 2001. Paneth cell defensins and innate immunity of the small bowel. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 7 (1): 43-50. 10.1097/00054725-200102000-00007 11233660
185. Pacora P. Maymon E. Gervasi M.T. Gomez R. Edwin S.S. Yoon B.H. Romero R. 2000. Lactoferrin in intrauterine infection, human parturition, and rupture of fetal membranes. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 183 (4): 904-910. 10.1067/mob.2000. 108882 11035335
186. Peterson J.A. Hamosh M. Scallan C.D. Ceriani R.L. Henderson T.R. Mehta N.R. et al. 1998 a. Milk fat globule glycoproteins in human milk and in gastric aspirates of mother's milk-fed preterm infants. Pediatr. Res. 44 (4): 499-506. 10.1203/00006450-199810000-00006 9773837
187. Peterson J.A. Patton S. Hamosh M. 1998 b. Glycoproteins of the human milk fat globule in the protection of the breast-fed infant against infections. Biol. Neonate, 74 (2): 143-162. 10.1159/000014020 9691156
188. Peuravuori H. Aho V.V. Aho H.J. Collan Y. Saari K.M. 2006. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in lacrimal gland and in tears of healthy subjects. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 244 (2): 143-148. 10.1007/s00417-005-0062-z 16044323
189. Press M.F. King W.J. 1986. Distribution of peroxidase and granulocytes in the human uterus. Lab. Invest. 54 (2): 188-203. 3945052
190. Pütsep K. Carlsson G. Boman H.G. Andersson M. 2002. Deficiency of antibacterial peptides in patients with morbus Kostmann: an observation study. Lancet, 360 (9340): 1144-1149. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11201-3 12387964
191. Qiu J. Hendrixson D.R. Baker E.N. Murphy T.F. St Geme J.W. III Plaut A.G. 1998. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (21): 12641-12646. 10.1073/pnas.95.21.12641 9770539
192. Qu X.D. Lehrer R.I. 1998. Secretory phospholipase A2 is the principal bactericide for staphylococci and other gram-positive bacteria in human tears. Infect. Immun. 66 (6): 2791-2797. 9596749
193. Raphael G.D. Davis J.L. Fox P.C. Malech H.L. Gallin J.I. Baraniuk J.N. Kaliner M.A. 1989. Glandular secretion of lactoferrin in a patient with neutrophil lactoferrin deficiency. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 84 (6): 914-919. 10.1016/0091-6749(89)90389-8 2600325
194. Reitamo S. Konttinen Y.T. Segerberg-Konttinen M. 1980. Distribution of lactoferrin in human salivary glands. Histochemistry, 66 (3): 285-291. 10.1007/BF00495741 6995407
195. Riordan J.R. 2008. CFTR function and prospects for therapy. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 77 (1): 701-726. 10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142532 18304008
196. Roberts A.K. Chierici R. Sawatzki G. Hill M.J. Volpato S. Vigi V. 1992. Supplementation of an adapted formula with bovine lactoferrin: 1. Effect on the infant faecal flora. Acta Paediatr. 81 (2): 119-124. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1992. tb12186.x 1515754
197. Rogan M.P. Stoltz D.A. Hornick D.B. 2011. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator intracellular processing, trafficking, and opportunities for mutation-specific treatment. Chest, 139 (6): 1480-1490. 10.1378/chest.10- 2077 21652558
198. Roseanu A. Brock J.H. 2006. What are the structure and the biological function of lactoferrin in human breast milk? IUBMB Life, 58 (4): 235-237. 10.1080/15216540600577897 16754302
199. Rossi P. Giansanti F. Boffi A. Ajello M. Valenti P. Chiancone E. Antonini G. 2002. Ca2+ binding to bovine lactoferrin enhances protein stability and influences the release of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Biochem. Cell Biol. 80 (1): 41-48. 10.1139/o01-209 11908642
200. Sabroe I. Dower S.K. Whyte M.K. 2005. The role of Toll-like receptors in the regulation of neutrophil migration, activation, and apoptosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 (Suppl. 7): S421-S426. 10.1086/431992 16237641
201. Sack R.A. Nunes I. Beaton A. Morris C. 2001. Host-defense mechanism of the ocular surfaces. Biosci. Rep. 21 (4): 463-480. 10.1023/A:1017943826684 11900322
202. Sánchez-Gómez S. Lamata M. Leiva J. Blondelle S.E. Jerala R. Andrä J. et al. 2008. Comparative analysis of selected methods for the assessment of antimicrobial and membrane-permeabilizing activity: a case study for lactoferricin derived peptides. BMC Microbiol. 8 (1): 196. 10.1186/1471-2180-8-196 19014450
203. Sathe S. Sakata M. Beaton A.R. Sack R.A. 1998. Identification, origins and the diurnal role of the principal serine protease inhibitors in human tear fluid. Curr. Eye Res. 17 (4): 348-362. 10.1080/02713689808951215 9561826
204. Schnapp D. Harris A. 1998. Antibacterial peptides in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19 (3): 352-356. 9730862
205. Schneck E. Papp-Szabo E. Quinn B.E. Konovalov O.V. Beveridge T.J. Pink D.A. Tanaka M. 2009. Calcium ions induce collapse of charged O-side chains of lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. R. Soc. Interface, 6 (Suppl. 5): S671-S678. 10.1098/rsif.2009.0190.focus 19605401
206. Schwaab M. Gurr A. Neumann A. Dazert S. Minovi A. 2011. Human antimicrobial proteins in ear wax. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 30 (8): 997-1004. 10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2 21298458
207. Segal A.W. 2005. How neutrophils kill microbes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23 (1): 197-223. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115653 15771570
208. Sheppard F.R. Kelher M.R. Moore E.E. McLaughlin N.J. Banerjee A. Silliman C.C. 2005. Structural organization of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase: phosphorylation and translocation during priming and activation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78 (5): 1025-1042. 10.1189/jlb.0804442 16204621
209. Sherman M.P. Bennett S.H. Hwang F.F. Sherman J. Bevins C.L. 2005. Paneth cells and antibacterial host defense in neonatal small intestine. Infect. Immun. 73 (9): 6143-6146. 10.1128/IAI.73.9.6143-6146.2005 16113336
210. Shi Y. Kong W. Nakayama K. 2000. Human lactoferrin binds and removes the hemoglobin receptor protein of the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (39): 30002-30008. 10.1074/jbc.M001518200 10811640
211. Shi L. Takahashi K. Dundee J. Shahroor-Karni S. Thiel S. Jensenius J.C. et al. 2004. Mannose-binding lectin-deficient mice are susceptible to infection with Staphylococcus aureus. J. Exp. Med. 199 (10): 1379-1390. 10.1084/jem.20032207 15148336
212. Shimada J. Moon S.K. Lee H.Y. Takeshita T. Pan H. Woo J.I. et al. 2008. Lysozyme M deficiency leads to an increased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced otitis media. BMC Infect. Dis. 8 (1): 134. 10.1186/1471-2334-8-134 18842154
213. Shin K. Hayasawa H. Lönnerdal B. 2001. Purification and quantification of lactoperoxidase in human milk with use of immunoadsorbents with antibodies against recombinant human lactoperoxidase. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 73 (5): 984-989. 11333854
214. Shiohara M. Gombart A.F. Sekiguchi Y. Hidaka E. Ito S. Yamazaki T. et al. 2004. Phenotypic and functional alterations of peripheral blood monocytes in neutrophil-specific granule deficiency. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75 (2): 190-197. 10.1189/jlb.0203063 14576362
215. Si-Tahar M. Merlin D. Sitaraman S. Madara J.L. 2000. Constitutive and regulated secretion of secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor by human intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology, 118 (6): 1061-1071. 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70359-3 10833481
216. Singh P.K. 2004. Iron sequestration by human lactoferrin stimulates P. aeruginosa surface motility and blocks biofilm formation. Biometals, 17 (3): 267-270. 10.1023/B:BIOM.0000027703.77456.27 15222476
217. Singh P.K. Jia H.P. Wiles K. Hesselberth J. Liu L. Conway B.A. et al. 1998. Production of beta-defensins by human airway epithelia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (25): 14961-14966. 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14961 9843998
218. Singh P.K. Parsek M.R. Greenberg E.P. Welsh M.J. 2002. A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development. Nature, 417 (6888): 552-555. 10.1038/417552a 12037568
219. Soto E. Espinoza J. Nien J.K. Kusanovic J.P. Erez O. Richani K. et al. 2007. Human beta-defensin-2: a natural antimicrobial peptide present in amniotic fluid participates in the host response to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med. 20 (1): 15-22. 10.1080/14767050601036212 17437194
220. Spik G. Brunet B. Mazurier-Dehaine C. Fontaine G. Montreuil J. 1982. Characterization and properties of the human and bovine lactotransferrins extracted from the faeces of newborn infants. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 71 (6): 979-985. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1982.tb09560.x 6818832
221. Spik G. Coddeville B. Montreuil J. 1988. Comparative study of the primary structures of sero-, lacto-and ovotransferrin glycans from different species. Biochimie, 70 (11): 1459-1469. 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90283-0 3149515
222. Staal F.J. Sen J.M. 2008. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in lymphopoiesis and hematopoiesis. Eur. J. Immunol. 38 (7): 1788-1794. 10.1002/eji.200738118 18581335
223. Steinstraesser L. Kraneburg U. Jacobsen F. Al-Benna S. 2011. Host defense peptides and their antimicrobial-immunomodulatory duality. Immunobiology, 216 (3): 322-333. 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.07.003 20828865
224. Stephens S. Dolby J.M. Montreuil J. Spik G. 1980. Differences in inhibition of the growth of commensal and enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli by lactotransferrin and secretory immunoglobulin A isolated from human milk. Immunology, 41 (3): 597-603. 7007213
225. Suzuki Y.A. Lopez V. Lönnerdal B. 2005. Mammalian lactoferrin receptors: structure and function. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62 (22): 2560-2575. 10.1007/s00018-005-5371-1 16261254
226. Takayama Y. Takezawa T. 2006. Lactoferrin promotes collagen gel contractile activity of fibroblasts mediated by lipoprotein receptors. Biochem. Cell Biol. 84 (3): 268-274. 10.1139/o06-041 16936796
227. Takayama Y. Takahashi H. Mizumachi K. Takezawa T. 2003. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is required for lactoferrin-enhanced collagen gel contractile activity of human fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (24): 22112-22118. 10.1074/jbc.M300894200 12672816
228. Tang L. Wu J.J. Ma Q. Cui T. Andreopoulos F.M. Gil J. et al. 2010. Human lactoferrin stimulates skin keratinocyte function and wound re- epithelialization. Br. J. Dermatol. 163 (1): 38-47. 20222924
229. Tedeschi A. Tuccari G. Magazzu G. Arena F. Ricciardi R. Barresi G. 1987. Immunohistochemical localization of lactoferrin in duodenojejunal mucosa from celiac children. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 6 (3): 328-334. 10.1097/00005176-198705000-00004 3323437
230. Tenovuo J. Grahn E. Lehtonen O.P. Hyyppa T. Karhuvaara L. Vilja P. 1987. Antimicrobial factors in saliva: ontogeny and relation to oral health. J. Dent. Res. 66 (2): 475-479. 10.1177/00220345870660021501 3040824
231. Thompson R.C. Ohlsson K. 1986. Isolation, properties, and complete amino acid sequence of human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, a potent inhibitor of leukocyte elastase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (18): 6692-6696. 10.1073/pnas.83.18.6692 3462719
232. Thompson A.B. Bohling T. Payvandi F. Rennard S.I. 1990. Lower respiratory tract lactoferrin and lysozyme arise primarily in the airways and are elevated in association with chronic bronchitis. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 115 (2): 148-158. 2299262
233. Travis S.M. Conway B.A. Zabner J. Smith J.J. Anderson N.N. Singh P.K. et al. 1999. Activity of abundant antimicrobials of the human airway. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 20 (5): 872-879. 10226057
234. Troost F.J. Saris W.H. Brummer R.J. 2002. Orally ingested human lactoferrin is digested and secreted in the upper gastrointestinal tract in vivo in women with ileostomies. J. Nutr. 132 (9): 2597-2600. 12221215
235. Tsuji S. Uehori J. Matsumoto M. Suzuki Y. Matsuhisa A. Toyoshima K. Seya T. 2001. Human intelectin is a novel soluble lectin that recognizes galactofuranose in carbohydrate chains of bacterial cell wall. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (26): 23456-23463. 10.1074/jbc.M103162200 11313366
236. Tsuji S. Yamashita M. Hoffman D.R. Nishiyama A. Shinohara T. Ohtsu T. Shibata Y. 2009. Capture of heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin by intelectin-1 deposited on cell surfaces. Glycobiology, 19 (5): 518-526. 10.1093/glycob/cwp013 19179460
237. Turchany J.M. Aley S.B. Gillin F.D. 1995. Giardicidal activity of lactoferrin and N-terminal peptides. Infect. Immun. 63 (11): 4550-4552. 7591103
238. Valore E.V. Park C.H. Igreti S.L. Ganz T. 2002. Antimicrobial components of vaginal fluid. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 187 (3): 561-568. 10.1067/mob.2002. 125280 12237628
239. Valore E.V. Wiley D.J. Ganz T. 2006. Reversible deficiency of antimicrobial polypeptides in bacterial vaginosis. Infect. Immun. 74 (10): 5693-5702. 10.1128/IAI.00524-06 16988245
240. van der Strate B.W. Beljaars L. Molema G. Harmsen M.C. Meijer D.K. 2001. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Res. 52 (3): 225-239. 10.1016/S0166-3542(01)00195-4 11675140
241. van der Waaij L.A. Limburg P.C. Mesander G. van der Waaij D. 1996. In vivo IgA coating of anaerobic bacteria in human faeces. Gut, 38 (3): 348-354. 10.1136/gut.38.3.348 8675085
242. van Egmond M. Damen C.A. van Spriel A.B. Vidarsson G. van Garderen E. van de Winkel J.G. 2001. IgA and the IgA Fc receptor. Trends Immunol. 22 (4): 205-211. 10.1016/S1471-4906(01)01873-7 11274926
243. Velliyagounder K. Kaplan J.B. Furgang D. Legarda D. Diamond G. Parkin R.E. Fine D.H. 2003. One of two human lactoferrin variants exhibits increased antibacterial and transcriptional activation activities and is associated with localized juvenile periodontitis. Infect. Immun. 71 (11): 6141-6147. 10.1128/IAI.71.11.6141-6147.2003 14573629
244. Venkataraman N. Cole A.L. Svoboda P. Pohl J. Cole A.M. 2005. Cationic polypeptides are required for anti-HIV-1 activity of human vaginal fluid. J. Immunol. 175 (11): 7560-7567. 16301665
245. Viejo-Díaz M. Andŕs M.T. Fierro J.F. 2004. Modulation of in vitro fungicidal activity of human lactoferrin against Candida albicans by extracellular cation concentration and target cell metabolic activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 (4): 1242-1248. 10.1128/AAC.48.4.1242-1248.2004 15047526
246. Visca P. Berlutti F. Vittorioso P. Dalmastri C. Thaller M.C. Valenti P. 1989. Growth and adsorption of Streptococcus mutans 6715-13 to hydroxyapatite in the presence of lactoferrin. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.), 178 (2): 69-79. 10.1007/BF00203302 2733635
247. Visca P. Dalmastri C. Verzili D. Antonini G. Chiancone E. Valenti P. 1990. Interaction of lactoferrin with Escherichia coli cells and correlation with antibacterial activity. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.), 179 (6): 323-333. 10.1007/BF00189610 2093835
248. Vogelmeier C. Hubbard R.C. Fells G.A. Schnebli H.P. Thompson R.C. Fritz H. Crystal R.G. 1991. Anti-neutrophil elastase defense of the normal human respiratory epithelial surface provided by the secretory leukoprotease inhibitor. J. Clin. Invest. 87 (2): 482-488. 10.1172/JCI115021 1671391
249. Wakabayashi H. Yamauchi K. Kobayashi T. Yaeshima T. Iwatsuki K. Yoshie H. 2009. Inhibitory effects of lactoferrin on growth and biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53 (8): 3308-3316. 10.1128/AAC.01688-08 19451301
250. Wang M. Liu L.H. Wang S. Li X. Lu X. Gupta D. Dziarski R. 2007 a. Human peptidoglycan recognition proteins require zinc to kill both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and are synergistic with antibacterial peptides. J. Immunol. 178 (5): 3116-3125. 17312159
251. Wang Z. Widgren E.E. Richardson R.T. O'Rand M.G. 2007 b. Characterization of an eppin protein complex from human semen and spermatozoa. Biol. Reprod. 77 (3): 476-484. 10.1095/biolreprod.107.060194 17567961
252. Wang G. Li X. Wang Z. 2009. APD2: the updated antimicrobial peptide database and its application in peptide design. Nucleic Acids Res. 37: D933-D937. 10.1093/nar/gkn823 18957441
253. Ward P.P. Conneely O.M. 2004. Lactoferrin: role in iron homeostasis and host defense against microbial infection. Biometals, 17 (3): 203-208. 10.1023/B:BIOM.0000027693.60932.26 15222466
254. Ward P.P. Mendoza-Meneses M. Cunningham G.A. Conneely O.M. 2003. Iron status in mice carrying a targeted disruption of lactoferrin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (1): 178-185. 10.1128/MCB.23.1.178-185.2003 12482971
255. Ward P.P. Mendoza-Meneses M. Park P.W. Conneely O.M. 2008. Stimulus-dependent impairment of the neutrophil oxidative burst response in lactoferrin-deficient mice. Am. J. Pathol. 172 (4): 1019-1029. 10.2353/ajpath.2008.061145 18321995
256. Weinberg E.D. 2009. Iron availability and infection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1790 (7): 600-605. 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.07.002 18675317
257. Weinrauch Y. Foreman A. Shu C. Zarember K. Levy O. Elsbach P. Weiss J. 1995. Extracellular accumulation of potently microbicidal bactericidal/ permeability-increasing protein and p15s in an evolving sterile rabbit peritoneal inflammatory exudate. J. Clin. Invest. 95 (4): 1916-1924. 10.1172/JCI117873 7706499
258. Weiser J.N. Bae D. Fasching C. Scamurra R.W. Ratner A.J. Janoff E.N. 2003. Antibody-enhanced pneumococcal adherence requires IgA1 protease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (7): 4215-4220. 10.1073/pnas.0637469100 12642661
259. White M.R. Helmerhorst E.J. Ligtenberg A. Karpel M. Tecle T. Siqueira W.L. et al. 2009. Multiple components contribute to ability of saliva to inhibit influenza viruses. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 24 (1): 18-24. 10.1111/j.1399-302X. 2008.00468.x 19121065
260. Wiesner J. Vilcinskas A. 2010. Antimicrobial peptides: the ancient arm of the human immune system. Virulence, 1 (5): 440-464. 10.4161/viru.1.5.12983 21178486
261. Wijkstrom-Frei C. El-Chemaly S. Ali-Rachedi R. Gerson C. Cobas M.A. Forteza R. et al. 2003. Lactoperoxidase and human airway host defense. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 29 (2): 206-212. 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0152OC 12626341
262. Wilson C.L. Ouellette A.J. Satchell D.P. Ayabe T. Lopez-Boado Y.S. Stratman J.L. et al. 1999. Regulation of intestinal alpha-defensin activation by the metalloproteinase matrilysin in innate host defense. Science, 286 (5437): 113-117. 10.1126/science.286.5437.113 10506557
263. Witko-Sarsat V. Rieu P. Descamps-Latscha B. Lesavre P. Halbwachs-Mecarelli L. 2000. Neutrophils: molecules, functions and pathophysiological aspects. Lab. Invest. 80 (5): 617-653. 10.1038/labinvest. 3780067 10830774
264. Wrackmeyer U. Hansen G.H. Seya T. Danielsen E.M. 2006. Intelectin: a novel lipid raft-associated protein in the enterocyte brush border. Biochemistry, 45 (30): 9188-9197. 10.1021/bi060570x 16866365
265. Wu M. McClellan S.A. Barrett R.P. Hazlett L.D. 2009 a. Beta-defensin-2 promotes resistance against infection with P. aeruginosa. J. Immunol. 182 (3): 1609-1616. 19155510
266. Wu M. McClellan S.A. Barrett R.P. Zhang Y. Hazlett L.D. 2009 b. Beta-defensins 2 and 3 together promote resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. J. Immunol. 183 (12): 8054-8060. 10.4049/jimmunol.0902140 19933858
267. Wu Y.M. Juo S.H. Ho Y.P. Ho K.Y. Yang Y.H. Tsai C.C. 2009 c. Association between lactoferrin gene polymorphisms and aggressive periodontitis among Taiwanese patients. J. Periodontal Res. 44 (3): 418-424. 10.1111/j.1600-0765. 2008.01120.x 18973542
268. Yamanaka R. Barlow C. Lekstrom-Himes J. Castilla L.H. Liu P.P. Eckhaus M. et al. 1997. Impaired granulopoiesis, myelodysplasia, and early lethality in CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (24): 13187-13192. 10.1073/pnas.94.24.13187 9371821
269. Yan H. Hancock R.E. 2001. Synergistic interactions between mammalian antimicrobial defense peptides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 (5): 1558-1560. 10.1128/AAC.45.5.1558-1560.2001 11302828
270. Yeaman M.R. Yount N.Y. 2003. Mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance. Pharmacol. Rev. 55 (1): 27-55. 10.1124/pr.55.1.2 12615953
271. Zarember K.A. Sugui J.A. Chang Y.C. Kwon-Chung K.J. Gallin J.I. 2007. Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus conidial growth by lactoferrin-mediated iron depletion. J. Immunol. 178 (10): 6367-6373. 17475866
272. Zasloff M. 2002. Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature, 415 (6870): 389-395. 10.1038/415389a 11807545
273. Zhou L. Huang L.Q. Beuerman R.W. Grigg M.E. Li S.F. Chew F.T. et al. 2004. Proteomic analysis of human tears: defensin expression after ocular surface surgery. J. Proteome Res. 3 (3): 410-416. 10.1021/pr034065n 15253421
274. Zilberberg A. Yaniv A. Gazit A. 2004. The low density lipoprotein receptor-1, LRP1, interacts with the human frizzled-1 (HFz1) and down-regulates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (17): 17535-17542. 10.1074/jbc.M311292200 14739301