Role of lactoferrin in the tear film

Biochimie

Volumn 91, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 35-43

  Flanagan, J L ^a   Willcox, M D P ^a,b  

^a BRIEN HOLDEN VISION INSTITUTE   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES   (Australia)

Author keywords

Contact lens; Lactoferrin; Microbial keratitis; Tears

Indexed keywords

IRON; LACTOFERRIN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE;

ACANTHAMOEBA; ADENOVIRUS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BIOFILM; CONTACT LENS; DRUG INHIBITION; DRY EYE; HOST CELL; MICROBIAL GROWTH; REVIEW; TEAR FILM; VIRUS KERATITIS;

ANIMALS; BIOFILMS; HUMANS; KERATITIS; LACTOFERRIN; TEARS;

ADENOVIRIDAE;

EID: 58149131710     PISSN: 03009084     EISSN: 61831638     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.07.007     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Holly F.J. Tear film physiology. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 27 (1987) 2-6
2. Tiffany J.M. Composition and biophysical properties of the tear film: knowledge and uncertainty. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 350 (1994) 231-238
3. Holly F.J. Tear film physiology. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 57 (1980) 252-257
4. Kuizenga A. Identification and Characterization of Proteins in Human Tear Fluid (1992), Netherlands Ophthalmic Research Institute, Amsterdam
5. Chandler J.W., and Gillette T.E. Immunologic defense mechanisms of the ocular surface. Ophthalmology 90 (1983) 585-591
6. Masson P.L., Heremans J.F., and Dive C. Studies of the proteins of secretions from two villous tumours of the rectum. Gastroenterologia 105 (1966) 270-282
7. Jensen O.L., Gluud B.S., and Birgens H.S. The concentration of lactoferrin in tears during post-operative ocular inflammation. Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh.) 63 (1985) 341-345
8. Gillette T.E., and Allansmith M.R. Lactoferrin in human ocular tissues. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 90 (1980) 30-37
9. Pinard C.L., Weiss M.L., Brightman A.H., Fenwick B.W., and Davidson H.J. Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. Am. J. Vet. Res. 64 (2003) 104-108
10. Hemsley S., Cole N., Canfield P., and Willcox M.D. Protein microanalysis of animal tears. Res. Vet. Sci. 68 (2000) 207-209
11. Boonstra A., and Kijlstra A. Guinea pig tears contain lactoferrin and transferrin. Curr. Eye Res. 6 (1987) 1115-1123
12. Kijlstra A., Jeurissen S.H., and Koning K.M. Lactoferrin levels in normal human tears. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 67 (1983) 199-202
13. Janssen P.T., and van Bijsterveld O.P. A simple test for lacrimal gland function: a tear lactoferrin assay by radial immunodiffusion. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 220 (1983) 171-174
14. Jensen O.L., Gluud B.S., and Birgens H.S. The concentration of lactoferrin in tears of normals and of diabetics. Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh.) 64 (1986) 83-87
15. Rapacz P., Tedesco J., Donshik P.C., and Ballow M. Tear lysozyme and lactoferrin levels in giant papillary conjunctivitis and vernal conjunctivitis. CLAO J. 14 (1988) 207-209
16. Velasco Cabrera M., Sanchez J., and Rodriguez F. Lactoferrin in tears in contact lens wearers. CLAO J. 23 (1997) 127-129
17. Comerie-Smith S.E., Nunez J., Hosmer M., and Farris R.L. Tear lactoferrin levels and ocular bacterial flora in HIV positive patients. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 350 (1994) 339-344
18. Mackie I.A., and Seal D.V. Diagnostic implications of tear protein profiles. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 68 (1984) 321-324
19. Boukes R.J., Boonstra A., Breebaart A.C., Reits D., Glasius E., Luyendyk L., and Kijlstra A. Analysis of human tear protein profiles using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Doc. Ophthalmol. 67 (1987) 105-113
20. Kijlstra A. The role of lactoferrin in the nonspecific immune response on the ocular surface. Reg. Immunol. 3 (1990) 193-197
21. Tsung P.K., Hong B.S., Holly F.J., and Gordon Jr. W. Decrease of lactoferrin concentration in the tears of myotonic muscular dystrophy patients. Clin. Chim. Acta. 134 (1983) 213-219
22. Ballow M., Donshik P.C., Rapacz P., and Samartino L. Tear lactoferrin levels in patients with external inflammatory ocular disease. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 28 (1987) 543-545
23. Seal D.V. The effect of ageing and disease on tear constituents. Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. U.K. 104 Pt 4 (1985) 355-362
24. Abe T., Nakajima A., Matsunaga M., Sakuragi S., and Komatsu M. Decreased tear lactoferrin concentration in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 83 (1999) 684-687
25. Daniel E., Duriasamy M., Ebenezer G.J., and ShobhanaJob C.K. Elevated free tear lactoferrin levels in leprosy are associated with Type 2 reactions. Indian J. Ophthalmol. 52 (2004) 51-56
26. Santagati M.G., La Terra Mule S., Amico C., Pistone M., Rusciano D., and Enea V. Lactoferrin expression by bovine ocular surface epithelia: a primary cell culture model to study lactoferrin gene promoter activity. Ophthalmic Res. 37 (2005) 270-278
27. Tsai P.S., Evans J.E., Green K.M., Sullivan R.M., Schaumberg D.A., Richards S.M., Dana M.R., and Sullivan D.A. Proteomic analysis of human meibomian gland secretions. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 90 (2006) 372-377
28. Molloy M.P., Bolis S., Herbert B.R., Ou K., Tyler M.I., van Dyk D.D., Willcox M.D., Gooley A.A., Williams K.L., Morris C.A., and Walsh B.J. Establishment of the human reflex tear two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reference map: new proteins of potential diagnostic value. Electrophoresis 18 (1997) 2811-2815
29. Sack R.A., Tan K.O., and Tan A. Diurnal tear cycle: evidence for a nocturnal inflammatory constitutive tear fluid. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33 (1992) 626-640
30. Fullard R.J., and Snyder C. Protein levels in nonstimulated and stimulated tears of normal human subjects. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31 (1990) 1119-1126
31. Willcox M.D., Morris C.A., Thakur A., Sack R.A., Wickson J., and Boey W. Complement and complement regulatory proteins in human tears. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 38 (1997) 1-8
32. Sack R.A., Beaton A., Sathe S., Morris C., Willcox M., and Bogart B. Towards a closed eye model of the pre-ocular tear layer. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 19 (2000) 649-668
33. Pedersen A.M., and Nauntofte B. Primary Sjogren's syndrome: oral aspects on pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, clinical features and approaches for therapy. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2 (2001) 1415-1436
34. D.W. Lamberts, Dry Eyes, Cornea, Little, Brown, Boston, MA, 1983, pp. 293.
35. Vitali C., Moutsopoulos H.M., and Bombardieri S. The European Community Study Group on diagnostic criteria for Sjogren's syndrome. Sensitivity and specificity of tests for ocular and oral involvement in Sjogren's syndrome. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 53 (1994) 637-647
36. Glasson M.J., Stapleton F., Keay L., Sweeney D., and Willcox M.D. Differences in clinical parameters and tear film of tolerant and intolerant contact lens wearers. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (2003) 5116-5124
37. Ohashi Y., Ishida R., Kojima T., Goto E., Matsumoto Y., Watanabe K., Ishida N., Nakata K., Takeuchi T., and Tsubota K. Abnormal protein profiles in tears with dry eye syndrome. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 136 (2003) 291-299
38. Kuizenga A., van Haeringen N.J., and Kijlstra A. Inhibition of hydroxyl radical formation by human tears. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 28 (1987) 305-313
39. Augustin A.J., Spitznas M., Kaviani N., Meller D., Koch F.H., Grus F., and Gobbels M.J. Oxidative reactions in the tear fluid of patients suffering from dry eyes. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 233 (1995) 694-698
40. Danjo Y., Lee M., Horimoto K., and Hamano T. Ocular surface damage and tear lactoferrin in dry eye syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol. (Copenh.) 72 (1994) 433-437
41. Da Dalt S., Moncada A., Priori R., Valesini G., and Pivetti-Pezzi P. The lactoferrin tear test in the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 6 (1996) 284-286
42. Mainstone J.C., Bruce A.S., and Golding T.R. Tear meniscus measurement in the diagnosis of dry eye. Curr. Eye Res. 15 (1996) 653-661
43. Glasson M.J., Stapleton F., Keay L., and Willcox M.D. The effect of short term contact lens wear on the tear film and ocular surface characteristics of tolerant and intolerant wearers. Cont. Lens Anterior Eye 29 (2006) 41-47 (quiz 49)
44. Carney F.P., Morris C.A., and Willcox M.D. Effect of hydrogel lens wear on the major tear proteins during extended wear. Aust. N.Z.J. Ophthalmol. 25 Suppl 1 (1997) S36-S38
45. Terry R.L., Schnider C.M., Holden B.A., Cornish R., Grant T., Sweeney D., La Hood D., and Back A. CCLRU standards for success of daily and extended wear contact lenses. Optom. Vis. Sci. 70 (1993) 234-243
46. Sweeney D.F., Du Toit R., Keay L., Jalbert I., Sankaridurg P.R., Stern J., Skotnitsky C., Stephenson A., Covey M., Holden B.A., and Rao G.N. Clinical performance of silicone hydrogel lenses. In: Sweeney D.F. (Ed). Silicone Hydrogels - Continuous Wear Contact Lenses (2004), Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK 164-216
47. Sankaridurg P.R., Sweeney D.F., Sharma S., Gora R., Naduvilath T., Ramachandran L., Holden B.A., and Rao G.N. Adverse events with extended wear of disposable hydrogels: results for the first 13 months of lens wear. Ophthalmology 106 (1999) 1671-1680
48. Choy C.K., Cho P., Benzie I.F., and Ng V. Effect of one overnight wear of orthokeratology lenses on tear composition. Optom. Vis. Sci. 81 (2004) 414-420
49. Leahy C.D., Mandell R.B., and Lin S.T. Initial in vivo tear protein deposition on individual hydrogel contact lenses. Optom. Vis. Sci. 67 (1990) 504-511
50. Baguet J., Sommer F., Claudon-Eyl V., and Duc T.M. Characterization of lacrymal component accumulation on worn soft contact lens surfaces by atomic force microscopy. Biomaterials 16 (1995) 3-9
51. Kidane A., Szabocsik J.M., and Park K. Accelerated study on lysozyme deposition on poly(HEMA) contact lenses. Biomaterials 19 (1998) 2051-2055
52. Green-Church K.B., and Nichols J.J. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses of contact lens deposition. Mol. Vis. 14 (2008) 291-297
53. McArthur S.L., McLean K.M., St John H.A., and Griesser H.J. XPS and surface-MALDI-MS characterisation of worn HEMA-based contact lenses. Biomaterials 22 (2001) 3295-3304
54. Levay P.F., and Viljoen M. Lactoferrin: a general review. Haematologica 80 (1995) 252-267
55. Querinjean P., Masson P.L., and Heremans J.F. Molecular weight, single-chain structure and amino acid composition of human lactoferrin. Eur. J. Biochem. 20 (1971) 420-425
56. Steijns J.M., and van Hooijdonk A.C. Occurrence, structure, biochemical properties and technological characteristics of lactoferrin. Br. J. Nutr. 84 Suppl 1 (2000) S11-S17
57. Baker E.N., Anderson B.F., Baker H.M., Day C.L., Haridas M., Norris G.E., Rumball S.V., Smith C.A., and Thomas D.H. Three-dimensional structure of lactoferrin in various functional states. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 357 (1994) 1-12
58. Lonnerdal B., and Iyer S. Lactoferrin: molecular structure and biological function. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 15 (1995) 93-110
59. Makino Y., and Nishimura S. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of human apolactoferrin and monoferric and diferric lactoferrins. J. Chromatogr 579 (1992) 346-349
60. Yu R.H., and Schryvers A.B. Bacterial lactoferrin receptors: insights from characterizing the Moraxella bovis receptors. Biochem. Cell Biol. 80 (2002) 81-90
61. Bullen J.J., Leigh L.C., and Rogers H.J. The effect of iron compounds on the virulence of Escherichia coli for guinea-pigs. Immunology 15 (1968) 581-588
62. Schryvers A.B. Characterization of the human transferrin and lactoferrin receptors in Haemophilus influenzae. Mol. Microbiol. 2 (1988) 467-472
63. Oram J.D., and Reiter B. Inhibition of bacteria by lactoferrin and other iron-chelating agents. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 170 (1968) 351-365
64. Leitch E.C., and Willcox M.D. Lactoferrin increases the susceptibility of S. epidermidis biofilms to lysozyme and vancomycin. Curr. Eye Res. 19 (1999) 12-19
65. Vorland L.H. Lactoferrin: a multifunctional glycoprotein. APMIS 107 (1999) 971-981
66. Ling J.M., and Schryvers A.B. Perspectives on interactions between lactoferrin and bacteria. Biochem. Cell Biol. 84 (2006) 275-281
67. Appelmelk B.J., An Y.Q., Geerts M., Thijs B.G., de Boer H.A., MacLaren D.M., de Graaff J., and Nuijens J.H. Lactoferrin is a lipid A-binding protein. Infect. Immun. 62 (1994) 2628-2632
68. Bellamy W., Takase M., Yamauchi K., Wakabayashi H., Kawase K., and Tomita M. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1121 (1992) 130-136
69. Bellamy W., Wakabayashi H., Takase M., Kawase K., Shimamura S., and Tomita M. Killing of Candida albicans by lactoferricin B, a potent antimicrobial peptide derived from the N-terminal region of bovine lactoferrin. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 182 (1993) 97-105
70. Isamida T., Tanaka T., Omata Y., Yamauchi K., Shimazaki K., and Saito A. Protective effect of lactoferricin against Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60 (1998) 241-244
71. Omata Y., Satake M., Maeda R., Saito A., Shimazaki K., Yamauchi K., Uzuka Y., Tanabe S., Sarashina T., and Mikami T. Reduction of the infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria stiedai sporozoites by treatment with bovine lactoferricin. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 63 (2001) 187-190
72. Orsi N. The antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin: current status and perspectives. Biometals 17 (2004) 189-196
73. Wakabayashi H., Abe S., Okutomi T., Tansho S., Kawase K., and Yamaguchi H. Cooperative anti-Candida effects of lactoferrin or its peptides in combination with azole antifungal agents. Microbiol. Immunol. 40 (1996) 821-825
74. Wakabayashi H., Okutomi T., Abe S., Hayasawa H., Tomita M., and Yamaguchi H. Enhanced anti-Candida activity of neutrophils and azole antifungal agents in the presence of lactoferrin-related compounds. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 443 (1998) 229-237
75. Wakabayashi H., Teraguchi S., and Tamura Y. Increased Staphylococcus-killing activity of an antimicrobial peptide, lactoferricin B, with minocycline and monoacylglycerol. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 66 (2002) 2161-2167
76. Wakabayashi H., Uchida K., Yamauchi K., Teraguchi S., Hayasawa H., and Yamaguchi H. Lactoferrin given in food facilitates dermatophytosis cure in guinea pig models. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 46 (2000) 595-602
77. Gado I., Erdei J., Laszlo V.G., Paszti J., Czirok E., Kontrohr T., Toth I., Forsgren A., and Naidu A.S. Correlation between human lactoferrin binding and colicin susceptibility in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 35 (1991) 2538-2543
78. Leitch E.C., and Willcox M.D. Synergic antistaphylococcal properties of lactoferrin and lysozyme. J. Med. Microbiol. 47 (1998) 837-842
79. Leitch E.C., and Willcox M.D. Elucidation of the antistaphylococcal action of lactoferrin and lysozyme. J. Med. Microbiol. 48 (1999) 867-871
80. Wilson M.E., and Britigan B.E. Iron acquisition by parasitic protozoa. Parasitol. Today 14 (1998) 348-353
81. Cowell B.A., Willcox M.D., and Schneider R.P. Growth of gram-negative bacteria in a simulated ocular environment. Aust. N.Z.J. Ophthalmol. 25 Suppl 1 (1997) S23-S26
82. Kim W.S., Ohashi M., Tanaka T., Kumura H., Kim G.Y., Kwon I.K., Goh J.S., and Shimazaki K. Growth-promoting effects of lactoferrin on L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. Biometals 17 (2004) 279-283
83. Naidu A.S., Andersson M., and Forsgren A. Identification of a human lactoferrin-binding protein in Staphylococcus aureus. J. Med. Microbiol. 36 (1992) 177-183
84. Naidu A.S., Miedzobrodzki J., Andersson M., Nilsson L.E., Forsgren A., and Watts J.L. Bovine lactoferrin binding to six species of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine intramammary infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28 (1990) 2312-2319
85. Cornelissen C.N., Kelley M., Hobbs M.M., Anderson J.E., Cannon J.G., Cohen M.S., and Sparling P.F. The transferrin receptor expressed by gonococcal strain FA1090 is required for the experimental infection of human male volunteers. Mol. Microbiol. 27 (1998) 611-616
86. Bonnah R.A., and Schryvers A.B. Preparation and characterization of Neisseria meningitidis mutants deficient in production of the human lactoferrin-binding proteins LbpA and LbpB. J. Bacteriol. 180 (1998) 3080-3090
87. Bonnah R.A., Wong H., Loosmore S.M., and Schryvers A.B. Characterization of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis lbpB, lbpA, and lactoferrin receptor orf3 isogenic mutants. Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 1517-1520
88. Quinn M.L., Weyer S.J., Lewis L.A., Dyer D.W., and Wagner P.M. Insertional inactivation of the gene for the meningococcal lactoferrin binding protein. Microb. Pathog. 17 (1994) 227-237
89. Williams T., Schneider R., and Willcox M. Interactions of bacteria with contact lenses. The effect of soluble proteins and sugars on bacterial adhesion to contact lenses. Optom. Vis. Sci. 75 (1998) 266-271
90. Williams T.J., Schneider R.P., and Willcox M.D. The effect of protein-coated contact lenses on the adhesion and viability of gram negative bacteria. Curr. Eye Res. 27 (2003) 227-235
91. Singh P.K., Parsek M.R., Greenberg E.P., and Welsh M.J. A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development. Nature 417 (2002) 552-555
92. Norose K., Yano A., Zhang X.M., Blankenhorn E., and Heber-Katz E. Mapping of genes involved in murine herpes simplex virus keratitis: identification of genes and their modifiers. J. Virol. 76 (2002) 3502-3510
93. Kaufman H.E., Azcuy A.M., Varnell E.D., Sloop G.D., Thompson H.W., and Hill J.M. HSV-1 DNA in tears and saliva of normal adults. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (2005) 241-247
94. Valenti P., and Antonini G. Lactoferrin: an important host defence against microbial and viral attack. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62 (2005) 2576-2587
95. Keijser S., Jager M.J., Dogterom-Ballering H.C., Schoonderwoerd D.T., de Keizer R.J., Krose C.J., Houwing-Duistermaat J.J., van der Plas M.J., van Dissel J.T., and Nibbering P.H. Lactoferrin Glu561Asp polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to herpes simplex keratitis. Exp. Eye Res. 86 (2008) 105-109
96. Harmsen M.C., Swart P.J., de Bethune M.P., Pauwels R., De Clercq E., The T.H., and Meijer D.K. Antiviral effects of plasma and milk proteins: lactoferrin shows potent activity against both human immunodeficiency virus and human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. J. Infect. Dis. 172 (1995) 380-388
97. Hasegawa K., Motsuchi W., Tanaka S., and Dosako S. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 47 (1994) 73-85
98. Marchetti M., Longhi C., Conte M.P., Pisani S., Valenti P., and Seganti L. Lactoferrin inhibits herpes simplex virus type 1 adsorption to Vero cells. Antiviral Res. 29 (1996) 221-231
99. Valenti P., Berlutti F., Conte M.P., Longhi C., and Seganti L. Lactoferrin functions: current status and perspectives. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 38 (2004) S127-S129
100. Johansson C., Jonsson M., Marttila M., Persson D., Fan X.L., Skog J., Frangsmyr L., Wadell G., and Arnberg N. Adenoviruses use lactoferrin as a bridge for CAR-independent binding to and infection of epithelial cells. J. Virol. 81 (2007) 954-963
101. Pietrantoni A., Di Biase A.M., Tinari A., Marchetti M., Valenti P., Seganti L., and Superti F. Bovine lactoferrin inhibits adenovirus infection by interacting with viral structural polypeptides. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 47 (2003) 2688-2691
102. Ford E., Nelson K.E., and Warren D. Epidemiology of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Epidemiol. Rev. 9 (1987) 244-261
103. Alsam S., Jeong S.R., Dudley R., and Khan N.A. Role of human tear fluid in Acanthamoeba interactions with the human corneal epithelial cells. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 298 (2008) 329-336
104. Caccavo D., Pellegrino N.M., Altamura M., Rigon A., Amati L., Amoroso A., and Jirillo E. Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions of lactoferrin and its potential therapeutic application. J. Endotoxin. Res. 8 (2002) 403-417
105. Patrizia P., Piera V., and Sandra G. Immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrin on antigen presenting cells. Biochimie (2008) [Epub ahead of print]
106. Kievits F., and Kijlstra A. Inhibition of C3 deposition on solid-phase bound immune complexes by lactoferrin. Immunology 54 (1985) 449-456
107. Veerhuis R., and Kijlstra A. Inhibition of hemolytic complement activity by lactoferrin in tears. Exp. Eye Res. 34 (1982) 257-265
108. Samuelsen O., Haukland H.H., Ulvatne H., and Vorland L.H. Anti-complement effects of lactoferrin-derived peptides. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 41 (2004) 141-148
109. Stern M.E., Beuerman R.W., Fox R.I., Gao J., Mircheff A.K., and Pflugfelder S.C. The pathology of dry eye: the interaction between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands. Cornea 17 (1998) 584-589
110. Baveye S., Elass E., Fernig D.G., Blanquart C., Mazurier J., and Legrand D. Human lactoferrin interacts with soluble CD14 and inhibits expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, E-selectin and ICAM-1, induced by the CD14-lipopolysaccharide complex. Infect. Immun. 68 (2000) 6519-6525
111. Gao J., Morgan G., Tieu D., Schwalb T.A., Luo J.Y., Wheeler L.A., and Stern M.E. ICAM-1 expression predisposes ocular tissues to immune-based inflammation in dry eye patients and Sjogrens syndrome-like MRL/lpr mice. Exp. Eye Res. 78 (2004) 823-835
112. Blais D.R., Vascotto S.G., Griffith M., and Altosaar I. LBP and CD14 secreted in tears by the lacrimal glands modulate the LPS response of corneal epithelial cells. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46 (2005) 4235-4244
113. Rehan A., Johnson K.J., Wiggins R.C., Kunkel R.G., and Ward P.A. Evidence for the role of oxygen radicals in acute nephrotoxic nephritis. Lab. Invest. 51 (1984) 396-403
114. Bowern N., Ramshaw I.A., Clark I.A., and Doherty P.C. Inhibition of autoimmune neuropathological process by treatment with an iron-chelating agent. J. Exp. Med. 160 (1984) 1532-1543
115. Shimmura S., Shimoyama M., Hojo M., Urayama K., and Tsubota K. Reoxygenation injury in a cultured corneal epithelial cell line protected by the uptake of lactoferrin. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39 (1998) 1346-1351
116. Katoh S., Toyama J., Kodama I., Kamiya K., Akita T., and Abe T. Protective action of iron-chelating agents (catechol, mimosine, deferoxamine, and kojic acid) against ischemia-reperfusion injury of isolated neonatal rabbit hearts. Eur. Surg. Res. 24 (1992) 349-355
117. Voogd A., Sluiter W., van Eijk H.G., and Koster J.F. Low molecular weight iron and the oxygen paradox in isolated rat hearts. J. Clin. Invest. 90 (1992) 2050-2055
118. Shimmura S., Suematsu M., Shimoyama M., Tsubota K., Oguchi Y., and Ishimura Y. Subthreshold UV radiation-induced peroxide formation in cultured corneal epithelial cells: the protective effects of lactoferrin. Exp. Eye Res. 63 (1996) 519-526
119. McClellan K.A. Mucosal defense of the outer eye. Surv. Ophthalmol. 42 (1997) 233-246
120. Blake D.R., Hall N.D., Bacon P.A., Dieppe P.A., Halliwell B., and Gutteridge J.M. Effect of a specific iron chelating agent on animal models of inflammation. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 42 (1983) 89-93
121. Britigan B.E., Hayek M.B., Doebbeling B.N., and Fick Jr. R.B. Transferrin and lactoferrin undergo proteolytic cleavage in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. Infect. Immun. 61 (1993) 5049-5055
122. Britigan B.E., and Edeker B.L. Pseudomonas and neutrophil products modify transferrin and lactoferrin to create conditions that favor hydroxyl radical formation. J. Clin. Invest. 88 (1991) 1092-1102