Happiness at Work: Maximizing Your Psychological Capital For Success

Happiness at Work: Maximizing Your Psychological Capital For Success

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Pryce Jones, Jessica ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84860448682     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470666845     Document Type: Book

References (389)

1. p. 2 "Get promoted faster..." (Boehm, J.K., & Lyubomirsky, S., 2008. Does happiness promote career success? Journal of Career Assessment, 16 (1), 101-116).
2. p. 2 "Earn more..." (Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R., 2002. Will money increase subjective well-being? A literature review and guide to needed research. Social Indicators Research, 57 (2), 119-169).
3. p. 2 "Get more support..." (Iverson, R.D., Olekalns, M., & Erwin, P.J., 1998. Affectivity, organizational stressors and absenteeism: A causal model of burnout and its consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52 (1), 1-23.
4. Staw, B.M., Sutton, R.I., & Pelled, L.H., 1994. Employee positive emotion and favorable outcomes at the workplace. Organization Science, 5 (1), 51-71).
5. p. 2 "Generate better ideas..." (Fredrickson, B., & Branigan, C., 2005. Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19 (3), 313-332).
6. p. 2 "Generate more creative ideas..." (Baas, M., De Dreu, C.K.W., & Nijstad, B.A., 2008. A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological Bulletin, 134 (6), 779-806).
7. p. 2 "Achieve your goals..." (Sheldon, K.M., & Houser-Marko, L., 2001. Selfconcordance, goal attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (1), 152-165).
8. p. 2 "Interact better..." (Forgas, J.P., 2002. Feeling and doing: Affective influences oninterpersonal behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 13 (1), 1-28).
9. p. 2 "Receive superior reviews..." (Cropanzano, R., & Wright, T.A., 1999. A 5-year study of change in the relationship between well-being and job performance. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 51 (4), 252-265).
10. p. 2 "Learn more " (Goetz, M.C., Goetz, P.W., & Robinson, M.D., 2007. What's the use of being happy? Mood states, useful objects, and repetition priming effects. Emotion, 7 (3), 675-679).
11. p. 2 "Achieve greater success..." (Isen, A.M., 1970. Success, failure, attention, and reaction to others: The warm glow of success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15 (4), 294-301).
12. p. 2 "Are healthier..." (Watson, D., 1988. Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: Their relation to health complaints, perceived stress and daily activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 (6), 1020-1030.
13. Kobasa, S.C., 1979. Personality and resistance to illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 7 (4), 413-423).
14. p. 2 "You'll be less affected by stress hormones..." (Kubzansky, L.D., Sparrow, D., Vokonas, P., & Kawachi, I., 2001. Is the glass half empty or half full? A prospective study of optimism and coronary heart disease in the normative aging study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 910-916).
15. p. 2 "In fact happiness looks..." (Danner, D.D., Snowdon, S.A., & Friesen, W.V., 2001. Positive emotions in early life and longevity: Findings from the nun study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (5), 804-813).
16. p. 3 "Happiness leads to all these positive outcomes..." (Boehm, J.K., & Lyubomirsky, S., 2008. Does happiness promote career success? Journal of Career Assessment, 16 (1), 101-116).
17. p. 3 "Nor does it work..." (Ng, W., & Diener, E., 2009. Feeling bad? The "power " ofpositive thinking may not apply to everyone. Journal of Research in Personality, 43 (3), 455-463).
18. p. 5 "Psychologists, philosophers..." (His Holiness The Dalai Lama & Cutler, H., 1999. The art of happiness: A handbook for living. London: Hodder and Stoughton).
19. p. 7 "Human capital isn't new..." (Smith, A., 1776. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations).
20. p. 9 "Thought to be the opposite of burnout..." (Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A.B., 2002. The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two-sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3 (1), 71-92).
21. p. 9 "...it's been broadly defined..." (Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A.B., 2002. The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two-sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3 (1), 71-92).
22. p. 9 "...it's even been described..." (Wefald, A.J., & Downey, R.G., 2009. The incubator. Job engagement in organizations: Fad, fashion, or folderol? Journal ofOrganizational Behavior, 30 (1), 141-145).
23. p. 9 "At its best engagement..." (Csikzentmihalyi, M., 2003. Good business: Leadership, flow and the making of meaning. Hodder and Stoughton).
24. p. 10 "If happiness indicates job satisfaction..." (Stajkovic, A.D., 2006. Development ofa core confidence-higher order construct. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (6), 1208-1224).
25. p. 11 "Twin studies show..." (Lykken, D., 1999. Happiness: The nature and nurture ofjoy and contentment. New York: St. Martin's Press).
26. p. 11 "We know that..." (Tellegen, A. et al., 1988. Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 (6), 1031-1039).
27. p. 11 "He said,'It's now clear...'" (Wallis, C., 2005. The new science of happiness. Time, January 9, A1-A9).
28. p. 11 "You'll be delighted..." (Boswell, W.R., Boudreau, J.W., & Tichy, J., 2005. The relationship between employee job change and job satisfaction: The honeymoon-hangover effect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90 (5), 882-892).
29. p. 11 "What's interesting is that..." (Bruce, H., 2008. Life goals matter to happiness: A revision of set-point theory. Social Indicators Research, 86 (2), 213-231).
30. p. 11 "That's backed up by further research..." (Oswald, A.J., & Powdthavee, N., 2008. Does happiness adapt? A longitudinal study of disability with implications for economists and judges. Journal of Public Economics, 92 (5), 1061-1077).
31. p. 11 "A recent study in the USA..." (Tkach, C., & Lyubomirsky, S., 2006. How dopeople pursue happiness? Relating personality, happiness-increasing strategies and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7 (2), 183-225).
32. p. 12 "That's the question that Commander Dr. Mike Young..." (Young, M., 2008. Life leadership [online]. Available at www.consultmike.com/2.html [accessed December 18, 2008]).
33. p. 17 "That stage involved asking 418 executives..." (60 percent were men, 40 percent were women; 73 percent were aged between 31-50).
34. p. 18 "Time and again psychological research over 40 years..." (Rotter, J.B., 1971. External control and internal control. Psychology Today, 5 (1), 37-58).
35. p. 20 "Work more discretionary hours..." (Wegge, J., Schmidt, K.-H., Parkes, C., & van Dyke, R., 2007. Taking a "sickie ": Job satisfaction and job involvement as interactive predictors of absenteeism in a public organization. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80 (1), 77-89).
36. p. 20 "Take less sick leave..." (Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E., 2005. The benefits of frequent positive effect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131 (6), 803-855).
37. p. 20 "Stay longer in your job..." (Clarke, A.E., 2001. What really matters in a job? Hedonic measurement using quit data. Labour Economics, 8 (2), 223-242).
38. p. 21 " To test our assumptions we carried out two surveys on two different groups of193 and 403 people respectively " (in press).
39. p. 21 "And now we had some really serious data " (Edmunds, L.D., & Pryce-Jones, J., 2007. Relationships between employee happiness, overtime, sick leave and intention to stay or leave. Selection and Development Review, 24 (2), 8-12).
40. p. 21 " We then divided the answers into five groups using a validated general happiness scale " (Lyubomisky, S., & Lepper, H.S., 1999. A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46 (2), 137-155).
41. p. 22 "She told us that the process we'd followed..." (Stewart-Brown, S., & Edmunds, L., 2007. Assessing emotional intelligence in children: A review of existing measures of emotional and social competence. In R. Bar-On, J.G. Maree, & M.J. Elias (Eds.), Educating people to be emotionally intelligent. Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood).
42. p. 23 "And it means you start with content that has validity from the outset " (Nunnally, J.C., 1978. Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill College).
43. p. 23 " What we found has been further consolidated by over 3,000 respondents from 79 countries..." (The number of executive MBA students makes up about 9 percent of the total database. They show a normal distribution and are not a large enough group to skew or alter the data).
44. p. 25 "Finally, lying at the heart of all of this..." (Rogers, Carl R., 1980. A way of being. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin).
45. p. 26 "Happier people are more productive..." (Zelenski, J.M., Murphy, S.A., & Jenkins, D.A., 2008. The happy-productive worker thesis revisited. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9 (4), 521-537).
46. p. 27 "Now take a look at the percentage of people..." (Categorized by standard deviation not raw scores).
47. p. 28 " In the UK and the USA the average employee takes 6 days offsick a year... " (The Economist, 2009. Sick of it [online]. (Updated February 2, 2009). Available at www.economist.com/daily/chartgallery/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13051301 [accessed October 1, 2009]).
48. p. 28 "We know that happiness is the cause of this..." (Boehm, J.K., & Lyubomirsky, S., 2008. Does happiness promote career success? Journal of Career Assessment, 16 (1), 101-116).
49. p. 29 " Secondly, other researchers have found that happiness is an area in which people don't fake good results " (Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M.E.P., 2005. The VIA: Constructs don't correlate with social desirability constructs. Assessment of character strengths. In G.P. Koocher, J.C. Norcross, and S.S. Hill III (Eds.), Psychologists'desk reference. New York: Oxford University Press).
50. p. 29 "...to appear'better'than they are " (Jang, D., & Kim, D.-Y., 2009. Two faces ofhuman happiness: Explicit and implicit life satisfaction. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12 (3), 185-198).
51. p. 29 " For example, if you're asked to assess how much time you've had offsick... " (Johns, G., 1994, How often were you absent? A review of the use of selfreported absence data. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 574-591).
52. p. 29 "We knew that we were looking at the same concept whoever you were..." (Oishi, S., Diener, E., Napa Scollon, C., & Biswas-Diener, R., 2004. How was happiness assessed-they just asked them...several times. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86 (3), 460-472).
53. p. 33 "Not to mention make you feel good" (Job, V., Langens, T.A., & Brandstätter, V., 2009. Effects of achievement goal striving on well-being: The moderating role of the explicit achievement motive. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35 (8), 983-996).
54. p. 34 "Then you'll work harder towards them..." (Emmons, R.A., 2003. Personal goals, life meaning, and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life. In C.L.M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association).
55. p. 34 "...because you'll want to invest more time and energy..." (Sagiv, L., Roccas, S., & Hazan, O., 2004. Congruence: Positive psychology in practice. In A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons).
56. p. 35 "The first and most common goal trap..." (Ordóñez, L.D., Schweitzer, M.E., Galinsky, A.D., & Bazerman, M.H., 2009. Goals gone wild: The systematic side effects of overprescribing goal setting. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23 (1), 6-16).
57. p. 36 "Finally, goals that you work towards positively..." (Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F., 1999. Themes and issues in the self-regulation of behaviour. In R.S. Wyer, Jr(Ed.), Perspectives on behavioural self-regulation: Advances in social cognition (Vol. 12, pp. 1-105). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum).
58. p. 37 "It's only difficult goals that increase happiness over time..." (Wiese, B.S., & Freund, A.M., 2005. Goal progress makes one happy, or does it? Longitudinal findings from the work domain. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78 (2), 287-304).
59. p. 37 "Of course it's true that impossible goals aren't motivating..." (Cron, W.L., Slocum, J.W., Vande Walle, D., & Fu, F.Q., 2005. The role of goal orientation on negative emotions and goal setting when initial performance falls short of one's performance goal. Human Performance, 18 (1), 55-80).
60. p. 37 "That's why the concept of'stretched goals...'" (Ordóñez, L.D., Schweitzer, M.E, Galinsky, A.D., & Bazerman, M.H., 2009. Goals gone wild: The systematic side effects of overprescribing goal setting. Academy of Management Perspectives, 23 (1), 6-16).
61. p. 37 "What everyone wants is variety " (Warr, P.B., 1987. Work, unemployment and mental health. Oxford: Oxford University Press).
62. p. 37 "Constantly doing the same thing gets boring..." (Frederick, S., & Loewenstein, G., 1999. Hedonic adaptation. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell Sage Foundation).
63. p. 37 "What really matters is calibrating it..." (Melamed, S., Ben-Avi, I., Luz, J., & Green, M.S., 1995. Objective and subjective work monotony: Effects on job satisfaction, psychological distress, and absenteeism in blue-collar workers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80 (4), 29-42).
64. p. 37 "Lack of realism about what's possible..." (Nesse, R., 2000. Is depression an adaptation? Archives of General Psychiatry, 57 (1), 14-20).
65. p. 39 "That's how you'll not only develop your potential..." (Sheldon, K.M., & Houser-Marko, L., 2005. Self-concordance, goal attainment, and the pursuit of happiness: Can there be an upward spiral? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (1), 152-165).
66. p. 43 "As well as being an important element of Contribution..." (LePine, J.A., & Van Dyne, L., 1998. Predicting voice behavior in work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83 (6), 853-868).
67. p. 44 "And then there's the tension you can create..." (Premeaux, S.F., & Bedeian, A.G., 2003. Breaking the silence: The moderating effects of self-monitoring in predicting speaking up in the workplace. Journal of Management Studies, 40 (6), 1537-1562).
68. p. 44 "...or feeling that you're stepping out of line..." (Asch, S.E., 1956. Studies ofindependence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70 (9), no. 416).
69. p. 45 "The situation I experienced..." (Hu, S.-M., & Zuo, B., 2007. Impact of job insecurity on job pressure, job satisfaction and performance. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15 (2), 142-145).
70. p. 45 "And your levels of psychological capital are likely to be low..." (Lau, B., & Knardahl, S., 2008. Perceived job insecurity, job predictability, personality and health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50 (2), 72-181).
71. p. 45 "At its worst, job insecurity..." (Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., M ä kikangas, A., & Nätti, J., 2005. Psychological consequences of fixed-term employment and perceived job insecurity among health care staff. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14 (3), 209-237).
72. p. 46 "So make sure that this is how you talk about yourself..." (Casciaro, T., & Lobo, S.L., 2005. Competent jerks, lovable fools and the formation of social networks. Harvard Business Review, 83 (6), June 92-99).
73. p. 49 "Feelings and behaviors are catching..." (Barsade, S.G., 2002. The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47 (4), 644-675).
74. p. 49 "There's clear research showing that negative behavior..." (Yang, J., 2008. " Can't serve customers right? An indirect effect of co-workers'counterproductive behavior in the service environment. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81 (1), 29-46).
75. p. 49 "But a positive ripple effect..." (Fowler, J.H., & Christakis, N.A., 2009. Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. British Medical Journal, 338 (7685), 1-13).
76. p. 49 "And we're not alone..." (Alvesson, M., & Sveningsson, S., 2003. Managers doing leadership: The extra-ordinarization of the mundane. Human Relations, 56 (12), 1435-1459).
77. p. 50 "What everyone agrees is that listening..." (Cronin, M.W., 1993. Teaching listening skills via interactive videodisc. Technical Horizons in Education Journal, 21, 62-68).
78. p. 50 "Language is a notoriously poor way of doing that..." (Keysar, B., & Henly, A.S., 2002. Speakers'overestimation of their effectiveness. Psychological Science, 13 (3), 207-212).
79. p. 50 "...that they express themselves more clearly..." (Keysar, B., & Henly, A.S., 2002. Speakers'overestimation of their effectiveness. Psychological Science, 13 (3), 207-212).
80. p. 50 "...and they fail to remember..." (Wu, S., & Keysar, B., 2007. The effect of information overlap on communication effectiveness. Cognitive Science, 31 (1), 169-181).
81. p. 51 "When you're listened to at a gold standard..." (Huwe, R.A., 1996. Informative supervisory feedback and supervisory listening: An examination of effects on productivity and satisfaction. Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 56 (12-A), 4852).
82. p. 53 "Positive feedforward can really help clarify your role..." (Whitaker, B.G., 2008. Explicating the links between the feedback environment, feedback seeking, and job performance. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 68 (9-B), 6376).
83. p. 53 "...improve productivity..." (Pritchard, R.D., et al., 2008. The productivity measurement and enhancement system: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (3), 540-567).
84. p. 53 "...validate your work..." (Bakker, A.B., et al., 2003. A multigroup analysis ofthe job demands-resources model in four home care organizations. International Journal of Stress Management, 10 (1), 16-38).
85. p. 53 "...increase your sense of control..." (Sparr, J.L., & Sonnentag, S., 2008. Feedback environment and well-being at work: The mediating role of personal control and feelings of helplessness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17 (3), 388-412).
86. p. 53 "...reduce negative feelings..." (Rosen, C.R., Levy, P.E., & Hall, R.J., 2006. Placing perceptions of politics in the context of the feedback environment, employee attitude, and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (1), 211-230).
87. p. 54 "...while other studies have demonstrated that badly managed feedback is strongly associated with burnout..." (Bakker, A.B., et al., 2003. A multigroup analysis of the job demands-resources model in four home care organizations. International Journal of Stress Management, 10 (1), 16-38).
88. p. 54 "...and wanting to leave your job..." (Sparr, J.L., & Sonnentag, S., 2008. Feedback environment and well-being at work: The mediating role of personal control and feelings of helplessness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 17 (3), 388-412).
89. p. 55 " In fact, up to 70 percent of managers find talking about performance tough... " (Sulkowicz, K., 2008. Straight talk at review time. Business Week, September 16).
90. p. 55 "The best ratio of positive to negative is thought to be 3:1 " (Fredrickson, B.L., & Losada, F., 2005. Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing . American Psychologist, 60 (7), 678-686).
91. p. 57 "It also increases output..." (cited in www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/09_62/s0902044518985.htm).
92. p. 57 "Psychologist Carol Dweck..." (Dweck, C., 1999. Caution-praise can be dangerous. American Educator, 23 (1), 4-9).
93. p. 59 "You absolutely know when you have it..." (Matsumoto, D., 1992. More evidence for the universality of a contempt expression. Motivation and Emotion, 16 (4), 363-368).
94. p. 59 " Paul Ekman, who has done decades of research into facial expressions... " (Ekman, P., 2007. Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life, 2nd ed. New York: Henry Holt).
95. p. 59 " That glue will mean that you want to work-and work well-with your team members " (Festinger, L., 1950. Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57 (5), 271-282.
96. Mullen, B., & Copper, C., 1994. The relationship between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 210-277).
97. p. 61 "That way you'll decrease conflict..." (Barsade, S.G., 2002. The ripple effects: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47 (4), 644-675).
98. p. 61 " In the same vein, what you don't want to do is lots of bitching and moaning... " (Wu, T.-Y., & Hu, C., 2009. Abusive supervision and employee emotional exhaustion: Dispositional antecedents and boundaries. Group and Organization Management, 34 (2), 143-169).
99. p. 64 " Looked at from the opposite perspective, the more you're demotivated, the less interest you show in your job, the less value you find in your work..." (Seligman, M.E.P., 1995. Helplessness. San Francisco: Freeman).
100. p. 64 "...and the less effort you make too..." (Ryan, R.M., & Connell, J.P., 1989. Perceived locus of causality and internalization: Examining reasons for acting intwo domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57 (5), 749-761).
101. p. 64 "Then you feel less competent " (Bandura, A., 1986. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall).
102. p. 65 "Think Playstations and Nintendos..." (Koepp, M.J., et al., 1998. Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. Nature, 393, 266-268).
103. p. 66 " But the one that's best researched and most validated is Self Determination Theory " (Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M., 2000. The " what "and " why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11 (4), 227-268).
104. p. 66 "Choice entails actively deciding on experiences and behavior..." (Iyengar, S.S., & Lepper, M.R., 1999. Rethinking the value of choice: A cultural perspective onintrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76 (3), 349-366).
105. p. 66 "It's about your freedom to align yourself..." (Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L., 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 68-78).
106. p. 66 "Which will mean that your overall motivation levels will be high..." (Sheldon, K.M., Ryan, R., & Reis, H.T., 1996. What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22 (12), 1270-1279).
107. p. 67 "Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, the psychologist..." (Csikszentmihalyi, M., 2003. Good business: Leadership, flow and the making of meaning. London: Hodder and Stoughton).
108. p. 68 "What's interesting about flow..." (Salanova, M., Bakker, A.B., & Llorens, S., 2006. Flow at work: Evidence for an upward spiral of personal and organizational resources. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7 (1), 1-22).
109. p. 68 "The second telltale sign is reciprocity..." (Cialdini, R.B., 2007. Influence: The psychology of persuasion. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace).
110. p. 68 "And that could include...doing something kind" (Sills, J., 2009. Workwise: Kindness and co-operation. Psychology Today, Mar-Apr 2009, Article ID 4786).
111. p. 69 "Because it's much more often a cause of downfall..." (Manzoni, J.F., & Barsoux, J.L., 2002. The set-up-to-fail syndrome: How good managers cause great people to fail. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press).
112. p. 69 "All attitude is expressed through behavior..." (Ajzen, I., 1991. The theory ofplanned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50 (2), 179-211).
113. p. 70 "You can try savoring the moment..." (Bryant, F.B., 2003. Savoring beliefs inventory (SBI): A scale for measuring beliefs about savoring. Journal of Mental Health, 12 (2), 175-196).
114. p. 70 " Thinking positively about the future is correlated with general happiness... " (MacLeod, A.K., & Conway, C., 2005. Well-being and the anticipation of future positive experiences: The role of income, social networks, and planning ability. Cognition and Emotion, 19 (3), 357-373).
115. p. 70 "Working through the precise process that leads to success..." (Greitemeyer, T., & Würz, D., 2005-6. Mental simulation and the achievement of health goals: The role of goal difficulty. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 25 (3), 239-251).
116. p. 71 "Richard Easterlin wrote a seminal paper..." (Easterlin, R.A., 1974. Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In P. David and M. Reder (Eds.), Nations and households in economic growth: Essays in honor ofMoses Abramovitz. New York and London: Academic Press).
117. p. 71 " The blogosphere has it that you only need a very low income to be happy: once you've earned between $10,000 and $15,000 a year..." (Layard, R., 2006. Happiness: The lessons from a new science. Harmondsworth: Penguin).
118. p. 71 " Of course you'll get a temporary hike in happiness levels when you get a pay rise..." (Kahneman, D. et al., 2006. Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion. Science, 312 (5782), 1908-1910).
119. p. 72 "But there's some conflicting evidence too " (Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R., 2002. Will money increase subjective well-being? Social Indicators Research, 57 (2), 119-169).
120. p. 72 " And it also found that in the USA 90 percent of people earning at least $250,000 call themselves very happy..." (Leonhardt, D., 2008. Maybe money does buy happiness after all. The New York Times, April 16).
121. p. 72 " In fact this finding about income and happiness is so clear that German researchers..." (Schimmack, U., November 2008. Measuring wellbeing in the socio-economic panel study. Berlin: SOEP).
122. p. 72 "And to crown it all, psychologists and economists..." (Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J., 2008. Economic growth and subjective well-being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1-87).
123. p. 72 "If you want cash to do good things with it..." (Dunn, E.W., et al., 2008. Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 319 (5870), 1687-1688).
124. p. 72 "It will help you build self-awareness..." (Salanova, M., et al., 2006. Flow at work: Evidence for an upward spiral of personal and organizational resources. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7 (1), 1-22).
125. p. 74 "Shortly after the attacks, it was estimated that 7.5 percent of residents..." (Galea, S., et al., 2002. Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 346 (13), 982-987).
126. p. 74 " After 4 months only 1.7 percent of the population reported PTSD symptoms... " (Galea, S., et al., 2002. Posttraumatic stress disorder in Manhattan, New York City, after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Journal of Urban Health Studies, 79, 40-353).
127. p. 74 " You aren't necessarily damaged by being at the epicenter of something awful" (Silver, R.C., et al., 2004. Exploring the myths of coping with a national trauma: A longitudinal study of responses to the September 11th terrorist attacks. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 9 (1-2), 129-141).
128. p. 75 "Just as some people are tall or short, some people are hardier" (Kobasa, S.C., 1979. Stressful life events, personality and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (1), 1-11).
129. p. 75 "...and more resilient " (Luthar, S.S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B., 2000. The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12 (4), 857-885).
130. p. 75 "Your levels of resilience are therefore part of who you are " (McManus, C., 2005. Myers and medicine, 20. The Psychologist, 18 (12), 748-751.
131. Scheier, M.F., Weintraub, J.K., & Carver, C.S., 1986. Coping with stress: Divergent strategies ofoptimists and pessimists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (6), 1257-1264).
132. p. 75 "Glen Elder, the ground-breaking American sociologist..." (Elder, G.H., & Conger, R.D., 2000. Children of the land: Adversity and success in rural America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
133. p. 76 " Randomized controlled trials clearly show that immediate post trauma counseling does not reduce distress " (Wessely, S., Bisson, J., & Roes, S., 2000. A systematic review of brief psychological interventions ("debriefing ") for the treatment of immediate trauma-related symptoms and the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder. In M. Oaklet-Browne, R. Churchill, D. Gill, M. Triveid, & S. Wessely (Eds.), Depression, anxiety and neurosis module of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3rd ed. Oxford: Update Software).
134. p. 76 "...or promote resilience " (Gist, R., 2002. What have they done to my song? Social science, social movements and the debriefing debates. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 9 (4), 273-279).
135. p. 76 "But there's more and more evidence to show..." (Wortman, C.B., & Boerner, K., 2007. Beyond the myths of coping with loss: Prevailing assumptions versus scientific evidence. In H.S. Friedman & R.C. Silber (Eds.), Foundation of health psychology. New York: Oxford University Press).
136. p. 76 "For example, a recent study showed..." (Seery, M.D., et al., 2008. Expressing thoughts and feelings following a collective trauma: Immediate responses to 9/11 predict negative outcomes in a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76 (4), 657-667).
137. p. 77 "And they're happier as a result because they know they'll manage..." (Greenglass, E.R., & Fiksenbaum, L., 2009. Proactive coping, positive affect and well-being: Testing for mediation using path analysis. European Psychologist, 14 (1), 29-39).
138. p. 77 "Secondly, proactive copers interpret events in a more upbeat way..." (Tugade, M.M., & Fredrickson, B.L., 2004. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86 (2), 320-333).
139. p. 79 " The important thing about finding positive meaning is that you'll recover faster physiologically" (Tugade, M.M., & Fredrickson, B.L., 2004. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86 (2), 320-333).
140. p. 79 "...and decrease your chances of depression too " (Watkins, P.C., Cruz, L., Holben, H., & Kolts, R.L., 2008. Taking care of business? Grateful processing of unpleasant memories. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3 (2), 87-99).
141. p. 80 "Doing this has been shown to help bring closure..." (Watkins, P.C., Cruz, L., Holben, H., & Kolts, R.L., 2008. Taking care of business? Grateful processing ofunpleasant memories. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3 (2), 87-99).
142. p. 82 "You've accessed what's important about what you do " (King, L.A., Hicks, J.A., Krull, J.L., & Del Gaiso, A.K., 2006. Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90 (1), 179-196).
143. p. 82 "Of course, this is a lot easier to do after years of experience..." (Miller, C.S., 2009. Meaningful work over the life course. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 69 (8-B), 5078).
144. p. 87 "Articles refer to'killing'..." (Mintzberg, H., 2007. Productivity is killing American enterprise. Harvard Business Review, 85 (7-8), 25-29).
145. "front lines " (Levy, M., 2007. Look to your front line for the future. Harvard Business Review, 85 (7-8), 55-56).
146. "battles " (Dillon, K., 2009. The coming battle over executive pay. Harvard Business Review, 87 (9), 96-103)
147. "fight " (Kumar, N., 2006. Strategies to fight low-cost rivals. Harvard Business Review, 84 (12), 104-113).
148. "firing " (Sonnenfeld, J., & Ward, A.J., 2007. Firing back: How great leaders rebound after career disasters. Harvard Business Review, 85 (1), 76-84).
149. "arsenal" (Buehler, K., Freman, A., & Hulme, R., 2008. The new arsenal of risk management. Harvard Business Review, 86 (1), 93-100).
150. "defusing land mines " (Goldsmith, M., 2009. How not to lose the top job. Harvard Business Review, 87 (1), 74-80).
151. p. 87 " Look once more at Harvard Business Review and you'll find articles that refer toboxing..." (Sull, D., 2009. How to thrive in turbulent markets. Harvard Business Review, 87 (2), 80-88).
152. "Olympian experience " (Jones, G., 2008. How the best of the best get better and better. Harvard Business Review, 86 (6), 123-127)
153. "racing " (Ready, D.A., Hill, L.A., & Conger, J.A., 2008. Winning the race for talent in emerging markets. Harvard Business Review, 86 (11), 62-70).
154. " baseball " (Anthony, S.D., 2009. Major league innovation. Harvard Business Review, 87 (10), 51-54).
155. p. 87 "As one article asserts,'Winning is everything'" (Malhotra, D., Ku, G., & Murnighan, J.K., 2008. When winning is everything. Harvard Business Review, 86 (5), 78-86).
156. p. 94 "Since ancient times tracts have been written about why comradeship mattered" (Thucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War, 431 bc).
157. p. 94 "And the benefit of that is less conflict, more cooperation..." (Jehn, K.A., Chadwick, C., & Thatcher, S.M.B., 1997. To agree or not to agree: The effects ofvalue congruence, individual demographic dissimilarity, and conflict in workgroup outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 8 (4), 287-305).
158. p. 94 "...and better teamwork " (Jordan, P.J., Lawrence, S.A., & Troth, A.C., 2006. The impact of negative mood on team performance. Journal of Management and Organization, 12 (2), 131-145).
159. p. 94 " It matters in the long term too: research over time has found that lack of support..." (Leader, D., & Corfield, D., 2007. Why do people get ill? London: Hamish Hamilton).
160. p. 94 "People with better social networks and close relationships live longer " (Eriksson, B.G., Hessler, R.M., Sundh, V., & Steen, B., 1999. Cross-cultural analysis of longevity among Swedish and American elders: The role of social networks in the Gothenburg and Missouri longitudinal studies compared. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 28 (2), 131-148).
161. p. 94 "...have better mental health " (Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L.F., 2001. Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 78 (3), 458-467).
162. p. 94 "...are better teamworkers " (Murillo, A.G., 2006. A longitudinal study of the development of team member exchange. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 67 (2-B), 1191).
163. p. 95 "Focusing on similarities bridges differences..." (Epstude, K., & Mussweiler, T., 2009. What you feel is how you compare: How comparisons influence the social induction of affect. American Psychologist, 9 (10), 1-14).
164. p. 95 "People who disclose more tend to be liked more " (Collins, N.L., & Miller, L.C., 1994. Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116 (3), 457-475).
165. p. 95 "...and they get more help as a result " (Blickle, G., et al., 2008. The roles of self-disclosure, modesty and self-monitoring in the mentoring relationship: A longitudinal multi-source investigation. Career Development International, 13 (3), 224-240).
166. p. 95 "Broadly speaking, values are important guiding principles " (Cable, D.M., & Edwards, J.R., 2004. Complementary and supplementary fit: A theoretical and empirical integration. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89 (5), 822-834).
167. p. 95 "In organizations they provide the norms..." (Edwards, J.R., & Cable, D.M., 2009. The value of value congruence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 (3), 654-677).
168. p. 96 "It boosts your psychological capital " (Cable, D.M., & Edwards, J.R., 2004. Complementary and supplementary fit: A theoretical and empirical integration. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89 (5), 822-834).
169. p. 96 "...because fundamental beliefs that you hold precious..." (Allport, G.W., 1961. Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston).
170. p. 97 "It results in reduced misunderstanding " (Kalliath, T.J., Bluedorn, A.C., & Strube, M.J., 1999. A test of value congruence effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20 (7), 1175-1198).
171. p. 97 "People just do communicate better when their values are aligned..." (Edwards, J.R., & Cable, D.M., 2009. The value of value congruence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 (3), 654-677).
172. p. 97 "And that results in better team performance " (Chou, L.-F., et al., 2008. Shared work values and team member effectiveness: The mediation of trustfulness and trustworthiness. Human Relations, 61 (12), 1713-1742).
173. p. 97 "...as well as better relations with your colleagues and with your boss " (Meglino, B.M., Ravlin, E.C., & Adkins, C.L., 1989. A work values approach tocorporate culture: A field test of the value congruence process and its relationship to individual outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74 (3), 424-432).
174. p. 97 "Actively working with values..." (Schmeichel, B.J., & Vohs, K., 2009. Self-affirmation and self-control: Affirming core values counteracts ego depletion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96 (4), 770-782).
175. p. 98 "But actively thinking about and expressing values..." (Fujita, K., Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Levin-Sagi, M., 2006. Construal levels and self-control. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 90 (3), 351-367).
176. p. 98 "Although happiness at work is generally pretty stable..." (Judge, T.A., Scott, B.A., & Ilies, R., 2006. Hostility, job attitude and workplace deviance: Test of a multilevel model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (1), 126-138).
177. p. 99 " The well-known Whitehall study of public sector employees undertaken over a ten-year time period showed that lack of fairness was associated with poorer thinking, sleeplessness " (Elovainio, M., et al., 2009. Organizational justice and sleeping problems: The Whitehall II study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71 (3), 334-340.)
178. p. 99 "...and a significantly increased risk of heart attack " (De Vogli, R., et al., 2007. Unfairness and health: Evidence from the Whitehall II study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61 (6), 513-518).
179. p. 99 "In all of these areas, fairness is the topic that crops up most " (Mikula, G., Petri, B., & Tanzer, N., 1990. What people regard as unjust: Types and structures ofeveryday experiences of injustice. European Journal of Social Psychology, 20 (2), 133-149).
180. p. 99 "...and has the biggest effect on happiness, especially when it concerns your boss " (Loi, R., Yang, J., & Diefendorff, J.M., 2009. Four-factor justice and daily job satisfaction: A multilevel investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 (3), 770-781).
181. p. 100 "But worst-case scenarios result in outright sabotage " (Ambrose, M.L., Seabright, M.A., & Schminke, M., 2002. Sabotage in the workplace: The role of organizational justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89 (1), 947-965).
182. p. 101 " The more control-real or otherwise-you perceive you have in your job... " (Karasek, R.A., 1979. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24 (2), 285-311).
183. p. 101 "Feelings of low control have been shown to be connected to lethargy " (Seligman, M.E.P., 1975. Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman).
184. "burnout " (Taris, T.W., et al., 2001. Job control and burnout across occupations. Psychological Reports, 97 (3), 955-961).
185. " time offsick " (North, F.M., et al., 1996. Psychosocial work environment and sickness absence among British civil servants: The Whitehall II study. American Journal ofPublic Health, 86 (3), 332-340).
186. "conflict at home " (Butler, A.B., Grzywacz, J.G., Bass, B.L., & Linney, K.D., 2005. Extending the demands-control model: A daily diary study of job characteristics, work-family conflict and work-family facilitation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78 (2), 155-169).
187. "heart disease " (Bosma, H., et al., 1997. Low job control and risk of coronary heart disease in Whitehall II (prospective cohort) study. British Medical Journal, 314, 558-565).
188. p. 101 " For example, something as simple as just deciding the order in which you doa list of tasks..." (Glass, D.C., & Singer, J.E., 1972. Stress and adaptation: Experimental studies of behavioral effects of exposure to aversive events. New York: Academic Press).
189. p. 103 "Research over the past 50 years..." (Rotter, J.B., 1966. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (1), 1-28).
190. p. 103 "And this is applicable whatever culture you come from " (Spector, P.E., et al., 2002. Locus of control and well-being at work: How generalizable are Western findings? Academy of Management Journal, 45 (2), 453-466).
191. p. 103 " All three reactions arise because everyone wants to make the'right'decision " (Meier, L.L., Semmer, N.K., Elfering, A., & Jacobshagen, N., 2008. The double meaning of control: Three-way interactions between internal resources, job control and stressors at work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13 (3), 244-258).
192. p. 104 "Mentors help you build career success " (Allen, T.D., Lentz, E., & Day, R., 2006. Career success outcomes associated with mentoring others: A comparison ofmentors and nonmentors. Journal of Career Development, 32 (3), 272-285).
193. p. 104 "The best mentors do that by balancing challenge with support " (Shernoff, D.J., & Nakamura, J., 2006. Balancing challenge and support in effective mentoring relationships. Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association. New Orleans: American Psychological Association).
194. p. 104 "A third way of enhancing your sense of control..." (Spector, P.E., 1986. Perceived control by employees: A meta-analysis of studies concern autonomy and participation at work. Human Relations, 39 (11), 1005-1016).
195. p. 109 "Big projects and goals which create a lasting sense of happiness..." (Warr, P., 2007. Work, happiness and unhappiness. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum).
196. p. 110 "Desire for meaning is quite simply a basic human motivation " (Frankl, V.E., 1963. Man's search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York: Washington Square Press).
197. p. 110 "And there are health benefits " (Ryff, C.D., & Singer, B.H., 2008. Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9 (1), 13-39).
198. "...which include less depression " (Debats, D.L., Van der Lubbe, P.M., & Wezeman, F.R., 1993. On the psychometric properties of the Life Regard Index (LRI): A measure of meaningful life. Personality and Individual Differences, 14 (2), 337-345).
199. " reduced cortisol levels...and less heart disease " (Friedman, E.M., et al., 2007. Plasma interleukin-6 and soluble IL-6 receptors are associated with psychological well-being in aging women. Health Psychology, 26 (3), 305-313).
200. p. 111 "Karl Marx (who in 1844 wrote that meaning was important..." (Marx, K., 1844. Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844. New York: International Publishers (December 1980)).
201. p. 111 " Meanwhile, psychologists have provided answers...which include making daily decisions and taking action " (Maddi, S.R., 1970. The search for meaning. In M. Page (Ed.), Nebraska symposium of motivation. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press).
202. "finding the right goals " (Klinger, E., 1977. Meaning and void. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press).
203. " creating the right relationships, self improvement " (Ebersole, P., 1998. Types and depths of written life meanings. In P.T.P. Wong & S.P. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical application. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum).
204. "meeting personal needs " (Baumeister, R.F., 1991. Meanings of life. New York: Guilford Press).
205. "finding coherence " (Battista, J., & Almond, R., 1973. The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry, 36 (4), 409-427).
206. " transcending oneself " (Allport, G.W., 1961. Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston).
207. p. 111 "In 1943 Abraham Maslow..." (Maslow, A.H., 1943. A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50 (4), 370-396).
208. p. 111 " From all the coaching and consulting work that I've done, I believe that you start to create meaning by making decisions-as Frankl proposed " (Frankl, V.E., 1963. Man's search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York: Washington Square Press).
209. p. 113 " This is important: one of the underlying causes of burnout is when you don't find meaning for yourself in what you do " (Loonstra, B., & Tomic, W., 2005. Work pressure, existential meaning and burn-out among ministers in orthodox reformed denominations. Psyche en Geloof, 16 (2), 66-81).
210. p. 113 "Purpose in life is important because it helps manage anxiety " (Ruini, C., & Fava, G.A., 2009. Well-being therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal ofClinical Psychology, 65 (5), 510-519).
211. p. 113 "...while lack of it has been linked to depression " (Turner, N., et al., 2007. What influences purpose in life in first-episode psychosis? British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70 (9), 401-406).
212. p. 113 "So according to Carol Ryff's research..." (Ryff, C.D., & Burton, S., 1998. The role of purpose in life and personal growth in positive human health. In P.T.P. Wong & S.P. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical application. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum).
213. p. 115 "According to psychologist Amy Wrzesniewski..." (Wrzesniewski, A., McCauley, C., Rozin, P., & Schwartz, B., 1997. Jobs, careers, and callings: People's relations to their work. Journal of Research in Personality, 31 (1), 21-33).
214. p. 115 " Maybe you volunteer, something which is well known for increasing happiness " (Borgonovi, F., 2008. Doing well by doing good: The relationship between formal volunteering and self-reported health and happiness. Social Science and Medicine, 66 (11), 321-334).
215. p. 116 " Job crafting implies that there are tasks and relationships which can be expanded..." (Berg, J.M., Dutton, J.E., & Wrzesniewski, A., What is job crafting and why does it matter? From the Center of Positive Organizational Scholarship, 2008).
216. p. 116 " The first step is to ensure that those tasks and relationships fit your needs... " (Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J.E., 2001. Crafting a job: Revisioning employees asactive crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26 (2), 179-201).
217. p. 117 " Vital engagement is something that Jeanne Nakamura and Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi have been investigating " (Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M., 2003. The construction of meaning through vital engagement. In C.L.M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 83-104). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association).
218. p. 117 " When you're vitally engaged, you're doing something which is profoundly important to you..." (Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M., 2003. The construction ofmeaning through vital engagement. In C.L.M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 83-104). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association).
219. p. 118 " For example, there's good evidence that clear and appropriate vision statements... " (Iseri-Say, A., Toker, A., & Kantur, D., 2008. Do popular management techniques improve performance? Evidence from large businesses in Turkey. Journal of Management Development, 27 (7), 660-677).
220. p. 119 "According to Kouzes and Posner..." (Kouzes, J.M., & Posner, B.Z., 1995. The leadership challenge: How to keep getting extraordinary things done in organizations, 2nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass).
221. p. 120 "How you feel affects what you do and the effort you put in " (Grant, A.M., & Ashford, S.J., 2008. The dynamics of proactivity at work. In A.P. Brief & B.M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press).
222. p. 120 " and the better you feel, the harder you try both now and in the immediate future " (Foo, M.-D., Uy, M.A., & Baron, R.A., 2009. How do feelings influence effort? An empirical study of entrepreneurs'affect and venture effort. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 (4), 1086-1094).
223. p. 120 "They create what Barbara Fredrickson calls a broaden and build model..." (Cohn, M.A., & Fredrickson, B.L., 2006. Beyond the moment, beyond the self: Shared ground between selective investment theory and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Psychological Inquiry, 17 (1), 39-44
224. Fredrickson, B.L., 2006. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. In M. Csikszentmihalyi & I.S. Csikszentmihalyi (Eds.), A life worth living: Contributions topositive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press).
225. p. 123 "Like lots of psychological concepts, hope is both a trait..." (Snyder, C.R., 1994. The psychology of hope. New York: Free Press).
226. p. 123 " Whatever it comes from, it's valuable because...it's clearly associated with higher job performance " (Peterson, S.J., & Byron, K., 2008. Exploring the role ofhope in job performance: Results from four studies. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29 (6), 785-803)
227. "...and happiness " (Youssef, C.M., & Luthans, F., 2007. Positive organizational behavior in the workplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33 (5), 774-800).
228. p. 123 "For example, pessimists achieve incredible goals..." (Lopes, M.P., & Cunha, M.P., 2008. Who is more proactive, the optimist or the pessimist? Exploring the role of hope as a moderator. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3 (2), 100-109).
229. p. 123 "According to positive psychologist Rick Snyder..." (Lopez, S.J., et al., 2004. Strategies for accentuating hope. In P.A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology inpractice. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
230. Snyder, C.R., 1994. The psychology ofhope. New York: Free Press).
231. p. 128 "And it's particularly affected when you don't have the skill to cope..." (Stankov, L., & Lee, J., 2008. Confidence and cognitive test performance. Journal ofEducational Psychology, 100 (4), 961-976).
232. p. 129 " Most of us over-estimate our abilities from time to time and think that we're much better than we are " (Kruger, J., & Dunning, D., 1999. Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77 (6), 1121-1134).
233. p. 129 "...especially when the task at hand is a tough one " (Stankov, L., Lee, J., & Paek, I., 2009. Realism of confidence judgments. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25 (2), 123-130).
234. p. 129 " If you had accurate thoughts about what you could do, you'd never set the bar any higher..." (Bandura, A., 1997. Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman).
235. p. 129 "And although both the experienced and inexperienced do this " (McKenzie, C.R.M., Liersch, M.J., & Yaniv, I., 2008. Overconfidence in interval estimates: What does expertise buy you? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 107 (2), 79-191).
236. p. 129 "...it's particularly true of people who don't know their personal limitations " (Ehrlinger, J., et al., 2008. Why the unskilled are unaware: Further explorations of(absent) self-insight among the incompetent. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105 (1), 98-121).
237. p. 129 "...or can't do anything about them " (Kruger, J., & Dunning, D., 1999. Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77 (6), 1121-1134).
238. p. 130 "By the way, it's not only humans who do this: chimps, orangutans..." (Osvath, M., & Osvath, H., 2008. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and orangutan (Pongo abelii) forethought: Self-control and pre-experience in the face of future tool use. Animal Cognition, 11 (4), 661-674).
239. p. 130 "...and even bees " (Cheng, K., Pena, J., Porter, M.A., & Irwin, J.D., 2002. Self-control in honeybees. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9 (2), 259-263).
240. p. 130 "But even a single act of self-control..." (Vohs, K.D., et al., 2008. Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: A limited-resource account of decision making, self-regulation, and active initiative. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94 (5), 883-898).
241. p. 130 "Amazingly, some kids could wait for more than an hour" (Mischel, W., & Ebbesen, E.B., 1970. Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16 (2), 329-337).
242. p. 130 "Those who'd managed to wait the 15 minutes could plan better..." (Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Peake, P.K., 1988. The nature of adolescent competencies predicted by preschool delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 (4), 687-696).
243. p. 131 " Procrastination takes place when you don't like doing something because it's too tough..." (Lonergan, J.M., & Maher, K.J., 2000. The relationship between job characteristics and workplace procrastination as moderated by locus of control. Journal for Social Behavior and Personality, 15 (5), 213-224).
244. p. 131 " In one study more than 90 percent of students reported that they procrastinated " (Schouwenburg, H.C., 1995. Academic procrastination: Theoretical notions, measurement and research. In J.R. Ferrari, J.L. Johnson, & W.G. McGown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research and treatment. New York: Plenum Press).
245. p. 131 "...a number that holds true outside student life too " (Harriott, J., & Ferrari, J.R., 1996. Prevalence of procrastination among samples of adults. Psychological Reports, 78 (2), 611-616).
246. p. 131 "Professional workers are more likely to procrastinate than unskilled workers " (Hammer, C.A., & Ferrari, J.R., 2002. Differential incidence of procrastination between blue-and white-collar workers. Current Psychology, 21 (4), 333-338).
247. p. 131 "The cleverer you are, the more you procrastinate " (Ferrari, J.R., 1991. Selfhandicapping byprocrastinators: Protecting self-esteem, social-esteem or both? Journal of Research in Personality, 25 (3), 245-261).
248. p. 131 "Age, gender, and education don't affect time spent procrastinating " (Hammer, C.A., & Ferrari J.R., 2002. Differential incidence of procrastination between blue-and white-collar workers. Current Psychology, 21 (4), 333-338).
249. p. 131 " The average employee spends a staggering 80 minutes a day doing personal activities as a way of avoiding the tough stuff" (D'Abate, C.P., & Eddy, E.R., 2007. Engaging in personal business on the job: Extending the presenteeism construct. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18 (3), 361-383).
250. p. 132 " You're more likely to take action when your choices are limited, you're working to externally imposed deadlines " (Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K., 2002. Procrastination, deadlines, and performance: Self-control by precommitment. Psychological Science, 13 (3), 219-224).
251. p. 132 "You're the kind of person that finds pulling a rabbit out of a hat..." (Lay, C., Edwards, J.M., Parker, J.D., & Endler, N.S., 1989. An assessment of arousal, anxiety, coping and procrastination during an examination period. European Journal of Personality, 3 (3), 195-208).
252. p. 132 " And active procrastinators believe that they incubate ideas better, maximize time " (Schraw, G., Wadkins, T., & Olafson, L., 2007. Doing the things we do: A grounded theory of academic procrastination. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99 (1), 12-25).
253. "are more efficient " (Vacha, E.F., & McBride, M.J., 1993. Cramming: A barrier to student success, a way to beat the system or an effective learning strategy? College Student Journal, 27 (1), 2-11).
254. " and create more flow experiences as a result " (Schraw, G., Wadkins, T., & Olafson, L., 2007. Doing the things we do: A grounded theory of academic procrastination. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99 (1), 12-25).
255. p. 132 "And most importantly have been shown to increase Confidence " (Rogerson, L.J., & Hryciako, D.W., 2002. Enhancing competitive performance of ice hockey goaltenders using centering and self-talk. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14 (1), 14-26).
256. p. 133 "Feeling swamped and acting out of a pressurized negative place..." (Weinberg, R.S., & Gould, D., 2006. Foundations of sport and exercise psychology, 4th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Europe).
257. p. 133 "'Not thinking'causes more thinking..." (Wenzlaff, R.M., & Wegner, D.M., 2000. Thought suppression. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 59-91).
258. p. 133 "Dan Wegner has done decades of experiments..." (Wegner, D.M., 1994. Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101 (1), 34-52).
259. p. 133 "The consequences of doing a task like this..." (Kozak, M., Sternglanz, R.W., Viswanathan, U., & Wegner, D.M., 2008. The role of thought suppression inbuilding mental blocks. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 17 (4), 1123-1130).
260. p. 133 "In the same way pressure to avoid a pitfall or pratfall..." (Wegner, D.M., 2009. How to think, say, or do precisely the worst thing for any occasion. Science, 325, 48-50).
261. p. 134 " It's a technique that sports psychologists have been working with for a couple of decades..." (Hardy, J., Gammage, K., & Hall, C.R., 2001. A descriptive study of athlete self-talk. Sports Psychologist, 15 (3), 306-318).
262. p. 134 "It works because it helps you..." (Rogerson, L.J., & Hrycaiko, D.W., 2002. Enhancing competitive performance of ice hockey goaltenders using centering and self-talk. Journal of Allied Sport Psychology, 14 (1), 14-26.
263. Theodorakis, Y., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Chroni, S., 2008. Self-talk: It works but how? Development and preliminary validation of the functions of Self-Talk Questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 12 (1), 10-30).
264. p. 135 " Interestingly, athletes and psychologists say that of all the different types ofself-talk..." (Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S., & Theodorakis, Y., 2009. Mechanisms underlying the self-talk-performance relationship: The effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10 (1), 185-192).
265. p. 135 "The second aspect is to connect this to self-control..." (Nideffer, R.M., 1992. Psyched to win. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics).
266. p. 135 "And there's lots of evidence showing that mental images..." (Taylor, S.E., Pham, L.B., Rivkin, I.D., & Armor, D.A., 1998. Harnessing the imagination: Mental stimulation, self-regulation and coping. American Psychologist, 53 (4), 429-439).
267. p. 135 "Possibly because the very act of imagining..." (Sherman, S.J., Skov, R.B., Hervitz, E.F., & Stock, C.B., 1981. The effects of explaining hypothetical future events: From possibility to actuality and beyond. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17 (2), 142-158).
268. p. 136 " Research suggests that people who do the former feel more intense emotions " (Holmes, E.A., Coughtrey, A.E., & Connor, A., 2008. Looking at or through rose-tinted glasses? Imagery perspective and positive mood. Emotion, 8 (6), 875-879).
269. p. 136 "...while those who do the latter find broader meaning, significance, and increased motivation " (Vasquez, N.A., & Buehler, R., 2007. Seeing future success: Does imagery perspective influence achievement motivation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33 (10), 1392-1405).
270. p. 136 " There's amazing evidence that mental rehearsal triggers the same connections inyour brain as actually doing the activity itself " (Wohldmann, E.L., 2006. Pushing the limits of imagination: The effectiveness of motor imagery for acquiring and maintaining a sequential motor skill. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 67 (2-B), 1178).
271. p. 136 "...so it helps you learn faster" (Sanders, C.W., et al., 2008. Learning basic surgical skills with mental imagery: Using the simulation centre in the mind. Medical Education, 42 (6), 607-612).
272. p. 136 "And increases your Confidence " (Munroe, K.J., Giacobbi, P., Hall, C.R., & Weinberg, R.S., 2000. The four Ws of imagery use: Where, when, why and what. Sport Psychologist, 14 (2), 119-137).
273. p. 137 "So although it originates from external sources " (Carr, A., 2004. Positive psychology: The science of happiness and human strengths. Hove: Brunner-Routledge).
274. p. 137 " Self-worth is how you feel about yourself given your accumulated experiences; itmay vary..." (Ferris, D.L., Brown, D.J., Lian, H., & Keeping, L.M., 2009. When does self-esteem relate to deviant behavior? The role of contingencies ofself-worth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 (5), 1345-1353).
275. p. 137 " Self-belief is what you think about your personal capabilities to perform certain tasks..." (Bandura, A., 1994. Self-efficacy. In V.S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior. New York: Academic Press).
276. p. 137 "Albert Bandura, the foremost researcher in the field..." (Bandura, A., 1994. Self-efficacy. In V.S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), E ncyclopedia of human behavior. New York: Academic Press).
277. p. 138 "That's why it's good to compare up..." (Warr, P.B., 2007. Work, happiness, and unhappiness. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum).
278. p. 139 "This kind of knowing divides into two groups..." (Sadler-Smith, E., 2008. Inside intuition. New York: Routledge).
279. p. 140 " For example, one study found that nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit... " (Crandell, B., & Gamblian, V., 1991, as cited in Kahneman, D., & Klein, G., 2009. Conditions for intuitive expertise, a failure to disagree. American Psychologist, 64 (6), 515-526).
280. p. 140 "Another looked at diagnoses made by psychiatrists..." (Srivastava, A., & Grube, M., 2009. Does intuition have a role in psychiatric diagnosis? Psychiatric Quarterly, 80 (2), 99-106).
281. p. 140 "The same goes for intuition in education " (Burke, L.A., & Sadler-Smith, E., 2006. Instructor intuition in the educational setting. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 5 (2), 169-181).
282. "management consulting " (Coman-Johnson, C., 1985. Intuition: A bona fide occupational requirement in the management consulting profession? Consultation: An International Journal, 4 (3), 189-198).
283. "and leadership " (Agor, W.H., 1986. The logic of intuition: How top executives make important decisions. Organizational Dynamics, 14 (3), 5-18).
284. p. 140 "In short, it may play a much larger role in effective decision making..." (Andersen, J.A., 2000. Intuition in managers: Are intuitive managers more effective? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15 (1-2), 46-67).
285. p. 142 "Role clarity is something that contributes to your overall happiness..." (Moynihan, D.P., & Pandey, S.K., 2007. Finding workable levers over work motivation: Comparing job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. Administration and Society, 39 (7), 803-832).
286. p. 145 "In fact the numbers are simply incredible in statistical terms " (Pride 0.6; Trust 0.6; Recognition, 0.4; p = <.000).
287. p. 150 "We can see this in our data because they map very closely..." (0.84; p = <.000).
288. p. 151 "There'll be lack of motivation " (Williams, L.A., & DeSteno, D., 2008. Pride and perseverance: The motivational role of pride. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94 (6), 1007-1017).
289. p. 151 "That's why they matter so much in underpinning psychological...capital " (Clapp-Smith, R., Vogelgesang, G.R., & Avey, J.B., 2009. Authentic leadership and positive psychological capital: The mediating role of trust at the group level ofanalysis. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15 (3), 227-240).
290. p. 151 "Recent studies show that pride in any sense..." (Tracy, J.L., & Robins, R.W., 2008. The nonverbal expression of pride: Evidence for cross-cultural recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94 (3), 516-530).
291. p. 151 "People who are proud are seen as more likeable..." (Williams, L.A., & DeSteno, D., 2009. Pride: Adaptive social emotion or seventh sin? Psychological Science, 20 (3), 284-288).
292. p. 152 "Means you maintain your organizational commitment " (Boezeman, E.J., & Ellemers, N., 2008. Pride and respect in volunteers'organizational commitment. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38 (1), 159-172).
293. p. 152 "Encourages you to contribute to a group " (Boezeman, E.J., & Ellemers, N., 2007. Volunteering for charity: Pride, respect, and the commitment of volunteers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (3), 771-785).
294. p. 152 "Pushes you to go the extra mile " (Belschak, F., & Verbeke, W., 2004. On the wings of pride: The effects of pride on salespeople's performance. Gedrag en Organisatie, 17 (6), 430-447).
295. p.152 "Helps you persevere " (Williams, L.A., & DeSteno, D., 2008. Pride and perseverance: The motivational role of pride. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94 (6), 1007-1017).
296. p. 152 "Enables you to select more challenging tasks " (Conroy, D.E., Elliot, A.J., & Pincus, A.L., 2009. The expression of achievement motives in interpersonal problems. Journal of Personality, 77 (2), 495-526).
297. p. 152 "Spurs you on to think what else might be possible " (Fredrickson, B., & Branigan, C., 2005. Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19 (3), 313-332).
298. p. 152 "Just feels good " (Zell, A.L., 2008. Pride and humility: Possible mediators ofthe motivating effect of praise. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 68 (9-B), 6396).
299. p. 152 " You can only experience these complex and powerful feelings when you know who you are " (Lewis, M., Alessandri, S.M., & Sullivan, M.W., 1992. Differences in shame and pride as a function of children's gender and task difficulty. Child Development, 63 (3), 630-638).
300. p. 153 "And that means your job forms part of your identity " (Ellemers, N., de Gilder, D., & Haslam, S.A., 2004. Motivating individuals and groups at work: A social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Academy of Management Review, 29 (3), 459-478).
301. p. 153 "If you can't identify with your organization..." (Tyler, T.R., & Robert, I., 1999. Why people cooperate with organizations: An identity-based perspective. In R.I. Sutton & B.M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior. Greenwich, CT: Elsevier Science/JAI Press).
302. p. 154 " That's probably because cultures which favor the group over the individual... " (Neumann, R., Steinhäuser, N., & Roeder, U.R., 2009. How self-construal shapes emotion: Cultural differences in the feeling of pride. Social Cognition, 27 (2), 327-337).
303. p. 155 "You'll learn something new and you might just feel proud..." (Webster, J.M., Duval, J., Gaines, L.M., & Smith, R.H., 2003. The roles of praise and social comparison information in the experience of pride. Journal of Social Psychology, 143 (2), 209-232).
304. p. 156 "Trust reduces costs " (Fukuyama, F., 1995. Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: Free Press).
305. p. 156 "...and means you can take a risk without worrying about hidden agendas and politics " (Mayer, R.C., & Gavin, M.B., 2005. Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss? Academy ofManagement Journal, 48 (5), 874-888).
306. p. 156 "As if it were someone who understands you, has a character..." (Coleman, J.S., 1993. The rational reconstruction of society. American Sociological Review, 58 (1), 1-15).
307. p. 157 " Those relationships are naturally extended to include allies of your allies; it's almost as if you extend your Trust by proxy..." (Burt, R.S., & Knez, M., 1996. Trust and third-party gossip. In R.M. Kramer & T.R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust inorganizations: Frontiers of theory and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications).
308. p. 157 "To do that you need to believe that they are competent..." (Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., & Schoorman, F.D., 1995. An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20 (3), 709-734).
309. p. 158 "That's when you'll go into over-drive looking for Trust..." (Shapiro, D.L., & Kirkman, B.L., 1999. Employees'reaction to the change to work teams: The influence of anticipatory justice. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12 (1), 51-67).
310. p. 158 "Most people start with high levels of Trust, which then gets worn away " (Elangovan, A.R., Auer-Rizzi, W., & Szabo, E., 2007. Why don't I trust you now? Anattributional approach to erosion of trust. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22 (1), 4-24).
311. p. 158 "...it doesn't tend to work the other way round" (Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., & McCabe, K., 1995. Trust, reciprocity, and social history. Games and Economic Behavior, 10 (1), 122-142).
312. p. 158 "And you'll probably tolerate a maximum of two violations of Trust..." (Elangovan, A.R., Auer-Rizzi, W., & Szabo, E., 2007. Why don't I trust you now? Anattributional approach to erosion of trust. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22 (1), 4-24).
313. p. 158 "What causes most people to feel most enraged..." (Bell, B.S., Wiechmann, D., & Ryan, A.M., 2006. Consequences of organizational justice expectations in a selection system. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (2), 455-466).
314. p. 158 "And that's particularly true for people at the bottom..." (De Vogli, R., et al., 2007. Unfairness and health: Evidence from the Whitehall II study. Journal ofEpidemiology and Community Health, 61 (6), 513-518).
315. p. 158 " When Trust is fractured, organizations rely on threats or punishments, play favorites, and discourage input " (Cangemi, J.P., Rice, J., & Kowalski, C.J., 1990. The development, decline and renewal of trust in an organization: Some observations. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 27 (3), 46-53).
316. p. 158 "...when these are fueled by rumors " (DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P., 2007. Rumor psychology: Social and organizational approaches. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association).
317. p. 159 "Creates social capital " (Fussell, H., Harrison-Rexrode, J., Kennan, W.R., & Hazleton, V., 2006. The relationship between social capital, transaction costs, and organizational outcomes: A case study. Corporate Communications, 11 (2), 148-161).
318. p. 159 "Predicts cooperation " (Dirks, K.T., & Ferrin, D.L., 2002. Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal ofApplied Psychology, 87 (4), 611-628).
319. p. 159 "Allows you to take risks " (Colquitt, J.A., Scott, B.A., & LePine, J.A., 2007. Trust, trustworthiness, and trust propensity: A meta-analytic test of their unique relationships with risk taking and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92 (4), 909-927).
320. p. 159 "Facilitates knowledge and information sharing " (Chowdhury, S., 2005. The role of affect-and cognition-based trust in complex knowledge sharing. Journal ofManagerial Issues, 17 (3), 310-326.
321. Lucas, L.M., 2005. The impact of trust and reputation on the transfer of best practices. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9 (4), 87-101).
322. p. 159 "Reduces feelings of personal pressure " (Harvey, S., Kelloway, E.K., & Duncan-Leiper, L., 2003. Trust in management as a buffer of the relationships between overload and strain. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 8 (4), 306-315).
323. p. 159 "Is a vital link between you and your organization " (Lind, E.A., 2001. Fairness heuristic theory: Justice judgements as pivotal cognitions in organizational relations. In J. Greenberg & R. Cropanzano (Eds.), Advances in organizational justice. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).
324. p. 159 " For example, getting a new working relationship offon the wrong foot is a real killer..." (Lount, Jr., R.B., Zhong, C.-B., Sivanathan, N., & Murnighan, J.K., 2008. Getting offon the wrong foot: The timing of a breach and the restoration oftrust. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (12), 1601-1612).
325. p. 159 " You'll see what you expect to see, looking for evidence that confirms what you think " (Choi, J., 2008. Event justice perceptions and employees'reactions: Perceptions of social entity justice as moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (3), 513-528).
326. p. 159 "...dismissing anything that doesn't " (Higgins, E.T., & Bargh, J.A., 1987. Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 369-425).
327. p. 159 " Expecting a bonus and getting nothing will evoke a much stronger negative reaction..." (Bell, B.S., Wiechmann, D., & Ryan, A.M., 2006. Consequences of organizational justice expectations in a selection system. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (2), 455-466).
328. p. 160 "That's because, typically, losses loom twice as large as gains " (Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D., 1991. Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106, 1039-1061).
329. p. 160 "Thirdly, sources of bad news are often seen as more credible..." (Slovic, P., 1993. Perceived risk, trust and democracy. Risk Analysis, 13 (6), 675-682).
330. p. 160 "If you deliver bad news you're seen to be in the loop..." (Slovic, P., 1993. Perceived risk, trust and democracy. Risk Analysis, 13 (6), 675-682).
331. p. 161 "If students can be persuaded to change their expectations of alcohol..." (Lau-Barraco, C., & Dunn, M.E., 2008. Evaluation of a single-session expectancy challenge intervention to reduce alcohol use among college students. Psychology ofAddictive Behaviors, 22 (2), 168-175).
332. p. 161 " And a central feature of every interaction that builds Trust is how you share and swap resources " (Nugent, P.D., & Abolafia, M.Y., 2006. The creation of trust through interaction and exchange: The role of consideration in organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31 (6), 628-650).
333. p. 161 "The more politically Machiavellian you are..." (Albrecht, S., 2008. The direct and indirect influence of organizational politics on organizational support, trust and commitment. In E. Vigoda-Gadot & A. Drory (Eds.), Handbook of organizational politics. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar).
334. p. 161 "Clear and consistent signaling about what is and isn't acceptable..." (Six, F., & Sorge, A., 2008. Creating a high-trust organization: An exploration into organizational policies that stimulate interpersonal trust building. Journal of Management Studies, 45 (5), 857-884).
335. p. 163 "And this isn't just a generational thing: everyone from Baby Boomers..." (Curry, C.J., 2008. Predicting the effects of extrinsic and intrinsic job factors on overall job satisfaction for Generation X and Baby Boomers in a regional healthcare organization. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 68 (12-B), 8435).
336. p. 163 "...to Gen Y-ers " (Na'Desh, F.D., 2009. Grown up digital: Gen-Y implications for organizations. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 69 (9-A), 3625).
337. p. 163 "Back in 1959, Herzberg published his Two-Factor Theory..." (Herzberg, F., 1959. The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley).
338. p. 163 "You get Recognition at work in four different ways " (Brun, J.-P., & Dugas, N., 2008. An analysis of employee recognition: Perspectives on human resources practices. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19 (4), 716-730).
339. p. 164 "Dr. Gary Chapman says that there are five different ways..." (Chapman, G., 2007. The five love languages, 2nd ed. Chicago: Northfield).
340. p. 165 "There's a lot of evidence that shows the best psychological capital..." (Tatzel, M., 2003. The art of buying: Coming to terms with money and materialism. Journal of Happiness Studies, 4 (4), 405-435).
341. p. 171 " For example, work that means going beyond the call of duty in terms of time and effort..." (Kinman, G., & Jones, F., 2008. Effort-reward imbalance and overcommitment: Predicting strain in academic employees in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Stress Management, 15 (4), 381-395).
342. p. 171 " As are constant interruptions or blocks when you're trying to get something done " (Zohar, D., Tzischinski, O., & Epstein, R., 2003. Effects of energy availability onimmediate and delayed emotional reactions to work events. Journal ofApplied Psychology, 88 (6), 1082-1093).
343. p. 171 "...you're de-energized then because getting back on track takes such high levels of energy and self-control" (Vohs, K.D., et al., 2008. Making choices impairs subsequent self-control: A limited-resource account of decision making, self-regulation, and active initiative. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94 (5), 883-898).
344. p. 171 " Of course, the more you're interrupted the harder it then is to pick up the threads " (Monk, C.A., Trafton, J.G., & Boehm-Davis, D.A., 2008. The effect of interruption duration and demand on resuming suspended goals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14 (4), 299-313).
345. p. 171 " In fact, happiness at work and energy have one of the strongest relationships we've found..." (.767, p =.000).
346. p. 172 " That's why you'll feel particularly pressurized and negative when you waste it " (Hobfoll, S.E., & Shirom, A., 2001. Conservation of resources theory: Applications to stress and management in the workplace. In R.T. Golembiewski (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker).
347. p. 172 "Continually doing that can lead to burnout..." (Shirom, A., et al., 2005. Burnout and health review: Current knowledge and future research directions. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 20, 269-307).
348. p. 172 " And very importantly, when you have had enough time to recharge outside work " (Sonnentag, S., 2003. Recovery, work engagement and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (3), 518-528).
349. p. 172 "Jim Loehr and Tony Schwartz's work with top class athletes..." (Loehr, J., & Schwartz, T., 2001. The making of a corporate athlete. Harvard Business Review, January, 120-128).
350. p. 173 " The Whitehall II study which followed British civil servants over 20 years... " (Virtanen, M., et al., 2009. Long working hours and cognitive function. The Whitehall II study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169 (5), 596-605).
351. p. 174 "We all like group members to conform..." (Asch, S.E., 1956. Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70 (9), No. 416).
352. p. 175 "Contact people who worked with you in the past..." (Roberts, L.M., et al., 2005. How to play your strengths. Harvard Business Review, January, 83 (1)).
353. p. 175 " That's important because strengths based feedback alone doesn't generate positive actions or feelings..." (Spreitzer, G., Stephens, J.P., & Sweetman, D., 2009. The reflected best self field experiment with adolescent leaders: Exploring the psychological resources associated with feedback source and valence. Journal ofPositive Psychology, 4 (5), 331-348).
354. p. 175 " You'll pay more attention to negative feedback because it directs your attention to what you can do to improve " (Baumeister, R.F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K., 2001. Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5 (4), 323-370).
355. p. 177 " It's not clear from the literature whether your strengths are fixed or not... " (in addition I can't find empirical evidence addressing a possible Hawthorne effect).
356. p. 177 "Professor Linda Ginzel at Chicago Booth Business School..." (private communication, September 2009).
357. p. 178 "Kaplan and Kaiser, who researched strength over use..." (Kaplan, R.E., & Kaiser, R.B., 2009. Stop overdoing your strengths. Harvard Business Review, February).
358. p. 178 "That's what derailing is all about " (Prince, D.W., 2005. Avoiding executive derailment: Individual and organizational responsibilities. Business Leadership Review, 2 (1)).
359. p. 178 "They matter in generating flow experiences " (Csikszentmihalyi, M., 1997. Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York: Basic Books).
360. p. 178 "...and building happiness at work " (Kornhauser, A.W., 1965. Mental health of the industrial worker: A Detroit study. Oxford: John Wiley).
361. p. 178 "...and not using them can generate feelings of depression " (Warr, P., 2007. Work, happiness and unhappiness. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum).
362. p. 178 "And this is true in music " (Sloboda, J.A., & Howe, M.J.A., 1991. Biographical precursors of musical excellence: An interview study. Psychology of Music, 19, 3-21).
363. "mathematics " (Gustin, W.C., 1985. The development of exceptional research mathematicians. In B.S. Bloom (Ed.), Developing talent in young people. New York: Ballantine Books).
364. "medical diagnosis " (Moulaert, V., et al., 2004. The effects of deliberate practice in undergraduate medical education. Medical Education, 38 (10), 1044-1052).
365. "scientific output " (Lehman, H.C., 1953. Age and achievement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
366. "social science " (Voss, J.F., Greene, T.R., Post, T.A., & Penner, B.C., 1983. Problem-solving skill inthe social sciences. In G.H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 17, pp. 165-213). San Diego, CA: Academic Press).
367. p. 179 "Deliberate practice is a term coined by Professor Anders Ericsson..." (Ericsson, K.A., 1996. The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance inthe arts, sciences, sports and games. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum).
368. p. 179 "He and his colleagues noticed that the key to expertise..." (Ericsson, K.A., Prietula, M.J., & Cokely, E.T., 2007. The making of an expert. Harvard Business Review, June).
369. p. 179 "That's the kind of feedback which has the most effect..." (Kluger, A.N., & DeNisi, A., 1996. The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119 (2), 254-284).
370. p. 179 " And understanding that feedback which has the weakest effect on performance... " (Kluger, A.N., & DeNisi, A., 1996. The effects of feedback interventions onperformance: A historical review, a meta-analysis and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psychological Bulletin, 119 (2), 254-284).
371. p. 180 "That was shown in a now famous study of London cab drivers..." (Maguire, E.A., et al., 2000. Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97 (8), 4398-4403).
372. p. 180 " Ericsson's research suggests that it takes about 10 years or 10,000 hours of deliberate practice..." (Ericsson, K.A., Krampe, R.T., & Tesch-Römer, C., 1993. The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100 (3), 363-406).
373. p. 180 " And it's the final 2,500 hours that make the difference between being an expert and being a good performer; those are best built up..." (Ericsson, K.A., Krampe, R.T., & Tesch-Römer, C., 1993. The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100 (3), 363-406).
374. p. 180 "But even deliberate practice for an hour a day..." (Farmer, L.C., & Williams, G.R., 2005. The rigorous application of deliberate practice methods in skills courses. Prepared for LCLA/IALS Sixth International Clinical Conference Enriching Clinical Education, cdn.law.ucla.edu/SiteCollectionDocuments/workshops%20and%20colloquia/clinical%20programs/larry%20farmer%20 and%20gerald%20williams.pdf).
375. p. 181 "But those failures are often a spur to learning " (Markman, K.D., McMullan, M.N., & Elizaga, R.A., 2008. Counterfactual thinking, persistence and performance: A test of the reflection and evaluation model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44 (2), 421-428).
376. p. 181 " That means organizations need to sell the benefits of development much better and ensure that learning and sharing knowledge is something that's offi-cially supported" (Noe, R.A., & Wilk, S.L., 1993. Investigation of the factors that influence employees'participation in development activities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78 (2), 291-302).
377. p. 182 " And the big plus is that it's an easy way to connect with others to get support " (Daniels, K., et al., 2009. An experience sampling of learning, affect and the demands control support model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 (4), 1003-1017).
378. p. 182 " But whether learning is formal or informal, everyone needs to understand why developing and sharing knowledge matters..." (Noe, R.A., & Wilk, S.L., 1993. Investigation of the factors that influence employees'participation in development activities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78 (2), 291-302).
379. p. 182 " Other than knowledge and understanding, you also get a reinforced sense ofcompetence..." (Kets de Vries, M.F.R., 2001. Creating authentizotic organizations: Well-functioning individuals in vibrant companies. Human Relations, 54, 101-111).
380. p. 182 "Challenges, particularly ones you feel in control of..." (Cavanaugh, M.A., Boswell, W.R., Roehling, M.V., & Boudreau, J.W., 2000. An empirical examination ofself-reported work stress among US managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85 (1), 65-74).
381. p. 182 "...and that you feel supported in..." (Wallace, J.C., et al., 2009. Work stressors, role-based performance, and the moderating influence of organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 (1), 254-262).
382. p. 183 " A defining characteristic of those who take on and overcome big challenges... " (Gallagher, M.W., & Lopez, S.J., 2007. Curiosity and well-being. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2 (4), 236-248).
383. p. 183 "If you have this character trait you'll embrace uncertainty " (Kashdan, T.B., & Silvia, P.J., 2009. Curiosity and interest: The benefits of thriving on novelty and challenge. In S.J. Lopez & C.R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press).
384. p. 183 "That leads to additional knowledge and experience..." (Svoboda, E., 2006. Cultivating curiosity. Psychology Today [online]. Available at www.psychologytoday. com/articles/200608/cultivating-curiosity [accessed September 29, 2009]).
385. p. 183 "But it actually looks as if challenges at work fall into two groups..." (Cavanaugh, M.A., Boswell, W.R., Roehling, M.V., & Boudreau, J.W., 2000. An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among US managers. Journal ofApplied Psychology, 85 (1), 65-74).
386. p. 183 " Time-pressure is interesting because most people think that it's negative; actually it results in using your initiative..." (Fay, D., & Sonnentag, S., 2002. Rethinking the effects of stressors: A longitudinal study on personal initiative. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7 (3), 221-234).
387. p. 185 " But it's no surprise that clarity about what you have to achieve makes you happier..." (Lang, J., Thomas, J.L., Bliese, P.D., & Adler, A.B., 2007. Job demands and job performance: The mediating effect of psychological and physical strain and the moderating effect of role clarity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12 (2), 116-124).
388. p. 185 " One of the most important ways that you can deal with harder to manage challenges is by getting support " (Hochwarter, W.A., Witt, L.A., Treadway, D.C., & Ferris, G.R., 2006. The interaction of social skill and organizational support onjob performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91 (2), 482-489).
389. p. 187 "Of course one affects the other..." (Boehm, J.K., & Lyubomirsky, S., 2008. Does happiness promote career success? Journal of Career Assessment, 16 (1), 101-116).