Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 86, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 320-333

  Tugade, Michele M ^a   Fredrickson, Barbara L ^b  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; BLOOD PRESSURE; CONVALESCENCE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMAN; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; REVIEW;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFFECT; BLOOD PRESSURE; CONVALESCENCE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; MALE; QUESTIONNAIRES;

EID: 1342303765     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Affleck, G., & Tennen, H. (1996). Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality, 64, 899-922.
2. Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997). A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 417-436.
3. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
4. Blascovich, J. J., & Katkin, E. S. (1993). Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress and disease. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
5. Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the origination of behavior. In W. A. Collings (Ed.), The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361.
7. Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models and linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 245-266.
8. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
9. Demos, E. V. (1989). Resiliency in infancy. In T. F. Dugan & R. Cole (Eds.), The child of our times: Studies in the development of resiliency (pp. 3-22). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
10. Dienstbier, R. (1989). Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health. Psychological Review, 96, 84-100.
11. Dillon, K., Minchoff, B., & Baker, K. H. (1985-1986). Positive emotional states and enhancement of the immune system. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 15, 13-18.
12. Feldman Barrett, L., & Gross, J. (2001). Emotional intelligence: A process model of emotion representation and regulation. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonnano (Eds.), Emotions: Current issues and future directions (pp. 286-310). New York: Guilford.
13. Feldman Barrett, L., Gross, J., Christensen, T. C., & Benvenuto, M. (2001). Knowing what you're feeling and knowing what to do about it: Mapping the relation between emotion differentiation and emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 713-724.
14. Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 1207-1221.
15. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: Study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 150-170.
16. Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist, 55, 647-654.
17. Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology: Special Issue: New Directions in Research on Emotion, 2, 300-319.
18. Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention and Treatment, 3, Article 1. Retrieved March 12, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume 3/pre0030001a.html.
19. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist: Special Issue, 56, 218-226.
20. Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13, 172-175.
21. Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 191-220.
22. Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24, 237-258.
23. Fredrickson, B. L., Maynard, K. E., Helms, M. J., Haney, T. L., Siegler, I. C., & Barefoot, J. C. (2000). Hostility predicts magnitude and duration of blood pressure response to anger. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 229-243.
24. Goldman, S. L., Kraemer, D. T., & Salovey, P. (1996). Beliefs about mood moderate the relationship of stress to illness and symptom reporting. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 115-128.
25. Isen, A. M. (1999). Positive affect. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 521-539). New York: Wiley.
26. Kaplan, J. R., Manuck, S. B., Williams, J. K., & Strawn, W. (1993). Psychosocial influences on atherosclerosis: Evidence for effects and mechanisms in nonhuman primates. In J. Blascovich & E. S. Katkin (Eds.), Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress and disease (pp. 3-26). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
27. Klohnen, E. C. (1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1067-1079.
28. Kubzansky, L. D. (1996). The effect of emotions on performance: The role of appraisals and emotions in audience effects. Unpublished manuscript.
29. Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors and processes contributing to resilience: The resilience framework. In M. D. Glantz & J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 179-224). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
30. Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 1-21.
31. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
32. Lefcourt, H. M., Davidson-Katz, K., & Kueneman, K. (1990). Humor and immune-system functioning. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 3, 305-321.
33. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238.
34. Matlin, M. W., & Gawron, V. J. (1979). Individual differences in Pollyannaism. Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 411-412.
35. Monat, A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Stress and coping: An anthology. New York: Columbia University Press.
36. Moos, R. H. (1988). Coping responses inventory manual. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers.
37. Moskowitz, J. T., Folkman, S., Collette, L., & Vittinghoff, E. (1996). Coping and mood during AIDS-related caregiving and bereavement. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 49-57.
38. Newlin, D., & Levenson, R. W. (1979). Pre-ejection period: Measuring beta-adrenergic influences upon the heart. Psychophysiology, 16, 546-553.
39. Park, C. L., Cohen, L. H., & Murch, R. L. (1996). Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth. Journal of Personality, 64, 71-105.
40. Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1, 115-144.
41. Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 781-793.
42. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 316-331.
43. Salovey, P., Bedell, B. T., Detweiler, J. B., & Mayer, J. D. (1999). Coping intelligently: Emotional intelligence and the coping process. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works (pp. 141-164). New York: Oxford.
44. Salovey, P., Hsee, C. K., & Mayer, J. D. (1993). Emotional intelligence and the self-regulation of affect. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 258-277). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
45. Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1989-1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211.
46. Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813-838.
47. Stone, A. A., Neale, J. M., Cox, D. S., Napoli, A., Valdimarsdottir, H., & Kennedy-Moore, E. (1994). Daily events are associated with a secretory immune response to an oral antigen in men. Health Psychology, 13, 440-446.
48. Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Reed, G. M., Bower, J. E., & Gruenewald, T. L. (2000). Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. American Psychologist, 55, 99-109.
49. Tennen, H., & Affleck, G. (1999). Finding benefits in adversity. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works (pp. 279-304). New York: Oxford University Press.
50. Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kelsey, R. M., & Leitten, C. L. (1993). Subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 248-260.
51. Tomaka, J., Blascovich, J., Kibler, J., & Ernst, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 63-72.
52. Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2002). Positive emotions and emotional intelligence. In L. Feldman Barrett & P. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom of feelings (pp. 319-340). New York: Guilford.
53. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
54. Werner, E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
55. Wiebe, D. J. (1991). Hardiness and stress moderation: A test of proposed mechanisms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 89-99.
56. Wolin, S. J., & Wolin, S. (1993). Bound and determined: Growing up resilient in a troubled family. New York: Villard.