Flavour-nutrient learning in humans: An elusive phenomenon?

Physiology and Behavior

Volumn 106, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 345-355

  Yeomans, Martin R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Conditioning; Flavour; Learning; Nutrients

Indexed keywords

ASSOCIATION; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; ENERGY; FLAVOR; FLAVOR NUTRIENT LEARNING; HUMAN; INGESTION; LEARNING; NUTRIENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TASTE PREFERENCE;

ANIMALS; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; FOOD; FOOD PREFERENCES; HUMANS; SATIATION;

EID: 84860426993     PISSN: 00319384     EISSN: 1873507X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.013     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Rozin P. Psychobiological and cultural determinants of food choice. Appetite and food intake 1976, 285-312. Abakon, Berlin. T. Silverstone (Ed.).
2. Steiner J.E., Glaser D., Hawilo M.E., Berridge K.C. Comparative expression of hedonic impact: affective reactions to taste by human infants and other primates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2001, 25:53-74.
3. Looy H., Callaghan S., Weingarten H.P. Hedonic response of sucrose likers and dislikers to other gustatory stimuli. Physiol Behav 1992, 52:219-225.
4. Yeomans M.R., Durlach P.J., Tinley E.M. Flavour liking and preference conditioned by caffeine in humans. Q J Exp Psychol 2005, 58B:47-58.
5. Rozin P., Zellner D.A. The role of Pavlovian conditioning in the acquisition of food likes and dislikes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985, 443:189-202.
6. Zellner D.A. How foods get to be liked: some general mechanisms and some special cases. The hedonics of taste 1991, 199-217. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillside New Jersey. R.C. Bolles (Ed.).
7. Garcia J., Koelling R.A. Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychon Sci 1966, 4:123-124.
8. Yeomans M.R., Blundell J.E., Lesham M. Palatability: response to nutritional need or need-free stimulation of appetite?. Br J Nutr 2004, 92:S3-S14.
9. Booth D.A. Cognitive experimental psychology of appetite. Eating habits 1987, 175-209. Wiley, Chichester. R.A. Boakes, M.J. Burton, D.A. Popplewell (Eds.).
10. Hogenkamp P.S., Mars M., Stafleu A., de Graaf C. Intake during repeated exposure to low- and high-energy-dense yogurts by different means of consumption. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:841-847.
11. Warwick Z.S., Weingarten H.P. Dissociation of palatability and calorie effects in learned flavor preferences. Physiol Behav 1996, 55:501-504.
12. Warwick Z.S., Weingarten H.P. Flavor-postingestive consequence associations incorporate the behaviorally opposing effects of positive reinforcement and anticipated satiety: implications for interpreting two-bottle tests. Physiol Behav 1996, 60:711-715.
13. Sclafani A. Post-ingestive positive controls of ingestive behaviour. Appetite 2001, 36:79-83.
14. Myers K.P., Sclafani A. Development of learned flavor preferences. Dev Psychobiol 2006, 48:380-388.
15. Ackroff K., Lucas F., Sclafani A. Flavor preference conditioning as a function of fat source. Physiol Behav 2005, 85:448-460.
16. Lucas F., Sclafani A. Flavor preferences conditioned by intragastric fat infusions in rats. Physiol Behav 1989, 46:403-412.
17. Azzara A.V., Sclafani A. Flavor preferences conditioned by intragastric sugar infusions in rats: maltose is more reinforcing than sucrose. Physiol Behav 1998, 64:535-541.
18. Bonacchi K.B., Ackroff K., Sclafani A. Sucrose taste but not Polycose taste conditions flavor preferences in rats. Physiol Behav 2008, 95:235-244.
19. Sclafani A., Fanizza L.J., Azzara A.V. Conditioned flavor avoidance, preference, and indifference produced by intragastric infusions of galactose, glucose and fructose in rats. Physiol Behav 1999, 67:227-234.
20. Perez C., Ackroff K., Sclafani A. Carbohydrate- and protein-conditioned flavor preferences: effects of nutrient preloads. Physiol Behav 1996, 59:467-474.
21. Ackroff K., Sclafani A. Ethanol flavor preference conditioned by intragastric carbohydrate in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002, 74:41-51.
22. Ackroff K., Rozental D., Sclafani A. Ethanol-conditioned flavor preferences compared with sugar- and fat-conditioned preferences in rats. Physiol Behav 2004, 81:699-713.
23. Booth D.A. Food-conditioned eating preferences and aversions with interoceptive elements: conditioned appetites and satieties. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985, 443:22-41.
24. Booth D.A. Conditioned satiety in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1972, 81:457-471.
25. Gibson E.L., Booth D.A. Food-conditioned odour rejection in the late stages of the meal, mediating learnt control of meal volume by aftereffects of food consumption. Appetite 2000, 34:295-303.
26. White J.A., Mok E., Thibault L., Booth D.A. Acquisition of texture-cued fasting-anticipatory meal-size change in rats with adequate energy intake. Appetite 2001, 37:103-109.
27. Warwick Z.S., Bowen K.J., Synowski S.J. Learned suppression of intake based on anticipated calories: cross-nutrient comparisons. Physiol Behav 1997, 62:1319-1324.
28. Kern D.L., McPhee L., Fisher J., Johnson S., Birch L.L. The postingestive consequences of fat condition preferences for flavors associated with high dietary fat. Physiol Behav 1993, 54:71-76.
29. Appleton K.M., Gentry R.C., Shepherd R. Evidence of a role for conditioning in the development of liking for flavours in humans in everyday life. Physiol Behav 2006, 87:478-486.
30. Birch L.L., McPhee L., Steinberg L., Sullivan S. Conditioned flavor preferences in young children. Physiol Behav 1990, 47:501-505.
31. Brunstrom J.M., Mitchell G.L. Flavor-nutrient learning in restrained and unrestrained eaters. Physiol Behav 2007, 90:133-141.
32. Capaldi E.D., Privitera G.J. Flavor-nutrient learning independent of flavor-taste learning with college students. Appetite 2007, 49:712-715.
33. Mobini S., Chambers L.C., Yeomans M.R. Effects of hunger state on flavour pleasantness conditioning at home: flavour-nutrient learning versus flavour-flavour learning. Appetite 2007, 48:20-28.
34. Yeomans M.R., Weinberg L., James S. Effects of palatability and learned satiety on energy density influences on breakfast intake in humans. Physiol Behav 2005, 86:487-499.
35. Yeomans M.R., Gould N.J., Leitch M., Mobini S. Effects of energy density and portion-size on development of acquired flavour liking and learned satiety. Appetite 2009, 52:469-478.
36. Zandstra E.H., Stubenitsky K., De Graaf C., Mela D.J. Effects of learned flavour cues on short-term regulation of food intake in a realistic setting. Physiol Behav 2002, 75:83-90.
37. Specter S.E., Bellisle F., Hemery-Veron S., Fiquet P., Bornet F.R., Slama G. Reducing ice cream energy density does not condition decreased acceptance or engender compensation following repeated exposure. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998, 52:703-710.
38. Zeinstra G.G., Koelen M.A., Kok F.J., de Graaf C. Children's hard-wired aversion to pure vegetable tastes. A 'failed' flavour-nutrient learning study. Appetite 2009, 52:528-530.
39. Mars M., Hogenkamp P.S., Gosses A.M., Stafleu A., De Graaf C. Effect of viscosity on learned satiation. Physiol Behav 2009, 98:60-66.
40. Brunstrom J.M. Dietary learning in humans: directions for future research. Physiol Behav 2005, 85:57-65.
41. Brunstrom J.M. Does dietary learning occur outside awareness?. Conscious Cogn 2004, 13:453-470.
42. Gibson E.L., Wainwright C.J., Booth D.A. Disguised protein in lunch after low-protein breakfast conditions food-flavor preferences dependent on recent lack of protein intake. Physiol Behav 1995, 58:363-371.
43. Epstein L.H., Carr K.A., Cavanaugh M.D., Paluch R.A., Bouton M.E. Long-term habituation to food in obese and nonobese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 94:371-376.
44. Hetherington M.M., Pirie L.M., Nabb S. Stimulus satiation: effects of repeated exposure to foods on pleasantness and intake. Appetite 2002, 38:19-28.
45. Meiselman H.L., de Graaf C., Lesher L.L. The effects of variety and monotony on food acceptance and intake at a midday meal. Physiol Behav 2000, 70:119-125.
46. Moskowitz H.R. Engineering out food boredom: a product development approach that combines home use tests and time-preference analysis. Food Qual Prefer 2000, 11:445-456.
47. Raynor H.A., Niemeier H.M., Wing R.R. Effect of limiting snack food variety on long-term sensory-specific satiety and monotony during obesity treatment. Eat Behav 2006, 7:1-14.
48. Booth D.A., Lee M., McAleavey C. Acquired sensory control of satiation in man. Br J Psychol 1976, 67:137-147.
49. Garcia J., Ervin F.R., Koelling R.A. Learning with prolonged delay of reinforcement. Psychon Sci 1966, 5:121-122.
50. Yeomans M.R., Spetch H., Rogers P.J. Conditioned flavour preference negatively reinforced by caffeine in human volunteers. Psychopharmacology 1998, 137:401-409.
51. Diaz E., De la Casa L.G. Latent inhibition in human affective learning. Emotion 2002, 2:242-250.
52. Stuart E.W., Shimp T.A., Engle R.W. Classical conditioning of consumer attitudes: four experiments in an advertising context. J Consum Res 1987, 14:334-349.
53. De Houwer J., Baeyens F., Vansteenwegen D., Eelen P. Evaluative conditioning in the picture-picture paradigm with random assignment of conditioned stimuli to unconditioned stimuli. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 2000, 26:237-242.
54. Chambers L., Mobini S., Yeomans M.R. Caffeine deprivation state modulates expression of acquired liking for caffeine-paired flavours. Q J Exp Psychol 2007, 60:1356-1366.
55. Yeomans M.R., Leitch M., Gould N.J., Mobini S. Differential hedonic, sensory and behavioral changes associated with flavor-nutrient and flavor-flavor learning. Physiol Behav 2008, 93:798-806.
56. Sclafani A. Macronutrient-conditioned flavor preferences. Neural control of macronutrient selection 1999, 93-106. CRC Press, Boca Raton. H.-R. Berthoud, R.J. Seeley (Eds.).
57. Zijlstra N., Mars M., de Wijk R.A., Westerterp-Plantenga M.S., Holst J.J., de Graaf C. Effect of viscosity on appetite and gastro-intestinal hormones. Physiol Behav 2009, 97:68-75.
58. Zijlstra N., de Wijk R.A., Mars M., Stafleu A., de Graaf C. Effect of bite size and oral processing time of a semisolid food on satiation. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 90:269-275.
59. de Graaf C., Kok F.J. Slow food, fast food and the control of food intake. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010, 6:290-293.
60. Yeomans M.R., Chambers L.C. Satiety-relevant sensory qualities enhance the satiating effects of mixed carbohydrate-protein preloads. Am J Clin Nutr 2011, 94:1410-1417.
61. Booth D.A. Learnt reduction in the size of a meal. Measurement of the sensory-gastric inhibition from conditioned satiety. Appetite 2009, 52:745-749.
62. Booth D.A., Mather P., Fuller J. Starch content of ordinary foods associatively conditions human appetite and satiation, indexed by intake and pleasantness of starch-paired flavours. Appetite 1982, 3:163-184.
63. Fedorchak P.M., Bolles R.C. Hunger enhances the expression of calorie- but not taste-mediated conditioned flavour preferences. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 1987, 13:73-79.
64. Capaldi E.D., Owens J., Palmer K.A. Effects of food deprivation on learning and expression of flavor preferences conditioned by saccharin or sucrose. Anim Learn Behav 1994, 22:173-180.
65. Yiin Y.M., Ackroff K., Sclafani A. Food deprivation enhances the expression but not acquisition of flavor acceptance conditioning in rats. Appetite 2005, 45:152-160.
66. Yiin Y.M., Ackroff K., Sclafani A. Flavor preferences conditioned by intragastric nutrient infusions in food restricted and free-feeding rats. Physiol Behav 2005, 84:217-231.
67. Herman C.P., Polivy J. Restrained eating. Obesity 1980, 208-225. Saunders, Philadelphia. A.J. Stunkard (Ed.).
68. Gibson E.L., Wardle J. Energy density predicts preferences for fruit and vegetables in 4-year-old children. Appetite 2003, 41:97-98.
69. Louis-Sylvestre J., Tournier A., Verger P., Chabert M., Delorme B., Hossenlopp J. Learned caloric adjustment of human intake. Appetite 1989, 12:95-103.
70. Brunstrom J.M., Shakeshaft N.G., Scott-Samuel N.E. Measuring 'expected satiety' in a range of common foods using a method of constant stimuli. Appetite 2008, 51:604-614.
71. Brunstrom J.M., Rogers P.J. How many calories are on our plate? Expected fullness, not liking, determines meal-size selection. Obesity Silver Spring 2009, 17:1884-1890.
72. Wilkinson L.L., Brunstrom J.M. Conditioning 'fullness expectations' in a novel dessert. Appetite 2009, 52:780-783.
73. Yeomans M.R., Mobini S., Elliman T.D., Walker H.C., Stevenson R.J. Hedonic and sensory characteristics of odors conditioned by pairing with tastants in humans. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 2006, 32:215-228.
74. Zellner D.A., Rozin P., Aron M., Kulish C. Conditioned enhancement of human's liking for flavor by pairing with sweetness. Learn Motiv 1983, 14:338-350.
75. Brunstrom J.M., Fletcher H.Z. Flavour-flavour learning occurs automatically only in hungry participants. Physiol Behav 2008, 93:13-19.
76. Baeyens F., Eelen P., Van Den Burgh O., Crombez G. Flavor-flavor and color-flavor conditioning in humans. Learn Motiv 1990, 21:434-455.
77. Yeomans M.R. Understanding individual differences in acquired flavour liking in humans. Chemosens Percept 2010, 3:34-41.
78. Lowe M.R., Butryn M.L. Hedonic hunger: a new dimension of appetite?. Physiol Behav 2007, 91:432-439.
79. Rolls B.J., Hammer V.A. Fat, carbohydrate, and the regulation of energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 62:1086S-1095S.
80. Stubbs R.J. Macronutrient effects on appetite. Int J Obesity 1995, 19:S 11-S 19.
81. Bertenshaw E.J., Lluch A., Yeomans M.R. Satiating effects of protein but not carbohydrate consumed in a between meal beverage context. Physiol Behav 2008, 93:427-436.
82. Hill A.J., Blundell J.E. Macronutrients and satiety: the effects of a high-protein or high-carbohydrate meal on subjective motivation to eat and food preferences. Nutr Behav 1986, 3:133-144.
83. Blundell J.E., Macdiarmid J.I. Fat as a risk factor for overconsumption: satiation, satiety, and patterns of eating. J Am Diet Assoc 1997, 97:S63-S69.
84. Lawton C.L., Burley V.J., Wales J.K., Blundell J.E. Dietary fat and appetite control in obese subjects: weak effects on satiation and satiety. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993, 17:409-416.
85. De Graaf C., Hulshof T., Weststrate J.A., Jas P. Short-term effects of different amounts of protein, fats, and carbohydrates on satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 55:33-38.
86. Poppitt S.D., McCormack D., Buffenstein R. Short term effects of macronutrient preloads on appetite and energy intake in lean women. Physiol Behav 1998, 64:279-285.
87. Rolls B.J., Kim S., McNelis A.L., Fischman M.W., Foltin R.W., Moran T.H. Time course of effects of preloads high in fat or carbohydrate on food-intake and hunger ratings in humans. Am J Physiol 1991, 260:R 756-R 763.
88. Hall W.L., Millward D.J., Long S.J., Morgan L.M. Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite. Br J Nutr 2003, 89:239-248.
89. Zandstra E.H., El-Deredy W. Effects of energy conditioning on food preferences and choice. Appetite 2011, 57:45-49.
90. Johnson S.L., McPhee L., Birch L.L. Conditioned preferences: young children prefer flavors associated with high dietary fat. Physiol Behav 1991, 50:1245-1251.
91. O'Sullivan H.L., Alexander E., Ferriday D., Brunstrom J.M. Effects of repeated exposure on liking for a reduced-energy-dense food. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:1584-1589.