Impact of obesity on drug metabolism and elimination in adults and children

Clinical Pharmacokinetics

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 277-304

  Brill, Margreke J E ^a,b   Diepstraten, Jeroen ^a   Van Rongen, Anne ^a   Van Kralingen, Simone ^c   Van Den Anker, John N ^d,e   Knibbe, Catherijne A J ^a,b  

^a ST ANTONIUS HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^c ONZE LIEVE VROUWE GASTHUIS   (Netherlands)

^d CHILDREN'S NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e SOPHIA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adults; Children; Cytochrome P450; Glomerular filtration rate; Metabolic clearance; Obesity; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology

Indexed keywords

ALFENTANIL; ALPRAZOLAM; CAFFEINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHLORZOXAZONE; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTOCHROME P450 1A2; CYTOCHROME P450 2C19; CYTOCHROME P450 2C9; CYTOCHROME P450 2D6; CYTOCHROME P450 2E1; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; DEXFENFLURAMINE; DIAZEPAM; DOCETAXEL; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLIPIZIDE; GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE; IBUPROFEN; MIDAZOLAM; NEBIVOLOL; NORDAZEPAM; PHENYTOIN; TARANABANT; THEOPHYLLINE; TRAZODONE; TRIAZOLAM; UNINDEXED DRUG; VORICONAZOLE;

ADULT; CHILD; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG METABOLISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION; HUMAN; KIDNEY TUBULE ABSORPTION; KIDNEY TUBULE EXCRETION; LIVER BLOOD FLOW; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HUMANS; LIVER; OBESITY; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; PHARMACOKINETICS;

EID: 84859541079     PISSN: 03125963     EISSN: 11791926     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11599410-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. US obesity trends. Atlanta (GA): CDC, 2009 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.cdc. gov/obesity/data/trends.html [Accessed 2011 May 3]
2. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 2010 Jan 20; 303 (3): 235-41
3. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA2006 Apr 5; 295 (13): 1549-55
4. IASO. International Association for the Study of Obesity. EU 27 adult overweight & obesity document of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, July 2008 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.iaso. org/publications/trackingobesity/[Accessed 2012 Mar 5]
5. Ogden CL,CarrollMD, CurtinLR, et al. Prevalence of high bodymass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA 2010 Jan 20; 303 (3): 242-9
6. Jia WP, Wang C, Jiang S, et al. Characteristics of obesity and its related disorders in China. Biomed Environ Sci 2010 Feb; 23 (1): 4-11
7. Kelly T, Yang W, Chen CS, et al. Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008 Sep; 32 (9): 1431-7
8. Cheymol G. Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs in obesity: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993 Aug; 25 (2): 103-14 (Pubitemid 23232390)
9. Cheymol G. Effects of obesity on pharmacokinetics implications for drug therapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000 Sep; 39 (3): 215-31
10. Alexander JK, Dennis EW, Smith WG, et al. Blood volume, cardiac output, and distribution of systemic blood flow in extreme obesity. Cardiovasc Res Cent Bull 1962 Winter; 1: 39-44
11. Zavorsky GS. Cardiopulmonary aspects of obesity in women. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2009 Jun; 36 (2): 267-84, viii
12. Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005 May; 115 (5): 1111-9 (Pubitemid 40629025)
13. Guzzaloni G, Grugni G, Minocci A, et al. Liver steatosis in juvenile obesity: correlations with lipid profile, hepatic biochemical parameters and glycemic and insulinemic responses to an oral glucose tolerance test. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000 Jun; 24 (6): 772-6 (Pubitemid 30339276)
14. Wree A, Kahraman A, Gerken G, et al. Obesity affects the liver: the link between adipocytes and hepatocytes. Digestion 2011; 83 (1-2): 124-33
15. Fisher CD, Lickteig AJ, Augustine LM, et al. Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme alterations in humans with progressive stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Drug Metab Dispos 2009 Oct; 37 (10): 2087-94
16. Donato MT, Lahoz A, Jimenez N, et al. Potential impact of steatosis on cytochrome P450 enzymes of human hepatocytes isolated from fatty liver grafts. Drug Metab Dispos 2006 Sep; 34 (9): 1556-62 (Pubitemid 44285398)
17. Donato MT, Jimenez N, Serralta A, et al. Effects of steatosis on drugmetabolizing capability of primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2007 Mar; 21 (2): 271-6 (Pubitemid 46205072)
18. Emery MG, Fisher JM, Chien JY, et al. CYP2E1 activity before and after weight loss in morbidly obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2003 Aug; 38 (2): 428-35 (Pubitemid 36919864)
19. Casati A, Putzu M. Anesthesia in the obese patient: pharmacokinetic considerations. J Clin Anesth 2005 Mar; 17 (2): 134-45 (Pubitemid 40462234)
20. Marik P, Varon J. The obese patient in the ICU. Chest 1998; 113: 492-8 (Pubitemid 28110029)
21. Darbari DS, Neely M, van den Anker J, et al. Increased clearance of morphine in sickle cell disease: implications for pain management. J Pain 2011 May; 12 (5): 531-8
22. Jain R, Chung SM, Jain L, et al. Implications of obesity for drug therapy: limitations and challenges. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011 Jul; 90 (1): 77-89
23. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ. Drug disposition in obese humans: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1986 May-Jun; 11 (3): 199-213 (Pubitemid 16079739)
24. Mulla H, Johnson TN. Dosing dilemmas in obese children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2010 Aug; 95 (4): 112-7
25. Hanley MJ, Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ. Effect of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in humans. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010; 49 (2): 71-87
26. Ingrande J, Lemmens HJ. Dose adjustment of anaesthetics in the morbidly obese. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105 Suppl. 1: i16-23
27. Morrish GA, Pai MP, Green B. The effects of obesity on drug pharmacokinetics in humans. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011 Jun; 7 (6): 697-706
28. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in obesity. Clin Pharmacokinet 1982 Mar-Apr; 7 (2): 108-24 (Pubitemid 12070477)
29. Kotlyar M, Carson SW. Effects of obesity on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999 Jan; 37 (1): 8-19 (Pubitemid 29043392)
30. Edelman AB, Cherala G, Stanczyk FZ. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of contraceptive steroids in obese women: a review. Contraception 2010 Oct; 82 (4): 314-23
31. Green B, Duffull SB. What is the best size descriptor to use for pharmacokinetic studies in the obese? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004 Aug; 58 (2): 119-33 (Pubitemid 39043992)
32. Flockhart DA. Drug interactions: cytochrome P450 drug interaction table [version 5.0]. Indianapolis (IN): Indiana University School of Medicine, 2009 Jan 12 [online]. Available from URL: http://medicine.iupui.edu/clin pharm/ddis/table.asp [Accessed 2011 May 4]
33. Williams RT. Detoxication mechanisms: the metabolism and detoxication of drugs,toxic substances, and other organic compounds. 2nd ed. London: Chapman and Hall, 1959
34. Moretto M, Kupski C, Mottin CC, et al. Hepatic steatosis in patients undergoing bariatric surgery and its relationship to body mass index and comorbidities. Obes Surg 2003 Aug; 13 (4): 622-4 (Pubitemid 36951745)
35. Silverman JF, O'Brien KF, Long S, et al. Liver pathology in morbidly obese patients with andwithout diabetes.AmJGastroenterol 1990Oct; 85 (10): 1349-55 (Pubitemid 20360647)
36. Harnois F, Msika S, Sabate JM, et al. Prevalence and predictive factors of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2006 Feb; 16 (2): 183-8
37. Thorn M, Finnstrom N, Lundgren S, et al. Cytochromes P450 and MDR1 mRNA expression along the human gastrointestinal tract. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005 Jul; 60 (1): 54-60 (Pubitemid 40942781)
38. Lindell M, Karlsson MO, Lennernas H, et al. Variable expression of CYP and Pgp genes in the human small intestine. Eur J Clin Invest 2003 Jun; 33 (6): 493-9 (Pubitemid 36754214)
39. Guengerich FP. Cytochrome p450 and chemical toxicology. Chem Res Toxicol 2008 Jan; 21 (1): 70-83 (Pubitemid 351219709)
40. Evans WE, Relling MV. Pharmacogenomics: translating functional genomics into rational therapeutics. Science 1999 Oct 15; 286 (5439): 487-91
41. Reddy VB, Doss GA, Karanam BV, et al. In vitro and in vivo metabolism of a novel cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist, taranabant, in rats and monkeys. Xenobiotica 2010 Sep; 40 (9): 650-62
42. Li XS, Nielsen J, Cirincione B, et al. Development of a population pharmacokinetic model for taranabant, a cannibinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist. AAPS J 2010 Dec; 12 (4): 537-47
43. Koolen SL, Oostendorp RL, Beijnen JH, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of intravenously and orally administered docetaxel with or without coadministration of ritonavir in patients with advanced cancer. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010 May; 69 (5): 465-74
44. Sparreboom A, Wolff AC, Mathijssen RH, et al. Evaluation of alternate size descriptors for dose calculation of anticancer drugs in the obese. J Clin Oncol 2007 Oct 20; 25 (30): 4707-13 (Pubitemid 350086471)
45. Kerr BM, Thummel KE, Wurden CJ, et al. Human liver carbamazepine metabolism: role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in 10,11-epoxide formation. Biochem Pharmacol 1994 Jun 1; 47 (11): 1969-79
46. Caraco Y, Zylber-Katz E, Berry EM, et al. Carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in obese and lean subjects. Ann Pharmacother 1995 Sep; 29 (9): 843-7
47. Caraco Y, Zylber-Katz E, Berry EM, et al. Significant weight reduction in obese subjects enhances carbamazepine elimination. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992 May; 51 (5): 501-6
48. Watkins PB. The role of cytochromes P-450 in cyclosporine metabolism. JAm Acad Dermatol 1990 Dec; 23 (6 Pt 2): 1301-9; discussion 1309-11
49. Hunt CM, Westerkam WR, Stave GM, et al. Hepatic cytochrome P-4503A (CYP3A) activity in the elderly. Mech Ageing Dev 1992 Jun; 64 (1-2): 189-99
50. Hunt CM, Watkins PB, Saenger P, et al. Heterogeneity of CYP3A isoforms metabolizing erythromycin and cortisol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992 Jan; 51 (1): 18-23
51. Streetman DS, Bertino Jr JS, Nafziger AN. Phenotyping of drug-metabolizing enzymes in adults: a review of in-vivo cytochrome P450 phenotyping probes. Pharmacogenetics 2000 Apr; 10 (3): 187-216 (Pubitemid 30242736)
52. Greenblatt DJ, Abernethy DR, Locniskar A, et al. Effect of age, gender, and obesity on midazolam kinetics. Anesthesiology 1984 Jul; 61 (1): 27-35 (Pubitemid 14089351)
53. Ohno Y, Hisaka A, Suzuki H. General framework for the quantitative prediction of CYP3A4-mediated oral drug interactions based on the AUC increase by coadministration of standard drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2007; 46 (8): 681-96 (Pubitemid 47204854)
54. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, et al. The influence of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of oral alprazolam and triazolam. Clin Pharmacokinet 1984 Mar-Apr; 9 (2): 177-83 (Pubitemid 14164708)
55. Flechner SM, Kolbeinsson ME, Tam J, et al. The impact of body weight on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 1989 May; 47 (5): 806-10 (Pubitemid 19139118)
56. Yee GC, Lennon TP, Gmur DJ, et al. Effect of obesity on cyclosporine disposition. Transplantation 1988 Mar; 45 (3): 649-51 (Pubitemid 18086578)
57. Rotzinger S, Fang J, Baker GB. Trazodone is metabolized to mchlorophenylpiperazine by CYP3A4 from human sources. Drug Metab Dispos 1998 Jun; 26 (6): 572-5 (Pubitemid 28498363)
58. Mihara K, Otani K, Suzuki A, et al. Relationship between the CYP2D6 genotype and the steady-state plasma concentrations of trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997 Sep; 133 (1): 95-8 (Pubitemid 27395825)
59. Greenblatt DJ, Friedman H, Burstein ES, et al. Trazodone kinetics: effect of age, gender, and obesity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987 Aug; 42 (2): 193-200 (Pubitemid 17135976)
60. Kharasch ED, Russell M, Mautz D, et al. The role of cytochrome P450 3A4 in alfentanil clearance: implications for interindividual variability in disposition and perioperative drug interactions. Anesthesiology 1997 Jul; 87 (1): 36-50 (Pubitemid 27438621)
61. Bentley J, Finley J, Humphrey L, et al. Obesity and alfentanil pharmacokinetics [abstract]. Anesth Analg 1983; 62: 251
62. Marterre WF, Hariharan S, First MR, et al. Gastric bypass in morbidly obese kidney transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 1996 Oct; 10 (5): 414-9 (Pubitemid 26363119)
63. Boni J, Leister C, Burns J, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile of temsirolimus with concomitant administration of cytochrome p450-inducing medications. J Clin Pharmacol 2007 Nov; 47 (11): 1430-9 (Pubitemid 47624594)
64. Kamdem LK, Streit F, Zanger UM, et al. Contribution of CYP3A5 to the in vitro hepatic clearance of tacrolimus. Clin Chem 2005 Aug; 51 (8): 1374-81 (Pubitemid 41060869)
65. Picard N, Cresteil T, Premaud A, et al. Characterization of a phase 1 metabolite of mycophenolic acid produced by CYP3A4/5. Ther Drug Monit 2004 Dec; 26 (6): 600-8 (Pubitemid 39579140)
66. Rogers CC, Alloway RR, Alexander JW, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid, tacrolimus and sirolimus after gastric bypass surgery in endstage renal disease and transplant patients: a pilot study. Clin Transplant 2008 May-Jun; 22 (3): 281-91 (Pubitemid 351689658)
67. Skottheim IB, Jakobsen GS, Stormark K, et al. Significant increase in systemic exposure of atorvastatin after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010 Jun; 87 (6): 699-705
68. Skottheim IB, Stormark K, Christensen H, et al. Significantly altered systemic exposure to atorvastatin acid following gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009 Sep; 86 (3): 311-8
69. Lucas D, Ferrara R, Gonzalez E, et al. Chlorzoxazone, a selective probe for phenotyping CYP2E1 in humans. Pharmacogenetics 1999 Jun; 9 (3): 377-88 (Pubitemid 29376382)
70. Lucas D, Farez C, Bardou LG, et al. Cytochrome P450 2E1 activity in diabetic and obese patients as assessed by chlorzoxazone hydroxylation. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1998; 12 (5): 553-8 (Pubitemid 29166500)
71. O'Shea D, Davis SN, Kim RB, et al. Effect of fasting and obesity in humans on the 6-hydroxylation of chlorzoxazone: a putative probe of CYP2E1 activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994 Oct; 56 (4): 359-67 (Pubitemid 24339082)
72. Kharasch ED, Thummel KE, Mautz D, et al. Clinical enflurane metabolism by cytochrome P450 2E1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994 Apr; 55 (4): 434-40 (Pubitemid 24172968)
73. Miller MS, Gandolfi AJ, Vaughan RW, et al. Disposition of enflurane in obese patients. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980 Nov; 215 (2): 292-6
74. Bentley JB, Vaughan RW, Miller MS, et al. Serum inorganic fluoride levels in obese patients during and after enflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1979 Sep-Oct; 58 (5): 409-12 (Pubitemid 10226203)
75. Kharasch ED. Biotransformation of sevoflurane. Anesth Analg 1995 Dec; 81 (6 Suppl.): S27-38
76. Higuchi H, Satoh T, Arimura S, et al. Serum inorganic fluoride levels in mildly obese patients during and after sevoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1993 Nov; 77 (5): 1018-21 (Pubitemid 23319803)
77. Frink Jr EJ, Malan Jr TP, Brown EA, et al. Plasma inorganic fluoride levels with sevoflurane anesthesia in morbidly obese and nonobese patients. Anesth Analg 1993 Jun; 76 (6): 1333-7 (Pubitemid 23164089)
78. Reichle FM, Conzen PF. Halogenated inhalational anaesthetics. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2003 Mar; 17 (1): 29-46 (Pubitemid 38950012)
79. Bentley JB, Vaughan RW, Gandolfi AJ, et al. Halothane biotransformation in obese and nonobese patients. Anesthesiology 1982 Aug; 57 (2): 94-7 (Pubitemid 12041004)
80. Barshop NJ, Capparelli EV, Sirlin CB, et al. Acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011 Feb; 52 (2): 198-202
81. Abernethy DR, Divoll M, Greenblatt DJ, et al. Obesity, sex, and acetaminophen disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982 Jun; 31 (6): 783-90 (Pubitemid 13096695)
82. Rumack BH. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: the first 35 years. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40 (1): 3-20 (Pubitemid 34438289)
83. May DG. Genetic differences in drug disposition. J Clin Pharmacol 1994 Sep; 34 (9): 881-97 (Pubitemid 24321073)
84. van den Anker JN. Developmental pharmacology. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2010; 16 (3): 233-8
85. Haritos VS, Ching MS, Ghabrial H, et al. Metabolism of dexfenfluramine in human liver microsomes and by recombinant enzymes: role of CYP2D6 and 1A2. Pharmacogenetics 1998 Oct; 8 (5): 423-32 (Pubitemid 28475306)
86. Cheymol G, Weissenburger J, Poirier JM, et al. The pharmacokinetics of dexfenfluramine in obese and non-obese subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995 Jun; 39 (6): 684-7
87. Lefebvre J, Poirier L, Poirier P, et al. The influence of CYP2D6 phenotype on the clinical response of nebivolol in patients with essential hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007 May; 63 (5): 575-82 (Pubitemid 46632567)
88. Cheymol G, Woestenborghs R, Snoeck E, et al. Pharmacokinetic study and cardiovascular monitoring of nebivolol in normal and obese subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 51 (6): 493-8 (Pubitemid 27317789)
89. Schrenk D, Brockmeier D, Morike K, et al. A distribution study of CYP1A2 phenotypes among smokers and non-smokers in a cohort of healthy Caucasian volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998 Jan; 53 (5): 361-7 (Pubitemid 28067979)
90. Rostami-Hodjegan A, Nurminen S, Jackson PR, et al. Caffeine urinary metabolite ratios as markers of enzyme activity: a theoretical assessment. Pharmacogenetics 1996 Apr; 6 (2): 121-49 (Pubitemid 26153358)
91. Rasmussen BB, Brosen K. Theophylline has no advantages over caffeine as a putative model drug for assessing CYPIA2 activity in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997 Mar; 43 (3): 253-8 (Pubitemid 27116064)
92. Chine MS, Schwarzenberg SJ, Johnson LA. Altered xanthine oxidase and N-acetyl transferase activity in obese children. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011 Jul; 72 (1): 109-15
93. Caraco Y, Zylber-Katz E, Berry EM, et al. Caffeine pharmacokinetics in obesity and following significant weight reduction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995 Apr; 19 (4): 234-9
94. Kamimori GH, Somani SM, Knowlton RG, et al. The effects of obesity and exercise on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in lean and obese volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 31 (5): 595-600 (Pubitemid 17016943)
95. Abernethy DR, Todd EL, Schwartz JB. Caffeine disposition in obesity. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985 Jul; 20 (1): 61-6 (Pubitemid 15229457)
96. Zahorska-Markiewicz B, Waluga M, Zielinski M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of theophylline in obesity. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 Sep; 34 (9): 393-5 (Pubitemid 26305813)
97. Jusko WJ, Gardner MJ, Mangione A, et al. Factors affecting theophylline clearances: age, tobacco, marijuana, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, obesity, oral contraceptives, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and ethanol. J Pharm Sci 1979 Nov; 68 (11): 1358-66 (Pubitemid 10210462)
98. Blouin RA, Elgert JF, Bauer LA. Theophylline clearance: effect of marked obesity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980 Nov; 28 (5): 619-23 (Pubitemid 11254161)
99. Langtry HD, Balfour JA. Glimepiride: a review of its use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 1998 Apr; 55 (4): 563-84 (Pubitemid 28162078)
100. Shukla UA, Chi EM, Lehr KH. Glimepiride pharmacokinetics in obese versus non-obese diabetic patients. Ann Pharmacother 2004 Jan; 38 (1): 30-5 (Pubitemid 38018001)
101. Tan B, Zhang YF, Chen XY, et al. The effects of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide in Chinese subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010 Feb; 66 (2): 145-51
102. Jaber LA, Ducharme MP, Halapy H. The effects of obesity on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glipizide in patients with non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Ther Drug Monit 1996 Feb; 18 (1): 6-13 (Pubitemid 26033352)
103. Garcia-Martin E, Martinez C, Tabares B, et al. Interindividual variability in ibuprofen pharmacokinetics is related to interaction of cytochrome P450 2C8 and 2C9 amino acid polymorphisms. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004 Aug; 76 (2): 119-27 (Pubitemid 39013402)
104. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ. Ibuprofen disposition in obese individuals. Arthritis Rheum 1985 Oct; 28 (10): 1117-21 (Pubitemid 16250646)
105. Kumar V, Wahlstrom JL, Rock DA, et al. CYP2C9 inhibition: impact of probe selection and pharmacogenetics on in vitro inhibition profiles. Drug Metab Dispos 2006 Dec; 34 (12): 1966-75 (Pubitemid 44837757)
106. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ. Phenytoin disposition in obesity: determination of loading dose. Arch Neurol 1985 May; 42 (5): 468-71 (Pubitemid 15113012)
107. Gonzalez FJ, Idle JR. Pharmacogenetic phenotyping and genotyping: present status and future potential. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994; 26 (1): 59-70 (Pubitemid 24029187)
108. He SM, Zhou ZW, Li XT, et al. Clinical drugs undergoing polymorphic metabolism by human cytochrome P450 2C9 and the implication in drug development. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18 (5): 667-713
109. Flockhart DA. Drug interactions and the cytochrome P450 system: the role of cytochrome P450 2C19. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 29 Suppl. 1: 45-52
110. Bertilsson L, Henthorn TK, Sanz E, et al. Importance of genetic factors in the regulation of diazepam metabolism: relationship to S-mephenytoin, but not debrisoquin, hydroxylation phenotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989 Apr; 45 (4): 348-55 (Pubitemid 19126633)
111. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, et al. Alterations in drug distribution and clearance due to obesity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1981 Jun; 217 (3): 681-5 (Pubitemid 11082253)
112. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, et al. Prolongation of drug half-life due to obesity: studies of desmethyldiazepam (clorazepate). J Pharm Sci 1982 Aug; 71 (8): 942-4 (Pubitemid 12020168)
113. Strolin Benedetti M, Whomsley R, Baltes E. Involvement of enzymes other than CYPs in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006 Dec; 2 (6): 895-921 (Pubitemid 44911539)
114. Balis FM. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of commonly used anticancer drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 1986 May-Jun; 11 (3): 223-35 (Pubitemid 16079741)
115. Zuccaro P, Guandalini S, Pacifici R, et al. Fat body mass and pharmacokinetics of oral 6-mercaptopurine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ther Drug Monit 1991 Jan; 13 (1): 37-41
116. Yanni SB, Annaert PP, Augustijns P, et al. In vitro hepatic metabolism explains higher clearance of voriconazole in children versus adults: role of CYP2C19 and flavin-containing monooxygenase 3. Drug Metab Dispos 2010 Jan; 38 (1): 25-31
117. Pai MP, Lodise TP. Steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics of oral voriconazole in obese adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011 Jun; 55 (6): 2601-5
118. Ebner T,RemmelRP, BurchellB.Human bilirubinUDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalyzes the glucuronidation of ethinylestradiol. Mol Pharmacol 1993 Apr; 43 (4): 649-54 (Pubitemid 23112743)
119. Palovaara S, Tybring G, Laine K. The effect of ethinyloestradiol and levonorgestrel on the CYP2C19-mediated metabolism of omeprazole in healthy female subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003 Aug; 56 (2): 232-7 (Pubitemid 36981441)
120. Yamazaki H, Shaw PM, Guengerich FP, et al. Roles of cytochromes P450 1A2 and 3A4 in the oxidation of estradiol and estrone in human liver microsomes. Chem Res Toxicol 1998 Jun; 11 (6): 659-65 (Pubitemid 28285591)
121. Westhoff CL, Torgal AH, Mayeda ER, et al. Pharmacokinetics of a combined oral contraceptive in obese and normal-weight women. Contraception 2010 Jun; 81 (6): 474-80
122. Stanczyk FZ, Roy S. Metabolism of levonorgestrel, norethindrone, and structurally related contraceptive steroids. Contraception 1990 Jul; 42 (1): 67-96 (Pubitemid 20208813)
123. Edelman A, Munar M, Elman MR, et al. Effect of ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel combined oral contraceptive on the activity of cytochrome P4503A in obese women. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Epub 2012 Feb 2
124. Ohyama K, Nakajima M, Nakamura S, et al. A significant role of human cytochrome P450 2C8 in amiodarone N-deethylation: an approach to predict the contribution with relative activity factor. Drug Metab Dispos 2000 Nov; 28 (11): 1303-10
125. Fukuchi H, Nakashima M, Araki R, et al. Effect of obesity on serum amiodarone concentration in Japanese patients: population pharmacokinetic investigation by multiple trough screen analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009 Jun; 34 (3): 329-36
126. Brain EG, Yu LJ, Gustafsson K, et al. Modulation of P450-dependent ifosfamide pharmacokinetics: a better understanding of drug activation in vivo. Br J Cancer 1998 Jun; 77 (11): 1768-76 (Pubitemid 28254610)
127. Lind MJ, Margison JM, Cerny T, et al. Prolongation of ifosfamide elimination half-life in obese patients due to altered drug distribution. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1989; 25 (2): 139-42 (Pubitemid 20009443)
128. Engel G, Hofmann U, Heidemann H, et al. Antipyrine as a probe for human oxidative drug metabolism: identification of the cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, and norantipyrine formation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996 Jun; 59 (6): 613-23 (Pubitemid 26233417)
129. Walter-Sack I, Klotz U. Influence of diet and nutritional status on drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996 Jul; 31 (1): 47-64 (Pubitemid 26238202)
130. Caraco Y, Zylber-Katz E, Berry EM, et al. Antipyrine disposition in obesity: evidence for negligible effect of obesity on hepatic oxidative metabolism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 47 (6): 525-30
131. Horikiri Y, Suzuki T, Mizobe M. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of bisoprolol enantiomers in humans. J Pharm Sci 1998 Mar; 87 (3): 289-94 (Pubitemid 28204580)
132. Le Jeunne C, Poirier JM, Cheymol G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous bisoprolol in obese and non-obese volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 41 (2): 171-4
133. Krishna S, White NJ. Pharmacokinetics of quinine, chloroquine and amodiaquine: clinical implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996 Apr; 30 (4): 263-99
134. Viriyayudhakorn S, Thitiarchakul S, Nachaisit S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of quinine in obesity. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000 Jul-Aug; 94 (4): 425-8 (Pubitemid 30662354)
135. Zharikova OL, Fokina VM, Nanovskaya TN, et al. Identification of the major human hepatic and placental enzymes responsible for the biotransformation of glyburide. Biochem Pharmacol 2009 Dec 15; 78 (12): 1483-90
136. Jaber LA, Antal EJ, Slaughter RL, et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 12 weeks of glyburide therapy in obese diabetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 45 (5): 459-63 (Pubitemid 23361946)
137. Joerger M, Huitema AD, Meenhorst PL, et al. Pharmacokinetics of low-dose doxorubicin and metabolites in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005 May; 55 (5): 488-96 (Pubitemid 40568980)
138. Rudek MA, Sparreboom A, Garrett-Mayer ES, et al. Factors affecting pharmacokinetic variability following doxorubicin and docetaxel-based therapy. Eur J Cancer 2004 May; 40 (8): 1170-8 (Pubitemid 38526335)
139. Thompson PA, Rosner GL, Matthay KK, et al. Impact of body composition on pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in children: a Glaser Pediatric Research Network study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009 Jul; 64 (2): 243-51
140. Kiang TK, Ensom MH, Chang TK. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and clinical drug-drug interactions. Pharmacol Ther 2005 Apr; 106 (1): 97-132 (Pubitemid 40386722)
141. Tchernof A, Levesque E, Beaulieu M, et al. Expression of the androgen metabolizing enzyme UGT2B15 in adipose tissue and relative expression measurement using a competitive RT-PCR method. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999 May; 50 (5): 637-42 (Pubitemid 29236341)
142. Mutlib AE, Goosen TC, Bauman JN, et al. Kinetics of acetaminophen glucuronidation by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A1, 1A6, 1A9 and 2B15: potential implications in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2006 May; 19 (5): 701-9 (Pubitemid 43800987)
143. Hayakawa H, Fukushima Y, Kato H, et al. Metabolism and disposition of novel des-fluoro quinolone garenoxacin in experimental animals and an interspecies scaling of pharmacokinetic parameters. Drug Metab Dispos 2003 Nov; 31 (11): 1409-18 (Pubitemid 37310331)
144. Van Wart S, Phillips L, Ludwig EA, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of garenoxacin in patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004 Dec; 48 (12): 4766-77 (Pubitemid 39577683)
145. Court MH, Duan SX, Guillemette C, et al. Stereoselective conjugation of oxazepam by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs): S-oxazepam is glucuronidated by UGT2B15, while R-oxazepam is glucuronidated by UGT2B7 and UGT1A9. Drug Metab Dispos 2002 Nov; 30 (11): 1257-65 (Pubitemid 35265834)
146. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, et al. Enhanced glucuronide conjugation of drugs in obesity: studies of lorazepam, oxazepam, and acetaminophen. J Lab Clin Med 1983 Jun; 101 (6): 873-80 (Pubitemid 13100682)
147. Chung JY, Cho JY, Yu KS, et al. Effect of the UGT2B15 genotype on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and drug interactions of intravenous lorazepamin healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005 Jun; 77 (6): 486-94
148. Okumura K, Kita T, Chikazawa S, et al. Genotyping of N-acetylation polymorphism and correlation with procainamide metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997 May; 61 (5): 509-17 (Pubitemid 27261755)
149. Christoff PB, Conti DR, Naylor C, et al. Procainamide disposition in obesity. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1983 Jul-Aug; 17 (7-8): 516-22 (Pubitemid 13068107)
150. Czerwinski M, Gibbs JP, Slattery JT. Busulfan conjugation by glutathione Stransferases alpha, mu, and pi. Drug Metab Dispos 1996 Sep; 24 (9): 1015-9 (Pubitemid 26314555)
151. Browning B, Thormann K, Donaldson A, et al. Busulfan dosing in children with BMIs ‡85% undergoing HSCT: a new optimal strategy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011 Sep; 17 (9): 1383-8
152. Nguyen L, Leger F, Lennon S, et al. Intravenous busulfan in adults prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a population pharmacokinetic study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006 Jan; 57 (2): 191-8 (Pubitemid 41779838)
153. Gibbs JP, Gooley T, Corneau B, et al. The impact of obesity and disease on busulfan oral clearance in adults. Blood 1999 Jun 15; 93 (12): 4436-40 (Pubitemid 29279287)
154. Buggia I, Zecca M, Alessandrino EP, et al. Itraconazole can increase systemic exposure to busulfan in patients given bone marrow transplantation. GITMO (Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo). Anticancer Res 1996 Jul-Aug; 16 (4A): 2083-8 (Pubitemid 26270729)
155. Farrell GC, Teoh NC, McCuskey RS. Hepatic microcirculation in fatty liver disease. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2008 Jun; 291 (6): 684-92
156. Al-Jahdari WS, Yamamoto K, Hiraoka H, et al. Prediction of total propofol clearance based on enzyme activities in microsomes from human kidney and liver. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006 Jul; 62 (7): 527-33
157. van Kralingen S, Diepstraten J, Peeters MYM, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in morbidly obese patients. Clin Pharmacokinet 2011 Nov 1; 50 (11): 739-50
158. Cortinez LI, Anderson BJ, Penna A, et al. Influence of obesity on propofol pharmacokinetics: derivation of a pharmacokinetic model. Br J Anaesth 2010 Oct; 105 (4): 448-56
159. Rahman A, Korzekwa KR, Grogan J, et al. Selective biotransformation of taxol to 6 alpha-hydroxytaxol by human cytochrome P450 2C8. Cancer Res 1994 Nov 1; 54 (21): 5543-6
160. Tateishi T, Krivoruk Y, Ueng YF, et al. Identification of human liver cytochrome P-450 3A4 as the enzyme responsible for fentanyl and sufentanil N-dealkylation. Anesth Analg 1996 Jan; 82 (1): 167-72 (Pubitemid 26017401)
161. Gepts E, Shafer SL, Camu F, et al. Linearity of pharmacokinetics and model estimation of sufentanil. Anesthesiology 1995 Dec; 83 (6): 1194-204
162. Schwartz AE, Matteo RS, Ornstein E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in obese patients. Anesth Analg 1991 Dec; 73 (6): 790-3
163. Masubuchi Y, Hosokawa S, Horie T, et al. Cytochrome P450 isozymes involved in propranolol metabolism in human liver microsomes: the role of CYP2D6 as ring-hydroxylase and CYP1A2 as N-desisopropylase. Drug Metab Dispos 1994 Nov-Dec; 22 (6): 909-15 (Pubitemid 24377367)
164. Wojcicki J, Jaroszynska M, Drozdzik M, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propranolol and atenolol in normolipaemic and hyperlipidaemic obese subjects. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2003 Jul; 24 (5): 211-8 (Pubitemid 36939693)
165. Cheymol G, Poirier JM, Carrupt PA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of betaadrenoceptor blockers in obese and normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997 Jun; 43 (6): 563-70 (Pubitemid 27283564)
166. Cheymol G, Poirier JM, Barre J, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous propranolol in obese and normal volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1987 Nov; 27 (11): 874-9
167. Bowman SL, Hudson SA, Simpson G, et al. A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of propranolol in obese and normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986 May; 21 (5): 529-32 (Pubitemid 17175027)
168. McNeil JJ, Louis WJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of labetalol. Clin Pharmacokinet 1984 Mar-Apr; 9 (2): 157-67 (Pubitemid 14164706)
169. Hamann SR, Blouin RA, McAllister Jr RG, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Clin Pharmacokinet 1984 Jan-Feb; 9 (1): 26-41 (Pubitemid 14175247)
170. Echizen H, Eichelbaum M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem. Clin Pharmacokinet 1986 Nov-Dec; 11 (6): 425-49 (Pubitemid 17203067)
171. Abernethy DR, Schwartz JB. Verapamil pharmacodynamics and disposition in obese hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988 Feb; 11 (2): 209-15
172. Zito RA, Reid PR. Lidocaine kinetics predicted by indocyanine green clearance. N Engl J Med 1978 May 25; 298 (21): 1160-3 (Pubitemid 8356480)
173. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ. Lidocaine disposition in obesity. Am J Cardiol 1984 Apr 1; 53 (8): 1183-6 (Pubitemid 14174274)
174. Oda Y, Mizutani K, Hase I, et al. Fentanyl inhibits metabolism of midazolam: competitive inhibition of CYP3A4 in vitro. Br J Anaesth 1999 Jun; 82 (6): 900-3 (Pubitemid 29245621)
175. Shibutani K, Inchiosa Jr MA, Sawada K, et al. Accuracy of pharmacokinetic models for predicting plasma fentanyl concentrations in lean and obese surgical patients: derivation of dosing weight ("pharmacokinetic mass"). Anesthesiology 2004 Sep; 101 (3): 603-13 (Pubitemid 39121639)
176. Routledge PA, Shand DG. Clinical pharmacokinetics of propranolol. Clin Pharmacokinet 1979 Mar-Apr; 4 (2): 73-90 (Pubitemid 9146079)
177. Pea F, Licari M, Baldassarre M, et al. MEGX disposition in critically-ill trauma patients: subsequent assessments during the first week following trauma. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2002 Dec; 16 (6): 519-25 (Pubitemid 35463889)
178. Koska 3rd AJ, Romagnoli A, Kramer WG. Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on fentanyl distribution and elimination. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981 Jan; 29 (1): 100-5
179. Jiko M, Yano I, Okuda M, et al. Altered pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in experimental hepatic or renal failure. Pharm Res 2005 Feb; 22 (2): 228-34 (Pubitemid 40487206)
180. Pai MP. Estimating the glomerular filtration rate in obese adult patients for drug dosing. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2010 Sep; 17 (5): e53-62
181. Ribstein J, du CailarG, Mimran A. Combined renal effects of overweight and hypertension. Hypertension 1995 Oct; 26 (4): 610-5
182. Marik P, Varon J. The obese patient in the ICU. Chest 1998 Feb; 113 (2): 492-8 (Pubitemid 28110029)
183. Kasiske BL, Crosson JT. Renal disease in patients with massive obesity. Arch Intern Med 1986 Jun; 146 (6): 1105-9 (Pubitemid 16042155)
184. Cindik N, Baskin E, Agras PI, et al. Effect of obesity on inflammatory markers and renal functions. Acta Paediatr 2005 Dec; 94 (12): 1732-7 (Pubitemid 43155583)
185. Csernus K, Lanyi E, Erhardt E, et al. Effect of childhood obesity and obesityrelated cardiovascular risk factors on glomerular and tubular protein excretion. Eur J Pediatr 2005 Jan; 164 (1): 44-9 (Pubitemid 40110007)
186. Savino A, Pelliccia P, Giannini C, et al. Implications for kidney disease in obese children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol 2011 May; 26 (5): 749-58
187. Post FA, Wyatt CM, Mocroft A. Biomarkers of impaired renal function. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2010 Nov; 5 (6): 524-30
188. Henegar JR, Bigler SA, Henegar LK, et al. Functional and structural changes in the kidney in the early stages of obesity. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001 Jun; 12 (6): 1211-7 (Pubitemid 32472634)
189. Matzke GR, Zhanel GG, Guay DR. Clinical pharmacokinetics of vancomycin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1986 Jul-Aug; 11 (4): 257-82 (Pubitemid 16050520)
190. Bauer LA, Black DJ, Lill JS. Vancomycin dosing in morbidly obese patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1998 Oct; 54 (8): 621-5 (Pubitemid 28531423)
191. Dvorchik B, Arbeit RD, Chung J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004 Aug; 48 (8): 2799-807 (Pubitemid 38989139)
192. Pai MP, Norenberg JP, Anderson T, et al. Influence of morbid obesity on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007 Aug; 51 (8): 2741-7 (Pubitemid 47206208)
193. Dvorchik BH, Damphousse D. The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in moderately obese, morbidly obese, and matched nonobese subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2005 Jan; 45 (1): 48-56
194. Harland SJ, Newell DR, Siddik ZH, et al. Pharmacokinetics of cis-diammine-1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylate platinum(II) in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Cancer Res 1984 Apr; 44 (4): 1693-7 (Pubitemid 14125866)
195. Ekhart C, Rodenhuis S, Schellens JH, et al. Carboplatin dosing in overweight and obese patients with normal renal function, does weight matter? Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009 Jun; 64 (1): 115-22
196. Schmitt A, Gladieff L, Lansiaux A, et al. A universal formula based on cystatin C to perform individual dosing of carboplatin in normal weight, underweight, and obese patients. Clin Cancer Res 2009 May 15; 15 (10): 3633-9
197. Frydman A. Low-molecular-weight heparins: an overview of their pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans. Haemostasis 1996; 26 Suppl. 2: 24-38 (Pubitemid 26099958)
198. Barras MA, Duffull SB, Atherton JJ, et al. Modelling the occurrence and severity of enoxaparin-induced bleeding and bruising events. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009 Nov; 68 (5): 700-11
199. Yee JY, Duffull SB. The effect of body weight on dalteparin pharmacokinetics: a preliminary study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000 Jul; 56 (4): 293-7 (Pubitemid 30462926)
200. Barrett JS, Gibiansky E, Hull RD, et al. Population pharmacodynamics in patients receiving tinzaparin for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001 Oct; 39 (10): 431-46 (Pubitemid 32923171)
201. Richards DA. Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of cimetidine and ranitidine. J Clin Gastroenterol 1983; 5 Suppl. 1: 81-90 (Pubitemid 14214244)
202. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Matlis R, et al. Cimetidine disposition in obesity. Am J Gastroenterol 1984 Feb; 79 (2): 91-4 (Pubitemid 14190529)
203. Lewis TV, Johnson PN, Nebbia AM, et al. Increased enoxaparin dosing is required for obese children. Pediatrics 2011 Mar; 127 (3): e787-90
204. Karlsson E. Clinical pharmacokinetics of procainamide. Clin Pharmacokinet 1978 Mar-Apr; 3 (2): 97-107
205. Drusano GL. An overview of the pharmacology of intravenously administered ciprofloxacin. Am J Med 1987 Apr 27; 82 (4A): 339-45
206. Allard S, Kinzig M, Boivin G, et al. Intravenous ciprofloxacin disposition in obesity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993 Oct; 54 (4): 368-73 (Pubitemid 23316172)
207. Daley-Yates PT, McBrien DC. The mechanism of renal clearance of cisplatin (cis-dichlorodiammine platinum II) and its modification by furosemide and probenecid. Biochem Pharmacol 1982 Jul 1; 31 (13): 2243-6 (Pubitemid 12085287)
208. Zamboni WC, Houghton PJ, Johnson RK, et al. Probenecid alters topotecan systemic and renal disposition by inhibiting renal tubular secretion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998 Jan; 284 (1): 89-94 (Pubitemid 28109533)
209. Iisalo E. Clinical pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1977 Jan-Feb; 2 (1): 1-16 (Pubitemid 8040878)
210. Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Smith TW. Digoxin disposition in obesity: clinical pharmacokinetic investigation. Am Heart J 1981 Oct; 102 (4): 740-4 (Pubitemid 11030035)
211. Davis JM, Fann WE. Lithium. Annu Rev Pharmacol 1971; 11: 285-302
212. Reiss RA, Haas CE, Karki SD, et al. Lithium pharmacokinetics in the obese. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994 Apr; 55 (4): 392-8 (Pubitemid 24172962)
213. Chagnac A, Herman M, Zingerman B, et al. Obesity-induced glomerular hyperfiltration: its involvement in the pathogenesis of tubular sodium reabsorption. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008 Dec; 23 (12): 3946-52
214. Mortensen A, Lenz K, Abildstrom H, et al. Anesthetizing the obese child. Paediatr Anaesth 2011 Jun; 21 (6): 623-9