Schizophrenia: The Epidemiological Horizon

Schizophrenia: Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 185-225

  Jablensky, Assen ^a   Kirkbride, James B ^b   Jones, Peter B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Birth cohort study, effective methods determining incidence and morbid risk; Children at high genetic risk children, born to parents diagnosed with schizophrenia; Effects of socioenvironmental risk factors incidence of schizophrenia, and its complexity; Genetic risk, contribution of genetic liability to etiology of schizophrenia; Lifetime morbid risk (LMR), or disease expectancy individuals, born into a particular population, chances of developing the disease; Schizophrenia the epidemiological horizon; Season of birth seasonality of schizophrenic births, by Tramer (1929); Secular trends in incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia; Spatial variation in incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia; Synopsis of selected incidence studies of schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

EID: 84859009695     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444327298.ch10     Document Type: Chapter

References (445)

1. Abel, K.M. (2004) Foetal origins of schizophrenia: testable hypotheses of genetic and environmental infl uences. British Journal of Psychiatry 184, 383-385.
2. Adams, W., Kendell, R.E., Hare, E.H. & Munk-Jørgensen, P. (1993) Epidemiological evidence that maternal infl uenza contributes to the aetiology of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 163, 522-534.
3. Adler, L.E. & Griffi th, J.M. (1991) Concurrent medical illness in the schizophrenic patient. Epidemiology, diagnosis and management . Schizophrenia Research 4, 91-107.
4. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (2008) Cannabis: Classifi cation and Public Health. London: UK Government Home Offi ce Report.
5. Agerbo, E., Torrey, E.F. & Mortensen, P.B. (2001) Household crowding in early adulthood and schizophrenia are unrelated in Denmark: A nested case-control study. Schizophrenia Research, 47, 243-246.
6. Agerbo, E., Byrne, M., Eaton, W.W. & Mortensen, P.B. (2004) Marital and labor market status in the long run in schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 28-33.
7. Alberti K.G.M., Zummet P. & Shaw J., for the IDF Epidemiology Task Force Consensus Group (2005) The metabolic syndrome - a new worldwide defi nition. Lancet 366, 1059-1062.
8. Albus, M. & Maier, W. (1995) Lack of gender differences in age at onset in familial schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 18, 51-57.
9. Aleman, A., Kahn, R.S. & Selten, J.P. (2003) Sex differences in the risk of schizophrenia. Evidence from meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 565-571.
10. Alexander, R.C., Patkar, A.A., Lapointe, J.S. et al. (1997) Schizencephaly associated with psychosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 63, 373-375.
11. Allardyce, J., Boydell, J., Van Os, J. et al. (2001) Comparison of the incidence of schizophrenia in rural Dumfries and Galloway and urban Camberwell. British Journal of Psychiatry 179, 335-339.
12. Allardyce, J., Gilmour, H., Atkinson, J. et al. (2005) Social fragmentation, deprivation and urbanicity: Relation to first-admission rates for psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 187, 401-406.
13. Allen, N.C., Bagade, S., McQueen, M.B. et al. (2008) Systematic meta-analyses and fi eld synopsis of genetic association studies in schizophrenia: the SzGene database. Nature Genetics 40, 827-834.
14. Andrews, G., Henderson, S. & Hall, W. (2001) Prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service utilisation. Overview of the Australian National Mental Health Survey. British Journal of Psychiatry 178, 145-153.
15. Appleby, L., Thomas, S., Ferrier, N. et al. (2000) Sudden unexplained death in psychiatric in-patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 176, 405-406.
16. Arajärvi, R., Suvisaari, J., Suokas, J. et al. (2005) Prevalence and diagnosis of schizophrenia based on register, case record and interview data in an isolated Finnish birth cohort born 1940-1969.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 40, 808-816.
17. Arendt, M., Rosenberg, R., Foldager, L. et al. (2005) Cannabis - induced psychosis and subsequent schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: follow-up study of 535 incident cases. British Journal of Psychiatry 187, 510-515.
18. Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Poulton, R. et al. (2002) Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. British Medical Journal 325, 1212-1213.
19. Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Whitten, J. & Murray R.M. (2004) Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: Examination of the evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry 184, 110-117.
20. Astrup, C. & Ø degaard, Ø. (1961) Internal migration and mental illness in Norway. Psychiatric Quarterly 34, 116-130.
21. Avila, M., Thaker, G. & Adami, H. (2001) Genetic epidemiology and schizophrenia: a study of reproductive fi tness. Schizophrenia Research 47, 233-241.
22. Ayuso-Mateos, J.L., Gutierrez-Recacha, P., Haro, J.M. & Chisholm, D. (2006) Estimating the prevalence of schizophrenia in Spain using a disease model. Schizophrenia Research 86, 194-201.
23. Babidge, N.C., Buhrich, N. & Butler, T. (2001) Mortality among homeless people with schizophrenia in Sydney, Australia: a 10-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 103, 105-110.
24. Baker, A., Bucci, S., Lewin, T.J. et al. (2005) Comparisons between psychosis samples with different patterns of substance use recruited for clinical and epidemiological studies. Psychiatry Research 134, 241-250.
25. Baldwin, J.A. (1979) Schizophrenia and physical disease. Psychological Medicine 9, 611-618.
26. Bamrah, J.S., Freeman, H.L. & Goldberg, D.P. (1991) Epidemiology of schizophrenia in Salford, 1974-84. British Journal of Psychiatry 159, 802-810.
27. Barak, Y., Achiron, A., Mandel, M. et al. (2005) Reduced cancer incidence among patients with schizophrenia. Cancer 104, 2817-2821.
28. Barnes, T.R.E., Mutsatsa, S.H., Hutton, S.B. et al. (2006) Comorbid substance use and age at onset of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 237-242.
29. Barr, C.E., Mednick, S.A. & Munk-Jorgensen, P. (1990) Exposure to infl uenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 869-874.
30. Barry, H. & Barry, Jr., H. (1961) Season of birth. An epidemiological study in psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry 5, 100-108.
31. Bash, K.W. & Bash-Liechti, J. (1969) Psychiatrische Epidemiologie in Iran. In: Ehrhard, H.E., ed. Perspektiven der heutigen Psychiatrie. Frankfurt: Gerhards, pp. 313-320.
32. Basu, A. & Meltzer, H.Y. (2006) Differential trends in prevalence of diabetes and unrelated general medical illness for schizophrenia patients before and after the atypical antipsychotic era. Schizophrenia Research 86, 99-109.
33. Battle, Y.L., Martin, B.C., Dorfman, J.H. & Miller, L.S. (1999) Seasonality and infectious disease in schizophrenia: the birth hypothesis revisited. Journal of Psychiatric Research 33, 501-509.
34. Bebbington, P. & Nayani, T. (1995) The psychosis screening questionnaire. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 5, 11-19.
35. Bennedsen, B.E., Mortensen, P.B., Olesen, A.V. & Henriksen, T.B. (1999) Preterm birth and intra-uterine growth retardation among children of women with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 175, 239-245.
36. Bennedsen, B.E., Mortensen, P.B., Olesen, A.V. & Henriksen, T.B. (2001) Congenital malformations, stillbirths, and infant deaths among children of women with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 674-679.
37. Bhopal, R.S., Phillimore, P. & Kohli, H.S. (1991) Inappropriate use of the term 'asian': An obstacle to ethnicity and health research. Journal of Public Health Medicine 13, 244-246.
38. Bhugra, D. (2000) Migration and schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102, 68-73.
39. Bhugra, D. (2004) Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 109, 243-258.
40. Bhugra, D., Hilwig, M., Hossein, B. et al. (1996) First-contact incidence rates of schizophrenia in Trinidad and one-year follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry 169, 587-592.
41. Bhugra, D., Leff, J., Mallett, R. et al. (1997) Incidence and outcome of schizophrenia in Whites, African-Caribbeans and Asians in London. Psychological Medicine 27, 791-798.
42. Bøjholm, S. & Strömgren, E. (1989) Prevalence of schizophrenia on the island of Bornholm in 1935 and in 1983. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 79, 157-166.
43. Böök, J.A., Wetterberg, L. & Modrzewska K. (1978) Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900-1977: Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry. Clinical Genetics 14, 373-394.
44. Boydell, J., van Os, J., McKenzie, K. et al. (2001) Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: Ecological study into interactions with environment. British Medical Journal 323, 1336-1338.
45. Boydell, J., van Os, J., Lambri, M. et al. (2003) Incidence of schizophrenia in south-east London between 1965 and 1997. British Journal of Psychiatry 182, 45-49.
46. Braff, D.L., Freedman, R., Schork, N.J. & Gottesman, I.I. (2007) Deconstructing schizophrenia: an overview of the use of endophenotypes in order to understand a complex disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 21-32.
47. Bremer, J. (1951) A social-psychiatric investigation of a small community in Northern Norway. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 62 (Suppl.), 1-66.
48. Bresnahan, M. & Susser, E. (2003) Investigating socioenvironmental infl uences in schizophrenia: Conceptual and design issues. In: Murray, R.M., Jones, P.B., Susser E., van Os, J. & Cannon, M., eds. The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
49. Brewin, J, Cantwell, R., Dalkin, T. et al. (1997) Incidence of schizophrenia in Nottingham. British Journal of Psychiatry 171, 140-144.
50. Brodaty, H., Sachdev, P., Rose, N. et al. (1999) Schizophrenia with onset after age 50 years. I: Phenomenology and risk factors. British Journal of Psychiatry 175, 410-415.
51. Brown, S., Inskip, H., & Barraclough, B. (2000) Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 177, 212-217.
52. Brown, A.S., Cohen, P., Harkavy-Friedman, J. et al. (2001) Prenatal rubella, premorbid abnormalities, and adult schizophrenia . Biological Psychiatry 49, 473-486.
53. Brown, A.S., Schaefer, C.A., Wyatt, R.J. et al. (2002) Paternal age and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1528-1533.
54. Brown A.S., Begg, M.D., Gravenstein S. et al. (2004) Serologic evidence of prenatal infl uenza in the etiology of schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 774-780.
55. Brugger, C. (1931) Versuch einer Geisteskrankenz ä hlung in Th ü ringen. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 133, 252-390.
56. Brugha, T.S., Nienhuis, F., Bagchi, D. et al. (1999) The survey form of SCAN: The feasibility of using experienced lay survey interviewers to administer a semi-structured systematic clinical assessment of psychotic and non-psychotic disorders. Psychological Medicine 29, 703-711.
57. Bulayeva, K.B., Leal, S.M., Pavlova, T.A. et al. (2005) Mapping genes of complex psychiatric diseases in Daghestan genetic isolates. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 132B, 76-84.
58. Byrne, M., Agerbo, E., Ewald, H. et al. (2003) Parental age and risk of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 60, 673-678.
59. Byrne, M., Agerbo, E., Eaton, W.W. & Mortensen, P.B. (2004) Parental socio-economic status and risk of first admission with schizophrenia: A Danish national register based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 39, 87-96.
60. Byrne, M., Agerbo, E., Bennedsen, B. et al. (2007) Obstetric conditions and risk of first admission with schizophrenia: a Danish national register based study. Schizophrenia Research 97, 51-59.
61. Caldwell, C.B. & Gottesman, I.I. (1990) Schizophrenics kill themselves too: A review of risk factors for suicide. Schizophrenia Bulletin 16, 571-589.
62. Cannon, M., Cotter, D., Coffey, V.P. et al. (1996) Prenatal exposure to the 1957 infl uenza epidemic and adult schizophrenia: A follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry 168, 368-371.
63. Cannon, T.D., Rosso, I.M., Hollister, J.M. et al. (2000) A prospective cohort study of genetic and perinatal infl uences in the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 26, 351-366.
64. Cannon, M., Jones, P.B. & Murray, R.M. (2002a) Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: historical and meta-analytic review. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1080-1092.
65. Cannon, M., Caspi, A., Moffi tt, T.E. et al. (2002b) Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specifi c to schizophreniform disorder. Results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 449-456.
66. Cantor-Graae, E. & Selten, J.-P. (2005) Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis and review. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 12-24.
67. Cantor-Graae, E., Cardenal, S., Ismail, B. & McNeil, T.F. (1998) Recall of obstetric events by mothers of schizophrenic patients. Psychological Medicine 28, 1239-1243.
68. Cantor-Graae, E., Pedersen, C.B., McNeil, T.F. & Mortensen, P.B. (2003) Migration as a risk factor for schizophrenia: A Danish population-based cohort study. British Journal of Psychiatry 182, 117-122.
69. Cardno, A.G., Marshall, E.J., Coid, B. et al. (1999) Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders: The Maudsley twin psychosis series. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 162-168.
70. Caspi, A., Reichenberg, A., Weiser, M. et al. (2003) Cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients assessed before and following the first psychotic episode. Schizophrenia Research 65, 87-94.
71. Caspi, A., Moffi tt, T. E., Cannon, M. et al. (2005) Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: Longitudinal evidence of a gene x environment interaction. Biological Psychiatry 57, 1117-1127.
72. Castle, D., Wessely, S., Der, G. & Murray, R.M. (1991) The incidence of operationally defi ned schizophrenia in Camberwell, 1965-84. British Journal of Psychiatry 159, 790-794.
73. Chwastiak, L.A. & Tek, C. (2009) The unchanging mortality gap for people with schizophrenia. Lancet 374, 590-592.
74. Clarke, M.C., Harley, M. & Cannon, M. (2006) The role of obstetric events in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 32, 3-8.
75. Cochrane, R. & Bal, S.S. (1987) Migration and schizophrenia: An examination of fi ve hypotheses. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 22, 181-191.
76. Coid, J.W., Kirkbride, J.B., Barker, D. et al. (2008) Raised incidence of all psychoses among migrant groups: Findings from the East London First Episode Psychosis Study. Archives of General Psychiatry 65, 1250-1258.
77. Cooper, J.E., Kendell, R.E., Gurland, B.J. et al. (1972) Psychiatric Diagnosis in New York and London. London: Oxford University Press.
78. Cooper, J.E., Goodhead, D., Craig, T. et al. (1987) The incidence of schizophrenia in Nottingham. British Journal of Psychiatry 151, 619-626.
79. Cooper, C., Morgan, C., Byrne, M. et al. (2008) Perceptions of disadvantage, ethnicity and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 192, 185-190.
80. Coulthard, M., Farrell, M., Singleton, N. & Meltzer, H. (2002) Tobacco, Alcohol and Drug Use and Mental Health. London: HMSO.
81. Crimlisk, H.L. (1997) The little imitator-porphyria: A neuropsychiatric disorder. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 62, 319-328.
82. Crocetti, G.J., Lemkau, P.V., Kulcar, Z. & Kesic, B. (1971) Selected aspect of the epidemiology of psychoses in Croatia, Yugoslavia. II. The cluster sample and the results of the pilot survey. American Journal of Epidemiology 94, 126-134.
83. Croudace, T.J., Kayne, R., Jones, P.B. & Harrison, G.L. (2000) Non-linear relationship between an index of social deprivation, psychiatric admission prevalence and the incidence of psychosis. Psychological Medicine 30, 177-185.
84. Crow, T.J. & Done, D.J. (1992) Prenatal exposure to infl uenza does not cause schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 161, 390-393.
85. Dalton, S.O., Laursen, T.M., Mellemkj æ r, L. et al. (2004) Risk for cancer in parents of patients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 903-908.
86. Dalton, S.O., Mellemkjær, L., Thomassen, L., Mortensen, P.B. & Johansen, C. (2005) Risk for cancer in a cohort of patients hospitalized for schizophrenia in Denmark, 1969-1993.
87. Schizophrenia Research 75, 315-324.
88. Dalton S.O., Johansen C., Poulsen A.H. et al. (2006) Cancer risk among users of neuroleptic medication: a population-based cohort study. British Journal of Cancer 95, 934-949.
89. David, A.S., Malmberg, A., Brandt, L., Allebeck, P. & Lewis, G. (1997) IQ and risk for schizophrenia: A population-based cohort study. Psychological Medicine 27, 1311-1323.
90. Davidson, M., Reichenberg, A., Rabinowitz, J. et al. (1999) Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry 156, 1328-1335.
91. Davies, G., Welham, J., Chant, D., Torrey, E.F. & McGrath, J. (2003) A systematic review and meta-analysis of northern hemisphere season of birth studies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 29, 587-593.
92. De Hert, M.A., van Winkel, R., Van Eyck, D. et al. (2006) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic medication. Schizophrenia Research 83, 87-93.
93. Der, G., Gupta, S. & Murray, R.M. (1990) Is schizophrenia disappearing? Lancet 335, 513-516.
94. Dixon, L., Weiden, P., Delahanty, J. et al. (2000) Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in national schizophrenia samples. Schizophrenia Bulletin 26, 903-912.
95. Dohrenwend, B.P. & Dohrenwend, B.S. (1969) Social Status and Psychological Disorder: A Causal Inquiry. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
96. Done, D.J., Crow, T.J., Johnstone, E.C. & Sacker, A. (1994) Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: Social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. British Medical Journal 309, 699-703.
97. Doody, G.A., Johnstone, E.C., Sanderson, T.L. et al. (1998) 'Pfropfschizophrenie' revisited. Schizophrenia in people with mild learning disability. British Journal of Psychiatry 173, 145-153.
98. Drukker, M., Krabbendam, L., Driessen, G. & van Os, J. (2006) Social disadvantage and schizophrenia: A combined neighbourhood and individual-level analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, 595-604.
99. Dube, K.C. & Kumar, N. (1972) An epidemiological study of schizophrenia. Journal of Biosocial Science 4, 187-195.
100. Dupont, A., Jensen, O.M., Str ö mgren, E. & Jablensky, A. (1986) Incidence of cancer in patients diagnosed as schizophrenic in Denmark. In: Horn, S.H., Giel, R. & Gulbinat, W., eds. Psychiatric Case Registers in Public Health. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
101. Eagles, J.M., Hunter, D. & McCance, C. (1988) Decline in the diagnosis of schizophrenia among first contacts with psychiatric services in North-East Scotland, 1969-1984. British Journal of Psychiatry 152, 793-798.
102. Eaton, W.W. (1974) Residence, social class, and schizophrenia. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 15, 289-299.
103. Eaton, J.W. & Weil, R.Y. (1955) Culture and Mental Disorders. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
104. Eaton, W. & Harrison, G. (2000) Ethnic disadvantage and schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 102, 38-43.
105. Eaton, W.W., Romanoski, A., Anthony, J.C. & Nestadt, G. (1991) Screening for psychosis in the general population with a self - report interview. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 179, 689-693.
106. Eaton, W.W., Hayward, C. & Ram, R. (1992) Schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis: A review. Schizophrenia Research 6, 181-192.
107. Eaton, W.W., Mortensen, P.B. & Frydenberg, M. (2000) Obstetric factors, urbanization and psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 43, 117-123.
108. Elder, A.G., O'Donnell, B., McCruden, E.A.B. et al. (1996) Incidence and recall of infl uenza in a cohort of Glasgow healthcare workers during the 1993-4 epidemic: Results of serum testing and questionnaire. British Medical Journal 313, 1241-1242.
109. El-Saadi O., Pedersen C.B., McNeil T. et al. (2004) Paternal and maternal age as risk factors for psychosis: fi ndings from Denmark, Sweden and Australia. Schizophrenia Research 67, 227-236.
110. Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L., Rock, D., Squires-Wheeler, E. et al. (1991) Early life precursors of psychiatric outcomes in adulthood of subjects at risk for schizophrenia or affective disorders . Psychiatry Research 39, 239-256.
111. Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L., Adamo, U.H., Rock, D. et al. (1997) The New York high-risk project. Prevalence and comorbidity of axis I disorders in offspring of schizophrenic patients at 25-year follow-up. Archives of General Psychiatry 54, 1096-1102.
112. Essen-Möller, E. (1935) Untersuchungenüber die Fruchtbarkeit gewisser gruppen von Geisteskranken. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 8 (Suppl.).
113. Essen-Möller, E., Larsson, H., Uddenberg, C.E. & White, G. (1956) Individual traits and morbidity in a Swedish rural population. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 100 (Suppl.).
114. Fananás, L. & Bertranpetit, J. (1995) Reproductive rates in families of schizophrenic patients in a case-control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 91, 202-204.
115. Faris, R.E.L. & Dunham, H.W. (1939) Mental Disorders in Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
116. Fatemi, S.H., Reutiman, T.J., Folsom, T.D. et al. (2008) Maternal infection leads to abnormal gene regulation and brain atrophy in mouse offspring: Implications for genesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Schizophrenia Research 99, 56-70.
117. Fearon, P., Kirkbride, J.B., Morgan, V. et al. (2006) Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: Results from the MRC AESOP Study. Psychological Medicine 36, 1541-1550.
118. Fish, B. (1977) Neurobiologic antecedents of schizophrenia in children: Evidence for an inherited, congenital neurointegrative defect. Archives of General Psychiatry 34, 1297-1313.
119. Fish, B. & Kendler, K.S. (2005) Abnormal infant neurodevelopment predicts schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 15, 348-361.
120. Fish, B., Marcus, J., Hans, S.L., Auerbach, J.G. & Perdue, S. (1992) Infants at risk for schizophrenia: Sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 221-235.
121. Flint, J. & Goldstein, L.H. (1992) Familial calcifi cation of the basal ganglia: A case report and review of the literature. Psychological Medicine 22, 581-595.
122. Francis, A. & Freeman, H. (1984) Psychiatric abnormality and brain calcifi cation over four generations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 172, 166-170.
123. Freeman, H. (1994) Schizophrenia and city residence. British Journal of Psychiatry 164 (Suppl. 23), 39-50.
124. Fremming, K.H. (1947) Sygdomsrisikoen for sindslidelser og andre sjaelige abnormtilstande i den Danske gennemshitbefolkning. Paa grundlag af en katamnestisk underøgelsse af 5500 personer født i 1883-87. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
125. Gaitatzis, A., Trimble, M.R. & Sander, J.W. (2004) The psychiatric comorbidity of epilepsy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 110, 207-220.
126. Gangadhar, B.N., Selvan, C.P., Subbakrishna, D.K. et al. (2002) Age-at-onset and schizophrenia: reversed gender effect. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 105, 317-319.
127. Geddes, J.R. & Kendell, R.E. (1995) Schizophrenic subjects with no history of admission to hospital. Psychological Medicine 25, 859-868.
128. Geddes, J.R. & Juszczak, E. (1995) Period trends in rate of suicide in first 28 days after discharge from psychiatric hospital in Scotland, 1968-92. British Medical Journal 311, 357-360.
129. Geddes, J.R. & Lawrie, S.M. (1995) Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 167, 786-793.
130. Giggs, J.A. (1973) Distribution of schizophrenics in Nottingham. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 59, 5-76.
131. Giggs, J.A. (1986) Mental disorders and ecological structure in Nottingham. Social Science and Medicine 23, 945-961.
132. Giggs, J.A. & Cooper, J.E. (1987) Ecological structure and the distribution of schizophrenia and affective psychoses in Nottingham. British Journal of Psychiatry 151, 627-633.
133. Gilvarry, C.M., Walsh, E., Samele, C. et al. (1999) Life events, ethnicity and perceptions of discrimination in patients with severe mental illness. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 34, 600-608.
134. Goff, D.C., Sullivan, L.M., McEvoy, J.P. et al. (2005) A comparison of ten-year cardiac risk estimates in schizophrenia patients from the CATIE study and matched controls. Schizophrenia Research 80, 45-53.
135. Goldberg, E.M. & Morrison, S.L. (1963) Schizophrenia and social class. British Journal of Psychiatry 109, 785-802.
136. Goldner, E.M., Hsu, L., Waraich, P. & Somers, J.M. (2002) Prevalence and incidence studies of schizophrenic disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 47, 833-843.
137. Goldstein, M. (1987) The UCLA high-risk project. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13, 505-514.
138. Gorwood, P., Pouchot, J., Vinceneux, P. et al. (2004) Rheumatoid arthritis and schizophrenia: a negative association at a dimensional level. Schizophrenia Research 66, 21-29.
139. Gottesman, I.I. & Gould, T.D. (2003) The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 636-645.
140. Gottesman, I.I., McGuffi n, P. & Farmer, A.E. (1987) Clinical genetics as clues to the "real" genetics of schizophrenia (a decade of modest gains while playing for time). Schizophrenia Bulletin 13, 23-47.
141. Grech, A., Takei, N. & Murray, R.M. (1997) Maternal exposure to infl uenza and paranoid schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 26, 121-125.
142. Green, B., Young, R. & Kavanagh, D. (2005) Cannabis use and misuse prevalence among people with psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 187, 306-313.
143. Greenwood, C.M.T., Husted, J., Bomba, M.D. et al. (2004) Elevated rates of schizophrenia in a familial sample with mental illness and intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 48, 531-539.
144. Gunnell, D., Harrison, G. Rasmussen, F. et al. (2002) Associations between premorbid intellectual performance, early-life exposures and early-onset schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 181, 298-305.
145. Gupta, S., Masand, P.S., Kaplan, D., Bhandary, A. & Hendricks, S. (1997) The relationship between schizophrenia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Schizophrenia Research 23, 265-268.
146. Hagnell, O. (1966) A Prospective Study of the Incidence of Mental Disorder. Lund: Svenska Bokforlaget.
147. Häfner, H. (2003) Gender differences in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28, 17-54.
148. Häfner, H. & Reimann, H. (1970) Spatial distribution of mental disorders in Mannheim, 1965. In: Hare, E.H. & Wing, J.K., eds. Psychiatric Epidemiology. London: Oxford University Press, pp. 341-354.
149. Häfner, H., Maurer, K., Löffl er, W. & Riecher-Rössler, A. (1993) The infl uence of age and sex on the onset and early course of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 162, 80-86.
150. Häfner, H., Löffl er, W., Maurer et al. (1999) Depression, negative symptoms, social stagnation and social decline in the early course of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 100, 105-118.
151. Häfner, H., Löffl er, W., Riecher-R ö ssler, A. & Häfner-Ranabauer, W. (2001) Schizophrenie und Wahn im höheren und hohen Lebensalter. Nervenarzt 72, 347-357.
152. Hagnell, O. (1966b) A Prospective Study of the Incidence of Mental Disorder. Lund: Svenska Bokforlaget. Hare, E. (1983) Was insanity on the increase? British Journal of Psychiatry 142, 439-445.
153. Harrison, G., Owens, D., Holton, A. et al. (1988) A prospective study of severe mental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients. Psychological Medicine 18, 643-657.
154. Harrison, G., Cooper, J.E. & Gancarczyk, R. (1991) Changes in the administrative incidence of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 159, 811-816.
155. Harrison, G., Brewin, J., Cantwell, R. et al. (1996) The increased risk of psychosis in African-Caribbean migrants to the UK: A replication. Schizophrenia Research 18, 102.
156. Harrison, G., Amin, S., Singh, S. et al. (1999) Outcome of psychosis in people of African-Caribbean family origin. British Journal of Psychiatry 175, 43-49.
157. Harrison, G., Fouskakis, D., Rasmussen, F. et al. (2003) Association between psychotic disorder and urban place of birth is not mediated by obstetric complications or childhood socio - economic position: A cohort study. Psychological Medicine 33, 723-731.
158. Haslam, J. (1809) Observations on madness and melancholy, 2nd edn. London: Callow.
159. Hassiotis, A., Ukoumunne, O., Tyrer, P. et al. (1999) Prevalence and characteristics of patients with severe mental illness and borderline intellectual functioning. British Journal of Psychiatry 175, 135-140.
160. Hatta, K., Takahashi, T., Nakamura, H. et al. (1999) Laboratory fi ndings in acute schizophrenia. General Hospital Psychiatry 21, 220-227.
161. Haukka, J., Suvisaari, J, Varilo, T. & Lönnqvist, J. (2001) Regional variation in the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland: a study of birth cohorts born from 1950 to 1969. Psychological Medicine 31, 1045-1053.
162. Haukka, J., Suvisaari, J. & Lönnqvist, J. (2003) Fertility of patients with schizophrenia, their siblings, and the general population: A cohort study from 1950 to 1959 in Finland. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 460-463.
163. Hawton, K., Sutton, L. Haw, C. et al. (2005) Schizophrenia and suicide: systematic review of risk factors. British Journal of Psychiatry 187, 9-10.
164. Heilä, H., Haukka, J., Suvisaari, J. & Lönnqvist, J. (2005) Mortality among patients with schizophrenia and reduced psychiatric hospital care. Psychological Medicine 35, 725-732.
165. Helgason, T. (1964) Epidemiology of mental disorders in Iceland. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 173 (Suppl.).
166. Helgason, T. & Magnusson, H. (1989) The first 80 years of life. A psychiatric epidemiological study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 79 (Suppl. 348), 85-94.
167. Hemsi, L.K. (1967) Psychiatric morbidity of West Indian immigrants . Social Psychiatry 2, 95-100.
168. Henquet, C., Murray, R., Linszen, D. & van Os, J. (2005) The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use. Schizophrenia Bulletin 31, 608-612.
169. Hickling, F.W. & Rodgers-Johnson, P. (1995) The incidence of first contact schizophrenia in Jamaica. British Journal of Psychiatry 167, 193-196.
170. Hickling, F.W., McKenzie, K., Mullen, R. & Murray, R. (1999) A Jamaican psychiatrist evaluates diagnoses at a London psychiatric hospital. British Journal of Psychiatry 175, 283- 285.
171. Hickman M., Vuckerman P., Macleod J. et al. (2007) Cannabis and schizophrenia: model projections of the impact of the rise in cannabis use on historical and future trends in schizophrenia in England and Wales. Addiction 102, 597-606.
172. Hilger, T., Propping, P. & Haverkamp, F. (1983) Is there an increase of reproductive rates in schizophrenics? Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 233, 177-186.
173. Hippisley-Cox, J., Vinogradova, Y., Coupland, C. & Parker, C. (2007) Risk of malignancy in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Nested case-control study. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 1368-1376.
174. Hiroeh, U., Appleby, L., Mortensen, P.B. & Dunn, G. (2001) Death by homicide, suicide, and other unnatural causes in people with mental illness: a population-based study. Lancet 358, 2110-2112.
175. Hjern, A., Wicks, S. & Dalman, C. (2004) Social adversity contributes to high morbidity in psychoses in immigrants-a national cohort study of two generations of Swedish residents. Psychological Medicine 34, 1025-1033.
176. Hochman, K.M. & Lewine, R.R. (2004) Age of menarche and schizophrenia onset in women. Schizophrenia Research 69, 183-188.
177. Hoek, H.W., Susser, E., Buck, K.A. et al. (1996) Schizoid personality disorder after prenatal exposure to famine. American Journal of Psychiatry 153, 1637-1639.
178. Hofvander, B., Delorme, R., Chaste, P. et al. (2009) Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders. BMC Psychiatry 9, 35.
179. Hollingshead, A.B. & Redlich, F.C. (1958) Social Class and Mental Illness. New York: Wiley.
180. Honer, W.G., Kopala, L.C., Locke, J.J. & Lapointe, J.S. (1996) Left cerebral hemiatrophy and schizophrenia-like psychosis in an adolescent. Schizophrenia Research 20, 231-234.
181. Hovatta, I., Varilo, T., Suvisaari, J. et al. (1999) A genomewide screen for schizophrenia genes in an isolated Finnish subpopulation, suggesting multiple susceptibility loci. American Journal of Human Genetics 65, 1114-1124.
182. Hultman, C.M., Spar é n, P., Takei, N. et al. (1999) Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for schizophrenia, affective psychosis, and reactive psychosis of early onset: Case-control study. British Medical Journal 318, 421-426.
183. Hutchinson, G., Takei, N., Bhugra, D. et al. (1997) Increased rate of psychosis among African-Caribbeans in Britain is not due to an excess of pregnancy and birth complications. British Journal of Psychiatry 171, 145-147.
184. Hutchinson, G., Takei, N., Sham, P. et al. (1999) Factor analysis of symptoms in schizophrenia: Differences between White and Caribbean patients in Camberwell. Psychological Medicine 29, 607-612.
185. Hyde, T.M., Ziegler, J.C. & Weinberger, D.R. (1992) Psychiatric disturbances in metachromatic leukodystrophy. Archives of Neurology 49, 401-406.
186. Ichiki, M., Kunugi, H., Takei, N. et al. (2000) Intra-uterine physical growth in schizophrenia: Evidence confi rming excess of premature birth. Psychological Medicine 30, 597- 604.
187. Imamura, Y., Nakane, Y., Ohta, Y. & Kondo, H. (1999) Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia among individuals prenatally exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Nagasaki City. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 100, 344-349.
188. Indian Council of Mental Research (1988) Multi-Centered Collaborative Study of Factors Associated with Course and Outcome of Schizophrenia. New Delhi: ICMR.
189. Isohanni, M., Jones, P. B., Moilanen, K. et al. (2001) Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Schizophrenia Research 52, 1-19.
190. Isohanni, M., Miettunen, J., Mäki, P. et al. (2006) Risk factors for schizophrenia. Follow-up data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort Study. World Psychiatry 5, 168-171.
191. Jablensky, A. (1986) Epidemiology of schizophrenia: A European perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin 12, 52-73.
192. Jablensky, A. & Cole, S.W. (1997) Is the earlier age at onset of schizophrenia in males a confounded fi nding? Results from a cross-cultural investigation. British Journal of Psychiatry 170, 234-240.
193. Jablensky, A. & Kalaydjieva, L. (2003) Genetic epidemiology of schizophrenia: phenotypes, risk factors and reproductive behavior. Editorial. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 425-429.
194. Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G. et al. (1992) Schizophrenia: Manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization Ten-Country Study. Psychological Medicine Monograph 20 (Suppl), 1-97.
195. Jablensky, A., Hugler, H., von Cranach, M. & Kalinov, K. (1993) Kraepelin revisited: A reassessment and statistical analysis of dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity in 1908.
196. Psychological Medicine 23, 843-858.
197. Jablensky, A., McGrath, J., Herrman, H. et al. (2000) Psychotic disorders in urban areas: An overview of the Study of Low Prevalence Disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, 221-236.
198. Jablensky, A., Morgan, V., Zubrick, S.R. et al. (2005) Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal complications in a population cohort of women with schizophrenia and major affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 79-91.
199. Jarman, B., Hirsch, S., White, P. & Driscoll, R. (1992) Predicting psychiatric admission rates. British Medical Journal 304, 1146-1151.
200. Jeffreys, S.E., Harvey, C.A., McNaught, A.S. et al. (1997) The Hampstead Schizophrenia Survey 1991. I. Prevalence and service use comparisons in an inner London health authority, 1986-91. British Journal of Psychiatry 170, 301-306.
201. Jeste, D.V., Gladsjo, J.A., Lindamer, L.A. & Lacro, J.P. (1996) Medical comorbidity in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 22, 413-430.
202. John, A.P., Koloth, R., Dragovic, M. & Lim, S.C.B. (2009) Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Australians with severe mental illness. The Medical Journal of Australia 190, 176-179.
203. Johns, L.C., Nazroo, J.Y., Bebbington, P. & Kuipers, E. (2002) Occurrence of hallucinatory experiences in a community sample and ethnic variations. British Journal of Psychiatry 180, 174-178.
204. Johnstone E.C., Ebmeier K.P., Miller P. et al. (2005) Predicting schizophrenia: fi ndings from the Edinburgh High-Risk Study. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 18-25.
205. Jones, P.B., Bebbington, P., Foerster, A. et al. (1993) Premorbid social underachievement in schizophrenia. Results from the Camberwell Collaborative Psychosis Study. British Journal of Psychiatry 162, 65-71.
206. Jones, P., Rodgers, B., Murray, R. & Marmot, M. (1994) Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 344, 1398-1402.
207. Jones, P.B., Rantakallio, P., Hartikainen, A.L. et al. (1998) Schizophrenia as a long-term outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal complications: A 28-year follow-up of the 1966 North Finland general population birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry 155, 355-364.
208. Jönsson, S.A.T. & Jonsson, H. (1992) Outcome in untreated schizophrenia: a search for symptoms and traits with prognostic meaning in patients admitted to a mental hospital in the preneuroleptic era. Acta Psychaitrica Scandinavica 85, 313-320.
209. Joukamaa, M., Heli ö vaara, M., Knekt, P. et al. (2006) Schizophrenia, neuroleptic medication and mortality. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 122-127.
210. Joyce, P.R. (1987) Changing trends in first admissions and readmissions for mania and schizophrenia in New Zealand, to 1984. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 21, 82-86.
211. Jung, A., Schuppe H.C. & Schill, W.B. (2003) Are children of older fathers at risk for genetic disorders? Andrologia 35, 191-199.
212. Karvonen, M., Viik-Kajander, M., Moltchanova, E. et al. (2000) Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes Care 23, 1516-1526.
213. Kavanagh, D.J., Waghorn, G., Jenner, L. et al. (2004) Demographic and clinical correlates of comorbid substance use disorders in psychosis: multivariate analyses from an epidemiological sample. Schizophrenia Research 66, 115-124.
214. Kebede, D. & Alem, A. (1999) Major mental disorders in Adis Ababa, Ethiopia. I. Schizophrenia, schizoaffective and cognitive disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 100, 11-17.
215. Kendell, R.E. & Adams, W. (1991) Unexplained fl uctuations in the risk for schizophrenia by month and year of birth. British Journal of Psychiatry 158, 758-763.
216. Kendell, R.E., McInneny, K., Juszczak, E. & Bain, M. (2000) Obstetric complications and schizophrenia. Two case-control studies based on structured obstetric records. British Journal of Psychiatry 176, 516-522.
217. Kendell, R.E., Boyd, J.H., Grossmith, V.L. & Bain M. (2002) Seasonal fl uctuation in birthweight in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 57, 157-164.
218. Kendler, K.S. & Eaves, L.J. (1986) Models for the joint effect of genotype and environment on liability to psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 143, 279-289.
219. Kendler, K.S. & Walsh, D. (1995) Gender and schizophrenia: results of an epidemiologically based family study. British Journal of Psychiatry 167, 184-192.
220. Kendler, K.S., Karkowski-Shuman, L. & Walsh, D. (1996) Age at onset in schizophrenia and risk of illness in relatives. British Journal of Psychiatry 169, 213-218.
221. Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S. et al. (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-IIIR psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 8- 19.
222. Khoury, M.J., Beaty, T.H. & Cohen, B.H. (1993) Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
223. Kim, J.J., Shirts, B.H., Dayal, M. et al. (2007) Are exposure to cytomegalovirus and genetic variation on chromosome 6p joint risk factors for schizophrenia? Annals of Medicine 39, 145-153.
224. King, M., Coker, E., Leavey, G., Hoare, A. & Johnson-Sabine, E. (1994) Incidence of psychotic illness in London: Comparison of ethnic groups. British Medical Journal 309, 1115-1119.
225. Kinney, D.K., Teixeira, P., Hsu, D. et al. (2009) Relation of schizophrenia prevalence to latitude, fi sh consumption, infant mortality, and skin color: A role for prenatal vitamin D defi ciency and infections? Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, 582-595.
226. Kirkbride, J.B., Fearon, P., Morgan, C. et al. (2006) Heterogeneity in incidence rates of schizophrenia and other psychotic syndromes: Findings From the 3-center SOP study. Archives of General Psychiatry 63, 250-258.
227. Kirkbride, J.B., Fearon, P., Morgan, C. et al. (2007a) Neighbourhood variation in the incidence of psychotic disorders in Southeast London. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 42, 438-445.
228. Kirkbride, J.B., Morgan, C., Fearon, P. et al. (2007b) Neighbourhood-level effects on psychoses: Re-examining the role of context. Psychological Medicine 37, 1413-1425.
229. Kirkbride, J., Boydell, J., Ploubidis, G., et al. (2008a) Testing the association between the incidence of schizophrenia and social capital in an urban area. Psychological Medicine 38, 1083-1094.
230. Kirkbride, J.B., Barker, D., Cowden F. et al. (2008b) Psychoses, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. British Journal of Psychiatry 193, 18-24.
231. Klemperer, J. (1933) Zur Belastungsstatistik der Durchschnittsbev ö lkerung. Psychoseh ä ufi gkeit unter 1000 stichprobem ä ssig ausgelesenen Probanden. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie 146, 277-316.
232. Kraepelin, E. (1919) Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Edinburgh: Livingstone.
233. Krebs, M.O., Leroy, S., Duaux, E. et al. (2002) Vulnerability to cannabis, schizophrenia and the (ATT)N polymorphism of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 gene (Abstract). Schizophrenia Research 53 (Suppl.), 72.
234. Kulkarni J., de Castella A., Fitzgerald P.B. et al. (2008) Estrogen in severe mental illness. A potential new treatment approach. Archives of General Psychiatry 65, 955-960.
235. Kunugi, H., Nanko, S., Takei, N. et al. (1995) Schizophrenia following in utero exposure to the 1957 infl uenza epidemics in Japan. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 450-452.
236. Lane, E. & Albee, G.W. (1964) Early childhood intellectual differences between schizophrenic adults and their siblings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 68, 193-195.
237. Lane, A., Byrne, M., Mulvany, F. et al. (1995) Reproductive behaviour in schizophrenia relative to other mental disorders: evidence for increased fertility in men despite decreased marital rate. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 91, 222-228.
238. Larson, C.A. & Nyman, G.E. (1973) Differential fertility in schizophrenia . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 9, 272-280.
239. Lawrence, D., Jablensky, A.V., Holman, C.D.J. & Pinder, T.J. (2000a) Mortality in Western Australian psychiatric patients. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 35, 341-347.
240. Lawrence, D., Holman, C.D.J., Jablensky, A. et al. (2000b) Excess cancer mortality in Western Australian psychiatric patients due to higher case fatality rates. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101, 382-388.
241. Lawrence D. Holman C.D.J., Jablensky A.V. et al. (2001) Increasing rates of suicide in Western Australian psychiatric patients: a record linkage study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 104, 443-451.
242. Lawrence D.M., Holman C.D.J., Jablensky A.V. & Hobbs M.S.T. (2003) Death rate from ischaemic heart disease in Western Australian psychiatric patients 1980-1998. British Journal of Psychiatry 182, 31-36.
243. Leao, T.S., Sundquist, J., Frank, G. et al. (2006) Incidence of schizophrenia or other psychoses in first-and second-generation immigrants: A national cohort study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, 27-33.
244. Lemkau, P., Tietze, C. & Cooper, M. (1943) A survey of statistical studies on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorder in sample populations. Public Health Reports 58, 1909-1927.
245. Levav I., Lipshitz I., Novikov I. et al. (2007) Cancer risk among parents and siblings of patients with schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 190, 156-161.
246. Lewis, M.S. & Griffi n, T. (1981) An explanation for the season of birth effect in schizophrenia and certain other diseases. Psychological Bulletin 89, 589-596.
247. Lewis, S.W. & Mezey, G.C. (1985) Clinical correlates of septum pellucidum cavities: An unusual association with psychosis. Psychological Medicine 15, 43-54.
248. Lewis, S.W., Reveley, A.M., David, A.S. & Ron, M.A. (1988) Agenesis of the corpus callosum and schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 18, 341-347.
249. Lewis, G., David, A., Andreasson, S. & Allebeck, P. (1992) Schizophrenia and city life. Lancet 340, 137-140.
250. Lichtenstein, P., Björk, C., Hultman, C. et al. (2006) Recurrence risks for schizophrenia in a Swedish national cohort. Psychological Medicine 36, 1417-1425.
251. Lichtermann, D., Ekelund, J., Pukkala, E. et al. (2001) Incidence of cancer among persons with schizophrenia and their relatives . Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 573-578.
252. Lieberman, Y.I. (1974) The problem of incidence of schizophrenia: material from a clinical and epidemiological study [in Russian ]. Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii 74, 1224-1232.
253. Lilienfeld, S.O., Waldman, I.D. & Israel, A.C. (1994) A critical examination of the use and concept of comorbidity in psychopathology research. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice 1, 71-83.
254. Lin, T.Y., Chu, H.M., Rin, H. et al. (1989) Effects of social change on mental disorders in Taiwan: observations based on a a15 - year follow-up survey of general populations in three communities . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 79 (Suppl. 348), 11-34.
255. Link, B. & Dohrenwend, B.P. (1980) Formulation of hypotheses about the ratio of untreated to treated cases in the true prevalence studies of functional psychiatric disorders in adults in the United States. In: Dohrenwend, B.P., Dohrenwend, B.S., Gould M.S., Link, B., Neugebauer, R. & Wunsch-Hitzig, R., eds. Mental Illness in the United States: Epidemiologic Estimates. New York: Praeger.
256. Linszen, D.H., Dingemans, P.M. & Lenior, M.E. (1994) Cannabis abuse and the course of recent-onset schizophrenic disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 273-279.
257. Littlewood, R. & Lipsedge, M. (1981) Some social and phenomenological characteristics of psychotic immigrants. Psychological Medicine 11, 289-302.
258. Löffl er, W. & Häfner, H. (1999) Ecological patterns of first admitted schizophrenics to two German cities over 25 years. Social Science and Medicine 49, 93-108.
259. MacCabe, J.H., Lambe, M.P., Cnattingius, S. et al. (2008) Scholastic achievement at age 16 and risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses: a national cohort study. Psychological Medicine 38, 1133-1140.
260. Mack, A.H., Feldman, J.J, & Tsuang, M.T. (2002) A case of "pfropfschizophrenia": Kraepelin' s bridge between neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conceptions of schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1104-1110.
261. Mahy, E., Mallett, R., Leff, J. & Bhugra, D. (1999) First contact rate incidence of schizophrenia on Barbados. British Journal of Psychiatry 175, 28-33.
262. Mäkikir ö, T., Isohanni, M., Moring, J. et al. (1997) Is a child's risk of early onset schizophrenia increased in the highest social class? Schizophrenia Research 23, 245-252.
263. Mäkikirö, T., Karvonen, J.T., Hakko, H. et al. (1998) Comorbidity of hospital-treated psychiatric and physical disorders with special reference to schizophrenia: A 28 year follow-up of the Northern Finland general population birth cohort. Public Health 112, 221-228.
264. Malaspina, D., Harlap, S., Fennig, S. et al. (2001) Advancing paternal age and the risk of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 361-367.
265. Malmberg, A., Lewsi, G., David, A. & Allebeck, P. (1998) Premorbid adjustment and personality in people with schizophrenia . British Journal of Psychiatry 172, 308-313.
266. Marcelis, M., Takei, N. & van Os, J. (1999) Urbanization and risk for schizophrenia: Does the effect operate before or around the illness onset? Psychological Medicine 29, 1197-1203.
267. Maric N., Krabbendam L., Vollebergh W. et al. (2003) Sex differences in symptoms of psychosis in a non-selected, general population sample. Schizophrenia Research 63, 89-95.
268. Mason, P. R. & Winton, F. E. (1995) Ear disease and schizophrenia - a case-control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 91, 217- 221.
269. McEvoy J.P., Meyer J.M., Goff D.C. et al. (2005) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: Baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophrenia Research 80, 19-32
270. McGovern, D. & Cope, R.V. (1987) First psychiatric admission rates of first and second generation Afro Caribbeans. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 22, 139-149.
271. McGrath, J.J. & Richards, L.J. (2009) Why schizophrenia epidemiology needs neurobiology-and vice versa. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, 577-581.
272. McGrath, J.J. & Welham, J.L. (1999) Season of birth and schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of data from the Southern Hemisphere. Schizophrenia Research 35, 237-242.
273. McGrath, J.J., Hearle, J., Jenner, L. et al. (1999) The fertility and fecundity of patients with psychoses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 99, 441-446.
274. McGrath, J., Saha, S., Welham, J. et al. (2004a) A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the infl uence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. BMC Medicine 2, 13.
275. McGrath, J., Saari, K., Hakko, K. et al. (2004b) Vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life and risk of schizophrenia: a Finnish birth cohort study. Schizophrenia Research 67, 237-245.
276. McGuire, P.K., Jones, P., Harvey, I. et al. (1995) Morbid risk of schizophrenia for relatives of patients with cannabis-associated psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 15, 277-281.
277. McNaught, A., Jeffreys, S.E., Harvey, C.A. et al. (1997) The Hamstead Schizophrenia Survey 1991. II. Incidence and migration in inner London. British Journal of Psychiatry 170, 307-311.
278. McNeil, T.F. & Kaij, L. (1987) Swedish high-risk study: Sample characteristics at age 6. Schizophrenia Bulletin 13, 373-381.
279. McNeil, T.F., Cantor-Graae, E., & Ismail, B. (2000) Obstetric complications and congenital malformation in schizophrenia. Brain Research Review 31, 166-178.
280. Mednick, S.A. (1970) Breakdown in individuals at high risk for schizophrenia. Possible predispositional perinatal factors. Mental Hygiene 54, 50-63.
281. Mednick, S.A., Machon, R.A., Huttunen, M.O. & Bonett, D. (1988) Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an infl uenza epidemic. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 189v192.
282. Menezes, P.R., Scazufca, M., Busatto, G. et al. (2007) Incidence of first-contact psychosis in São Paulo, Brazil. British Journal of Psychiatry 51 (Suppl.), s102-s106.
283. Meyer U., Feldon J. & Yee B.K. (2009) A review of the fetal brain cytokine imbalance hypothesis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, 959-972.
284. Mino, Y., Oshima, I., Tsuda, T. & Okagami, K. (2000) No relationship between schizophrenic birth and infl uenza epidemics in Japan. Journal of Psychiatric Research 34, 133-138.
285. Mirsky, A.F., Ingraham, L.J. & Kugelmass, S. (1995) Neuropsychological assessment of attention and its pathology in the Israeli cohort. Schizophrenia Bulletin 21, 193-204.
286. Mischler, E.G. & Scotch, N.A. (1983) Sociocultural factors in the epidemiology of schizophrenia: A review. Psychiatry 26, 315-351.
287. Mitchell, K.J. & Porteus, D.J. (2009) GWAS for psychiatric disease: is the framework built on a solid foundation? Molecular Psychiatry 14, 740-741.
288. Moore, T.H.M., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A. et al. (2007) Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: A systematic review. Lancet 370, 319-328.
289. Morgan, V., Castle, D., Page, A. et al. (1997) Infl uenza epidemics and incidence of schizophrenia, affective disorders and mental retardation in Western Australia: No evidence of a major effect. Schizophrenia Research 26, 25-39.
290. Morgan, C., Kirkbride, J.B., Leff, J. et al. (2007) Parental separation, loss and psychosis in different ethnic groups: A case - control study. Psychological Medicine 37, 495-503.
291. Morgan V.A., Castle D.J. & Jablensky A.V. (2008a) Do women express and experience psychosis differently from men? Epidemiological evidence from the Australian National Study of Low Prevalence (Psychotic) Disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 42, 74-82.
292. Morgan V.A., Leonard H., Bourke J. & Jablensky A. (2008b) Intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness: population-based study. British Journal of Psychiatry 193, 365-372.
293. Mors, O., Mortensen, P.B. & Ewald, H. (1999) A population - based register study of the association between schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis. Schizophrenia Research 40, 67-74.
294. Mortensen, P.B. (1994) The occurrence of cancer in first admitted schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research 12, 185-194.
295. Mortensen, P.B. & Juel, K. (1993) Mortality and causes of death in first admitted schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 163, 183-189.
296. Mortensen, P.B., Pedersen, C.B., Westergaard, T. et al. (1999) Effects of family history and place and season of birth on the risk of achizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine 340, 603-608.
297. Mortensen P.B., Nørgaard-Pedersen B., Waltoft B.L. et al. (2007) Toxoplasma gondii as a risk factor for early-onset schizophrenia: Analysis of fi lter paper blood samples obtained at birth. Biological Psychiatry 61, 688-693.
298. Munk-Jørgensen, P. (1986) Decreasing first-admission rates of schizophrenia among males in Denmark from 1970 to 1984. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 73, 645-650.
299. Munk-Jørgensen, P. & Mortensen, P.B. (1992) Incidence and other aspects of the epidemiology of schizophrenia in Denmark, 1971-87. British Journal of Psychiatry 161, 489-495.
300. Murray, R.M. & Lewis, S.W. (1987) Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 295, 681-682.
301. Murthy, G.V.S., Janakiramaiah, N., Gangadhar, B.N. & Subbarrishna, D.K. (1998) Sex difference in age at onset of schizophrenia: Discrepant fi ndings from India. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 97, 321-325.
302. Myles-Worsley, M., Coon, H., Tiobech, J. et al. (1999) Genetic epidemiological study of schizophrenia in Palau, Micronesia: prevalence and familiality. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 88, 4-10.
303. Need, A.C., Ge, D., Weale, M.E. et al. (2009) A genome-wide investigation of SNPs and CNVs in schizophrenia. PLOS Genetics 5, e1000373.
304. Neugebauer, R. (2005) Accumulating evidence for prenatal nutritional origins of mental disorders. JAMA 294, 621-623.
305. Ng, M.Y.M., Levinson, D.F., Faraone, S.V. et al. (2009) Meta - analysis of 32 genome-wide linkage studies of schizophrenia. Molecular Psychiatry 14, 774-785.
306. Nicodemus, K.K., Marenco, S., Batten, A.J. et al. (2008) Serious obstetric complications interact with hypoxia-regulated/ vascular-expression genes to infl uence schizophrenia risk. Molecular Psychiatry 13, 873-877.
307. Nicole, L., Lesage, A. & Lalonde, P. (1992) Lower incidence and increased male: female ratio in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 161, 556-557.
308. Nicolson, R. & Rapoport, J.L. (1999) Childhood-onset schizophrenia: Rare but worth studying. Biological Psychiatry 46, 1418-1428.
309. Niemi, L.T., Suvisaari, J.M., Tuulio-Henriksson, A. & Lönnqvist, J.K. (2003) Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from high-risk studies. Schizophrenia Research 60, 239-258.
310. Niemi, L.T., Suvisaari, J.M., Haukka, J.K. et al. (2004) Cumulative incidence of mental disorders among offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder. Results from the Helsinki High-Risk Study. British Journal of Psychiatry 185, 11-17.
311. Niemi, L.T., Suvisaari, J.M., Haukka, J.K. & Lönnqvist, J.K. (2005) Childhood predictors of future psychiatric morbidity in offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder. Results from the Helsinki High-Risk Study. British Journal of Psychiatry 186, 208-114.
312. Nilsson, E., Lichtenstein, P., Cnattingius, S. et al. (2002) Women with schizophrenia: pregnancy outcome and infant death among their offspring. Schizophrenia Research 58, 221-229.
313. Nimgaonkar, V.L., Ward, S.E., Agarde, H. et al. (1997) Fertility in schizophrenia: Results from a contemporary US cohort. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 95, 364-369.
314. Nimgaonkar, V.L., Fujiwara, T.M., Dutta et al. (2000) Low prevalence of psychoses among the Hutterites, an isolated religious community. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 1065-1070.
315. Nunes, S.O.V., Itano, E.N., Amarante, M.K. et al. (2008) RNA from Borna disease virus in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective patients, and in their biological relatives. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 22, 314-320.
316. Ødegaard, Ø. (1932) Emigration and insanity. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica 4 (Suppl.), 1-206.
317. Ødegaard, Ø. (1946a) A statistical investigation of the incidence of mental disorder in Norway. Psychiatric Quarterly 20, 381-401.
318. Ødegaard, Ø. (1946b) Marriage and mental disease: A study in social psychopathology. Journal of Mental Science 92, 35-59.
319. Ødegaard, Ø. (1980) Fertility of psychiatric first admissions in Norway, 1936-75. Acta Pychiatrica Scandinavica 62, 212-220.
320. O'Flaithbheartaigh, S., Williams, P.A. & Jones, G.H. (1994) Schizophrenic psychosis and associated aqueduct stenosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 164, 684-686.
321. Ohta, Y., Nakane, Y., Mine, M. et al. (1988) The epidemiological study of physical morbidity in schizophrenics-2. Association between schizophrenia and incidence of tuberculosis. The Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 42, 41-47.
322. Osborn, D.P.J., Levy, G., Nazareth, I. et al. (2007) Relative risk of cardiovascular and cancer mortality in people with severe mental illness from the United Kingdom's General Practice Research Database. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 242-249.
323. Ösby, U., Correia, N., Brandt, L., Ekbom, A. & Sparén, P. (2000) Mortality and causes of death in schizophrenia in Stockholm County, Sweden. Schizophrenia Research 45, 21-28.
324. Osler, M., Lawlor, D.A. & Nordentoft, M. (2007) Cognitive function in childhood and early adulthood and hospital admission for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders in Danish men born in 1953. Schizophrenia Research 92, 132-141.
325. Österberg, E. (1978) Schizophrenia and rheumatic disease. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 58, 339-359.
326. Padmavathi, R., Rajkumar, S., Kumar, N., Manoharan, A. & Kamath, S. (1987) Prevalence of schizophrenia in an urban community in Madras. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 31, 233-239.
327. Palmer, B.W., McClure, F.S. & Jeste, D.V. (2001) Schizophrenia in late life: Findings challenge traditional concepts. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 9, 51-58.
328. Pedersen, C.B. & Mortensen, P.B. (2006a) Are the cause(s) responsible for urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk rooted in families or in individuals? American Journal of Epidemiology 163, 971-978.
329. Pedersen, C.B. & Mortensen, P.B. (2006b) Urbanicity during upbringing and bipolar affective disorders in Denmark. Bipolar Disorders 8, 242-247.
330. Perälä J., Suvisaari, J. & Saarni, S.I. (2007) Lifetime prevalence of psychotic and bipolar I disorders in a general population. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 19-28.
331. Phillips, M., Yang, G., Li, S. & Li, Y. (2004) Suicide and unique prevalence pattern of schizophrenia in mainland China: a retrospective observational study. Lancet 364, 1062-1068.
332. Pinel, P. (1803) Nosographie Philosophique, oula Methode del Analyse Apliquéeala Médecine, Vol. III, 2nd edn. Paris: Brosson.
333. Potvin, S., Joyal, C.C., Pelletier, J. & Stip, E. (2008) Contradictory cognitive capacities among substance-abusing patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research 100, 242-251.
334. Pulver, A.E., McGrath, J.A., Liang, K.Y. et al. (2004) An indirect test of the new mutation hypothesis associating advanced paternal age with the etiology of schizophrenia. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 124B, 6-9.
335. Puri, B.K., Hall, A.D. & Lewis, S.W. (1994) Cerebral hemiatrophy and schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 165, 403-405.
336. Rajkumar, S., Padmavathi, R., Thara, R. & Sarada Menon, M. (1993) Incidence of schizophrenia in an urban community in Madras. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 35, 18-21.
337. Raman, A.C. & Murphy, H.M.M. (1972) Failure of traditional prognostic indicators in Afro-Asian psychotics: results from a long-term follow-up study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 154, 238-247.
338. Ramírez B.G., Blázquez C., Gómez del Pulgar T. et al. (2005) Prevention of Alzheimer's disease pathology by cannabinopids: Neuroprotection mediated by blockade of microglial activation. The Journal of Neuroscience 25, 1904-1913.
339. Rantakallio, P., Jones, P., Moring, J. & von Wendt, L. (1997) Association between central nervous system infections during childhood and adult onset schizophrenia and other psychoses: A 28-year follow-up. International Journal of Epidemiology 26, 837-843.
340. Regier, D.A., Kaelber, C.T., Rae, D.S. et al. (1998) Limitations of diagnostic criteria and assessment instruments for mental disorders. Implications for research and policy. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 109-115.
341. Reid, D.D. (1960) Epidemiological Methods in the Study of Mental Disorders. Public Health Papers No.2. Geneva: World Health Organization.
342. Reichenberg, A., Weiser, M., Rabinowitz, J. et al. (2002) A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 2027-2035.
343. Reveley, A.M. & Reveley, M.A. (1983) Aqueduct stenosis and schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 46, 18-22.
344. Riecher-R ö ssler, A., Fatkenheuer, B., Löffl er, W. et al. (1992) Is age of onset in schizophrenia infl uenced by marital status? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 27, 122-128.
345. Rin, H. & Lin, T.Y. (1962) Mental illness among Formosan aboritines as compared with the Chinese in Taiwan. Journal of Mental Science 198, 134-146.
346. Roberts, J.K.A., Trimble, M.R. & Robertson, M. (1983) Schizophrenic psychosis associated with aqueduct stenosis in adults. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 46, 892-898.
347. Robins, L.N. (1989) Diagnostic grammar and assessment: Translating criteria into questions. Psychological Medicine 19, 57-68.
348. Robins, L.N. & Regier, D.A., eds. (1991) Psychiatric Disorders in America. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: The Free Press.
349. Robins, L.N., Helzer, J.E., Croughan, J. & Rarcliff, K.S. (1981) National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry 38, 381-389.
350. Robins, L.N., Wing, J.K., Wittchen, H.U. et al. (1988) The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 1069-1077.
351. Rotstein, V.G. (1977) Material from a psychiatric survey of sample groups from the adult population in several areas of the USSR [in Russian]. Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii 77, 569-574.
352. Saari K.M., Lindeman S.M., Viilo K.M. et al. (2005) A 4-fold risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66, 559-563.
353. Sacker, A., Done, J., Crow, T.J. & Golding, J. (1995) Antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness. Obstetric complications. British Journal of Psychiatry 166, 734-741.
354. Saha, S., Chant, D., Welham, J. & McGrath, J. (2005) A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLOS Medicine 2: issue 5 / e141.
355. Saha, S., Chant, D.C., Welham, J.L. & McGrath, J.J. (2006) The incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia varies with latitude . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 114, 36-39.
356. Saha, S., Chant, D. & McGrath, J. (2007) A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 64, 1123-1131.
357. Salan, R. (1992) Epidemiology of schizophrenia in Indonesia (the Tambora I study). ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry 2, 52-57.
358. Salokangas, R.K.R., Honkonen, T. & Saarinen, S. (2003) Women have later onset than men in schizophrenia - but only in its paranoid form. Results of the DSP project. European Psychiatry 18, 274-281.
359. Sanderson, T.L., Doody, G.A., Best, J. et al. (2001) Correlations between clinical and historical variables, and cerebral structural variables in people with mild intellectual disability and schizophrenia. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45, 89-98.
360. Sandwijk, J.P., Cohen, P.D., Musterd, S. & Langemeijer, M.P. (1995) Licit and Illicit Drug Use in Amsterdam. Report of a Household Survey in 1994 on the Prevalence of Drug Use Among the Population of 12 Years and Over. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.
361. Sartorius, N., Jablensky, A., Korten, A. et al. (1986) Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders. Psychological Medicine 16, 909-928.
362. Schiffman, J., Walker, E., Ekstrom, M. et al. (2004) Childhood videotaped social and neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia: A prospective investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry 161, 2121-2027.
363. Schulsinger, F., Parnas, J., Petersen, E.T. et al. (1984) Cerebral ventricular size in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 602-606.
364. Sch ü rhoff, F., Golmard, J.L., Sz ö ke, A. et al. (2004) Admixture analysis of age at onset in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 71, 35-41.
365. Scully, P.J., Quinn, J.F., Morgan, M.G. et al. (2002) First-episode schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and other psychoses in a rural Irish catchment area: incidence and gender in the Cavan - Monaghan study at 5 years. British Journal of Psychiatry 43 (Suppl.), s3-s9.
366. Scully, P.J., Owens, J.M., Kinsella, A. & Waddington, J.L. (2004) Schizophrenia, schizoaffective and bipolar disorder within an epidemiologically complete, homogeneous population in rural Ireland: small area variation in rates. Schizophrenia Research 67, 143-155.
367. Selten, J.P., Slaets, J. & Kahn, R.S. (1997) Schizophrenia in Surinamese and Dutch Antillean immigrants to The Netherlands: Evidence of an increased incidence. Psychological Medicine 27, 807-811.
368. Selten, J.P., Slaets, J. & Kahn, R. (1998) Prenatal exposure to infl uenza and schizophrenia in Surinamese and Dutch Antillean immigrants to The Netherlands. Schizophrenia Research 30, 101-103.
369. Selten, J.P., Brown, A.S., Moons, K.G.M. et al. (1999a) Prenatal exposure to the 1957 infl uenza pandemic and non-affective psychosis in The Netherlands. Schizophrenia Research 38, 85-91.
370. Selten, J.P., van der Graaf, Y., van Duursen, R., Gispen-de Wied, C. & Kahn, R.S. (1999b) Psychotic illness after prenatal exposure to the 1953 Dutch fl ood disaster. Schizophrenia Research 35, 243-245.
371. Selten, J.P., Veen, N., Feller, W. et al. (2001) Incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrant groups to The Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry 178, 367-372.
372. Selten, J.P., Cantor-Graae, E., Slaets, J. & Kahn, R.S. (2002) Ødegaard's selection hypothesis revisited: Schizophrenia in Surinamese immigrants to the Netherlands. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 669-671.
373. Sewell, D.D. (1996) Schizophrenia and HIV. Schizophrenia Bulletin 22, 465-473.
374. Sham, P.C., O'Callaghan, E., Takei, N. et al. (1992) Schizophrenia following pre-natal exposure to infl uenza epidemics between and 1960. British Journal of Psychiatry 160, 461-466.
375. Shaner, A., Miller, G. & Mintz, J. (2007) Evidence of a latitudinal gradient in the age at onset of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 94, 58-63.
376. Shields, J. (1977) High risk for schizophrenia: Genetic considerations . Psychological Medicine 7, 7-10.
377. Silver, E., Mulvey, E.P. & Swanson, J.W. (2002) Neighborhood structural characteristics and mental disorder: Faris and Dunham revisited. Social Science and Medicine 55, 1457-1470.
378. Singh, S.P. & Burns, T. (2006) Race and mental health: There is more to race than racism. British Medical Journal 333, 648-651.
379. Sipos, A., Rasmussen, F., Harrison, G. et al. (2004) Paternal age and schizophrenia: a population based cohort study. British Medical Journal 329, 1070.
380. Sjögren, T. (1948) Genetic-statistical and psychiatric investigations of a West Swedish population. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 52 (Suppl.).
381. Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R. et al. (2004) Does urbanicity shift the population expression of psychosis? Journal of Psychiatric Research 38, 613-618.
382. Sporn, A.L., Addington, A.M., Gogtay, N. et al. (2004) Pervasive developmental disorder and childhood-onset schizophrenia: Comorbid disorder or a phenotypic variant of a very early onset illness? Biological Psychiatry 55, 989-994.
383. Srinivasan, T.N. & Padmavati, R. (1997) Fertility and schizophrenia: Evidence for increased fertility in the relatives of schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 96, 260-264.
384. Stahlberg, O., Soderstrom, H., Rastam, M. & Gillberg, C. (2004) Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders in adults with childhood onset AD/HD and/or autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Neural Transmission 111, 891-902.
385. St Clair, D., Xu, M., Wang, P. et al. (2005) Rates of adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-1961. JAMA 294, 557-562.
386. Stefansson, H., Rujescu, D., Cichon, S. et al. (2008) Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia. Nature 455, 232-236.
387. Stephens, J.H., Astrup, C., Carpenter, W.T. et al. (1982) A comparison of nine systems to diagnose schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research 6, 127-143.
388. Stirling, J., Lewis, S., Hopkins, R. & White, C. (2005) Cannabis use prior to first onset psychosis predicts spared neurocognition at 10-year follow-up. Schizophrenia Research 75, 135-137.
389. Strömgren, E. (1938) Beiträge zur psychiatrischen Erblehre, auf Grund von Untersuchungen an einer Inselbevolkerung. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica Scandinavica 19 (Suppl.).
390. Sugarman, P.A. & Craufurd, D. (1994) Schizophrenia in the Afro-Caribbean Community. British Journal of Psychiatry 164, 474-480.
391. Sundquist, K., Frank, G. & Sundquist, J. (2004) Urbanisation and incidence of psychosis and depression: Follow-up study of 4.4 million women and men in Sweden. British Journal of Psychiatry 184, 293-298.
392. Susser, E.S. & Lin, S.P. (1992) Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch hunger winter of 1944-1945. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 983-988.
393. Susser, E.S., Schaefer, C.A., Brown, A.S. et al. (2000) The design of the prenatal determinants of schizophrenia study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 26, 257-273.
394. Susser, E. & Schwartz, S. (2006) Cohort designs in psychiatric epidemiology. In: Susser, E., Schwartz, S., Morabia, A. & Bromet, E.J., eds. Psychiatric Epidemiology. Searching for the Causes of Mental Disorders. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 91-177.
395. Suvisaari, J.M., Haukka, J.K. & Lönnqvist, J.K. (2001) Season of birth among patients with schizophrenia and their siblings: Evidence for the procreational habits hypothesis. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 754-757.
396. Svedberg, B., Mesterton, A. & Cullberg, J. (2001) First-episode non-affective psychosis in a total urban population: a 5-year follow-up. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 36, 332-337.
397. Svensson A.C., Lichtenstein P., Sandin S. & Hultman C.M. (2007) Fertility of first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia: A three generation perspective. Schizophrenia Research 91, 238-245.
398. Szatmari, P., Paterson, A.D., Zwaigenbaum, L. et al. (2007) Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements. Nature Genetics 39, 319-328.
399. Taieb, O., Baleyte, J.M., Mazet, P. & Fillet, A.M. (2001) Borna disease virus and psychiatry. European Psychiatry 13, 3-10.
400. Takei, N., Sham, P., O' Callaghan, E. et al. (1994) Prenatal exposure to infl uenza and the development of schizophrenia: Is the effect confi ned to females? American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 117-119.
401. Takei, N., Sham, P.C., O' Callaghan, E., Glover, G. & Murray, R.M. (1995) Early risk-factors in schizophrenia: Place and season of birth. European Psychiatry 10, 165-170.
402. Tien, A.Y. & Eaton, W.W. (1992) Psychopathologic precursors and sociodemographic risk factors for the schizophrenia syndrome . Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 37-46.
403. Tienari, P. (1991) Interaction between genetic vulnerability and family environment: The Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 84, 460-465.
404. Tilhonen J., L ö nnqvist J. Wahlbeck K. et al. (2009) 11-year follow - up of mortality in patients with schizophrenia: a population - based cohort study (FIN11 study). Lancet 374, 620-627.
405. Toguchi, M., Onai, T., Narita, K. et al. (2005) Seasonality of schizophrenia births in the Japanese population: increased winter births possibly confi ned to the north area. Schizophrenia Research 75, 433-438.
406. Torrey, E.F. (1995) Prevalence of psychosis among the Hutterites: A reanalysis of the 1950-53 study. Schizophrenia Research 16, 167-170.
407. Torrey, E.F., Bartko, J.J. Lun, Z.R. & Yolken, R.H. (2007) Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 729-736.
408. Torrey, E.F., Buka, S., Cannon, T.D. et al. (2009) Paternal age as a risk factor for schizophrenia: How important is it? Schizophrenia Research 114, 1-5.
409. Tramer, M. (1929) Ü ber die biologische Bedeutung des Geburtsmonats, insbesondere f ü r die Psychosenerkrankung. Schweizer Archiv f ü r Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie 24, 17-24.
410. van Erp, T.G.M., Saleh, P.A., Rosso, I.M. et al. (2002) Contributions of genetic risk and fetal hypoxia to hippocampal volume in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, their unaffected siblings, and healthy unrelated volunteers. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1514-1520.
411. van Os, J. & Selten, J.P. (1998) Prenatal exposure to maternal stress and subsequent schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 172, 324-326.
412. van Os, J., Castle, D.J., Takei, N. et al. (1996) Psychotic illness in ethnic minorities: Clarifi cation from the 1991 census. Psychological Medicine 26, 203-208.
413. van Os, J., Driessen, G., Gunther, N. & Delespaul, P. (2000) Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia. Evidence for person-environment interaction. British Journal of Psychiatry 176, 243-248.
414. Veen, N., Selten, J.P., Hoek, H.W. et al. (2002) Use of illicit substances in a psychosis incidence cohort: A comparison among different ethnic groups in the Netherlands. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 105, 440-443.
415. Veling, W., Selten, J-P., Veen, N. et al. (2006a) Incidence of schizophrenia among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands: A four-year first-contact study. Schizophrenia Research 86, 189-193.
416. Veling, W.A., Selten, J-P., Van Hoeken, D. et al. (2006b) Ethnic density and incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in the Netherlands. Schizophrenia Research 81, 174-174.
417. Veling, W., Susser, E., van Os, J. et al. (2008) Ethnic density of neighbourhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders among immigrants. American Journal of Psychiatry 165, 66-73.
418. Verdoux, H., Geddes, J.R., Takei, N. et al. (1997a) Obstetric complications and age at onset in schizophrenia: An international collaborative meta-analysis of individual patient data. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 1220-1227.
419. Verdoux, H., Takei, N., de Saint-Mathurin, R.C. et al. (1997b) Seasonality of birth in schizophrenia: The effect of regional population density. Schizophrenia Research 23, 175-180.
420. Verheij, R.A., van de Mheen, H.D., de Bakker, D.H. et al. (1998) Urban-rural variations in health in the Netherlands: Does selective migration play a part? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 52, 487-493.
421. Waddington, J.L. & Youssef, H.A. (1996) Familial-genetic and reproductive epidemiology of schizophrenia in rural Ireland: Age at onset, familial morbid risk and parental fertility. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 93, 62-68.
422. Waddington, J.L., Youssef, H.A. & Kinsella, A. (1998) Mortality in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 173, 325-329.
423. Wahlbeck, K., Fors é n, T., Osmond, C. et al. (2001) Association of schizophrenia with low maternal body mass index, small size at birth, and thinness during childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry 58, 48-52.
424. Wahlberg, K.E., Lynne, L.C., Oja, H. et al. (1997) Gene - environment interaction in vulnerability to schizophrenia: Findings from the Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia . Am.J.Psychiatry 154, 355-362.
425. Waldo, M.C. (1999) Schizophrenia in Kosrae, Micronesia: prevalence, gender ratios, and clinical symptomatology. Schizophrenia Research 35, 175-181.
426. Webb, R., Abel, K., Pickles, A. & Appleby, L. (2005) Mortality of offspring of parents with psychotic disorders: A critical review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 1045-1056.
427. Webb, R.T., Abel, K.M., Pickles, A.R. et al. (2006) Mortality risk among offspring of psychiatric inpatients: A population-based follow-up study to early adulthood. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 2170-2177.
428. Weber, N.S., Cowan, D.N., Millikan, A.M. & Niebuhr, D.W (2009) Psychiatric and general medical conditions comorbid with schizophrenia in the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Psychiatric Services 60, 1059-1067.
429. Weeke, A. & Str ö mgren E. (1978) Fifteen years later: A comparison of patients in Danish psychiatric institutions in 1957, 1962, 1967, and 1972. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 57, 129-144.
430. Weinberg, W. (1925) Methoden und Technik der Statistik mit besonderer Ber ü cksichtigung der Sozialbiologie. Handbuch der Sozialen Hygiene und Gesundheitsfursorge, Band I. Berlin: Springer.
431. Welham, J., Isohanni, M., Jones, P. & McGrath, J. (2009) The antecedents of schizophrenia: A review of birth cohort studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, 603-623.
432. Werner, S., Malaspina, D. & Rabinowitz, J. (2007) Socioeconomic status at birth is associated with risk of schizophrenia: Population-based multilevel study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 33, 1373-1378.
433. Wessely, S., Castle, D., Der, G. & Murray, R.M. (1991) Schizophrenia and Afro-Caribbeans. A case-control study. British Journal of Psychiatry 159, 795-801.
434. Wing J.K., Cooper J.E. & Sartorius N. (1974) The Measurement and Classifi cation of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
435. Wing J.K., Babor T., Brugha T. et al. (1990) SCAN. Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 589-593.
436. Wing, J.K., Sartorius, N. & Ü st ü n, T.B. (1998) Diagnosis and Clinical Measutrement in Psychiatry. A reference manual for SCAN. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
437. World Health Organization (1973) Report of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, vol. I. Geneva: World Health Organization.
438. World Health Organization (1979) Schizophrenia. An International Follow-up Study. Chichester: Wiley.
439. Wu, E.Q., Shi, L., Birnbaum, H. et al. (2006) Annual prevalence of diagnosed schizophrenia in the USA: a claims data analysis approach. Psychological Medicine 36, 1535-1540.
440. Xu, B., Roos, J.L., Levy, S. et al. (2008) Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with sporadic schizophrenia. Nature Genetics 40, 880-885.
441. Xu, M.Q., Sun, W.S., Liu, B.X. et al. (2009) Prenatal malnutrition and adult schizophrenia: further evidence from the 1959-1961 Chinese Famine. Schizophrenia Bulletin 35, 568-576.
442. Youssef, H.A., Scully, P.J., Kinsella, A. & Waddington, J.L. (1999) Geographical variation in rate of schizophrenia in rural Ireland by place at birth vs place at onset. Schizophrenia Research 37, 233-243.
443. Zammit, S., Allebeck, P. Dalman, C. et al. (2003) Paternal age and risk of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 183, 405-408.
444. Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., David, A.S et al. (2004) A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 354-360.
445. Zolkowska, K., Cantor-Graae, E. & McNeil, T.F. (2001) Increased rates of psychosis among immigrants to Sweden: is migration a risk factor for psychosis? Psychological Medicine 31, 669-678.