Is a child's risk of early onset schizophrenia increased in the highest social class?

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 245-252

  Mäkikyrö, Taru ^a   Isohanni, Matti ^a   Moring, Juha ^a   Oja, Hannu ^a   Hakko, Helinä ^a   Jones, Peter ^b   Rantakallio, Paula ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

education; family pathology; schizophrenia; social class

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEX; SOCIAL CLASS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE OF ONSET; CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; FAMILY HEALTH; FATHERS; FEMALE; FINLAND; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; ODDS RATIO; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SAMPLING STUDIES; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL CLASS;

EID: 0031588736     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0920-9964(96)00119-3     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Breslow, N.E. and Day, N.E. (1987) Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, Volume 2. The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 103-106.
2. Craddock, N., Asherson, P., Owen, M.J., Williams, J., McGuffin, P. and Farmer, A.E. (1996) Concurrent validity of the opcrit diagnostic system. Comparison of OPCRIT diagnoses with consensus best-estimate lifetime diagnoses. Br. J. Psychiatry 169, 58-63.
3. Dohrenwend, B.P. and Dohrenwend, B.S. (1969) Social Status and Psychological Disorder: A Causal Inquiry. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
4. Done, D.J., Crow, T.J., Johnstone, E.C. and Sacker, A. (1994) Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. Br. Med. J. 309, 699-703.
5. Dunham, H.W. (1965) Community and Schizophrenia: An Epidemiological Analysis. Wayne State University Press, Detroit.
6. Dunham, H.W., Phillips, P. and Srinivasan, B. (1966) A research note on diagnosed mental illness and social class. Am. Soc. Rev. 31, 223-227.
7. Eaton, W.W. (1974) Residence, social class and schizophrenia. J. Health. Soc. Behav. 15, 289-99.
8. Eaton, W.W. and Lasry, J.C. (1978) Mental health and occupational mobility in a group of immigrants. Soc. Sci. Med. 12, 53-58.
9. Faris, R.E. and Dunham, H.W. (1939) Mental Disorders in Urban Areas: An Ecological Study of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses, 2nd edn., 1960, Hafner, New York.
10. Goldberg, E.M. and Morrison, S.L. (1963) Schizophrenia and social class. Br. J. Psychiatry 109, 785-802.
11. Hare, E.H., Price, J.S. and Slater, E. (1972) Parental social class in psychiatric patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 121, 515-524.
12. Hawk, A.B., Carpenter, W.T. and Strauss J.S. (1975) Diagnostic criteria and five-year outcome in schizophrenia. A report from the international pilot study of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 32, 343-347.
13. Isohanni, M. and Nieminen, P. (1990) Relationship between involuntary admission and its influence on the therapeutic process on a closed ward functioning as a therapeutic community, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 81, 240-244.
14. Isohanni, M., Mäkikyrö, T., Moring, J., Räsänen, P., Hakko, H., Partanen, U., Koiranen, M. and Jones, P. (1997) A comparison of clinical and research DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia in a Finnish national birth cohort. Soc. Psych. Psychiatr. Epidemiol., in press.
15. Jones, P.B., Bebbington, P., Foerster, A., Lewis, S.W., Murray, R.M., Russell, A., Sham, P.C., Toone, B.K. and Wilkins, S. (1993) Premorbid social underachievement in schizophrenia: results from the Camberwell Collaborative Psychosis Study. Br. J. Psychiatry 162, 65-71.
16. Jones, P., Rodgers, B., Murray, R. and Marmot, M. (1994) Child development risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 344, 1398-1402.
17. Kohn, M.L. (1968) Social class and schizophrenia: a critical review. In: D. Rosenthal and S.S. Kety (Eds.), The Transmission of Schizophrenia. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 155-173.
18. Kohn, M.L. (1973) Social class and schizophrenia: a critical review and reformulation. Schizophr. Bull. 1, 60-79.
19. Kohn, M.L. (1976) The interaction of social class and other factors in the etiology of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 133, 177-180.
20. Läksy, K. (1995) Psykiatrinen työkyvyn arviointi-tutkimus 82 polikliinisesta potilaasta. (Psychiatric assessment of working impairment - a study of 82 out-patients), Acta Universitatis Ouluensis D 344, University of Oulu, Oulu. (English abstract and summary).
21. McGuffin, P., Farmer, A.E. and Harvey, I. (1991) A polydiagnostic application of operational criteria in studies of psychotic illness: development and reliability of the OPCRIT system. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48, 764-770.
22. Myers, J.K. and Bean, L.L. (1968) A decade later: a follow-up of social class and mental illness. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 235-237.
23. Rantakallio, P. (1969) Groups at risk in low birth weight infants and perinatal mortality. Acta Paediatr. Scand. (Suppl. 193), 1-71.
24. Rantakallio, P. (1979) Social background of mothers who smoke during pregnancy and influence of these factors on the offspring. Soc. Sci. Med. 13A, 423-429.
25. Rantakallio, P. (1983) Family background to and personal characteristics underlying teenage smoking. Scand. J. Soc. Med. 11, 17-22.
26. Rantakallio, P. (1988) The longitudinal study of the Northern Finland birth cohort of 1966. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2, 59-88.
27. Rantakallio, P. and von Wendt, L. (1986) Mental retardation and subnormality in a birth cohort of 12,000 children in Northern Finland. Am. J. Ment. Defic. 90, 380-387.
28. Sosiaaliryhmitys (1954) Helsingin kaupungin tilastotoimisto, Helsinki.
29. Tienari, P., Wynne, L., Moring, J., Wahlberg, K.-E., Sorri, A., Naarala, M. and Lahti, I. (1993) Genetic vulnerability or family environment? Implications from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Psychiatria Fennica, 24, 23-41.
30. Turner, R.J. and Wagenfeld, M.O. (1967) Occupational mobility and schizophrenia. An assessment of social causation and social selection hypotheses. Am. Soc. Rev. 32, 104-113.
31. Wender, P.H., Rosenthal, D., Kety, S.S., Schulsinger, F. and Weiner, J. (1973) Social class and psychopathology in adoptees. A natural experimental method for separating the roles of genetic and experimental factors. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 28, 318-325.
32. Wiersma, D., Giel, R., De Jong, A. and Slooff, C.J. (1983) Social class and schizophrenia in a Dutch cohort. Psychol. Med. 13, 141-150.