Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: Evidence from high-risk studies

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 60, Issue 2-3, 2003, Pages 239-258

  Niemi, Laura T ^a   Suvisaari, Jaana M ^a   Tuulio Henriksson, Annamari ^a   Lönnqvist, Jouko K ^a  

^a NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

Author keywords

Childhood developmental abnormalities; High risk method; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD REARING; COGNITION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; FAMILY STUDY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENTAL DEVELOPMENT; MOTOR DEVELOPMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SPEECH DISORDER; SYMPTOM;

EID: 0037391929     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00234-7     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Amminger P., Pape S., Rock D., Roberts S., Ott S.L., Squires-Wheeler E., Kestenbaum C., Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. Relationship between childhood behavioral disturbance and later schizophrenia in the New York High-Risk Project. Am. J. Psychiatry. 156:1999;525-530.
2. Amminger G., Pape S., Rock D., Roberts S., Squires-Wheeler E., Kestenbaum C., Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. The New York High-Risk Project: comorbidity for Axis I disorders is preceded by childhood behavioral disturbance. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 188:2000;751-756.
3. Ayalon M., Merom H. The teacher interview. Schizophr. Bull. 11:1985;117-120.
4. Barr C., Mednick S., Munk-Jørgensen P. Exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 47:1990;869-874.
5. Bayley N. Bayley Scales of Infant Development. 1969;Psychological Corporation, New York.
6. Bearden C., Rosso I., Hollister J., Sanchez L., Hadley T., Cannon T. A prospective cohort study of childhood behavioral deviance and language abnormalities as predictors of adult schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 26:2000;395-410.
7. Bergman A., Wolfson M., Walker E. Neuromotor functioning and behavior problems in children at risk for psychopathology. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 25:1997;229-237.
8. Blennow G., McNeil T. Neurological deviations in newborns at psychiatric high risk. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 84:1991;179-184.
9. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox, or the Group of Schizophrenias (J. Zinkin, Trans.). 1950;International Universities Press, New York. (original work published 1911).
10. Boks M.P., Russo S., Knegtering R., van den Bosch R.J. The specificity of neurological signs in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophr. Res. 43:2000;109-116.
11. Bolinskey K., Gottesman I., Nichols D., Shapiro B., Roberts S., Adamo U., Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. A new MMPI-derived indicator of liability to develop schizophrenia: evidence from the New York High-Risk Project. Assessment. 8:2001;127-143.
12. Brown A., Schaefer C., Wyatt R., Goetz R., Begg M., Gorman J., Susser E. Maternal exposure to respiratory infections and adult schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a prospective birth cohort study. Schizophr. Bull. 26:2000;287-295.
13. Byrne M., Hodges A., Grant E., Owens D., Johnstone E. Neuropsychological assessment of young people at high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia compared with controls: preliminary findings of the Edinburgh High Risk Study (EHRS). Psychol. Med. 29:1999;1161-1173.
14. Cannon T., Mednick S., Parnas J. Antecedents of predominantly negative and predominantly positive-symptom schizophrenia in a high-risk population. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 47:1990;622-632.
15. Cannon T., Mednick S., Parnas J., Schulsinger F., Praestholm J., Vestergaard A. Developmental brain abnormalities in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers: I. Contributions of genetic and perinatal factors. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 50:1993;551-564.
16. Cannon T.D., Mednick S.A., Parnas J., Schulsinger F., Praestholm J., Vestergaard A. Developmental brain abnormalities in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers: II. Structural brain characteristics of schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 51:1994;955-962.
17. Cannon T., Kaprio J., Lönnqvist J., Huttunen M., Koskenvuo M. The genetic epidemiology of schizophrenia in a Finnish twin cohort. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 55:1998;67-74.
18. Cannon M., Jones P., Huttunen M., Tanskanen A., Huttunen T., Rabe-Hesketh S., Murray R. School performance in Finnish children and later development of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 56:1999;457-463.
19. Cannon T., Bearden C., Hollister J., Rosso I., Sanchez L., Hadley T. Childhood cognitive functioning in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: a prospective cohort study. Schizophr. Bull. 26:2000;379-393.
20. Cardno A., Marshall E., Coid B., Macdonald A., Ribchester T., Davies N., Venturi P., Jones L., Lewis S., Sham P., Gottesman I., Farmer A., McGuffn P., Reveley A., Murray R. Heritability estimates for psychotic disorders. The Maudsley twin psychosis series. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 56:1999;162-168.
21. Chapman L.J., Chapman J.P. The search for symptoms predictive of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 13:1987;497-503.
22. Clair D.S., Blackwood D., Muir W., Carothers A., Walker M., Spowart G., Gosden C., Evans H. Association within a family of a balanced autosomal translocation with major mental illness. Lancet. 336:1990;13-16.
23. Cornblatt B., Obuchowski M. Update of high-risk research: 1987-1997. Int. Rev. Psychiatry. 9:1997;437-447.
24. Cosway R., Byrne M., Clafferty R., Hodges A., Grant E., Abukmeil S., Lawrie S., Miller P., Johnstone E. Neuropsychological change in young people at high risk for schizophrenia: results from the first two neuropsychological assessments of the Edinburgh High Risk Study. Psychol. Med. 30:2000;1111-1121.
25. Crow T., Done D., Sacker A. Childhood precursors of psychosis as clues to its evolutionary origins. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 245:1995;61-69.
26. David A., Malmberg A., Brandt L., Allebeck P., Lewis G. IQ and risk for schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study. Psychol. Med. 27:1997;1311-1323.
27. Davidson M., Reichenberg A., Rabinowitz J., Weiser M., Kaplan Z., Mark M. Behavioral and intellectual markers for schizophrenia in apparently healthy male adolescents. Am. J. Psychiatry. 156:1999;1328-1335.
28. DeLisi L.E., Boccio A.M., Riordan H., Hoff A.L., Dorfman A., McClelland J., Kushner M., VanEyl O., Oden N. Familial thyroid disease and delayed language development in first-admission patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 39:1991;39-50.
29. Driscoll R. Intentional and incidental learning in children vulnerable to psychopathology. Watt N.F., Anthony E.J., Wynne L.C., Rolf J.E. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. 1984;320-326 Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
30. Dwork A. Postmortem studies of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 23:1997;385-402.
31. Dworkin R., Cornblatt B., Friedmann R., Kaplansky L., Lewis J., Rinaldi A., Shilliday C., Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. Childhood precursors of affective vs. social deficits in adolescents at risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 19:1993;563-577.
32. Ellison Z., van Os J., Murray R. Special feature: childhood personality characteristics of schizophrenia: manifestations of, or risk factors for, the disorder. J. Pers. Disord. 12:1998;247-261.
33. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. Neurobehavioral deficits in offspring of schizophrenic parents: liability indicators and predictors of illness. Am. J. Med. Genet. 97:2000;65-71.
34. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L., Cornblatt B. The New York High-Risk Project: a followup report. Schizophr. Bull. 13:1987;451-461.
35. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L., Cornblatt B. A summary of attentional findings in the New York High-Risk Project. J. Psychiatr. Res. 26:1992;405-426.
36. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L., Adamo U., Rock D., Roberts S., Bassett A., Squires Wheeler E., Cornblatt B., Endicott J. The New York High-Risk Project: prevalence and comorbidity of Axis I disorders in offspring of schizophrenic parents at 25-year follow-up. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54:1997;1096-1102.
37. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L., Rock D., Roberts S., Janal M., Kestenbaum C., Cornblatt B., Adamo U., Gottesmann I. Attention, memory, and motor skills as childhood predictors of schizophrenia-related psychoses: the New York High-Risk Project. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157:2000;1416-1422.
38. Fish B. Characteristics and sequelae of the neurointegrative disorder in infants at risk for schizophrenia: 1952-1982. Watt N.F., Anthony E.J., Wynne L.C., Rolf J.E. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. 1984;423-439 Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
39. Fish B. Infant predictors of the longitudinal course of schizophrenic development. Schizophr. Bull. 13:1987;395-409.
40. Fish B., Marcus J., Hans S., Auerbach J., Perdue S. Infants at risk for schizophrenia: sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 49:1992;221-235.
41. Freedman L.R., Rock D., Roberts S.A., Cornblatt B.A., Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. The New York High-Risk Project: attention, anhedonia and social outcome. Schizophr. Res. 30:1998;1-9.
42. Garmezy N., Devine V. Project competence: the Minnesota studies of children vulnerable to psychopathology. Watt N.F., Anthony E.J., Wynne L.C., Rolf J.E. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. 1984;289-303 Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
43. Geddes J., Lawrie S. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Br. J. Psychiatry. 167:1995;786-793.
44. Gilvarry C., Takei N., Russell A., Rushe T., Hemsley D., Murray R.M. Premorbid IQ in patients with functional psychosis and their first-degree relatives. Schizophr. Res. 2000;417-429.
45. Goldstein J., Seidman L., Buka S., Horton N., Donatelli J., Rieder R., Tsuang M. Impact of genetic vulnerability and hypoxia on overall intelligence by age 7 in offspring at high risk for schizophrenia compared with affective psychosis. Schizophr. Bull. 26:2000;323-334.
46. Goodman S.H. Emory University project on children of disturbed parents. Schizophr. Bull. 13:1987;411-423.
47. Goodman S.H., Brumley H.E. Schizophrenic and depressed mothers: relational deficits in parenting. Dev. Psychol. 26:1990;31-39.
48. Goodman S., Emory E. Perinatal complications in births to low socioeconomic status schizophrenic and depressed women. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 101:1992;225-229.
49. Gottesmann I. Schizophrenia epigenesis: past, present, and future. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 90:1994;26-33.
50. Hans S., Marcus J., Nuechterlein K., Asarnow R., Styr B., Auerbach J. Neurobehavioral deficits at adolescence in children at risk for schizophrenia: the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 56:1999;741-748.
51. Heckers S. Neuropathology of schizophrenia: cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, and neurotransmitter-specific projection systems. Schizophr. Bull. 23:1997;403-421.
52. Hodges A., Byrne M., Grant E., Johnstone E. People at risk of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 174:1999;547-553.
53. Ismail B., Cantor-Graae E., McNeil T. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia patients and their siblings. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;1695-1702.
54. Isohanni I., Järvelin M.-R., Jones P., Jokelainen J., Isohanni M. School performance as a predictor of psychiatric hospitalization in adult life. A 28-year follow-up in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Psychol. Med. 28:1998;967-974.
55. Isohanni I., Järvelin M.-R., Jones P., Jokelainen J., Isohanni M. Can excellent school performance be a precursor of schizophrenia? A 28-year follow-up in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 100:1999;17-26.
56. James C., Worland J. School behavior in adolescent children of parents with mental disorder. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 171:1983;234-240.
57. Johnstone E., Abukmeil S., Byrne M., Clafferty R., Grant E., Hodges A., Lawrie S., Owens D. Edinburgh High Risk Study - findings after four years: demographic, attainment and psychopathological issues. Schizophr. Res. 46:2000;1-15.
58. Jones P., Tarrant C. Specificity of developmental precursors to schizophrenia and affective disorders. Schizophr. Res. 39:1999;121-125.
59. Jones P., Rodgers B., Murray R., Marmot M. Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet. 344:1994;1398-1402.
60. Jones P., Rantakallio P., Hartikainen A.-L., Isohanni M., Sipilä P. Schizophrenia as a long-term outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal complications: a 28-year follow-up of the 1966 North Finland general population birth cohort. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;355-364.
61. Klein R.H., Salzman L.F. Response-contingent learning in children at risk. Watt N.F., Anthony E.J., Wynne L.C., Rolf J.E. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. 1984;371-375 Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
62. Kremen W., Buka S., Seidman L., Goldstein J., Koren D., Tsuang M. IQ decline during childhood and adult psychotic symptoms in a community sample: a 19-year longitudinal study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;672-677.
63. Kugelmass S., Faber N., Ingraham L.J., Frenkel E., Nathan M., Mirsky A.F., Shakhar G.B. Reanalysis of SCOR and anxiety measures in the Israeli High-Risk Study. Schizophr. Bull. 21:1995;205-217.
64. Lawrie S., Whalley H., Kestelman J., Abukmeil S., Byrne M., Hodges A., Owens D., Johnstone E. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia. Lancet. 353:1999;30-33.
65. Lieberman J. Is schizophrenia a neurodegenerative disorder? A clinical and neurobiological perspective. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;729-739.
66. Lifshitz M., Kugelmass S., Karov M. Perceptual-motor and memory performance of high-risk children. Schizophr. Bull. 11:1985;74-84.
67. Malmberg A., Lewis G., David A., Allebeck P. Premorbid adjustment and personality in people with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 172:1998;308-313.
68. Marcus J., Auerbach J., Wilkinson L., Burack C. Infants at risk for schizophrenia, the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 38:1981;703-713.
69. Marcus J., Hans S., Lewow E., Wilkinson L., Burack C. Neurological findings in high-risk children: childhood assessment and 5-year follow-up. Schizophr. Bull. 11:1985;85-100.
70. Marcus J., Hans S.L., Nagler S., Auerbach J.G., Mirsky A.F., Aubrey A. Review of the NIMH Israeli Kibbutz-City Study and the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. Schizophr. Bull. 13:1987;425-438.
71. Marcus J., Hans S., Auerbach J., Auerbach A. Children at risk for schizophrenia: the Jerusalem Infant Development Study: II. neurobehavioral deficits at school age. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 50:1993;797-809.
72. McNeil T., Kaij L. Swedish High-Risk Study: sample characteristics at age 6. Schizophr. Bull. 13:1987;373-381.
73. McNeil T., Kaij L., Malquist-Larsson A., Näslund B., Persson-Blennow I., McNeil N., Blennow G. Offspring of women with nonorganic psychoses: development of a longitudinal study of children at high risk. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 68:1983;234-250.
74. McNeil T., Näslund B., Persson-Blennow I., Kaij L. Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: mother-infant interaction at three-and-a-half and six months of age. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 71:1985;551-558.
75. McNeil T., Harty B., Blennow G., Cantor-Graae E. Neuromotor deviation in offspring of psychotic mothers: a selective developmental deficiency in two groups of children at heightened psychiatric risk. J. Psychiatr. Res. 27:1993;39-54.
76. Mednick S.A. Some premorbid characteristics related to breakdown in children with schizophrenic mothers. J. Psychiatr. Res. 6(Suppl. 1):1968;267-291.
77. Mednick S., McNeil T. Current methodology in research on the etiology of schizophrenia. Psychol. Bull. 70:1968;681-693.
78. Mednick S., Schulsinger F. Some premorbid characteristics related to breakdown in children with schizophrenic mothers. J. Psychiatr. Res. 6:1968;267-291.
79. Mednick S.A., Parnas J., Schulsinger F. The Copenhagen High-Risk Project, 1962-86. Schizophr. Bull. 13:1987;485-495.
80. Mednick S., Machon R., Huttunen M., Bonett D. Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 45:1988;189-192.
81. Meehl P.E. Schizotaxia revisited. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 46:1989;935-944.
82. Michie P., Kent A., Stienstra R., Castine R., Johnson J., Dedman K., Wichmann H., Box J., Rock D., Rutherford E., Jablensky A. Phenotypic markers as risk factors in schizophrenia: neurocognitive functions. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 34(Suppl.):2000;74-85.
83. Mirsky A., Kugelmass S., Ingraham L., Frenkel E., Nathan M. Overview and summary: twenty-five-year followup of High-Risk Children. Schizophr. Bull. 21:1995;227-239.
84. Mirsky A., Silberman E., Latz A., Nagler S. Adult outcomes of high-risk children: differential effects of town and kibbutz rearing. Schizophr. Bull. 21:1995;150-154.
85. Murphy K., Owen M. Minor physical anomalies and their relationship to the aetiology of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 168:1996;139-142.
86. Murphy K., Owen M. Velo-cardio-facial syndrome: a model for understanding the genetics and pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 179:2001;397-402.
87. Nagler S., Glueck Z. The clinical interview. Schizophr. Bull. 11:1985;38-47.
88. Näslund B., Persson-Blennow I., McNeil T., Kaij L., Malmquist-Larsson A. Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: fear of strangers during the first year of life. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 69:1984;435-444.
89. Näslund B., Persson-Blennow I., McNeil T., Kaij L. Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: mother-infant interaction at three and six weeks of age. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 71:1985;441-450.
90. Neale J.M., Winters K.C., Weintraub S. Information processing deficits in children at high risk for schizophrenia. Watt N.F., Anthony E.J., Wynne L.C., Rolf J.E. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. 1984;264-277 Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
91. Nuechterlein K. Sustained attention among children vulnerable to adult schizophrenia and among hyperactive children. A longitudinal perspective. Watt N.F., Anthony E.J., Wynne L.C., Rolf J.E. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. 1984;304-312 Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
92. Olin S.-C.S., John R.S., Mednick S.A. Assessing the predictive value of teacher reports in a high risk sample for schizophrenia: a ROC analysis. Schizophr. Res. 16:1995;53-66.
93. Ott S., Allen J., Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. The New York High-Risk Project: observations on the rating of early manifestations of schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Gen.). 105:2001;25-27.
94. Parnas J., Schulsinger F., Schulsinger H., Mednick S.A., Taesdale T.W. Behavioral precursors of schizophrenia spectrum. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 39:1982;658-664.
95. Parnas J., Taesdale T.W., Schulsinger H. Institutional rearing and diagnostic outcome in children of schizophrenic mothers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 42:1985;762-769.
96. Parnas J., Cannon T., Jacobsen B., Schulsinger H., Schulsinger F., Mednick S. Lifetime DSM-III-R diagnostic outcomes in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 50:1993;707-714.
97. Parnas C.J., Cannon T., Schulsinger F., Mednick S. MMPI variables predictive of schizophrenia in the Copenhagen High-Risk Project: a 25-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 99:1999;432-440.
98. Persson-Blennow I., Näslund B., McNeil T., Kaij L. Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: mother-infant interaction at one year of age. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 73:1986;207-213.
99. Persson-Blennow I., Binett B., McNeil T. Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: mother-infant interaction and fear of strangers during the first year of life. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 78:1988;379-383.
100. Poulton R., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Cannon M., Murray R., Harrington H. Children's self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 57:2000;1053-1058.
101. Rieder R., Nicholas P. Offspring of schizophrenics: III. Hyperactivity and neurological soft signs. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 36:1979;665-674.
102. Rieder R.O., Rosenthal D., Wender P., Blumenthal H. The offspring of schizophrenics: Fetal and neonatal deaths. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 32:1975;200-211.
103. Rieder R., Broman S., Rosenthal D. The offspring of schizophrenics: II. Perinatal factors and IQ. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 34:1977;789-799.
104. Rolf J. The social and academic competence of children vulnerable to schizophrenia and other behavior pathologies. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 80:1972;225-243.
105. Rosso I., Bearden C., Hollister J., Gasperoni T., Sanchez L., Hadley T., Cannon T. Childhood neuromotor dysfunction in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings: a prospective cohort study. Schizophr. Bull. 26:2000;367-378.
106. Rund B., Borg N. Cognitive deficits and cognitive training in schizophrenic patients: a review. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 100:1999;85-95.
107. Rutter M., Sroufe L. Developmental psychopathology: concepts and challenges. Dev. Psychopathol. 12:2000;265-296.
108. Sameroff A. Developmental systems and psychopathology. Dev. Psychopathol. 12:2000;297-312.
109. Sameroff A., Barocas R., Seifer R. The early development of children born to mentally ill women. Watt N.F., Anthony E.J., Wynne L.C., Rolf J.E. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. 1984;482-513 Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
110. Sameroff A., Seifer R., Zax M., Barocas R. Early indicators of developmental risk: Rochester Longitudinal Study. Schizophr. Bull. 13:1987;383-394.
111. Sameroff A., Seifer R., Baldwin A., Baldwin C. Stability of intelligence from preschool to adolescence: the influence of social and family risk factors. Child Dev. 64:1993;80-97.
112. Sameroff A.J., Bartko W.T., Baldwin A., Baldwin C., Seifer R. Family and social influences on the development of child competence. Lewis M., Feiring C. Families, Risk, and Competence. 1998;187-206 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey.
113. Schiffman J., LaBrie J., Carter J., Cannon T., Schulsinger F., Parnas J., Mednick S. Perception of parent-child relationships in high-risk families, and adult schizophrenia outcome of offspring. J. Psychiatr. Res. 36:2002;41-47.
114. Sohlberg S. Personality and neuropsychological performance of high-risk children. Schizophr. Bull. 11:1985;48-60.
115. Sohlberg S., Yaniv S. Social adjustment and cognitive performance of High-Risk Children. Schizophr. Bull. 11:1985;61-65.
116. Susser E., Neugebauer R., Hoek H., Brown A., Lin S., Labovitz D., Gorman J. Schizophrenia after prenatal famine: further evidence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 53:1996;25-31.
117. Tsuang M.T., Stone W.S., Faraone S.V. Toward reformulating the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157:2000;1041-1050.
118. Velakoulis D., Wood S.J., McGorry P.D., Pantelis C. Evidence for progression of brain structural abnormalities in schizophrenia: beyond the neurodevelopmental model. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry. 34(Suppl.):2000;113-126.
119. Wahlberg K.-E., Wynne L., Oja H., Keskitalo P., Pykäläinen L., Lahti I., Moring J., Naarala M., Sorri A., Seitamaa M., Läksy K., Kolassa J., Tienari P. Gene-environment interaction in vulnerability to schizophrenia: findings from the Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 154:1997;355-362.
120. Walker E., Aylward E. The High-Risk Method: the Swedish High-Risk Project. Mednick S., Harway M., Finello K. Handbook of Longitudinal Research. vol. 5:1984;453-455 Praeger, New York.
121. Walker E., Cudeck R., Mednick S., Schulsinger F. Effects of parental absence and institutionalization on the development of clinical symptoms in high-risk children. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 63:1981;95-109.
122. Walker E., Grimes K., Davis D., Smith A. Childhood precursors of schizophrenia: facial expressions of emotion. Am. J. Psychiatry. 150:1993;1654-1660.
123. Walker E., Diforio D., Baum K. Developmental neuropathology and the precursors of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 99(Suppl. 395):1999;12-19.
124. Weinberger D. Schizophrenia: from neuropathology to neurodevelopment. Lancet. 346:1995;552-557.
125. Weintraub S. Risk factors in schizophrenia: the Stony Brook High-Risk Project. Schizophr. Bull. 13:1987;439-450.
126. Weintraub S., Neale J.M. The Stony Brook High-Risk Project. Watt N.F., Anthony E.J., Wynne L.C., Rolf J.E. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. 1984;243-285 Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
127. Woods B. Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism. Am. J. Psychiatry. 155:1998;1661-1670.
128. Worland J., Lander H., Hesselbrock V. Psychological evaluation of clinical disturbance in children at risk for psychopathology. J. Abnorm. Psychopathol. 88:1979;13-26.
129. Worland J., Weeks D., Weiner S., Schechtman J. Longitudinal, prospective evaluations of intelligence in children of risk. Schizophr. Bull. 8:1982;135-141.
130. Worland J., Janes C., Anthony J., McGinnis M., Cass L. St. Louis Risk Research Project: comprehensive progress report of experimental studies. Watt N.F., Anthony E.J., Wynne L.C., Rolf J.E. Children at Risk for Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Perspective. 1984;105-147 Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.
131. Worland J., Weeks D., James C., Strock B. Intelligence, classroom behavior, and academic achievement in children at high and low risk for psychopathology: a structured equation analysis. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 12:1984;437-454.
132. Wrede G. Vulnerability to schizophrenia: a theoretical and empirical approach. General Psychology Monographs, Number B5. 1984;47-115 University of Helsinki, Helsinki.
133. Wrede G., Mednick S., Huttunen M., Nilsson C. Pregnancy and delivery complications in the births of an unselected series of Finnish children with schizophrenic mothers. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 62:1980;369-381.
134. Wynne L.C., Cole R.E., Perkins P. University of Rochester Child and Family Study: risk research in progress. Schizophr. Bull. 13:1987;463-476.
135. Yung A., Phillips L., McGorry P., McFarlane C., Francey S., Harrigan S., Patton G., Jackson H. Prediction of psychosis: a step towards prevention of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry. 172(Suppl. 33):1998;14-20.
136. Zornberg G., Buka S., Tsuang M. Hypoxic-ischemia related fetal/neonatal complications and risk of schizophrenia and other nonaffective psychoses: a 19-year longitudinal study. Am. J. Psychiatry. 157:2000;196-202.