Hemichannels: Permeants and their effect on development, physiology and death

Cell Biochemistry and Function

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 89-100

  Chandrasekhar, Anjana ^a   Bera, Amal Kanti ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS   (India)

Author keywords

Connexin; Gap junction; Hemichannel; Ischaemia; Pannexin; Paracrine autocrine signaling

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; CALCIUM; CONNEXIN 26; CONNEXIN 30; CONNEXIN 32; CONNEXIN 43; GAP JUNCTION PROTEIN; GLUTAMIC ACID; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; PANNEXIN 1; PANNEXIN 3; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTICLE; BONE REMODELING; CELL DEATH; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MATURATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CELLULAR STRESS RESPONSE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HELA CELL; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; ISCHEMIA; MUSCLE CELL; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOCLAST; OSTEOLYSIS; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN SECRETION; REPERFUSION INJURY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CELL DEATH; CONNEXINS; GAP JUNCTIONS; GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT; HUMANS;

INVERTEBRATA;

EID: 84858003901     PISSN: 02636484     EISSN: 10990844     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2794     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. Revel JP, Karnovsky MJ. Hexagonal array of subunits in intercellular junctions of the mouse heart and liver. J Cell Biol 1967; 33: C7-C12.
2. Nicholson BJ. Gap junctions - from cell to molecule. J Cell Sci 2003; 116: 4479-81.
3. Sosinsky GE, Nicholson BJ. Structural organization of gap junction channels. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1711: 99-125.
4. Bruzzone R, White TW, Paul DL. Connections with connexins: the molecular basis of direct intercellular signaling. Eur J Biochem 1996; 238: 1-27.
5. Kumar NM, Gilula NB. The gap junction communication channel. Cell 1996; 84: 381-8.
6. Maeda S, Nakagawa S, Suga M, et al. Structure of the connexin 26 gap junction channel at 3.5 A resolution. Nature 2009; 458: 597-602.
7. Zhou XW, Pfahnl A, Werner R, et al. Identification of a pore lining segment in gap junction hemichannels. Biophys J 1997; 72: 1946-53.
8. Kronengold J, Trexler EB, Bukauskas FF, Bargiello TA, Verselis VK. Single-channel SCAM identifies pore-lining residues in the first extracellular loop and first transmembrane domains of Cx46 hemichannels. J Gen Physiol 2003; 122: 389-405.
9. Foote CI, Zhou L, Zhu X, Nicholson BJ. The pattern of disulfide linkages in the extracellular loop regions of connexin 32 suggests a model for the docking interface of gap junctions. J Cell Biol 1998; 140: 1187-97.
10. Morley GE, Taffet SM, Delmar M. Intramolecular interactions mediate pH regulation of connexin43 channels. Biophys J 1996; 70: 1294-302.
11. Giepmans BN. Gap junctions and connexin-interacting proteins. Cardiovasc Res 2004; 62: 233-45.
12. Willecke K, Eiberger J, Degen J, et al. Structural and functional diversity of connexin genes in the mouse and human genome. Biol Chem 2002; 383: 725-37.
13. Sohl G, Willecke K. An update on connexin genes and their nomenclature in mouse and man. Cell Comm Adhes 2003; 10: 173-80.
14. Phelan P, Starich TA. Innexins get into the gap. Bioessays 2001; 23: 388-96.
15. Panchin Y, Kelmanson I, Matz M, Lukyanov K, Usman N, Lukyanov S. A ubiquitous family of putative gap junction molecules. Curr Biol 2000; 10: R473-4.
16. Dahl G, Locovei S. Pannexin: to gap or not to gap, is that a question? IUBMB Life 2006; 58: 409-19.
17. D'Hondt C, Ponsaerts R, De Smedt H, Bultynck G, Himpens B. Pannexins, distant relatives of the connexin family with specific cellular functions? Bioessays 2009; 31: 953-74.
18. Iglesias R, Dahl G, Qiu F, Spray DC, Scemes E. Pannexin 1: the molecular substrate of astrocyte hemichannels. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 7092-7.
19. Macvicar BA, Thompson RJ. Non-junction functions of pannexin-1 channels. Trends Neurosci 2010; 33: 93-102.
20. Vanden Abeele F, Bidaux G, Gordienko D, et al. Functional implications of calcium permeability of the channel formed by pannexin 1. J Cell Biol 2006; 174: 535-46.
21. 2+ channel, hemichannel, and gap junction to promote osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biol 2011; 193(7): 1257-74.
22. Bruzzone R, Hormuzdi SG, Barbe MT, Herb A, Monyer H. Pannexins, a family of gap junction proteins expressed in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100: 13644-9.
23. Spray DC, Ye ZC, Ransom BR. Functional connexin hemichannels: a critical appraisal. Glia 2006; 54: 758-73.
24. Chen Y, Deng Y, Bao X, Reuss L, Altenberg GA. Mechanism of the defect in gap-junctional communication by expression of a connexin 26 mutant associated with dominant deafness. FASEB J 2005; 19: 1516-8.
25. Retamal MA, Cortes CJ, Reuss L, Bennett MV, Saez JC. S-nitrosylation and permeation through connexin 43 hemichannels in astrocytes: induction by oxidant stress and reversal by reducing agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 4475-80.
26. Solan JL, Lampe PD. Connexin43 phosphorylation: structural changes and biological effects. Biochem J 2009; 419: 261-72.
27. Cherian PP, Siller-Jackson AJ, Gu S, et al. Mechanical strain opens connexin 43 hemichannels in osteocytes: a novel mechanism for the release of prostaglandin. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16: 3100-6.
28. Buvinic S, Almarza G, Bustamante M, et al. released by electrical stimuli elicits calcium transients and gene expression in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 34490-505.
29. Contreras JE, Sanchez HA, Eugenin EA, et al. Metabolic inhibition induces opening of unapposed connexin 43 gap junction hemichannels and reduces gap junctional communication in cortical astrocytes in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 495-500.
30. Gerasimovskaya EV, Ahmad S, White CW, Jones PL, Carpenter TC, Stenmark KR. Extracellular ATP is an autocrine/paracrine regulator of hypoxia-induced adventitial fibroblast growth. Signaling through extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and the Egr-1 transcription factor. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 44638-50.
31. You J, Jacobs CR, Steinberg TH, Donahue HJ. P2Y purinoceptors are responsible for oscillatory fluid flow-induced intracellular calcium mobilization in osteoblastic cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 48724-9.
32. Hassinger TD, Guthrie PB, Atkinson PB, Bennett MV, Kater SB. An extracellular signaling component in propagation of astrocytic calcium waves. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 13268-73.
33. Braet K, Aspeslagh S, Vandamme W, et al. Pharmacological sensitivity of ATP release triggered by photoliberation of inositol-1, 4, 5-trisphosphate and zero extracellular calcium in brain endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2003; 197: 205-13.
34. Bao L, Locovei S, Dahl G. Pannexin membrane channels are mechanosensitive conduits for ATP. FEBS Lett 2004; 572: 65-8.
35. Locovei S, Wang J, Dahl G. Activation of pannexin 1 channels by ATP through P2Y receptors and by cytoplasmic calcium. FEBS Lett 2006; 580: 239-44.
36. Qiu F, Dahl G. A permeant regulating its permeation pore: inhibition of pannexin 1 channels by ATP. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296: C250-5.
37. Celetti SJ, Cowan KN, Penuela S, Shao Q, Churko J, Laird DW. Implications of pannexin 1 and pannexin 3 for keratinocyte differentiation. J Cell Sci 2010; 123: 1363-72.
38. Iwamoto T, Nakamura T, Doyle A, et al. Pannexin 3 regulates intracellular ATP/cAMP levels and promotes chondrocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 18948-58.
39. Locovei S, Bao L, Dahl G. Pannexin 1 in erythrocytes: function without a gap. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 7655-9.
40. Woehrle T, Yip L, Elkhal A, et al. Pannexin-1 hemichannel-mediated ATP release together with P2X1 and P2X4 receptors regulate T-cell activation at the immune synapse. Blood 2010; 116: 3475-84.
41. Huang YJ, Maruyama Y, Dvoryanchikov G, Pereira E, Chaudhari N, Roper SD. The role of pannexin 1 hemichannels in ATP release and cell-cell communication in mouse taste buds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 6436-41.
42. D'Hondt C, Ponsaerts R, De Smedt H, et al. Pannexin channels in ATP release and beyond: An unexpected rendezvous at the endoplasmic reticulum. Cell Signal 2011; 23: 305-16.
43. Scemes E, Dermietzel R, Spray DC. Calcium waves between astrocytes from Cx43 knockout mice. Glia 1998; 24: 65-73.
44. Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, Kim YG, et al. Pannexin-1-mediated recognition of bacterial molecules activates the cryopyrin inflammasome independent of Toll-like receptor signaling. Immunity 2007; 27: 549-559.
45. Ferrari D, Pizzirani C, Adinolfi E, et al. The P2X7 receptor: a key player in IL-1 processing and release. J Immunol 2006; 176: 3877-83.
46. Mariathasan S, Weiss DS, Newton K, et al. Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP. Nature 2006; 440: 228-32.
47. Pelegrin P, Barroso-Gutierrez C, Surprenant A. P2X7 receptor differentially couples to distinct release pathways for IL-1beta in mouse macrophage. J Immunol 2008; 180: 7147-57.
48. Pelegrin P, Surprenant A. Pannexin-1 mediates large pore formation and interleukin-1beta release by the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor. EMBO J 2006; 25: 5071-82.
49. Marina-Garcia N, Franchi L, Kim YG, et al. Pannexin-1-mediated intracellular delivery of muramyl dipeptide induces caspase-1 activation via cryopyrin/NLRP3 independently of Nod2. J Immunol 2008; 180: 4050-7.
50. Elliott MR, Chekeni FB, Trampont PC, et al. Nucleotides released by apoptotic cells act as a find-me signal to promote phagocytic clearance. Nature 2009; 461: 282-6.
51. Chekeni FB, Elliott MR, Sandilos JK, et al. Pannexin 1 channels mediate 'find-me' signal release and membrane permeability during apoptosis. Nature 2010; 467: 863-7.
52. Cotrina ML, Lin JH, Alves-Rodrigues A, et al. Connexins regulate calcium signaling by controlling ATP release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 15735-40.
53. Kang J, Kang N, Lovatt D, et al. Connexin 43 hemichannels are permeable to ATP. J Neuroscience 2008; 28: 4702-11.
54. Buckley MJ, Banes AJ, Levin LG, et al. Osteoblasts increase their rate of division and align in response to cyclic, mechanical tension in vitro. Bone Miner 1998; 4: 225-36.
55. Pead MJ, Skerry TM, Lanyon LE. Direct transformation from quiescence to bone formation in the adult periosteum following a single brief period of bone loading. J Bone Miner Res 1988; 3: 647-56.
56. Garcia M, Knight MM. Cyclic loading opens hemichannels to release ATP as part of a chondrocyte mechanotransduction pathway. J Orthop Res 2010; 28: 510-5.
57. Genetos DC, Kephart CJ, Zhang Y, Yellowley CE, Donahue HJ. Oscillating fluid flow activation of gap junction hemichannels induces ATP release from MLO-Y4 osteocytes. J Cell Physiol 2007; 212: 207-14.
58. Belliveau DJ, Bani-Yaghoub M, McGirr B, Naus CC, Rushlow WJ. Enhanced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells mediated by connexin hemichannels and ATP. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 20920-31.
59. Ponsaerts R, De Vuyst E, Retamal M, et al. Intramolecular loop/tail interactions are essential for connexin 43-hemichannel activity. FASEB J 2010; 24: 4378-95.
60. Sarieddine, MZ, Scheckenbach KE, Foglia B, et al. Connexin43 modulates neutrophil recruitment to the lung. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13: 4560-70.
61. Robertson J, Lang S, Lambert PA, Martin PE. Peptidoglycan derived from Staphylococcus epidermidis induces Connexin43 hemichannel activity with consequences on the innate immune response in endothelial cells. Biochem J 2010; 432: 133-43.
62. Bruzzone R, Barbe MT, Jakob NJ, Monyer H. Pharmacological properties of homomeric and heteromeric pannexin hemichannels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Neurochem 2005; 92: 1033-43.
63. Huckstepp RT, id Bihi R, Eason R, et al. Connexin hemichannel-mediated CO2-dependent release of ATP in the medulla oblongata contributes to central respiratory chemosensitivity. J Physiol 2010; 588: 3901-20.
64. 2+ signals across the inner ear. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 18770-5.
65. 2+ signaling and renin secretion in rat juxtaglomerular cells. Circ Res 2003; 93: 338-45.
66. Krattinger N, Capponi A, Mazzolai L, et al. Connexin40 regulates renin production and blood pressure. Kidney Int 2007; 72: 814-22.
67. Toma I, Bansal E, Meer EJ, Kang JJ, Vargas SL, Peti-Peterdi J. Connexin 40 and ATP-dependent intercellular calcium wave in renal glomerular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294: R1769-76.
68. Wong CW, Christen T, Roth I, et al. Connexin37 protects against atherosclerosis by regulating monocyte adhesion. Nat Med 2006; 12: 950-4.
69. Jiang JX, Siller-Jackson AJ, Burra S. Roles of gap junctions and hemichannels in bone cell functions and in signal transmission of mechanical stress. Front Biosci 2007; 12: 1450-62.
70. Cherian PP, Cheng B, Gu S, Sprague E, Bonewald LF, Jiang JX. Effects of mechanical strain on the function of Gap junctions in osteocytes are mediated through the prostaglandin EP2 receptor. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 43146-56.
71. Siller-Jackson AJ, Burra S, Gu S, et al. Adaptation of connexin 43-hemichannel prostaglandin release to mechanical loading. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 26374-82.
72. Burra S, Nicolella DP, Francis WL, et al. Dendritic processes of osteocytes are mechanotransducers that induce the opening of hemichannels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010; 107: 13648-53.
73. Weinstein RS, Nicholas RW, Manolagas SC. Apoptosis of osteocytes in glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the hip. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2907-12.
74. Felsenberg, D, Boonen S. The bone quality framework: determinants of bone strength and their interrelationships, and implications for osteoporosis management. Clin Ther 2005; 27: 1-11.
75. Nishikawa M, Akatsu T, Katayama Y, et al. Bisphosphonates act on osteoblastic cells and inhibit osteoclast formation in mouse marrow cultures. Bone 1996; 18: 9-14.
76. Plotkin LI, Manolagas SC, Bellido T. Transduction of cell survival signals by connexin-43 hemichannels. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 8648-57.
77. Plotkin LI, Lezcano V, Thostenson J, Weinstein RS, Manolagas SC, Bellido T. Connexin 43 is required for the anti-apoptotic effect of bisphosphonates on osteocytes and osteoblasts in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23: 1712-21.
78. Kamermans M, Fahrenfort I, Schultz K, Janssen-Bienhold U, Sjoerdsma T, Weiler R. Hemichannel-mediated inhibition in the outer retina. Science 2001; 292: 1178-80.
79. Dvoriantchikova G, Ivanov D, Panchin Y, Shestopalov VI. Expression of pannexin family of proteins in the retina. FEBS Lett 2006; 580: 2178-82.
80. Prochnow N, Hoffmann S, Vroman R, et al. Pannexin1 in the outer retina of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Neuroscience 2009; 162: 1039-54.
81. Klaassen LJ, Sun Z, Steijaert MN, et al. Synaptic transmission from horizontal cells to cones is impaired by loss of connexin hemichannels. PLoS Biol 2011; 9(7):e1001107. Epub 2011 Jul 19.
82. Choi DW. Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron 1998; 1: 623-34.
83. Takeuchi H, Jin S, Wang J, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces neurotoxicity via glutamate release from hemichannels of activated microglia in an autocrine manner. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 21362-8.
84. Ye ZC, Wyeth MS, Baltan-Tekkok S, Ransom BR. Functional hemichannels in astrocytes: a novel mechanism of glutamate release. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 3588-96.
85. Calcraft PJ, Ruas M, Pan Z, et al. NAADP mobilizes calcium from acidic organelles through two-pore channels. Nature 2009; 459: 596-600.
86. Bruzzone S, Franco L, Guida L, et al. A self-restricted CD38-connexin 43 cross-talk affects NAD+ and cyclic ADP-ribose metabolism and regulates intracellular calcium in 3T3 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 48300-8.
87. De Flora A, Zocchi E, Guida L, Franco L, Bruzzone S. Autocrine and paracrine calcium signaling by the CD38/NAD+/cyclic ADP-ribose system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1028: 176-91.
88. Kalvelyte A, Imbrasaite A, Bukauskiene A, Verselis VK, Bukauskas FF. Connexins and apoptotic transformation. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66: 1661-72.
89. Trump BF, Berezesky IK, Chang SH, Phelps PC. The pathways of cell death: oncosis, apoptosis, and necrosis. Toxicol Pathol 1997; 25: 82-8.
90. Li F, Sugishita K, Su Z, Ueda I, Barry WH. Activation of connexin-43 hemichannels can elevate [Ca(2+)]i and [Na(+)]i in rabbit ventricular myocytes during metabolic inhibition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33: 2145-55.
91. Nagy JI, Ochalski PA, Li J, Hertzberg EL. Evidence for the co-localization of another connexin with connexin-43 at astrocytic gap junctions in rat brain. Exp Cell Res 1997; 78: 533-48.
92. Kristian T. Metabolic stages, mitochondria and calcium in hypoxic/ischemic brain damage. Cell Calcium 2004; 36: 221-33.
93. Thompson RJ, Zhou N, MacVicar BA. Ischemia opens neuronal gap junction hemichannels. Science 2006; 312: 924-7.
94. Barbe MT, Monyer H, Bruzzone R. Cell-cell communication beyond connexins: the pannexin channels. Physiology 2006; 21: 103-14.
95. 2+ in transfected HeLa cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297: C665-78.
96. Duffy HS, Ashton AW, O'Donnell P, et al. Regulation of connexin43 protein complexes by intracellular acidification. Circ Res 2004; 94: 215-22.
97. Giepmans BN. Role of connexin43-interacting proteins at gap junctions. Adv Cardiol 2006; 42: 41-56.
98. Contreras JE, Sanchez HA, Veliz LP, Bukauskas FF, Bennett MV, Saez JC. Role of connexin-based gap junction channels and hemichannels in ischemia-induced cell death in nervous tissue. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2004; 47: 290-303.
99. Trexler EB, Bukauskas FF, Bennett MV, Bargiello TA, Verselis VK. Rapid and direct effects of pH on connexins revealed by the connexin46 hemichannel preparation. J Gen Physiol 1999; 113: 721-42.
100. Yu J, Bippes CA, Hand GM, Muller DJ, Sosinsky GE. Aminosulfonate modulated pH-induced conformational changes in connexin26 hemichannels. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 8895-904.
101. Shestopalov VI, Panchin Y. Pannexins and gap junction protein diversity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008; 65: 376-94.
102. Dhein S. Cardiac ischemia and uncoupling: gap junctions in ischemia and infarction. Adv Cardiol 2006; 42: 198-212.
103. 2+ influx induced by extracellular alkalinization. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299: 1504-15.
104. Pierce GN, Czubryt MP. The contribution of ionic imbalance to ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995; 27: 53-63.
105. Clarke TC, Williams OJ, Martin PE, Evans WH. ATP release by cardiac myocytes in a simulated ischaemia model: inhibition by a connexin mimetic and enhancement by an antiarrhythmic peptide. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 605: 9-14.
106. Peracchia C, Bernardini G, Peracchia LL. Is calmodulin involved in the regulation of gap junction permeability? Pflugers Arch 1983; 399: 152-154.
107. De Vuyst E, Wang N, Decrock E, et al. Ca(2+) regulation of connexin 43 hemichannels in C6 glioma and glial cells. Cell Calcium 2009; 46: 176-87.
108. De Vuyst E, Decrock E, Cabooter L, et al. Intracellular calcium changes trigger connexin 32 hemichannel opening. EMBO J 2006; 25: 34-44.
109. 2+. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1996; 18: 493-7.
110. Pfahnl A, Dahl G. Gating of cx46 gap junction hemichannels by calcium and voltage. Pflugers Arch 1999; 437: 345-53.
111. Quist AP, Rhee SK, Lin H, Lal R. Physiological role of gap-junctional hemichannels. Extracellular calcium-dependent isosmotic volume regulation. J Cell Biol 2000; 148: 1063-74.
112. John S, Cesario D, Weiss JN. Gap junctional hemichannels in the heart. Acta Physiol Scand 2003; 179: 23-31.
113. John SA, Kondo R, Wang SY, Goldhaber JI, Weiss JN. Connexin-43 hemichannels opened by metabolic inhibition. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 236-40.
114. Martinez AD, Saez JC. Regulation of astrocyte gap junctions by hypoxia-reoxygenation. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000; 32: 250-8.
115. Beardslee MA, Lerner DL, Tadros PN, et al. Dephosphorylation and intracellular redistribution of ventricular connexin43 during electrical uncoupling induced by ischemia. Circ Res 2000; 87: 656-62.
116. Kim DY, Kam Y, Koo SK, Joe CO. Gating connexin 43 channels reconstituted in lipid vesicles by mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 5581-7.
117. Armstrong SC, Ganote CE. Effects of the protein phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A on metabolically inhibited and ischaemic isolated myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1992; 24: 869-84.
118. Weinbrenner C, Baines CP, Liu GS, et al. Fostriecin, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A, limits myocardial infarct size even when administered after onset of ischemia. Circulation 1998; 98: 899-905.
119. Jeyaraman M, Tanguy S, Fandrich RR, Lukas A, Kardami E. Ischemia-induced dephosphorylation of cardiomyocyte connexin-43 is reduced by okadaic acid and calyculin A but not fostriecin. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 242: 129-34.
120. Bao X, Reuss L, Altenberg GA. Regulation of purified and reconstituted connexin 43 hemichannels by protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of Serine 368. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 20058-66.
121. Feranchak AP, Berl T, Capasso J, Wojtaszek PA, Han J, Fitz JG. p38 MAP kinase modulates liver cell volume through inhibition of membrane Na+permeability. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 1495-504.
122. Shintani-Ishida K, Uemura K, Yoshida K. Hemichannels in cardiomyocytes open transiently during ischemia and contribute to reperfusion injury following brief ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293: H1714-20.
123. Burwell LS, Nadtochiy SM, Brookes PS. Cardioprotection by metabolic shut-down and gradual wake-up. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 46: 804-10.
124. Retamal MA, Yin S, Altenberg GA, Reuss L. Modulation of Cx46 hemichannels by nitric oxide. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 296: C1356-63.
125. Vinken M, Decrock E, De Vuyst E, et al. Connexin32 hemichannels contribute to the apoptotic-to-necrotic transition during Fas-mediated hepatocyte cell death. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67: 907-18.
126. Hur KC, Shim JE, Johnson RG. A potential role for cx43-hemichannels in staurosporin-induced apoptosis. Cell Comm Adhes 2003; 10: 271-7.
127. Decrock E, De Vuyst E, Vinken M, et al. Connexin 43 hemichannels contribute to the propagation of apoptotic cell death in a rat C6 glioma cell model. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16: 151-63.
128. Silverman WR, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Locovei S, et al. The pannexin 1 channel activates the inflammasome in neurons and astrocytes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284: 18143-51.
129. Baxter GF, Yellon DM. Delayed myocardial protection following ischaemic preconditioning. Basic Res Cardiol 1996; 91: 53-6.
130. Jain SK, Schuessler RB, Saffitz JE. Mechanisms of delayed electrical uncoupling induced by ischemic preconditioning. Circ Res 2003; 92: 1138-44.
131. Diaz RJ, Wilson GJ. Studying ischemic preconditioning in isolated cardiomyocyte models. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 70: 286-96.
132. Schwanke U, Konietzka I, Duschin A, Li X, Schulz R, Heusch G. No ischemic preconditioning in heterozygous connexin43-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283: H1740-2.
133. Schulz R, Gres P, Skyschally A, et al. Ischemic preconditioning preserves connexin 43 phosphorylation during sustained ischemia in pig hearts in vivo. FASEB J 2003; 17: 1355-7.
134. Boengler K, Schulz R, Heusch G. Connexin 43 signalling and cardioprotection. Heart 2006; 92: 1724-7.
135. Rodriguez-Sinovas A, Boengler K, Cabestrero A, et al. Translocation of connexin 43 to the inner mitochondrial membrane of cardiomyocytes through the heat shock protein 90-dependent TOM pathway and its importance for cardioprotection. Circ Res 2006; 99: 93-101.
136. Vessey DA, Li L, Kelley M. Ischemic preconditioning requires opening of pannexin-1/P2X(7) channels not only during preconditioning but again after index ischemia at full reperfusion. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 351: 77-84.
137. Oviedo-Orta E, Perreau M, Evans WH, Potolicchio I. Control of the proliferation of activated CD4+ T cells by connexins. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88: 79-86.
138. Weissman TA, Riquelme PA, Ivic L, Flint AC, Kriegstein AR. Calcium waves propagate through radial glial cells and modulate proliferation in the developing neocortex. Neuron 2004; 43: 647-71.
139. Shinozuka K. Possible participation of chloride ion channels in ATP release from cancer cells in suspension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2009; 36: 278-82.
140. Lai CP, Bechberger JF, Naus CC. Pannexin2 as a novel growth regulator in C6 glioma cells. Oncogene 2009; 28: 4402-8.
141. Abrams CK, Bennett MV, Verselis VK, Bargiello TA. Voltage opens unopposed gap junction hemichannels formed by a connexin 32 mutant associated with X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99: 3980-4.
142. Lee JR, Derosa AM, White TW. Connexin mutations causing skin disease and deafness increase hemichannel activity and cell death when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129: 870-8.
143. 2+ permeability in Cx26 hemichannels formed by the A40V and G45E mutations that cause keratitis ichthyosis deafness syndrome. J Gen Physiol 2010; 136: 47-62.
144. Essenfelder GM, Bruzzone R, Lamartine J, et al. Connexin30 mutations responsible for hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia cause abnormal hemichannel activity. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13: 1703-14.
145. Yoon JJ, Green CR, O'Carroll SJ, Nicholson LF. Dose-dependent protective effect of connexin43 mimetic peptide against neurodegeneration in an ex vivo model of epileptiform lesion. Epilepsy Res 2010; 92: 153-62.
146. Froger N, Orellana JA, Calvo CF, et al. Inhibition of cytokine-induced connexin43 hemichannel activity in astrocytes is neuroprotective. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 45: 37-46.
147. Beahm DL, Oshima A, Gaietta GM, et al. Mutation of a conserved threonine in the third transmembrane helix of alpha- and beta-connexins creates a dominant-negative closed gap junction channel. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 7994-8009.
148. Orellana JA, Froger N, Ezan P, et al. ATP and glutamate released via astroglial connexin 43 hemichannels mediate neuronal death through activation of pannexin 1 hemichannels. J Neurochem 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07210.x. [Epub ahead of print].
149. Seminario-Vidal L, Okada SF, Sesma JI, et al. RHO signaling regulates pannexin 1-mediated ATP release from airway epithelia. J Biol Chem 2011; doi10.1074/jbc.M111.260562 [Epub ahead of print].